Cities Globalizing World 2-15-06

7/31/2019 Cities Globalizing World 2-15-06

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Cities in a Globalizing World:

Governance, Performance, and Sustainability

Frannie A. Lautier, editor and authorOther authors: Sverine Dinghem, Daniel Kaufmann,

Andrew Lemer, Massimo Mastruzzi & Barjor Mehta

Presentation of World Bank Institute Book:

We are grateful to the providers of the multiple primary data sources

that we utilized in building the city database which was utilized in the

empirical analysis in various chapters of the book, and particularly tothe World Economic Forum (enterprise survey), the UN Observatory,

the Taylor database, and AT Kearney/Foreign Policy.


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Growth of Cities, 1950-2050

1950

1975

2000

2025

2050WorldMore developed

regions

Less developed

regions

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Population (millions)

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision, vol1, Comprehensive

Tables (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.01.XIII.8 and Corr.1).


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Understanding cities

in a globalizing world

Cities are the birthplace of globalization

Cities are the testing ground forgovernance and democracy

Questions: Does globalization help or hurt cities?

What is the role of governance in city

performance?

What is the impact of city performance on

globalization?


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The Research

Purpose

To test assumptions about globalization and urbanization

To assess policy implications of findings

Scope

Research is exploratory and confirmatory Data limitations make it difficult to draw valid conclusionson the impact of globalization on city performance

The paucity of data is a key obstacle to effective policy

design at the national and subnational level

Opportunities for future research


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Research Approach

Confirmatory Analysiswith hypothesis

development and empirical tests Exploratory Analysisusing existing data

bases Case Studiesdeveloping them from

secondary and primary sources

Theoretical Analysisgame theory,

political economy


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Database and Primary Data Sources

Existing and newly collected data and indicators Kaufmann, Leautier, Mastruzzi (KLM) database at the WBI

Primary Data sources used to construct indices and

variables UN Observatory 1998, 4 indicators of access in 80 cities in 60

countries

Firm Level Survey: EOS 2003 of the World Economic Forum, 12governance indicators, 5 service access indicators, in 271 citiesin 101 countries

Taylor database, number of companies with major offices(advertising, accounting, finance) in 261 cities in 114 countries

A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy. Globalization Index for 62 countries

Mercer 2004 quality of life index in 215 cities

CIA World Fact Book, and Heston-Summers PPP for per capita Y

Internet search for website presence, city population, budget dataand starting a business data (WBI)


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Globalization of City Infrastructure:Local, Networked, and Global Services?


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Globalization of City Infrastructure

Infrastructure networks are the foundations

for urban globalization

Infrastructure plant and service are mainly local, butdemands are increasingly global

Vulnerability and security heighten some old conflicts

Individual preferences vs. collective interests Meeting immediate demands vs. serving future generations

Maintenance for daily use vs. maintenance for more security

Globalized infrastructure requires new institutions tomanage the interface between local and global interests


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Local-Global conflict

requires new institutions . . .

For example:

Overton Park, Memphis TN 1956: citizens block the construction of

a highway linking Memphis to other cities to preserve a local park

Jamuna Bridge, Bangladesh 1994-1998: locating project-affected

people in a land-scarce country and handling environmental

problems of river-training to construct bridge linking cities in the NWregion to Dhaka and linking Bangladesh to trade in India

Chad-Cameroon Pipeline, 2003: extensive local and international

consultation for environmental and social protection including offuture generations for an international financed and owned pipeline

New institutions, operating at the community, local, national, regional and global

levels, have to respond to preferences of various stakeholders and respect the

hierarchy of interests.


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Assessing institutional performance?

The approach Exploration of globalization and city performance

Construct worldwide database for more than 400 cities Measure globalization at both country and city level

Examine city governance and city performancejointly and separately

Definition of urban governance the processes that steer and take into account the links among

stakeholderslocal authorities, citizens, firmsto favor activeparticipation and negotiation among actors, transparent decision-

making mechanisms, and innovation in urban managementpolicies

Defining city governance and globalization as outcomesthat are visible to citizens allows empirical tests of thecity as a place or as an enduring performance


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City Performance Profiles:

Economic Performance of Cities, 1993

4032Informal employment (percent)

3772,066

Average per capita income (Q3/person

in US$)

1,1753,818City product per capita (1993

US$/year/person)

LessglobalizedMore globalized

Cities in countries that are

Indicator

Source: UNCHS 1998, Global Urban Indicators.


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Residential Density, Growth Rates, and Household Size, 1993

53Average household size (persons)

32Annual population growth rates

(percent)

25296Residential density (persons / ha)

Less globalizedMore globalized


Indicator

City Performance Profiles: Equity in Cities, 1993

127Income disparity (Q5/Q1)

2726Households below poverty line

(percent)

Less globalizedMoreglobalized


Indicator



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Transportation, 1993

132Other (% of total to work trips)

2224On foot (% of total to work trips)

711Bicycle (% of total to work trips)124Motorcycle (% of total to work trips)

3723Bus /mini bus (% of total to work

trips)

714Train /tram (% of total to work trips)

1025Private car (% of total to work trips)

Modes of travel to work3530Mean travel time to work (minutes)

Less globalizedMore globalized


Indicator

Note: Percentages do not add to 100 due to rounding.


Better balance between pedestrian and

motorized forms of travel in more globalized

cities


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Urban Local Government Revenue and Capital Expenditure, 1993

3821

Wages in the local

government budget

(%)

22104

Local government

capital expenditure per

capita (1993 US$ /

year / person)

115266

Local governmentrevenue per capita

(1993 US$ / year /

person)

Less

globalized

More

globalized

Cities in countries that

areIndicator



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City Performance Profiles:What happened in Africa?


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The Special Case of Africa Tremendous growth of urbanization in developing countries

Differential performance of cities: Economic performance (production, jobs, income)

Residential density, growth, household size

Equity

Access to services(transport, waste management, health and education)

City government performance

(revenues, expenditures, wages) Safety and security (urban crime)

African cities perform well below their counterparts in the developing world,yet post the highest growth among urban populations

Special dilemma of Africa: urbanization without globalization

high urban growth not accompanied by the corresponding rapid economic growth

Possible to test hypotheses in Africasince there is high urbanization withlow globalizationrelating to locus of policy decisions with respect to cities


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City-Level Performance Across Regions

112334404262Children per primaryclassroom

0.80.455812Child mortality (percentof children< 5 yrs.)

Health and education in

cities

648718265415Waste water treated

(percent of generated

waste water)

919985676536

Regular wastecollection

(from percent of city

households)

City waste management

services

Transitioneconomies

Industrial

izedcountries

LatinAmericaAsiaPacificArabstatesAfrica

Indicator

Source: UNCHS 1998; Foreign Policy 2003.


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City-Level Performance Across Regions

2,96222,92622508622,095682City product per capita(1993

US$/year/person)

Economic

performance of cities

7711331002343210

Local government

capital exp. per capita(1993 US$/year/person)

2372763252245168215Local government

revenue per capita

(1993 US$/year/person)

City government revenue, capital expenditure and wages

Transition

economies

Industrial

ized

countries

Latin

America

Asia

Pacific

Arab

statesAfrica

Indicator

Source: UNCHS 1998; Foreign Policy2003.


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City Performance for Three African Countries

by Level of Globalization: The Role of Governance?

1002899Solid waste disposed in open dump

(percent of total disposed waste)

0.80.595Waste water treated

(percent of generated waste water)

n.a.3198Regular waste collection

(from percent of city households)

0.170.200.01Solid waste generated per capita

(tons / year / person)

285320Mean travel time to work (minutes)

n.a.1.10.5Thefts (per 1,000 city population)

n.a.0.020.007Murders (per 1,000 city population)

8.15.53.5Average household size (persons)

4.74.48.4City population growth rates

(percent/year)

SenegalNigeriaBotswana

413733Indicator

Source: UNCHS 1998, Global Urban Indicators; Foreign Policy

2003.

Botswana

outperforms

Nigeria andSenegal, both

at higher levels

of globalization,

in access tolocal and

networked

services,

security/safety,and other city

characteristics


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62057594City product per capita

(1993 US$/year/person

244143

Wages in the local

government budget (percent)

2.20.9181

Local government capital

exp. per capita


93250

Local government revenue

per capita


SenegalNigeriaBotswana

413733Indicator

City Performance for Three African Countries

by Level of Globalization: The Role of Governance?

Botswana

outperforms

Nigeria and

Senegal both at

higher levels of

globalization in

terms of local

government

and economic

performance at

the city level


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Globalization and City Governance:Dynamic interactions between the

mayor, citizens, and firms?


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How do these outcomes come about?

Figure 1

Exit

Exit Locate

Exit

Ignore Satisfy

Influence

Ignore

Exit Locate

Loyal

Ignore Satisfy

Influence

Satisfy

Loyal

Exit Locate

Exit

Ignore Satisfy

Influence

Ignore

Exit Locate

Loyal

Ignore Satisfy

Influence

Satisfy

Voice

Citizen's Choice

1 2

3

4

5 6

7

8

9 10

11

12

13 14

15

16

0 Mayor

Firm Mayor

Citizen

Citizen


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Citizens Choice

Exit

Ignore Satisfy

Loyal

Ignore Satisfy

Voice

Citizen's Choice

Citizens care about quality of life

Mayor influences quality of life and control of corruption

Firms influence globalization


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Firms Options in light of Passive Citizens:

Does it lead to bad governance?

Exit Locate Influence

Ignore

Loyal

Citizen's Choice

5 6 7


Mayor influences quality of life and control of corruption

Firms influence globalization


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Firms Options from Voice:

Does it lead to good governance?

Exit Locate Influence

Ignore

Voice

Citizen's Choice

8 9 10


Mayor influences quality of life and control of corruptionFirms influence globalization


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R2 = 0.3479

90

100

110

120

1 2 3 4

Control of Corruption

QualityofLife

Poor Control Good Control

Source: Control of Corruption: KK04, 56 Quality of life: Mercer 2004, 56 cities. Mercers survey provides an

evaluation quality of life in 215 cities. We have used the cities with the top 50 ranking in quality of life to catch

the maximum effect of the corruption variable. The Mercer study is based on detailed assessments and

evaluations of 39 key quality of life determinants, grouped in the following categories: political and social

Environment; Economic environment; Socio-cultural environment; Medical and health considerations; Schools

And Education; Public services and transportation; Recreation; Consumer goods; Housing; and Natural

Environment. Quality of Life Index: New York City=100 (Highest: Zurich, Lowest: Brazzaville).

Quality of Life and Control of Corruption both matter


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R2 = 0.1344

10

30

50

70

90

110

90 100 110 120

Quality of Life

CityGlobalization

Poor Quality Good Quality

Source: Control of Corruption: KK04, 56 cities. Globaliization data taken from Taylor 2001. Globalization is

defined as the number of international firms located in the citty. 46 'global' advanced producer service firms

over 55 world cities. Global firms are defined by having offices in at least 15 different cities. The analysis is

Done using the cities in the top 50 of the quality of life ranking according to Mercer 2004. An analysis done

Using 261 cities from the Kaufmann-Leautier-Mastruzzi database indicates that when more cities are includedThe regression line is positive and significant, with good governance contributing to more globalization.

City Globalization and Quality of Life both matter


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Globalization, Technology, and Scale:How do they interact?

Patterns from History:


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400

1,000

450

900 1,100

23,000

10,000

y = -362.5x3 + 4870.8x2 - 16406x + 14071

R2 = 0.5562

-5,000

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

195BCE 935 1750 1800 1975 2005775

Decline

Growth

City Population (Thousands)

Patterns from History:

Largest City Population in the Last 5,000 Years

Source: Population data taken from Chandler, Tertius. 1987. Four Thousand Years of

Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Lewiston: St. Gourds.

Decline

Year


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City Size and Quality of Life

Source: Mercer Human Resource Consulting 2002 and 200519532013

Number

of cities

64.761.565.569.0

Quality

of Life

(0-100)

Megacities

>5m

Large

cities

1


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City Performance and City Type

Source: UNCHS 1998, EOS-World Economic Forum 2003.

3.03.53.53.3Internet in schools (1-7)

3.33.33.43.2Quality of infrastructure (1-7)

5.75.85.95.7Cell phones (1-7)

87848190Telephone (%)

96178106167# of cities

76737079Electricity (%)

65596264Water (%)

YesNoYesNo

CapitalPort

Access

to service

Port cities have poorer access to services, except for internet, cell

phones, quality of infrastructureall variables linked to globalizationCapital cities have better access to servicesIndication of political

influence?


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City Performance and Technology

Source: UNCHS 1998, EOS-World Economic Forum 2003.

Technology is an enabler of voice but also provides citizens exit optionsfor self-provision (blue vs red cells)

Transparency of information (budget and starting a business) has apositive impact on city performance

6.05.86.15.86.15.7Cell phones (1-7)

3.53.33.43.33.43.3Internet in schools (1-7)

937491757675Electricity (%)

958699869384Telephone (%)

3.53.33.53.33.43.3Quality of infrastructure (1-7)

12256626258210# of cities

906292636862Water (%)

YesNoYesNoYesNo

Start-a-business

info on site

Budgeton siteWebsiteAccessto service


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Some Observations

Cities play an important role in shaping global decisions(trade, diplomacy, culture, governance).

City performance is trackable over long periods.

Technology and globalization are intensively interlinked:

Advances in technology influence not only globalization, but alsogovernance.

Good performance has little to do with city size, but goodgovernance is more often obtained in large cities.

Modeling interactions between mayors, citizens, and firms canprovides insights on the types of policies that are critical forgood city management.

Africa has a particular pattern of urbanization andglobalization, and the lessons point to key areas for attention.

Data weaknesses prevent us from making firmer conclusionsthat could inform better policies.

Policy Implications:


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Policy Implications:

Skills and Institutions

Build the skills that city managers need to bettermanage the opportunities of globalization.

Different skills are required for port cities and capitalcities.

The donor community should work with citygovernments and intercity networks andpartnerships to support their globalization and

governance efforts.

Countries and international institutions shoulddevelop new institutions that can operate atlocal, regional, national, and multinational levels.


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Policy Implications: Africa

Africa should continue in its process ofdecentralization, which has the potential ofyielding the benefits of both globalization andurbanization.

Coastal and larger cities should start to play amore global or regional rather than a national

role in order to tap into urbanization. Train city managers in Africa to better balance

the tension between offering services that can

make their cities attractive to foreign investment,while continuing to serve the needs of theirgrowing populations and regional economies.


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Globalization and City Performance:Does governance play a role?


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Globalization and city performance:

The key role of governanceThe approach

Define Globalized City as a place: location with precise boundaries but

plugged into global flows (finance, people, products) Define Globalized city as a sustained achievement of performance

providing services to citizens and firms over time

City mayoras an actor who brings local value to citizens from global

activities Citizens participate in key decision making, and the interests offirms are

balanced with those of citizens by the city mayor= governance in the context of globalization and local interests

The size of a city and the services it provides over time is a test ofsustainability as it interacts with other cities to which it is connected= city performance in the context of globalization


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Poorly governed

local cityII

Poorly governed

global cityIII

Well-governed

global city

IV

Well-governed

local cityI

Qualityofcitygo

vernance

Extent of city globalization

Highperformance

Low

performance

City Governance and Globalization as Determinants

of City Performance

Expected

Worst

Performance


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Key Hypotheses

Hypothesis 1: Governance matters A city can be well-performing whether local or global,

driven by its good governance alone

(quadrants I and IV)

Hypothesis 2: Globalization matters

A global city is better performing than a local city, for a

given quality of governance(quadrants III and IV)

Hypothesis 3: Globalization and governance

interact positively

There is a dynamic virtuous circle which pushes

globalized cities to be better governed and which attracts

further globalization in well-governed cities

T ti th H th


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Testing the Hypotheses Comparison of performance for global and local cities

Global city: multiple offices of major international advertising,accounting, and financial firms in the city

Local city: few such offices

City Performance is measured by access to: Local services (water, sewerage) Networked services (electricity, phone lines)

Globalized services (cell phones, internet)

Governance at country level is measured by: Control of corruption index

Bribery to affect laws

Diversion of public funds

Illegal party financing

Organized crime

Governance at city level is measured by:

Control of corruption Bribery in utility

E t t f Cit Gl b li ti S l t d Citi


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Extent of City Globalization, Selected Cities

Mon

treal

Ottaw

a

Toro

nto

Paris

Zuric

h

New

York

Mad

rid

Barce

lona

Santi

ago

Singa

pore

Buda

pest

Athe

ns

M

exico

City

SaoP

aulo

Mosc

ow

Mum

bai

New

Delhi

Nairo

bi

Lago

s

LevelofC

ityGloba

lization

Y-axis measures (in logs) the sum of offices of accounting, advertising, financial and legal institutions in each city. Drawn

from Taylor 2001. Total Sample: 260 cities.

600

15

Ease of Starting Business Selected Cities


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Ease of Starting Business, Selected Cities

0

20

40

60

80

100

Mon

treal

Ottaw

a

Toro

nto

Paris

Zuric

h

New

York

Mad

rid

Barc

elona

Sant

iago

Singa

pore

Buda

pest

Athe

ns

Bue

nosA

ires

Mex

icoCity

SaoP

aulo

Mos

cow

Mum

bai

New

Delhi

Nairo

bi

Lago

s

Gabo

rone

EaseofS

tartingBu

siness

Source: EOS 2003. Question: Starting a new business in your country is generally difficult / easy. Total Sample: 271 cities.

% Firms Rating Satisfactory (5, 6, 7)

Bribery in Utilities Selected Cities


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Bribery in Utilities, Selected Cities

0

20

40

60

80

100

Mon

treal

Ottaw

a

Toro

nto

Paris

Zuric

h

New

York

Mad

rid

Barce

lona

Santi

ago

Singa

pore

Buda

pest

Athe

ns

M

exico

City

SaoP

aulo

Mosc

ow

Mum

bai

New

Delhi

Nairo

bi

Lago

s

Gabo

rone

BriberyinUtilit

ies

Source: EOS 2003. Question: In your industry, how commonly would you estimate that firms make undocumented extra

payments or bribes connected with Utilities. Total Sample: 271 cities.

% Firms Reporting High Corruption (1, 2, 3)

Variance in Governance across cities within same


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2

3

4

5

6

7

Yaounde Douala Bogota Medellin Vilnius Kaunas Madrid Barcelona

Frequency

ofBribery

Variance in Governance across cities within same

country: Bribery in Procurement as an illustration

Source: author calculations based on EOS firm survey, WEF2003, 271 cities. Question: In your industry, how commonly firms make

undocumented extra payments or bribes connected with awarding of public contracts? (7: very common. 1: never occur)

High

Bribery

Low

SpainColombia LithuaniaCameroon

Quality of Infrastructure Selected Cities


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Quality of Infrastructure, Selected Cities

0

20

40

60

80

100

Mon

treal

Ottaw

a

Toro

nto

Paris

Zuric

h

New

York

Mad

rid

Barce

lona

Santi

ago

Singa

pore

Buda

pest

Athe

ns

M

exico

City

SaoP

aulo

Mosc

ow

Mum

bai

New

Delhi

Nairo

bi

Lago

s

Gabo

rone

Qualityo

fInfrastructure

Source: EOS 2003. Question: General infrastructure in your country is poorly developed / among the worlds best. Total

Sample: 271 cities.

% Firms Rating Satisfactory (5, 6, 7)

Quality of Life Index Selected Cities


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Quality of Life Index, Selected Cities

0

20

40

60

80

100

Mon

trealOt

tawaTo

ronto ParisZurich

New

YorkM

adrid

Barce

lonaSa

ntiago

Singa

pore

Buda

pestAt

hens

Mex

icoCity

SaoP

auloM

oscow

Mum

bai

New

DelhiNa

irobiLagos

QualityofLife

Index

Source: Mercier, 2003. Total Sample: 215 cities. Merciers survey provides an evaluation of quality of life in 215 cities. The

study is based on detailed assessments and evaluations of 39 key quality of life determinants, grouped in the followingcategories: Political and social environment; Economic environment; Socio-cultural environment; Medical and health

considerations; Schools and education; Public services and transportation; Recreation; Consumer goods; Housing, and

Natural environment. Quality of Life Index: New York City = 100 (Highest: Zurich, Lowest: Brazzaville);

Percentile Rank

L l S iL l S i


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Local Services:Local Services:Access to Water, City Governance and GlobalizationAccess to Water, City Governance and Globalization

(Non OECD Sample)(Non OECD Sample)

20%

100%

AccesstoWat

er(%)

Poor Governance Good Governance

Control ofCorruption

Bribery in Utility State Capture Control ofCorruption

Bribery in Utility StateCapture

Local City

Global City

Sources: EOS 2003, UN 1998, KK 2002 & KLM 2004

Networked Services:Networked Services:


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Networked Services:et o ed Se cesAccess to Electricity, City Governance and GlobalizationAccess to Electricity, City Governance and Globalization

(Non OECD Sample(Non OECD Sample))

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Ac

cesstoElectricity(%)

Poor GovernanceGood Governance

Control of

Corruption

Bribery in Utility State Capture Control of

Corruption

Bribe ry in Utility State

Capture

Local City

Global City

Sources: EOS 2003, UN 1998, KK 2002 & KLM 2004

Globalized Services:Globalized Services:


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Globalized Services:Globalized Services:Access to Cell Phones, City Governance and GlobalizationAccess to Cell Phones, City Governance and Globalization

((Non OECD Sample)Non OECD Sample)

3

4

5

6

7

AccesstoCell

Phones

Poor Governance

Good Governance

Control of

Corruption

Bribery in Utility State Capture Control of

Corruption

Bribery in Utility State Capture

Local City

Global City

Sources: EOS 2003, KK 2002 & KLM 2004

High

Low

Control of Corruption Matters for Local,


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Control of Corruption Matters for Local,

Networked, and Globalized Infrastructure Services

1.12***

0.98***

1.21***

-0.23

0.93***

0.82***

0.78***

0.04

0.99***

0.97***

0.64***

0.34*

Full City Sample

Global City

Local City

Differential

Control of CorruptionState CaptureBribery in Utility

GLOBALIZED SERVICE:

INTERNET ACCESS AT SCHOOL (1-7)

0.05***0.06**

0.07**

-0.01

0.05**0.06*

0.07*

-0.01

0.05**0.05

0.05*

0.00

Full City SampleGlobal City

Local City

Differential


NETWORKED SERVICE:

ACCESS TO ELECRICITY (%)

0.11***

0.06*

0.15***

-0.09*

0.10***

0.04

0.10**

-0.06

0.11***

0.10*

0.09**

0.01

Full City Sample

Global City

Local City

Differential


LOCAL SERVICE:

ACCESS TO WATER (%)

Significant and large

Globalization and Governance Matter

Si ifi t


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Globalization and Governance Matter

For City Service Performance Delivery

0.450.280.390.110.28Adjusted R-Squared

1941941946163# of cities

++++/***+++/***++++/***+/**+/***Income per

Capita

++++/***+/0++++/***0/*+/**Control of

Corruption

+++/***+/*+/*0/00/Kearney

Globalization

Index

+/00/0+/00/00/0Global City (3)

Quality of

Infrastructure

1-7

Internet

Access

1-7

Access to

Telephone

Lines

1-7

Access to

Electricity

%

Access

to

Water

%

Dependent

Variables

EOS 2003EOS 2003EOS 2003UN 1998UN

1988

Source

Source: Kaufmann-Leautier-Mastruzzi database

Significant

Determinants of Good Governance and Corruption Control:


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Determinants of Good Governance and Corruption Control:

both city and country level globalization matter

0.170.290.210.240.190.210.30Adjusted

R-Square

193193193193193193193# of Cities

++++/***++++/**

*

+++/***-/***++++/**

*

++++/***++++/**

*

Kearney

Globalization Index

Country Variables

++/***++/**++/**-/**+/++/***+/GlobalCity (3)

City Variables

Low Illegal

PartyFinancing

Low

Diversionof public

funds

Low

Bribery toaffect laws

Red Tape

Cost ofImports

Low

StreetCrime

Low

InformalMoney

Laundering

Low

Bribery inUtilities

Dependent

Variables

EOS 2003EOS

2003

EOS

2003

EOS

2003

EOS

2003

EOS 2003EOS

2003

Source

Source: Kaufmann-Leautier-Mastruzzi database, drawing from

EOS-WEF 2003 as well as other sources per below. City level governance indicator = global city

Country level governance indicator = Kearney Index

Policy Implications: Governance


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Policy Implications: Governance

Reforms needed to improve national-levelgovernance: it matters for city-level performance

Donors/IFIs: further monitor & support governance

Local level Governance Matters (incl. bottom-up)-- Reformist city leaders using their policy &

institutional levers -- & working on anticorruption

-- Donors/IFIs: more focus to support city-levelgovernance improvements [& programs]

-- Voice and Transparency at local level:pressurefor good governance; and vs. Local Bosses

-- IT revolution + globalized competition for investments:

for transparency and good governance at city level

Areas for future research


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Areas for future research

Bridge data gaps and further validate initial results:-- Further collection of city level data to complement historical

data; collect comparable cross-city data on globalization &urban governance; expand the 400-city KLM database

-- With expanded & updated database, validate or challenge initialresearch results + shed further light on: i) links betweenglobalization, governance & city performance; ii) complex link

between city-size and performance; iii) characteristics of urbanservices to citizens & their implications for choice; iv) interfacebetween technology and choices on voice, exit, and loyalty

Towards methodology to capture dynamics of urbangovernance over time, (building on the game theoreticalmodel) for explaining Africa city performance

What types of interventions at the local level can be

particularly effective for improving governance?: voice, IT,transparency, media, scorecards, competition

Data for Analysis and informing Policy


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Data for Analysis and informing PolicyAdvise, not for Precise Rankings

Data in this presentation is from a plethora of individual

sources, from WBIs aggregate governance indicators,

as well as enterprise surveys (such as the WEFs EOS),and expert polls. All are subject to a margins of error. It

is not intended for precise comparative rankings across

countries or cities, but instead it is useful for statisticalempirical analysis to draw general insights and

conclusions about policy and institutions, as done in

the book chapters. The indicators do not reflect officialviews on rankings by the World Bank or its Board of

Directors. Errors are responsibility of the authors.

Documents

Cities Globalizing World 2-15-06