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Early civilisation
Banks of river / natural port- security to the
town
Safety and communicationprime factor
Kings/ priests
Exsbanks of euphrates and tigris, nile,
ganga, sindhu (indus), yamuna
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Sumerian cities
12000- 3000 bc
Protective and compact
Horizonclimate Market at centrecity developed around it
Symmetrical along the river
Trans - water
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City of Babylon-
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Egyptian cities
River nile
-navigation
Peoples life dedicated to pharoahordersbuilt up the town
Slaves and artisans
Cellscourtyardsundried bricks Walls surrounded the
citiesprotection
against flood
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City of ur
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Theagora was the province of the citizensA place for public
meetings, education, social
interaction, and judicial matters
It was the civic center, the hub of democratic life
for Greek men
Later, after the classical period, it became the citys
major marketplace without losing its atmosphere
of a social club
Temples were located on
sacred sites chosen to please
the gods
Temples were also sited and
designed to please the
human eye and harmonize
with the natural landscape
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City of athens
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City of miletus
Laid out in a rigid grid
system imposing its
geometry on the physical
site conditionsLayout indicates an
abstracted and highly
rational notion of urban life
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roman
France, Germany, England, interior Spain, the Alpine
countries, and parts of eastern Europe
Most cities were established as military (castra) and
trading
outposts
Focal points for collection of local agricultural products
Supply centers for the military
Service centers for long-distance trading network
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Gridiron street pattern was
Placed at the intersection of a citystwo major
thoroughfaresTemples of worship, administrativebuildings , and
warehousesAlso libraries, schools, and
marketplaces serving the commonpeople
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ROMAN CITIES
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Medieval city
The major functions of the medieval city are
depicted in five symbols
The wall
Symbol of the sharp distinction between country and
city
Within the wall most inhabitants were free; outside
most were serfs
People inside were able to move about with little
restriction
Goods entering the gates were inspected and taxed
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Medieval cities- mass of the building
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The marketplace
At one end stood the
fairly tall town hailMeeting space for cityspolitical
leaders
Market hail forstorage and display
of finer goods
The cathedral
Usually the towns crowning glory
Symbol of the important role of the
churchOften close to the marketplace and
town ball, indicating close ties
between religion, commerce, and
politics
Church was often prevailing political
force
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renaissance period
Renaissance Squares- 14thc to 17thc
Enclosed Architecture to extension and
expansion of open space
Importance was given to space
Piazza of St. Marks, Venice- and other
renaissance city squares
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Baroque city- axial system of planning
Avenues, Fountains, axis, geometry- Mass and SpACE
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City of mohenjadaro- Indus Valley Civilisation
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India
Rig, sama, yajur, atharva
