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The University of Toledo
City of Toledo Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Prepared By: Xue DingClint Messner Santosh Pant Joseph Blake Quinton Adam Szabo
Submitted To:The City of ToledoDefne Apul-Assistant Professor, The University of Toledo
CIVE 6900/8900 Sustainable Science and Engineering12/13/2010
AbstractThe University of Toledo’s Sustainability Engineering class worked closely with many departments within The City of Toledo to compile an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. Scope 1 and Scope 2 green house gas (GHG) emissions were calculated for the year 2009 in metric tons CO2e. The city emitted a total of 301,400 MTCO2e in the year 2009. A breakdown of emission sources shows that the facilities sector emits 69% percent of the total GHG emissions for the city, the vehicle fleet 16%, the landfill 14% and the wastewater treatment plant 1% from process/post process emissions. Looking at the different processes that cause the emissions, electricity purchased accounts for the majority of total emissions, 62%. These inventories will be used by the city to build an energy and greenhouse action plan. This plan will help the city set goals towards energy and greenhouse gas emissions savings.
AcknowledgementsWe would like to express our sincere thanks to the following people for their valuable advice and assistance throughout this project:
Defne Apul-Assistant Professor, The University of ToledoTim Murphy: City of Toledo, Commissioner of Environmental Services – Path SmootherJulian Highsmith: City of Toledo, Commissioner of Facility & Fleet Operations – Buildings & VehiclesJohn Welber: City of Toledo, Alt Administrator Facility & Fleet Operations - FacilitiesJeff Croskey: City of Toledo, Administrator of Fleet Operations – Vehicles & FuelJohn Walthall: City of Toledo, Manager of Water Treatment - Water TreatmentMike Carson: City of Toledo, Sr. Process Control Analyst – Water ReclamationCarol Eggert: City of Toledo, Public Service Officer 2 – HFC Emissions for laboratoriesBob Kossow: City of Toledo, P.E. – HFC EmissionsLori Smigielski: City of Toledo Supervisor of Utility Accounting - AccountingBarb Jones: City of Toledo, Acting Commissioner of Transportation - LightingKaren Okonta: Hull & Associates, Project Manager – Landfill GasChris Windnagle: Hull & Associates – Landfill GasKevin Rellinger: Shaw Group – Landfill GasJon Sluis: Plante & Moran, CPA– Renewable EnergyMark Frye: Palmer & Associates – Electricity & Natural GasAnne Schenk: Palmer & Associates – Electricity & Natural Gas
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Table of Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................ ii
List of Tables............................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures.............................................................................................................................................. iii
List of Equations.......................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Appendices....................................................................................................................................... iv
1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1
2.0 Scope and Objectives.......................................................................................................................1
3.0 Site Description................................................................................................................................2
4.0 Overview of Protocol.......................................................................................................................2
5.0 Raw Data.........................................................................................................................................2
5.1 Facilities...................................................................................................................................3
5.2 Solid Waste Facilities...............................................................................................................3
5.3 Drinking Water Treatment and Delivery Facilities (WTP).........................................................4
5.4 Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTP)...............................................................................4
5.5 Traffic Signals...........................................................................................................................5
5.6 Vehicle Fleet............................................................................................................................5
6.0 Calculations.....................................................................................................................................6
6.1 Scope 1 emissions....................................................................................................................6
6.1.1 Buildings...........................................................................................................................6
6.1.2 Wastewater Treatment Facility........................................................................................7
6.1.3 Landfill.............................................................................................................................9
6.1.4 Vehicles............................................................................................................................9
6.2 Scope 2 emissions..................................................................................................................10
6.2.1 Buildings.........................................................................................................................10
7.0 Results and Discussion...................................................................................................................11
7.1 Scope 1 Emissions..................................................................................................................11
7.2 Scope 2 Emissions..................................................................................................................13
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7.3 Total Emissions......................................................................................................................14
7.4 Recommendations for emission reductions...........................................................................18
8.0 Conclusions....................................................................................................................................19
9.0 Future Work...................................................................................................................................19
10.0 Appendices....................................................................................................................................20
10.1 Appendix: Raw Data...............................................................................................................20
10.2 Appendix: References............................................................................................................21
List of TablesTable 5-1: Raw Data Collection....................................................................................................................3Table 5-2: Facilities Quantity Data...............................................................................................................3Table 5-3: Collins Park Water Treatment Plant Natural Gas Use.................................................................4Table 5-4: Bay View Water Reclamation Facility Natural Gas Use...............................................................5Table 7-1: Scope 1 Emissions by Sector.....................................................................................................12Table 7-2: Scope 2 Emissions by Sector.....................................................................................................13Table 7-3: Scope 2 Emissions by Source....................................................................................................13Table 7-4: Total Emissions by Scope..........................................................................................................14Table 7-5: Total Emissions by Sector.........................................................................................................15Table 7-6: Total Emissions by source.........................................................................................................16Table 7-7: Total Emissions by Process.......................................................................................................17
List of FiguresFigure 7-1: Scope 1 Emissions by Sector....................................................................................................12Figure 7-2: Scope 2 Emissions by Source...................................................................................................14Figure 7-3: Total Emissions by Sector........................................................................................................15Figure 7-4: Total Emissions by Sector........................................................................................................16Figure 7-5: Total Emissions by Source.......................................................................................................17Figure 7-6: Total Emissions by Process......................................................................................................18
List of EquationsEquation 6-1: Scope 1 Building CO2 Emissions.............................................................................................6Equation 6-2: Scope 1 Building CH4 Emissions.............................................................................................6Equation 6-3: Scope 1 Building N2O Emissions............................................................................................6Equation 6-4: CO2e calculation....................................................................................................................6Equation 6-5: CO2e calculation....................................................................................................................7Equation 6-6: CO2e calculation....................................................................................................................7Equation 6-7: CO2e calculation....................................................................................................................7Equation 6-8: Stationary CH4 Emissions from Incomplete Combustion of Digester Gas..............................7Equation 6-9: Process N2O Emissions from WWTP with Nitrification/Denitrification.................................8
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Equation 6-10: Process N2O Emissions from Effluent Discharge..................................................................8Equation 6-11: Total Wastewater Emissions (metric tons CO2e).................................................................9Equation 6-12: Emissions from Landfills with Comprehensive LFG Collection Systems...............................9Equation 6-13: Scope 1 Vehicle CO2 Emissions..........................................................................................10Equation 6-14: Scope 1 Vehicle CH4 Emissions..........................................................................................10Equation 6-15: Scope 1 Vehicle N2O Emissions..........................................................................................10Equation 6-16: Scope 2 Building CO2 Emissions.........................................................................................10Equation 6-17: Scope 2 Building CH4 Emissions.........................................................................................10Equation 6-18: Scope 2 Building N2O Emissions........................................................................................11
List of AppendicesAppendix 10-1: Facilities and Vehicle Fleet Budget...................................................................................20Appendix 10-2: Facilities and Vehicle Fleet Raw Quantity Data................................................................21Appendix 10-3: Hoffman Road Landfill Data..............................................................................................21Appendix 10-4: Vehicle Fuel Data..............................................................................................................21
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1.0 Introduction
Only in modern times has society embraced the idea that the environment is not an indestructible resource and there are consequences arising from peoples chosen lifestyle. As a result of this awareness there is a movement to implement sustainable practices on every scale possible to reduce any negative impact humans are having on the environment. There are many ways to quantify these harmful effects, one of which is measuring greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities have been linked to global climate change by scientific consensus. By conducting a greenhouse gas emissions inventory the City of Toledo is taking the first step in becoming more sustainable and recognizing the importance of preventing climate change. The City is conducting this inventory by partnering with the University of Toledo. Methods presented by Local Government Operations Protocol for the quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions inventories were followed.
The benefits resulting from the development of a city of Toledo GHG inventory are varied and numerous. One of the greatest benefits being that the city will be able to gain insight into its inefficiencies. The city will gain an understanding of how to modify and/or redesign operations and processes to reduce emissions, save energy, and ultimately save money. It will create a benchmark for the city to compare itself to other local governments. The city will be prepared to respond to any potential GHG regulations in the future. Also, by conducting this inventory the city is setting an example as an environmental leader in the area. Complete, consistent and accurate measurement enables local governments to assess their risks and opportunities, track their progress, and create a strategy to reduce emissions in a quantifiable and transparent way (ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability, 2010).
This document represents The University of Toledo’s completion of a GHG emissions inventory for the city of Toledo following Local Government Operations Protocol. Emissions in the protocol are split up into scope 1, scope 2, and scope 3 emissions to separately account for direct and indirect emissions, and to improve the utility of the resulting data. Scope 1 emissions are direct emissions from sources the city controls. Scope 2 emissions are secondary source emissions, emissions from sources used by the city but not produced or controlled by the city. Scope 3 emissions are indirect emissions, from sources related to the city but for which the city has no operational control over. This document quantifies the vast majority of the scope 1 and 2 emissions, being as thorough as data and time constraints allowed. Scope 3 emissions are considered optional for reporting and were not included in this report.
2.0 Scope and Objectives
The goal of this project was to account for and determine all major Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions using the operational control definition from the “Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.1”. Following the calculation of emissions for the City of Toledo, recommendations were provided on how to reduce these emissions. Comparisons were also made to similar cities.
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3.0 Site Description
The City of Toledo is located in Lucas County in the Northwest corner of Ohio. The city borders Michigan and straddles the Maumee River which discharges into the most western part of Lake Erie. It has a population of 316,179 making it the fourth most populous city in Ohio and encompasses and area of nearly 84.4 square miles, which is approximately 24% of Lucas County.
4.0 Overview of Protocol
This carbon inventory was conducted using guidelines presented by Local Government Operations Protocol: For the Quantification and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. This Protocol was developed through a partnership of California Air Resources Board, California Climate Action Registry, ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability, and The Climate Registry. Its purpose is to provide a standardized set of guidelines for local governments to quantify and report GHG emissions.
An operational control approach was taken when conducting this inventory, meaning if the city had the full authority to introduce and implement its operating policies at the operation, the GHGs from that operation were included in the inventory.
Emissions from the six internationally-recognized GHGs regulated under the Kyoto Protocol were accounted for: Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous Oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
5.0 Raw Data
Although we were provided data from many sources, much of it proved to be incomplete. Thus, much of our data is derived from the 2010 Annual Operating Budget. The 2010 budget has the actual dollars spent from 2009. This data can be seen in appendix 10.1. We gathered the average amount spent per unit of energy and computed the total amount of energy purchased, as seen in appendix 10-2. This data was further verified by checking it against what the Energy Information Administration says is the normal amount of energy used per square foot (6-25 watts for region 5). Toledo came in at 10 watts/ft2.
A list of the raw data that has been collected is provided in the listed below. Data that is not provided is either not available from the city or has not been received yet.
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Table 5-1: Raw Data Collection
Data Type Data Sources (2009)
Buildings (Electricity) Electricity Usage Data (kWh) for 285+ Buildings
Buildings (Natural Gas) Natural Gas Usage (MMBTU)
Drinking Water Treatment Plant Natural Gas and Electricity Cost ($)
Wastewater treatment plant Population Served, Fraction of CH4 in biogas
Solid Waste Facilities Estimated Total SCF & MMBTU
Vehicle Fleet Vehicle Inventory, Odometer Readings, Fleet Manager
Traffic Lights Electricity Usage Data (kWh)
5.1 Facilities
The City of Toledo has 285 buildings and nearly 50 other facilities that use natural gas or electricity. These other facilities include pump stations, recreational facilities and other semi-enclosed buildings. A partial set of data on electrical use for buildings and natural gas use by the city was obtained. The inconsistencies in the data were made up for by converting dollar amounts listed in the 2010 Annual Operating Budget for 2009 budget. We would have liked to compare the cities energy use by building to other cities, but due to the combined use of most buildings it proved impossible.
Error: Reference source not found shows the total electricity and natural gas usage for the year 2009 derived from the budget data. The budget data can be seen in Error: Reference source not found and Error: Reference source not found.
Table 5-2: Facilities Quantity Data
Electricity (MWh) Natural Gas (MMBtu)261,406.66 373,835.95
Electricity costs were actual city electricity costs for the city for the year 2009. Natural gas costs were those estimated by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2010).
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5.2 Solid Waste Facilities
The Hoffman Road Landfill (HRL) serves The City of Toledo and the surrounding suburbs. HRL is an Environmental Protection Agency regulated landfill with a comprehensive landfill gas (LFG) collection system. Shaw Group provided us with data covering 2009 LFG emissions.
The total amount of gas released from the landfill for the year 2009 was 642.9 MM SCF which converts to 339,401 MMBtu’s. Error: Reference source not found list more specific raw data and how this number was obtained.
5.3 Drinking Water Treatment and Delivery Facilities (WTP)
The City of Toledo owns and operates one water treatment plant, the Collins Park Water Treatment Plant. This treatment plant serves over 500,000 people from eight major customers: Toledo (Ohio), Wood County (Ohio), Sylvania (Ohio), Maumee (Ohio), Monroe County (Michigan), Perrysburg (Ohio), and Northwest and Southwest Lucas County (Ohio). It is responsible for filtering an average of 80 million gallons of water per day (mgd). The source of raw water for the treatment plant is Lake Erie.
Data on electrical use for the city was first obtained through Palmer Energy. A Comparison of this data was made by converting dollar amounts listed in the 2010 Annual Operating Budget for 2009 budget into electrical usage. The electrical usage for the year 2009 was 20,472 MWh, the number was taken directly from palmer energy.
Natural gas data was obtained from the 2010 Annual Operating Budget for 2009 budget. There was no differentiation between natural gas used at the WTP and WWTP, so it was assumed that the breakdown was 50/50. The natural gas usage was 39,593 MMBtu for the WTP and can be seen in Error: Reference source not found.
Table 5-3: Collins Park Water Treatment Plant Natural Gas Use
Gas Expenditure Rate Usage(MMBTU) $ 261,149.00 $6.60 per MMBtu 39,593
5.4 Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTP)
The City of Toledo Bay View Water Reclamation Facility provides wastewater treatment services for the City of Toledo and the following outlying areas: Village of Walbridge, City of Northwood, City of Rossford, and Northern Wood County. The total population served in 2009 was 363,500 with an annual average daily flow rate of 76.2 million gallons per day (mgd) with a peak flow of 102 mgd.). Historically, methane generated at the facility was flared off. A few months ago a co-gen system was started to convert it into electricity. Following the unit treatment processes, the effluent is discharged to the
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Maumee River and the sludge is disposed of at the Hoffman Road Landfill and is used as fertilizer by area farmers. Data on electrical use for the city was first obtained through Palmer Energy. A Comparison of this data was made by converting dollar amounts listed in the 2010 Annual Operating Budget for 2009 budget into electrical usage. The electrical usage for the year 2009 was 37,251 MWh, the number was taken directly from Palmer Energy.
Natural gas data was obtained from the 2010 Annual Operating Budget for 2009 budget. There was no differentiation between natural gas used at the WTP and WWTP, so it was assumed that the breakdown was 50/50. The natural gas usage was 39,593 MMBtu for the WWTP.
Table 5-4: Bay View Water Reclamation Facility Natural Gas Use
Gas Expenditure Rate Usage(MMBTU) $ 261,149.00 $6.60 per MMBtu 39,593
5.5 Traffic Signals
The city is in the process of converting all the traffic signals over to LED, this project will be completed in July 2011. When completed this will decrease the per signal head energy consumption by 80%. Sixty percent of the signal heads have been converted to LED as of September of 2010. There are a total of 4,000 signal heads and 3,400 pedestrian heads that control 525 intersections. The 2009 data for stoplights was provided by Toledo’s Transportation Department in kWh/yr, this value was 3,150,583 kWh for 2009.
5.6 Vehicle Fleet
The city owns over 1900 vehicles. These are everything from gas powered floor sweepers to automobiles to heavy trucks to large scale construction equipment. The Department of Facilities Administrator of Fleet Operations provided us with a complete list of all transportation equipment. This data was broken down by year, make and model, plus the cumulative amount of miles (or hours) on each vehicle. Our team then broke the vehicles down into construction/off road equipment, automobiles, trucks, and other based on whether each group used diesel or 87 octane gasoline. Due to the complexity of this data, it is not included in this report and can be viewed at http://cityoftoledocarbonfootprint.wikispaces.com.
The Department of Facilities Administrator of Fleet Operations also provided partial fuel use data. This data was used to calculate the average amount the city paid per gallon and to determine the ratio of diesel to regular fuel. We then took the $10 million of fuel purchased in the 2010 Annual Operating Budget and split it up based on the dollar ration of diesel to gasoline purchased. A ratio of approximately 1.39 gallons of diesel to 1 gallon of gasoline was used. This gave us approximate dollars of diesel and
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gasoline purchased. We then took the dollars of gasoline purchased and divided it by the cost of gasoline per gallon and got the number of gallons purchased; we did the same thing for diesel; A cost of $2.16 per gallon was used for gasoline and a cost of $2.12 per gallon of diesel. This resulted in 2,939,964 gallons of diesel and 2,083,399 of gasoline. This data can be seen in Error: Reference source not found, Error: Reference source not found, and Error: Reference source not found.
6.0 Calculations
6.1 Scope 1 emissions
6.1.1 Buildings
Annual natural gas consumption from 2009 was calculated from the natural gas purchased in the 2010 Annual Operating Budget. Natural gas consumption is measured in MMbtu. Equations 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3 were utilized to calculate the GHG emissions due to natural gas usage.
CO2Emissions (metric tons )=NaturalGasUse (MMbtu )×54.71(kg
CO2
MMbtu)
1000( kgmetric ton
)
Equation 6-1: Scope 1 Building CO2 Emissions
CH 4 Emissions (metric tons )=NaturalGasUse (MMbtu )×0.005(kg
CO2
MMbtu)
1000( kgmetric ton
)
Equation 6-2: Scope 1 Building CH4 Emissions
N2OEmissions (metric tons )=NaturalGasUse (MMbtu )×0.0001(kg
CO2
MMbtu)
1000 ( kgmetric ton
)
Equation 6-3: Scope 1 Building N2O Emissions
Appropriate emission factors were selected using table G.1 & G.3 (Local government Protocol, page 202 & 205). Natural gas type was considered commercial while choosing the default methane and nitrous
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oxide emission factors. Equations 6-4, 6-5, 6-6 and 6-7 were used for converting CH4 and N2O emissions to CO2 equivalent.
CO2Emissions (metric tonsCO2 e )=CO2Emissions(metric tons)×1(GWP)
Equation 6-4: CO2e calculation
CH 4 Emissions (metric tonsCO2 e)=CH 4Emissions (metric tons )×21(GWP)
Equation 6-5: CO2e calculation
N 2OEmissions (metric tonsCO2e )=N2OEmissions (metric tons )×310 (GWP )
Equation 6-6: CO2e calculation
Total Emissions (metric tons CO2e )=[CO2+CH 4+N2O ](metric tonsCO2 e)
Equation 6-7: CO2e calculation
6.1.2 Wastewater Treatment Facility
Treatment process from the wastewater treatment plant produce fugitive emissions such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). These emissions result from incomplete combustion of digester gas, cetralized nitrification/denitrification from the wastewater treatment plant, and effluent discharge to the receiving aquatic environments. The calculations for these emissions are outlined in the equations below.
Equation 6-8 was used for the stationary emission from incomplete combustion of digester gas.
AnnualC H4 emissions (metric tonsCO2 e )=¿
(P×DigesterGas×FC H 4× ρ (C H4 )× (1−DE )×0.0283×365.25×10−6 )×GWP
Equation 6-8: Stationary CH4 Emissions from Incomplete Combustion of Digester Gas
Where: P = population served by the WWTP with anaerobic digesters Digester Gas = cubic feet of digester gas produced per person per day (ft3/person/day) = 1 F CH4 = fraction of CH4 in biogas = 0.65 ρ (CH4) = density of methane [g/m3] = 662.00
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DE = CH4 Destruction Efficiency = 0.990.0283 = conversion from ft3 to m3 [m3/ft3] 365.25 = conversion factor [day/year] 10-6 = conversion from g to metric ton [metric ton/g] GWP = Global Warming Potential equals 21
Equation 6-9 was used for the calculating N2O emissions from a centralized WWTP with nitrification/denitrification.
Annual N2Oemissions (metric tonsCO2 e )=((Ptotal× Find−com )×EF nitdenit
×10−6)×GWP
Equation 6-9: Process N2O Emissions from WWTP with Nitrification/Denitrification
Where:Ptotal = total population that is served by the centralized WWTP adjusted for industrial discharge, if applicable [person] = 363,500Find-com = factor for industrial and commercial co-discharge waste into the sewer system = 1.25 EF nit/denit = emission factor for a WWTP with nitrification/denitrification [g N2O/person/year] = 710-6 = conversion from g to metric ton [metric ton/g] GWP = N2O Global Warming Potential = 310
Equation 6-10 is used for Process N2O Emissions from Effluent Discharge (default N load data).
Annual N2Oemissions (metric tonsCO2e )=¿
((Ptotal×F ind−com )× (Total N Load−N uptake×BOD5load )× EFeffluent× 4428
× (1−F plant nit /denit ×365.25×10−3 )×GWP)Equation 6-10: Process N2O Emissions from Effluent Discharge
Where:Ptotal = population served (person)Find-com = factor for industrial and commercial co-discharge waste into the sewer system = 1.25Total N Load = total nitrogen load [kg N/person/day] = 0.026N Uptake = nitrogen uptake for cell growth in aerobic system (kg N/kg BOD5) = 0.05 = nitrogen uptake for cell growth in anaerobic system (e.g., lagoon) (kg N/kg BOD5) = 0.005BOD5 load = amount of BOD5 produced per person per day [kg BOD5/person/day] = 0.090EF effluent = emission factor [kg N2O-N/kg sewage-N produced] = 0.0054428 = molecular weight ratio of N2O to N2 = 1.57
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F plant nit/denit = fraction of nitrogen removed for the centralized WWTP with nitrification/denitrification = 0.7365.25 = conversion factor [day/year] 10-3 = conversion from kg to metric ton [metric ton/kg] GWP = Global Warming Potential
Equation 6-11 was used to calculate total wastewater emissions.
TotalWastewater Emissions (metric tonsCO2 e)=¿
StationaryCH4 Emssions+ProcessN 2O Emissions ( plant )+ProcessN 2O Emissions ( effluent )
Equation 6-11: Total Wastewater Emissions (metric tons CO2e)
6.1.3 Landfill
Fugitive methane emissions for the Hoffman Road Landfill with a comprehensive LFG collection system were calculated using Equation 6-12.
CH 4 emitted (metric tonsCO2 e )=LFGcollected×CH 4%× { (1−DE )+[ ( (1−CE ) /CE )× (1−OX ) ] }×unit conversion×GWP
Equation 6-12: Emissions from Landfills with Comprehensive LFG Collection Systems
Where:LFG = Annual LFG collected by the collection system (MMSCF) = 642.9CH4% = Fraction of CH4 in LFG = 0.5, if no facility-specific value is availableDE = CH4 Destruction Efficiency, based on the type of combustion/flare system = 0.991
CE = collection efficiency = 0.75OX = Oxidation Factor = 0.102
Unit Conversion = Applies when converting million standard cubic feet of methane into metric tons of methane (volume units to mass units) = 19.125GWP = methane into metric tons of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) = 21
6.1.4 Vehicles
For the calculation of CO2 emission from the vehicles, total fuel consumption (gallons) for 2009 was calculated from the fuel purchased in 2010 Annual Operating Budget for year 2009. The total fuel consumption is as follows: 2.9 million gallons of diesel and 2.1 million gallons of gasoline. Equation 6-13
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was used for the calculation of CO2 emissions. For the calculation of CH4 and N2O emissions from vehicles, vehicles were sorted according by their year, type and highway or non-highway vehicle. Tables G.13 and G.14 were used from the protocol. Equations 6-14 and 6-15 require the annual number of miles or hours operated for each type of vehicle. For example, the 2009 passenger vehicles drove an estimated 604,000 miles.
FuelCO2 emissions (metric tons )=Fuel consumed (gallons )×Emisssion factor (
kgCO2
gallon)
1000( kgmetric ton
)
Equation 6-13: Scope 1 Vehicle CO2 Emissions
C H 4emissions (metric tons )=Annual Distance (miles)× Emisssion factor (
gC H 4
mile)
1000000 ( gmetric ton
)
Equation 6-14: Scope 1 Vehicle CH4 Emissions
N 2Oemissions (metric tons )=Annual Distance (miles)×Emisssion factor (
g N 2Omile
)
1000000( gmetric ton
)
Equation 6-15: Scope 1 Vehicle N2O Emissions
Equations 6-4, 6-5, 6-6 and 6-7 were used for converting CH4 and N2O emissions to CO2 equivalent.
6.2 Scope 2 emissions
6.2.1 Buildings
Annual electricity consumption for 2009 was calculated from the electricity purchased in the 2010 Annual Operating Budget. Total annual electricity consumption was calculated in kWh then it was converted to mWh. GHG emissions due to annual electricity consumption were estimated using equation 6-13, 6-14, 6-15.
CO2Emissions (metric tons )=ElectricityUse (MWh)×1537.82(lbs .
CO2
MWh)
2,204.62( lbs .metric ton
)
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Equation 6-16: Scope 2 Building CO2 Emissions
CH 4 Emissions (metric tons )=ElectricityUse (MWh )×0.01823(lbs .
CH 4
MWh)
2,204.62( lbs .metric ton
)
Equation 6-17: Scope 2 Building CH4 Emissions
N2OEmissions (metric tons )=ElectricalUse (MWh )×0.02571( lbs.
N 2OMWh
)
2,204.62( lbs.metric ton
)
Equation 6-18: Scope 2 Building N2O Emissions
Appropriate emission factors were selected using Table G.8 (Local government Protocol, page 211). Equations 6-4, 6-5, 6-6 and 6-7 were used for converting CH4 and N2O emissions to CO2 equivalent.
7.0 Results and Discussion
To correctly understand the results it is important to know how the data is broken down. The following outline shows this and the source of emissions for each sector. Scope 1 emissions
Facilities (natural gas)o Facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP)o WWTPo WTP
Landfill (misc. gases) Vehicle Fleet (gases from fuel combustion) WWTP (process/post process emissions)
Scope 2 emissions Facilities (electricity)
o Buildingso WWTPo WTP
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o Traffic Lights
7.1 Scope 1 Emissions
Error: Reference source not found shows the scope 1 CO2e emissions sorted by sector type and the total scope 1 CO2e emissions emitted in 2009 by the City of Toledo, in metric tons. Scope 1 emissions from the city resulted from natural gas use in facilities, gases given off at the Hoffman Road Landfill, the burning of vehicle fuel, and gases given off during/after the waste water treatment process at The Bay View Water Reclamation Facility. Error: Reference source not foundshows the largest contributor to scope 1 emission is the vehicle fleet, followed by the landfill, then facilities, and finally the WWTP processes.
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Table 7-5: Scope 1 Emissions by Sector
Sector MTCO2eVehicle Fleet 48,400Landfill 41,800Facilities 20,500WWTP processes 3,900Total 114,600
Error: Reference source not found shows scope 1 emissions by sector type and then also displays a breakdown of the facilities. From the figure it is easy to see vehicles are the greatest scope 1 contributor with a 42% share of the 114,600 MTCO2e Total. Second is the landfill, emitting 37% of the total. Facilities emit 18% of the total; this sector is then split into facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP), the WWTP, and the WTP. Of the 18% from facilities 4% is from the WTP and WWTP, a large portion considering that 4% of the total scope 1 emissions are 22% of the facilities total contribution. So 22% of the facilities total scope 1 emissions come from 2 sites, the WTP and WWTP, out of 335 facilities accounted for. Finally the WWTP emits 3% from the water treatment process.
Figure 7-1: Scope 1 Emissions by Sector
Vehicle Fleet42%
Landfill36%
WWTP processes3%
WWTP 2%WTP 2%
Facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP)
14%
114,600 MTCO2e
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7.2 Scope 2 Emissions
Error: Reference source not found shows the scope 2 CO2e emissions sorted by sector type and the total scope 2 CO2e emissions emitted in 2009 by the City of Toledo, in Metric Tons. The Facilities sector was the only contributor to scope 2 emissions, which was not surprising. Scope 2 emissions are secondary source emissions; from purchased electricity, purchased steam, or purchased heating/cooling. The City of Toledo did not purchase any steam or heating/cooling for the 2009 year, so the only contributor to scope 2 emissions was the purchased electricity, used by facilities. The total emissions from purchased electricity were 186800 MTCO2e for 2009.
Table 7-6: Scope 2 Emissions by Sector
Sector MTCO2eFacilities 186,800Total 186,800
Error: Reference source not found shows the scope 2 CO2e emissions sorted by source and the total scope 2 CO2e emissions emitted in 2009 by the City of Toledo, in Metric Tons. This table shows the breakdown of the scope 2 emissions from the facilities sector. The facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP) are the largest contributor followed by the WWTP, the WTP and finally traffic lights. These scope 2 emissions are directly related to how much electricity each source uses.
Table 7-7: Scope 2 Emissions by Source
Source MTCO2eFacilities (excluding WTP/WWTP) 142,000WWTP 26,100WTP 15,000Traffic Lights 3,700Total 186,800
Error: Reference source not found shows scope 2 emissions from facilities sorted by source. From the figure one can see that Facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP) are the largest source of scope 2 emissions with 76% of the total 187,000 MTCO2e. The WWTP emits 14%, the WTP 8% and the traffic lights 2% of the total. The facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP), source is made up of around 335 facilities so it was expected to be the largest source. By comparison the WWTP emits 14% of scope 2 by itself or 26100 MTCO2e. Similarly, the WTP emits 8% of the total scope 2 MTCO2e, 15000 MTCO2e. The WWTP and WTP are very large contributors to scope 2 emissions, emitting a combined 22% of scope 2 MTCO2e emissions.
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Figure 7-2: Scope 2 Emissions by Source
76%
14%
8%
2%
187,000 MTCO2e
Facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP)WWTPWTPTraffic Lights
7.3 Total Emissions
Error: Reference source not found shows total CO2e emissions sorted by scope and the total CO2e emissions emitted in 2009 by the City of Toledo, in Metric Tons. The city emitted 301,400 MTCO2e in the year 2009.
Table 7-8: Total Emissions by Scope
Scope MTCO2eScope 1 114,600Scope 2 186,800Total 301,400
Error: Reference source not found shows total emissions from The City of Toledo for 2009 sorted by scope. Scope 1 emissions, direct emissions from sources the city controls, account for 38% of the total emissions. Scope 2 emissions, secondary source emissions, account for 62% of the total emissions. The
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majority of emissions are coming from scope 2, which are a direct result of the city’s purchased electricity.
Figure 7-3: Total Emissions by Sector
Scope 138%
Scope 262%
301,400 MTCO2e
Error: Reference source not found shows total CO2e emissions sorted by sector and the total CO2e emissions emitted in 2009 by the City of Toledo, in Metric Tons. These numbers are the sum of both scope 1 and scope 2 emissions for each sector type. The Facilities sector accounts for the most MTCO2e gas emissions from the City of Toledo with a quantity of 207,300 MTCO2e. Other contributors are the vehicle fleet, Hoffman Road Landfill, and the WWTP process/post process emissions.
Table 7-9: Total Emissions by Sector
Sector MTCO2e3Facilities 207,300Vehicle Fleet 48,400Landfill 41,800WWTP processes 3,900Total 301,400
Error: Reference source not found shows total emissions from The City of Toledo for 2009 sorted by sector. From this figure it is easy to see that facilities are the largest contributor to GHG emission in
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Toledo; Facilities account for 69% of the total emissions. The vehicles fleet emits 16% of the total emissions, Hoffman Road Landfill 14%, and the WWTP process/post process emits 1%.
Figure 7-4: Total Emissions by Sector
69%
16%
14%
1%
301,400 MTCO2e
FacilitiesVehicle FleetLandfillWWTP processes
Error: Reference source not found shows total CO2e emissions sorted by source and the total CO2e emissions emitted in 2009 by the City of Toledo, in Metric Tons. This table is representative of where, in terms of location, the emissions are coming from in the city. They are the sum of scope 1 and 2 emissions for each source.
Table 7-10: Total Emissions by source
Source MTCO2eFacilities (excluding WTP/WWTP) 158,100Landfill 41,800WWTP (Including Process Emissions) 32,200WTP 17,200Vehicle Fuel 48,400Street/Traffic lights 3,700Total 301,400
Error: Reference source not found shows total emissions from The City of Toledo for 2009 sorted by source. 52% of the total emissions are being emitted by Facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP), which is the largest percent of any source. The vehicle fleet and landfill are also large contributors at 16% and 14%
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respectively. Next is the WWTP emitting 11% of the total or 32,200 MTCO2e; this includes all scope 1 emissions and scope 2. Following that is the WTP at 6% and traffic lights at 1% of total emissions for 2009.
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Figure 7-5: Total Emissions by Source
52%
16%
14%
11%
6%
1%
301,400 MTCO2e
Facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP)
Vehicle Fuel
Landfill
WWTP (Including Process Emissions)
WTP
Traffic lights
Error: Reference source not found shows total CO2e emissions sorted by process and the total CO2e emissions emitted in 2009 by the City of Toledo, in Metric Tons. It shows that the most MTCO2e emissions are coming from the consumption of electricity by a large margin.
Table 7-11: Total Emissions by Process
Process MTCO2eElectricity 186,800Vehicle Fuel 48,400Landfill Gas 41,800Natural Gas 20,500WWTP Process/Post Process 3,900Total 301,400
Error: Reference source not found shows total emissions from The City of Toledo for 2009 sorted by process. As in table Error: Reference source not found this figure shows Toledo’s consumption of electricity is emitting a majority of the cities GHG’s. The electricity accounts for 62% of the total MTCO2e given of from the city. The next largest process source is the Vehicle fuel, which accounts for 16% of the total. The landfill gases being emitted at Hoffman Road Landfill contribute 14%. Natural gas being used by the city comes in at 7% of the total and WWTP process/post process emissions at 1%.
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Figure 7-6: Total Emissions by Process
62%16%
14%
7%
1%
301,400 MTCO2e
ElectricityVehicle FuelLandfill GasNatural GasWWTP Process/Post Process
7.4 Recommendations for emission reductions
First, the City of Toledo must develop a greenhouse gas emissions action plan. This plan will help the city identify which areas are most in need of action. Based off an introductory analysis of the inventory the city should focus on buildings and vehicles.
The city’s passenger vehicle fleet is relatively inefficient with an average fuel rating of 20.7 mpg. If the city would replace the oldest/least fuel efficient cars in its fleet with modern cars that meet or exceed the CAFÉ fuel efficiency standard (This standard accounts for fleetwide for CO2 emissions per mile as well as miles per gallon and is set by the U.S. Federal Government.) then it would reduce fuel use by 4.1% per year. By replacing the oldest ten percent of the passenger fleet each year for five years with cars that meet the CAFÉ standard the city can reduce its fuel consumption by $47,000/year. This data can be seen at http://cityoftoledocarbonfootprint.wikispaces.com/ under the file title “random sample.”
The buildings are in need of an energy audit. With the last energy efficiency audit occurring in 1994 it is very possible that the city can decrease the amount of energy its buildings use by 20% in a very short period of time. These improvements will largely be made by changing receptacle use, insulating and replacing windows and upgrading the mechanicals.
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Once the steps listed above are taken it will be important to look at replacing some of the least efficient buildings. The service building at 2411 Albion is a prime example. This building has no day-lighting, no insulation, single-pane windows covered in an opaque plastic and mixed office/warehouse space. A LEED certified building would easily use 50% less electricity.
8.0 Conclusions
The City of Toledo emitted 301,400 MT CO2e emissions in 2009. Facilities were responsible for 52% of emissions contributed by governmental operations. Vehicles and fuel accounted for an additional 16% of emissions. The landfill, wastewater treatment plant and drinking water treatment plant accounted for 14%, 11% & 6% of emissions, respectively. The cities highly efficient streetlights emitted only 1% of citywide emissions. The sectors of the city with the highest emissions levels will have more opportunities for cost-effective reduction.
9.0 Future Work
ICLEI has set out a five step program to help cities reduce their emissions. These steps are: Calculate annual greenhouse gas emissions, complete an energy audit and set realistic goals for emissions reduction, develop an action plan to achieve these goals, implement the action plan, and monitor the results and adjust the action plan if falling short of goal. This process does not end once the city has hit its goal, for maximum benefit it should be repeated every three to five years.
To make progress towards these goals the City of Toledo will have to make data collection easier and maintain someone on staff to follow through on the five step plan. We suggest an “Energy Coordinator.”
Other cities have found that one of the best ways to maximize their impact is to join with other governmental bodies in the region and work on this process in collaboration. This will allow the governmental bodies to decrease the cost of maintaining the inventory and developing the targets and action plan. There is also the potential for further cost savings from efficiencies of scale as engineering firms bid on the projects to reduce emissions from buildings.
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10.0 Appendices
10.1 Appendix: Raw Data
Appendix 10-1: Facilities and Vehicle Fleet Budget
Total Expenditure Fuel Expenditure Electricity Expenditure Heat Expenditure$4,331.30
$3,629,769.81 $3,629,769.81 $1,269,152.49 $1,269,152.49$3,196,629.88 $3,196,629.88
$518.64 $432.99 $432.99
$3,008.08 $903,475.58 $903,475.58 $122,961.40 $122,961.40$226,448.00 $226,448.00
$12,942.17 $12,942.17 $12,183.73 $12,183.73
$2,074.54 $3,061,544.53 $3,061,544.53
$42,539.78 $42,539.78$1,027,419.78 $1,027,419.78
$120,000.00 $1,080,450.19 $1,080,450.19 $2,028,445.96 $2,028,445.96
$522,298.39 $522,298.39$192,954.43 $192,954.43 $160,776.85 $187,447.08 $187,447.08
$3,411,843.67 $3,411,843.67 $504,091.34 $504,091.34$566,619.35 $566,619.35
$44,226.48 $44,226.48 $12,029.42 $12,029.42 $25,938.28 $25,938.28 $12,324.00 $12,324.00 $15,679.72 $15,679.72
$374.29 $374.29 $5,373,895.98 $5,373,895.98
$7,072.11 $7,072.11 $6,273.85 $6,273.85
$42,879.45 $42,879.45 $37,205.66 $37,205.66
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$27,868,259.20 $10,732,866.45 $14,377,366.09 $2,467,317.25
Appendix 10-2: Facilities and Vehicle Fleet Raw Quantity Data
Fuel (Gallons) Electricity (MWh) Natural Gas (MMBtu)5,023,363 261,406.66 373,835.95
Appendix 10-3: Hoffman Road Landfill Data
Month Average CH4 (%) Total SCF Total MMBtuJan 54.7 66427457 36772Feb 52.3 58422900 30922Mar 52.3 60460273 32000Apr 50.4 52376548 26715May 52.1 58465008 30826Jun 51.4 50097230 26059Jul 51.7 55882668 29238Aug 51.3 53490634 27770Sep 51.3 51317570 26642Oct 52.7 50165299 26754Nov 51.9 51524948 27062Dec 53.7 34303000 18642
Totals 52.2 642933534 339401
Appendix 10-4: Vehicle Fuel Data
Cost Gallons
Diesel$6,232,724.4
22,939,964.3
5
Gasoline$4,500,142.0
32,083,399.0
9
Total $10,732,866.
455,023,363.4
4
10.2 Appendix: References
City of Toledo. (2010). Retrieved October 2010, from http://www.ci.toledo.oh.us/
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ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability. (2010, May 6). Local Goverment Operations Protocol. Retrieved September 16, 2010, from The Climate Registry: http://www.theclimateregistry.org/downloads/2010/05/2010-05-06-LGO-1.1.pdf
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2010, December). Natural Gas Weekly Update. Retrieved December 2010, from U.S. Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/ngw/ngupdate.asp
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