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Civic Contributions: Immigrant Taxes in The DC
Metropolitan AreaThe Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Thursday, November 1, 2007
Michael FixMigration Policy Institute
• 2004: over 1 million immigrants in DC area.
• 2000: they paid almost $10 billion in taxes.
• Immigrants’ share of taxes (18%) was almost as high as their share of households (21%) despite lower incomes ($78,000 vs. $88,000).
• Immigrants paid almost a quarter of all taxes in Montgomery and Fairfax counties.
• NOVA and suburban MD immigrants paid 8% of all state taxes in VA and MD.
Our Tax Study of DC Area Immigrants: Main Findings
Immigrants Paid $10 Billion in Taxes
TaxImmigrant
HouseholdsAll
Households% from
Immigrants
Total, all taxes 9,771 55,174 17.7%
Federal Taxes 7,030 40,183 17.5%
Income Tax 3,924 24,366 16.1% Social Security1
2,420 12,225 19.8%Medicare2
686 3,592 19.1%
State Tax 1,643 9,425 17.4%
Income tax 1,079 6,328 17.0% Sales tax3
418 2,326 18.0%Auto taxes and fees4
120 592 20.4%Tax on cigarettes and alcohol5 26 179 14.7%
Local Tax 1,098 5,566 19.7%
Real property tax6627 3,145 19.9%
Income tax7226 1,254 18.0%
Sales tax876 400 19.0%
Auto taxes and fees9121 511 23.6%
Utility and telephone taxes1048 256 19.0%
Medicare$686 million
7%
Local Taxes $1.1 billion
11%
Social Security$2.4 billion
25%
Income Taxes$3.9 billion
40%
State Taxes$1.6 billion
17%
72% of Taxes Paid by ImmigrantsGo to Federal Government
$9.8 billion in taxes, 1999-2000
Federal Taxes$7 billion
72%
Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:From 1994 to 2005From 1994 to 2005
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Maryland
Source: National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition & Language Instruction Educational Programs (NCELA), 2006
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Virginia
Source: National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition & Language Instruction Educational Programs (NCELA), 2006
Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:Rate of Total and LEP Enrollment Growth:From 1995 to 2005From 1995 to 2005
LEP Enrollment
Total Enrollment
$31
$26
$31
$27
$26
$13
Native-Born
Foreign-Born
NaturalizedCitizens
Legal PermanentResidents
Legal TemporaryMigrants
Unauthorizedand TPS
`
Note: Based on adjusted Census 2000 PUMS
Mean Household Taxes Paid, by Nativity and Legal Status
Mean Household Taxes Paid 1999-2000(in thousands of dollars)
$11 $12
$19
$36
$21
$45
No high school degree High school or somecollege
4-year college degreeor more
Native-Headed Households Immigrant-Headed Households
`
Note: Based on adjusted Census 2000 PUMS
Mean Household Taxes Paid, by Nativity and Education of Household
HeadMean Household Taxes Paid 1999-2000(in thousands of dollars)
$34$29
$18$13$11
SpeaksEnglish at
home
SpeaksEnglish very
well
SpeaksEnglish well
Does notspeak
English well
Does notspeak
English at all
`
Note: Based on adjusted Census 2000 PUMS
Mean Household Taxes Paid for Immigrant Households, by English Proficiency of
Household Head
Mean Household Taxes Paid 1999-2000(in thousands of dollars)
Natives = $31
DC ESL Need: LPRs
10,056 LPRs need English instruction
Assuming 110 hours to increase one ESL level
• 462 thousand hours per year ESL to bring LPRs to English proficiency
• 2.8 million hours over 6 years to reach English proficiency
Source: MPI tabulations of 2000 Census data and 2005 CPS, with imputations of legal status by Urban Institute
VA ESL Need: LPRs
74,022 LPRs need English instruction
Assuming 110 hours to increase one ESL level
• 3.1 million hours per year ESL to bring LPRs to English proficiency
• 18.5 million hours over 6 years to reach English proficiency
Source: MPI tabulations of 2000 Census data and 2005 CPS, with imputations of legal status by Urban Institute
MD ESL Need: LPRs
59,905 LPRs need English instruction
Assuming 110 hours to increase one ESL level
• 2.5 million hours per year ESL to bring LPRs to English proficiency
• 15.0 million hours over 6 years to reach English proficiency
Source: MPI tabulations of 2000 Census data and 2005 CPS, with imputations of legal status by Urban Institute
DC ESL Need: Unauthorized
14,939 unauthorized immigrants need English instruction
Assuming 110 hours to increase one ESL level
• 690 thousand hours per year to unauthorized to English proficiency
• 4.1 million hours over 6 years to reach English proficiency
Source: MPI tabulations of 2000 Census data and 2005 CPS, with imputations of legal status by Urban Institute
VA ESL Need: Unauthorized
95,764 unauthorized immigrants need English instruction
Assuming 110 hours to increase one ESL level
• 4.4 million hours per year to unauthorized to English proficiency
• 26.4 million hours over 6 years to reach English proficiency
Source: MPI tabulations of 2000 Census data and 2005 CPS, with imputations of legal status by Urban Institute
MD ESL Need: Unauthorized
69,066 unauthorized immigrants need English instruction
Assuming 110 hours to increase one ESL level
• 3.1 million hours per year to unauthorized to English proficiency
• 18.5 million hours over 6 years to reach English proficiency
Source: MPI tabulations of 2000 Census data and 2005 CPS, with imputations of legal status by Urban Institute
Employed College-Educated WorkersEmployed College-Educated Workersin in Unskilled Occupations by Nativity:
DC / VA / MD, 2005/2006 2005/2006
21%
26%
34%
14% 13%
31%
39%
15%
22%
US born Europe* Latin America Asia Africa
Long-term immigrants (arrived prior to 1996)
Recent immigrants (arrived in 1996 or later)
US born
Source: American Community Survey, pooled 2005 and 2006Notes: *Refers to persons from Europe, Canada, and Oceania.
Percent of college-educated workers in unskilled occupations
14%
US born Europe* Latin America
Asia Africa
Find data, reports and other analysisby state and for the nation at
www.migrationpolicy.org
… 2006 ACS data and newdatabases coming online soon!
www.migrationpolicy.org/DataHub
For More Information