CHAPTER 4THE CIVIL WAR

1861-1865

CHAPTER 4THE CIVIL WAR

1861-1865

THE UNITED STATES IN 1840THE UNITED STATES IN 1840

Overseas tradeand immigrationwere the focus of maritime interests in the 1840s.

Overseas tradeand immigrationwere the focus of maritime interests in the 1840s.

ClipperClipper WhalerWhaler

PacketPacket

The issue of slavery was not of prime importance to the average American of the early 1800s.

The issue of slavery was not of prime importance to the average American of the early 1800s.

The majority of Southerners were small farmers who could not afford slaves and most Northerners were small farmers or tradesmen who had never come into contact with any slaves.

The majority of Southerners were small farmers who could not afford slaves and most Northerners were small farmers or tradesmen who had never come into contact with any slaves.

Slave trade had been illegal since 1820.Slave trade had been illegal since 1820.

Southern economy depended on slavery to be profitable while Northern economy was based on commerce and industry.

Southern economy depended on slavery to be profitable while Northern economy was based on commerce and industry.

A Moral andCommercial

Issue

A Moral andCommercial

Issue

SlaverySlavery

By 1850 only about a third of the national population lived in the South. Southern politicians had become alarmed at the lossof political power in the House of Representatives.

By 1850 only about a third of the national population lived in the South. Southern politicians had become alarmed at the lossof political power in the House of Representatives.

Total Population 1850Total Population 1850

The South pressed for admission of the new states as slave states so that their political power base would remain strong.

The South pressed for admission of the new states as slave states so that their political power base would remain strong.

Free States and TerritoriesSlave StatesTerritories Open to Slavery

It stipulated that a balance between slave and free states had to be maintained as new states entered the Union

It stipulated that a balance between slave and free states had to be maintained as new states entered the Union

Closed to slavery byMissouri Compromise

Open to slavery byMissouri Compromise

Free states andterritories

Slave States

MissouriCompromise of 1820

MissouriCompromise of 1820

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 lasted until the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which eliminated it and

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 lasted until the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which eliminated it and

made it possible for slavery to be introduced into any new territory based on the decision of the residents. made it possible for slavery to be introduced into any new territory based on the decision of the residents.

Free state or territory

Slavery state or territory

Open to slavery by principleof popular sovereignty.Compromise of 1850

Open to slavery by principleof popular sovereignty.Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

SLAVERY DEBATESSLAVERY DEBATES

Slavery became a major political issue.Slavery became a major political issue.

Stephen DouglasStephen Douglas Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

The threat to stop the spread of slavery intensified in 1859 when John Brown raided the Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) and called for a general insurrection of Southern slaves.

The threat to stop the spread of slavery intensified in 1859 when John Brown raided the Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) and called for a general insurrection of Southern slaves.

WestVirginia

WestVirginia

Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry

VirginiaVirginia MarylandMaryland

Potomac

Potomac

Shenandoah

Shenandoah

Extremists on both sides became willing to go to war to ensure that their views prevailed. Against this backdrop of tension the presidential election of 1860 took place.

Extremists on both sides became willing to go to war to ensure that their views prevailed. Against this backdrop of tension the presidential election of 1860 took place.

ARGUING ABOUTSLAVERY

ARGUING ABOUTSLAVERY

1860PresidentialCandidates

1860PresidentialCandidates

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln

StephenDouglasStephenDouglas

JohnBell

JohnBell

JohnBreckinridge

JohnBreckinridge

Election of 1860Election of 1860

Lincoln won the election with just 40 percent of the popular vote, and no Southern electoral votes.

Lincoln won the election with just 40 percent of the popular vote, and no Southern electoral votes.

December 1860South Carolina Secedes

December 1860South Carolina Secedes

KY VA

NC

SCGAAL

FL

TN

In January 1861, the Star of the West attempted to enter the harbor of Charleston to resupply Union troops at Fort Sumter. She was fired on, andshe retreated out of range.

In January 1861, the Star of the West attempted to enter the harbor of Charleston to resupply Union troops at Fort Sumter. She was fired on, andshe retreated out of range.

Star of the WestStar of the West

Fort Sumter, SCFort Sumter, SC

Jefferson Davis

President ofConfederate

States ofAmerica

Jefferson Davis

President ofConfederate

States ofAmerica

Confederacy in January 1861

Confederacy in January 1861

TXTX LALAMSMS

ALALGAGA

SCSC

FLFL

Southern officers had to choose between loyalty to their country and ties to their homes.

Southern officers had to choose between loyalty to their country and ties to their homes.

Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee Matthew F. MauryMatthew F. Maury

Most career enlisted sailors sided withthe Union.Most career enlisted sailors sided withthe Union.

Southern militias quickly took over most forts in the South.

Southern militias quickly took over most forts in the South.

The Civil War started here.The Civil War started here.

Fort SumterFort Sumter

On 11 April 1861,General Beauregarddemanded thatFort Sumtersurrender.

On 11 April 1861,General Beauregarddemanded thatFort Sumtersurrender.

Major AndersonUSA, garrisoncommander,refused.

Major AndersonUSA, garrisoncommander,refused.

April 12, 1861, first shots fired.

April 12, 1861, first shots fired.

Fort SumterFort Sumter

On 15 April, President Lincoln calledfor 75,000 volunteers for 3 monthsto suppress the rebellion.

On 15 April, President Lincoln calledfor 75,000 volunteers for 3 monthsto suppress the rebellion.

TXTX LALAMSMS

ALALGAGA

SCSC

FLFL

ARAR TNTN NCNC

VAVAW VAW VA

Fort Sumter’s fall contributed to

additional states joining each side

of the conflict.

Fort Sumter’s fall contributed to

additional states joining each side

of the conflict.

North22 Million2.5 Million

North22 Million2.5 Million

South9 Million1 Million

South9 Million1 Million

Population In UniformPopulation In Uniform

North AdvantagesHeavy IndustryRail System$331 Million in Exports

North AdvantagesHeavy IndustryRail System$331 Million in Exports

South DisadvantagesNo Foundries or Metal WorksTransportation SystemOnly $31 Million in Exports

South DisadvantagesNo Foundries or Metal WorksTransportation SystemOnly $31 Million in Exports

Naval DifferencesNaval Differences

NorthYes

AdequateSmall

NorthYes

AdequateSmall

SouthNoneFewNone

SouthNoneFewNone

ShipyardsSeamanNavy

ShipyardsSeamanNavy

The Confederacy had no navy at allwhen the war began.

It tried to build naval ships and armoredgunboats called ironclads for harbordefense, and fought valiantly, but it could never match Northern sea power.

The Confederacy had no navy at allwhen the war began.

It tried to build naval ships and armoredgunboats called ironclads for harbordefense, and fought valiantly, but it could never match Northern sea power.

Covered or cased with iron plates,as a ship for naval warfare; armor-plated

A wooden warship of the middleor late 19th century having iron orsteel armor plating

Covered or cased with iron plates,as a ship for naval warfare; armor-plated

A wooden warship of the middleor late 19th century having iron orsteel armor plating

IroncladIronclad

The South was dependenton importation of food.The South was dependenton importation of food.

Because of the Union blockade, the Confederacy was near starvation by war’s end.

Because of the Union blockade, the Confederacy was near starvation by war’s end.

South’s Emotions andWishful Thinking

South’s Emotions andWishful Thinking

• Major war not expected

• North would quickly tire of casualties and losses

• Unstable politics in the North

• Border states’ sympathies

• Major war not expected

• North would quickly tire of casualties and losses

• Unstable politics in the North

• Border states’ sympathies

THE BORDER STATESTHE BORDER STATES

MOMO KYKY DEDE

MDMD

The Border StatesThe Border States

Maryland Delaware

Kentucky Missouri

Maryland Delaware

Kentucky Missouri

While remaining in the Union, thesefour states were at least partiallysympathetic to the Confederate cause.

They supported both sides with troops.

While remaining in the Union, thesefour states were at least partiallysympathetic to the Confederate cause.

They supported both sides with troops.

King CottonKing Cotton

The South had no idea about the economic demands of a modern war.

The South had no idea about the economic demands of a modern war.

The South believed that once theNorthern blockade cut off “King Cotton”from British and French markets, itwould force these countries to help theSouthern cause for economic reasons.

The South believed that once theNorthern blockade cut off “King Cotton”from British and French markets, itwould force these countries to help theSouthern cause for economic reasons.

Strengths of the SouthStrengths of the South

• Officer corps • Vast territory• Loyalty to cause• Officer corps • Vast territory• Loyalty to cause

Comparison of North and South in 1860Comparison of North and South in 1860

Category North South

Population Wealth Produced Farm Acreage Value of Crops Railroad Mileage Factories Iron Production Bank Deposits

Category North South

Population Wealth Produced Farm Acreage Value of Crops Railroad Mileage Factories Iron Production Bank Deposits

71%75%65%70%72%85%96%81%

71%75%65%70%72%85%96%81%

29%25%35%30%28%15% 4%19%

29%25%35%30%28%15% 4%19%

Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis

• Authorized privateering

• Declared embargo on cotton

• Authorized privateering

• Declared embargo on cotton

• Began a naval blockade of all Southern ports from Virginia Capes to Texas

• Began a naval blockade of all Southern ports from Virginia Capes to Texas

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln

A ship or person that passesthrough a blockadeA ship or person that passesthrough a blockade

Blockade RunnerBlockade Runner

Blockaded ports by the UnionBlockaded ports by the Union

Davis’ Miscalculations Davis’ Miscalculations

• British and French observed blockade.

• Europeans had huge inventories of cotton.

• South needed cash reserves.

• British and French observed blockade.

• Europeans had huge inventories of cotton.

• South needed cash reserves.

• Began with 3 ships in home waters to patrol 3,550 miles

• By December 1861, had 264 vessels and adequate blockade of all major cotton ports

• Began with 3 ships in home waters to patrol 3,550 miles

• By December 1861, had 264 vessels and adequate blockade of all major cotton ports

Gideon WellesSecretary of the Navy

Gideon WellesSecretary of the Navy

Major Cotton PortsMajor Cotton Ports

Entrance to Mississippi RiverEntrance to Mississippi River

Naval BlockadeNaval Blockade

• Many types of vessels were used for the blockade.

• The crews had little or no training.

• Many types of vessels were used for the blockade.

• The crews had little or no training.

Paddle SteamerPaddle Steamer

Whaling ShipWhaling Ship

TugsTugs

Blockade Expansion by End of 1862Blockade Expansion by End of 1862

• Blockade depended upon coal and other supplies.

• Union established bases in Confederate territory.

• Blockade depended upon coal and other supplies.

• Union established bases in Confederate territory.

Florida’s poor inland transportation,coupled with the Union blockade, deprived the South of essential salt for preservation of food.

Florida’s poor inland transportation,coupled with the Union blockade, deprived the South of essential salt for preservation of food.

Union supply basesin the South were significant factorsin the victory.

Union supply basesin the South were significant factorsin the victory.

Fort PickensFort Pickens

• Responsible for improved naval ordnance

• Developed larger smooth-bore guns

• Responsible for improved naval ordnance

• Developed larger smooth-bore guns

CommanderJohn DahlgrenCommander

John Dahlgren

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END OF PARTONE