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Maija Faehnle, Finnish Environment Ins4tute SYKE & University of Tampere
(Pasi Mäenpää, University of Helsinki, Departent of Social Research)
Civic activism and self-organised urban development – towards hybrid governing
Par4cipatory planning Aalto University 22 March, 2018
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22.3.18 THE N
AME O
F THE PRESENTER, SYKE
The civil society has changed ê
The ways of thinking about ci4zens’ roles and poten4als in urban development must be updated
ê Applica4on of the revised thinking in planning prac4ces
● Digitaliza4on has brought people mul4ple opportuni4es to start developing their socie4es directly by themselves
Internet + social media è actor networks ● Collabora4ve consump4on, sharing ● Ecological turn: recycling, circular economy ● Bo[om-‐up infrastructure ● Start-‐up spirit, social and ethical entrepreneurship ● Disappointment with poli4cs è direct action
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The civil society has changed
Activism on the rise
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● From resident and consumer to mul4ple roles: service provider, community manager, pla]orm manager, mediator, funder, co-‐creator, developer, civic desiger/planner, hack4vist…
● Self-‐organised peer networks, usually avoiding hierarchies (at least in principle)
22.3.18 THE N
AME O
F THE PRESENTER, SYKE
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● Social media YIMBY groups – sugges4ons, discussion, argumenta4on
● Alterna4ve planning studies and plans – including engagement of peers
● Hack4vism – crea4ve use of data for apps, visualiza4ons
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Civic activism on urban planning
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Based on our research the group has: • Changed the planning context by making urbanism a phenomenon
• Helped the city planning department in implemen4ng densifica4on
• Enriched the planning discussion and widened the knowledge base
• Presented a new model for poli4cal ac4on 6
FB group ’Lisää kaupunkia Helsinkiin’ – making Helsinki more urban
Photo: Mikko Särelä Photo: Mikko Särelä
Photo: Mikko Särelä
Urban Helsinki: proposals for Hernesaari
http://www.urbanhelsinki.fi/project/hernesaari/
● Rela4onship between ci4zens and the government is changing • Ci4zens take tasks the government has tradi4onally taken care of
● Markets and the economy are changing • Sharing/civic/pla]orm economy: produc4on and distribu4on of goods and services are changing
• P2P services, co-‐owning, crowdfunding, alterna4ve currencies…
● Power rela4ons and the structure of the society are changing • Co-‐governance, shared regula4on • Government as a partner, facilitator, or one who stays away
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Three visions
● Self-‐organized, proac4ve and construc4ve co-‐ac4on, typically outside of formal NGOs
● Primarily DIY-‐ac4on instead of orien4ng towards decision making system or poli4cal engagement • ’Let’s just do it!’ aftude (Pulkkinen 2014)
● Based on networking in social media and internet solu4ons ● People-‐driven bo[om-‐up urbanism; takes place in urban space or is related to ci4es and urban life
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(Urban) Civic activism
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University of Helsinki, Department of Social Research 2015−2017 ● How does civic ac4vism contribute to the development of ci4es? How could ci4es and state organiza4ons u4lise and support it?
● Focus on ecological sustainability, local innova4ons, local communi4es and civic engagement
● Advoca4ve ac4on research: working together with ac4vists and authori4es by iden4fying and solving their problems
Partners: Ci4es of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, and Lah4; Ministries of Environment, Finance, and Jus4ce; The Associa4on of Finnish Local and Regional Authori4es, The Housing Finance and Development Centre of Finland, Finnish Environment Ins4tute
Funding: Helsinki Metropolitan Region Urban Research Program, The Housing Finance and Development Centre of Finland, The Finnish Cultural Founda4on/Uusimaa Regional fund, The Fund of Heikki von Hertzen, The Finnish Associa4on of Non-‐fic4on Writers, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Finance, SITRA
Project: Civic activism as resource for the metropolis
Services of sharing/civic/plaAorm economy • P2P commerce, alterna4ve food networks, peer ren4ng, 4me banking, other P2P
services AcCvism focused on community
• Open events, local movements, social support, improving public services, ecological movements
Shaping urban space • Urban planning groups, squafng, opening and shaping buildings or spaces, ar4vism
AcCvism developing the use of technology • Hack4vism (civic apps, improving data systems and datasets…), developing
informa4on society (enhancing openness, digital currencies…) AcCvism supporCng other acCvisms
• Innova4on and mediator communi4es, developing tools for ac4vism, communica4on encouraging ac4vism (subver4sing…)
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Classifying civic activism Ac4visms can be characterized as having quali4es from one or more of the following five themes/classes:
Mäenpää & Faehnle 2017 Mäenpää & Faehnle 2017
Mäenpää & Faehnle 2017
Sharing economy Urban space
Community
Technology
SELF-ORGANIZED
CITY
Open events
Local movements
Urban planning groups
Innovation and mediator communities
Social support
Squatting, opening,
shaping spaces Artivism
P2P commerce
etc.
Hacktivism
Developing Information
society
Improving public services
Developing tools for activism
Ecological movements
Commu-nication
encouraging activism
Support
Green: activism types that especially can make sense for enhancing ecological sustainablity Mäenpää et al. 2017
Alternative food
networks etc.
● NGOs (the third sector) s4ll important, but nowadays much of all civic ac4on organized in other ways
● The non-‐NGO-‐based civic actors worth recognizing as the fourth sector
● But any actor can have fourth sector type of ac4on ● Fourth sector type of ac4on can take place between public, private and NGO sector, and blur their borders
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A system level view: rise of the 4th sector
● Increase of fourth sector type of ac4on can be seen as enriching democracy with do-‐ocracy
Do-‐ocracy: if you have an idea, you do it h[p://www.dailycamera.com/ci_30028751/yimby-‐conference-‐brings-‐ac4vists-‐from-‐around-‐ na4on-‐boulder h[ps://communitywiki.org/wiki/DoOcracy
● Diversified opportuni4es for ac4on è opportuni4es for diverse people to find for themselves suitable ways to engage with and influence the society…
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Resource democracy
…and ideally, at the same 4me, use their capaci4es for the common good è resource democracy:
democracy enriched with do-‐ocracy = increased opportuni4es to have an influence & increased use of ci4zens’ resources for the common good
● Resource democracy supplements tradi4onal representa4ve democracy and top-‐down par4cipatory processes
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Resource democracy
TradiConal thinking To get engaged with the society, ci4zens must above all have opportuni4es to influence the official planning and poli4cal decision-‐making by the government. Civic engagement rethought Engagement can be created in mul4ple processes, through mul4ple roles. Opportuni4es to influence the official planning and decision-‐making are s4ll important for many, but engagement can also arise when people help each other, provide services, contribute to their community, even fund local projects, and so on. Ac4visms create precondi4ons for the less ac4ve to get engaged as well. 18
Civic engagement
Faehnle et al. 2017
Three phases of civic engagement
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1.0 Governance started
2.0 Participation increased
3.0 Quality and effectiveness increased
• The government starts supporting civic engagement by organizing participation opportunities.
• Opportunities for good results from participation arise.
• More participation opportunities organized.
• Increased participation first widens opportunities for good results.
• “Overflow”: participation fatigue, dissatisfaction. Use of government’s resources questioned.
• Relation between the government and citizens rethought.
• Citizens’ action potentials and ways to support engagement understood more widely.
• Focus on quality and effectiveness of the government’s (collaborative) activities.
• Opportunities for better management and use of resources.
Faehnle et al. 2017
● Timing: make the plannig task and the basic data open immediately and announce it in social media!
● Guidance: design the process of handling and using alterna4ve plans and give guidance for the officials concerned
● Common goal: defining alterna4ve planning and its role ● ’Support packages’ to balance opportuni4es for diverse ci4zens to co-‐planning
● Give reward: show apprecia4on for ci4zen planners e.g. in city media. Tell how their ac4vism made sense!
● No4ce alterna4ve plans as worth more than ’one of the many individual views’ – take them to the planning board! 20
Supporting alternative planning
● Create welcoming feeling: open data, accessibile formats ● ’Dogfooding’: use the data you published, show it’s valuable ● Make it visible that inputs and feedback are welcome ● Be responsive ● Share codes: open source sotware ● Appoint someone inside the government to act as the chief liaison for a par4cular ac4vist group
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Supporting (h)acktivism
Headd 2016
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Mäenpää & Faehnle 2017
8 Integrated system 7 ConCnuous co-‐acCon 6 CollaboraCve projects 5 Support for acCvism 4 Dialogue 3 InformaCon targeted to acCvists 2 AcCvism as source of informaCon 1 AcCvism by it’s own
Stairs of hybrid governing
Mäenpää & Faehnle 2017
8 Planning as open collaboraCon 7 AlternaCve plans considered by the city planning commiSee 6 Co-‐producCo of planning material 5 Support for alternaCve planning 4 Dialogue between city planners and acCvists in social media groups 3 Informing about the basic material for planning 2 Social media groups as source of informaCon 1 AlternaCve plans not considered
Hybrdid governing – urban planning
Mäenpää & Faehnle 2017
Principles of par4cipa4on in binding administra4ve regula4ons:
• U4lisa4on of know-‐how and exper4se of individuals and communi4es
• Enabling spontaneous ac4vi4es • Crea4on of equal opportuni4es
for par4cipa4on
Grounds for hybrid governing: Case Helsinki’s participation model
https://www.hel.fi/helsinki/en/administration/participate/channels/participation-model/
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https://www.hel.fi/static/liitteet/kanslia/asukasyhteistyo/osallisuusmalli-yleisesitys-2018.pdf
• Local city coaches + 3 business coaches • Local forums • Par4cipatory budge4ng • Shared spaces
Helsinki parCcipaCon model -‐ Local parCcipaCon
https://www.hel.fi/static/liitteet/kanslia/asukasyhteistyo/osallisuusmalli-yleisesitys-2018.pdf
● Respect and use ci4zens as resource. ● Make civic ac4vists feel welcome. Remember openness! ● Manage quality and efficiency of interac4on and collabora4ve ac4vi4es -‐ long term. How does a planning process influence the collabora4on capacity in the future?
● No4ce the mul4ple roles of people and the related resources, in all stages of planning, and also in par4cipa4on and evalua4on plan (PAP).
● Inform ci4zens about the planning task immediately when possible, before PAP.
● Alterna4ve plan is more than an individual view! ● Understand other people. Be human!
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Planning cities with self-organising citizens – key points
• Helps find ways to act so that the resouces of ci4zens can benefit the community in a fair and sustainable way
• Knowledge, tools, ideas, visions to support above all public authori4es, and also civic actors in their ac4ons for urban development
Civicactivism.fi – information bank
• Rantanen, A. & Faehnle, M. 2017. Self-‐organisa4on challenging ins4tu4onal planning: towards a new urban research and planning paradigm – a Finnish review. The Finnish Journal of Urban Studies 55:3.
• Faehnle, M., Mäenpää, P., Blomberg, J., Schulman, H. 2017. Civic engagement 3.0 – Reconsidering the roles of ci4zens in city-‐making. The Finnish Journal of Urban Studies 55:3.
• Mäenpää, P. & Faehnle, M. 2017. Civic ac4vism as a resource for ci4es. Helsinki Quarterly 1/2017, 68-‐81.
• Mäenpää, P. & Faehnle, M. 2017. The fourth sector is reconstruc4ng the society.
Yimbycon blog post 5, yimbycon.com.
More: h[p://www.kaupunkiak4vismi.fi/en/node/99/publica4ons 30
Publications in English
● Mäenpää, P. & Faehnle, M. 2018: Neljäs sektori: kuinka vertaistoiminta haastaa hallinnon, muu[aa markkinat ja uudisrakentaa yhteiskunnan (työnimi). Hankkeen tulokset kokoava kirja, tulossa 2018.
● Mäenpää P. & Faehnle, M. (2017): Itseorganisoituva kaupunki: hallinta, talous ja demokra4a. Futura 4/17. ● Mäenpää P. (2017): Jakamistalous tekee pikkukodin. Rakenne[u ympäristö -‐leh4 4/17. ● Mäenpää P. & Faehnle, M. (2017): Hommelit haastavat himmelit: järjestelmästä vuorovaikutukseen.
Teoksessa 100 vuo[a suomalaista aluekehi[ämistä. Työ-‐ ja elinkeinoministeriön julkaisuja. ● Mäenpää, P., Faehnle, M. & Schulman, H. 2017. Kaupunkiak4vismi, jakamistalous ja neljäs sektori.
Teoksessa Kansalaiset kaupunkia kehi[ämässä (toim. Bäcklund, Häkli & Schulman). Tampere University Press.
● Harmaala, Toivola, Faehnle, Manninen, Mäenpää & Nylund 2017: Jakamistalous. Alma Talent, Helsinki. ● Mäenpää, P. & Faehnle, M. 2017. Neljäs sektori suuntaa kaupunkien elinvoimaa, yhteisöllisyy[ä ja
kestävyy[ä. Helsingin seudun suunnat 2/2017. ● Mäenpää, P. & Faehnle, M. 2017. Kaupunkiak4vismi: ratkaisuja itseorganisoituvan kaupunkiyhteisön
hallintaan. Kvarf 2/2017. ● Mäenpää, P., Faehnle, M. & Lehtonen, T. 2016. Laiturilla ruodifin Lisää kaupunkia Helsinkiin -‐ryhmää:
”Jälkistalinis4nen hirviö” vai suunni[elukeskustelun uudistaja? Yhdyskuntasuunni[elu 54:4. ● Mäenpää, P. & Faehnle, M. 2016. Kaupunkiak4vismi voimavarana. Kvarf 3/2016, 16-‐33. ● Faehnle, M., Immonen, H., Mäenpää, P., Nylund, M., Träskman, T. 2016. Jakamistalous ja verotus: Eväitä
yhteiskunnalliseen keskusteluun. Arcada Working Papers 4/2016. 31
Publications in Finnish
PracCcal guidance ● Headd, M. 2016. How to talk to civic hackers: Strategies for engagement h[ps://www.civichacking.guide/strategies_for_engagement.html ● Par4cip4on Compass
h[p://par4cipa4oncompass.org/planning/index
Research ● Donovan, F. 2014. DIY urbanism: implica4ons for ci4es. Journal of Urbanism: Interna4onal Research on
Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 7:4, 381–398. ● Horelli, L., Saad-‐Sulonen, J., Wallin, S. & Botero, A. 2015. When Self-‐Organiza4on Intersects with Urban Planning:
Two Cases from Helsinki. Planning Prac4ce & Research 30:3, 286-‐302. ● Jacobsson, K. 2015. Urban grassroots movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Ashgate. ● Kleinhans, R., Van Ham, M., Ewans-‐Cowley, J. 2015. Using Social Media and Mobile Technologies to Foster
Engagement and Self-‐Organiza4on in Par4cipatory Urban Planning and Neighbourhood Governance. Planning, Prac4ce & Research 30:3, 237–247.
● Pulkkinen, K. 2014. A bo[om-‐up way of building a system and changing percep4ons – urban pioneers as a model for transforma4on for sustainability. Systema 2:2. h[p://www.systema-‐journal.org/ar4cle/view/275
● Westerink, J., Kempenaar, A., van Lierop, M., Groot, S., van der Valk, A. and van den Brink, A. 2017. The par4cipa4ng government: Shiting boundaries in collabora4ve spa4al planning of urban regions. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 35:1, 147–168.
Further reading
Welcome onboard!
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Civicac4vism.fi FB: Kaupunkiak4vismi #kaupunkiak4vismi Maija Faehnle [email protected] @maija_f Pasi Mäenpää [email protected] @pasiamaenpaa Agileci4es.fi/en @agile_dwellers #agilecity FB: Dwellers in Agile Ci4es
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Thank you!
