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Citation and Academic Writing Workshop
We will cover:
● essay and paragraph structure● effective use of quotes and paraphrasing● citation styles and formatting● common grammatical issues (time permitting)
Essay Structure
● Introduction
● Body paragraph 1
● Body paragraph 2
● Body paragraph 3
● ...
● Conclusion
Introduction
● Set the context –provide general information about the main idea, explaining the situation so the reader can make sense of the topic and the claims you make and support
● State why the main idea is important –tell the reader why he or she should care and keep reading.
● State your thesis/claim –compose a sentence or two stating the position you will support
Introduction
Your intro should also briefly outline the structure of your paper.
What are you going to do, and how are you going to do it?
Think of this as a map for your reader.
Include:
● The sources you will consider
● How those sources support your argument
● Brief outline of your conclusions based on the above
Body Paragraphs
● These are where you argue or prove your thesis
● Your argument will consist of several distinct points or statements (around 3 or more) that support your thesis
● Each point/statement in your argument will have its own paragraph (and possibly more) in which you provide evidence to support the point, and explain why it is significant to your greater argument
Body ParagraphsA good paragraph should contain at least the following elements:
● Topic Sentence – introduce the new point/claim
● Evidence and Explanation – give specific evidence and analysis to support claim, and unpack or explain this evidence
● Significance – explain why this is significant
● Summary – link point to overall thesis/conclude
● Transitions – connect new paragraph to previous one (at beginning/next one (at end) – see transition words handout
The shape of a paragraph
Example
[Topic Sentence] In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, J.K. Rowling suggests
through her portrayal of Hagrid that appearance can be misleading. [Supporting
Details/Evidence] Although Hagrid is one of the most loved characters in the Harry
Potter universe, his initial confrontation with Harry strikes intimidation in the young
boy's heart. The narrator notes that Hagrid's face is “almost completely hidden by a
long, shaggy mane of hair and a wild, tangled beard,” and his eyes, “glint[ing] like
black beetles,” peer down at Harry (Rowling 46). [Explanation] This description
evokes a sense of chaos and threat; the reader might expect Hagrid to be a rather
frightening person as the book progresses. [Significance] This initial description,
however, is contrasted by Hagrid's true character. Besides serving as an loyal
informant to Dumbledore and a crucial ally to Harry and his friends (Rowling 88),
Hagrid displays an immense compassion for animals, an affection so powerful it
sometimes reduces the giant to tears (Rowling 52). [Summary/Transition] When
contrasted with his compassion, Rowling's description of Hagrid shows that
appearances can be misleading. The theme of deceptive appearances is mirrored by
many characters in the book.
Conclusions
● Restate your topic and why it is important,
● Restate your thesis/claim, and briefly the points addressed
● Do not introduce new evidence or points to your argument
● You may or may not:
– Call for action or overview future research possibilities
Essay Structure: Use this outline when editing/writing
● Introduction
– context, importance,
– thesis, outline argument ● Body paragraphs - 1, 2, 3, ..... repeat for each point
– transition
– topic sentence
– evidence, explanation, evidence, explanation...
– significance, connect to thesis, summary
– transition
● Conclusion
– restate topic, importance, thesis and argument briefly
Using Quotations, Paraphrases and Summaries
Why use them? Do you have to use them?
Using Quotations, Paraphrases and Summaries
Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to:
● Provide evidence/support for claims or add credibility to your writing
● Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
● Give examples of several points of view on a subject
● Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
● Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original
Direct Quotation or Paraphrase?
● Only use a direct quote if needed:
– the language of the quote is important to your point (for example, with language that is historically significant or from a literary text)
– the meaning will be changed if you paraphrase● Use a paraphrase if:
– you just need to get across the idea, not the language
– you can express the key idea in fewer words● Generally, writing in the humanities uses more direct quotes
than writing in the social or natural science.
How to Paraphrase?
● Be selective: choose and summarize only the material that helps you make a point in your paper. Do not, however, misrepresent the text by omitting certain ideas.
● Think of what "your own words" would be if you were telling someone who's unfamiliar with your subject what the original source said.
● Remember that you can use direct quotations of phrases from the original within your paraphrase, and that you don't need to change or put quotation marks around shared language (ie. employment insurance, nurse practitioner, learning curve )
● Paraphrases must also include citations!
Example
“Love and Toil maintains that family survival was the mother's main charge among the large majority of London's population who were working class; the emotional and intellectual nurture of her child or children and even their actual comfort were forced into the background. To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence.” (Ross 9)
According to Ross, mothering was defined by economic status, and, among the poor, a mother's foremost responsibility was not to stimulate minds, foster emotional growth, or even give "actual comfort," but to meet the basic requirements for physical survival (9).
Integrating Quotations
Integrate quotations fully into your argument. Whenever you incorporate a quotation into your writing, you must justify its usage:
● First, contextualize the quotation by giving some information about it (the author and the text, or, if a literary work, who is speaking, what part of the text it comes from, etc.).
● Integrate the quote into the natural flow of your prose, and provide a citation: Smith claims that “...” (32).
● Follow each quotation with a few sentences in which you unpack the passage and relate it back to your argument. Demonstrate to your reader what it means in the context of your argument.
● (A good rule is that your explication should be as long if not longer than the quote itself)
Writing with quotes
The ancient Greeks never saw a need to justify wars that
were waged outside the walls of the city state. "Hence we
must turn to Roman antiquity to find the first justification
of war, together with the first notion that there are just
and unjust wars" (Arendt 12). Yet the Roman conception
of a just war differs sharply from more modern
conceptions.
● This quote is not integrated with the rest of the paragraph, and is not clearly connected to the ideas of the paper
Better example of integration!
The ancient Greeks never saw a need to justify wars that
were waged outside the walls of the city state. As Hannah
Arendt points out in On Revolution, "we must turn to
Roman antiquity to find the first justification of war,
together with the first notion that there are just and unjust
wars" (12). Yet the Roman conception of a just war differs
sharply from more modern conceptions.
Effective Quotations
Ross (1993), in her study of poor and working-class mothers in London from 1870-
1918 , makes it clear that economic status to a large extent determined the meaning of
motherhood. Among this population, "to mother was to work for and organize
household subsistence" (p. 9).
Illness was rarely a routine matter in the nineteenth century . As Ross observes,
"maternal thinking about children's health revolved around the possibility of a child's
serious harm or death" (p. 166).
Unpacking a Quotation
In the opening of the poem “To Autumn,” Keats depicts the harvest
period as a “Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness / Close bosom-
friend of the maturing sun” (1-2). Here, the speaker juxtaposes images
of seasonal abundance with notions of loss connected to the impending
winter. The word “fruitfulness” has obvious associations with
agricultural productivity; however, it is modified by the adjective
“mellow,” which limits the reader’s conception of unbridled abundance.
Moreover, Keats’s phrase “the maturing sun” sets associations with
warmth and comfort against notions of old age and declining prowess.
Citation Styles and Formatting
MLA - Modern Languages Associate● in-text parenthetical citations
● works cited
Chicago Style● footnote or endnote citations
● bibliography or references
MLA - Book by one author
In-text citations:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Works Cited:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.
MLA - Article by multiple authors
In-text citations:
According to Franck et al., “current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327).
The authors claim that one cause of poor health in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).
Works Cited:
Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Poor Health Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.
MLA - OtherPainting, Sculpture, etc.:
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800, oil on canvas, Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Film:
The Usual Suspects. Directed by Bryan Singer, performances by Kevin Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro, Polygram, 1995. [note, performers list can be included only if relevant, can also lead with director or performer if relevant]
Government Document, no author:
National Endowment for the Humanities. What We Do. NEH,March 2017, https://www.neh.gov/files/whatwedo.pdf.
Chicago Style - Book by One AuthorIn text citation:
Faulkner's use of nature metaphors contradict the urban setting.
Note (includes page numbers):
1. William Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 271.
2. Faulkner, 272. [subsequent appearances]
Bibliography (commas become periods, no page numbers):
Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom!. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.
1
Chicago – Text from Edited Collection
Article, Chapter, Essay, Short Story, etc., in an Edited Collection
Note:
5. Peter Chilson, "The Border," in The Best American Travel Writing 2008, ed. Anthony Bourdain (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008), 46.
Bibliography:
Chilson, Peter. "The Border." In The Best American Travel Writing 2008, edited by Anthony Bourdain, 44-51. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008.
Chicago – Government Docs
(Actual citations will not necessarily include all the elements shown below)
Note:
1. Name of Government & Issuing Agency, Title of Publication, by Author(s) First-name Last-name. Publication/Report Number, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium, URL (Accessed Date)
Bibliography:
Name of Government & Issuing Agency. Title of Publication. by Author(s) First-name Last-name. Publication/Report Number. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium, URL (Accessed Date)
Chicago – Images from online
Note:
1. Michael Snow. Walking Woman/ Carla Bley. 1965. Photolithograph with rubber stamp. 50 x 50 cm., Blackwood Gallery, Mississauga.
Caption:
Fig. 1: Michael Snow, Walking Woman/Carla Bley, 1965, photolithograph, 50 x 50 cm., Blackwood Gallery, Mississauga. <fadis.library.ca>
Bibliography:
Snow, Michael. Walking Woman/ Carla Bley. 1965. Photolithograph with rubber stamp. 50 x 50 cm. Blackwood Gallery, Mississauga. <fadis.library.ca> accessed 3 Jan. 2015.
Chicago Style – Web SourcesKnown date but without known author. If no known date use date accessed.
Note:
8. “Illinois Governor Wants to 'Fumigate' State's Government,” CNN.com, last modified January 30, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.
Bibliography:
"Illinois Governor Wants to 'Fumigate' State's Government.” CNN.com. Last modified January 30, 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.
It is impossible to remember all these rules!*
It is normal to be routinely checking the rules as you format your citations. Use the many credible citation resources online:
● Purdue OWL – Citation rules for common styles
● Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide
● University Writing Centers online, especially:
– University of Toronto
– University of Wisconsin-Madison
Grammar and Style – Active Voice
Unless you have a reason not to, use the active voice.
Passive: It is believed by the candidate that a limit must be placed on the budget by Congress.
Active: The candidate believes that Congress must place a limit on the budget.
Passive: It was earlier demonstrated that heart attacks can be caused by high stress.
Active: Brown earlier showed that high stress can cause heart attacks.
Fragments
Sentence Fragments. Make sure each sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought.
Incorrect: Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
Revised: Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
Incorrect: Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
Revised: Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
Modifiers
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. Place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence.
Incorrect: When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research [Who is writing a proposal?]
Revised: When writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research.
Incorrect: Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m.
Revised: Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried.
Faulty Parallelism
Be sure you use grammatically equal sentence elements to express two or more matching ideas or items in a series
.
Incorrect: The candidate’s goals include winning the election, a health program, and education.
Revised: The candidate’s goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program, and improving the educational system.
Incorrect: Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long.
Revised: Some critics are not so much opposed to sentencing convicts to capital punishment as they are to postponing executions for so long.
Unclear Pronoun Reference
Pronouns must clearly refer to definite referents [nouns]. Carefully check your use of “it, they, that, these, those, and which” to prevent confusion.
Incorrect: Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the workings of the universe.
Revised: Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his quantitative ability to explain the workings of universe.
Incorrect: Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic development, she sometimes neglects it.
Revised: Because of her interest in economic development, Senator Martin sometimes neglects the environment.
Commas
Superfluous Commas: Unnecessary commas make sentences difficult to read.
Incorrect: The term “scientific illiteracy,” has become a cliché in educational circles.
Revised: The term “scientific illiteracy” has become a cliché in educational circles.
Comma Splice. Do not link two independent clauses with a comma. Instead use a period or semicolon, or rewrite the sentence.
Incorrect: Diseased coronary arteries are often surgically bypassed, half of bypass grafts fail within ten years.
Revised: Diseased coronary arteries are often surgically bypassed; half of bypass grafts fail within ten years
Agreement
Subject-Verb Agreement:
Danny play his guitar.
Danny plays his guitar.
Verb-Tense Agreement:
We learn things better when we struggled to learn them.
We learn things better when we struggle to learn them.
More Resources
● Purdue OWL – Citation rules for common styles
● Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide
● University Writing Centres Online
● Milton Academy Online Grammar Exercises
● Slides, handouts, and links will be at:
https://researchuwcad.wordpress.com/
*Content for this presentation was adapted from the above websites and there is much more help on these sites if you need it!
Citation and Academic Writing Workshop
We will cover:
● essay and paragraph structure● effective use of quotes and paraphrasing● citation styles and formatting● common grammatical issues (time permitting)
Essay Structure
● Introduction
● Body paragraph 1
● Body paragraph 2
● Body paragraph 3
● ...
● Conclusion
Introduction
● Set the context –provide general information about the main idea, explaining the situation so the reader can make sense of the topic and the claims you make and support
● State why the main idea is important –tell the reader why he or she should care and keep reading.
● State your thesis/claim –compose a sentence or two stating the position you will support
Introduction
Your intro should also briefly outline the structure of your paper.
What are you going to do, and how are you going to do it?
Think of this as a map for your reader.
Include:
● The sources you will consider
● How those sources support your argument
● Brief outline of your conclusions based on the above
Body Paragraphs
● These are where you argue or prove your thesis
● Your argument will consist of several distinct points or statements (around 3 or more) that support your thesis
● Each point/statement in your argument will have its own paragraph (and possibly more) in which you provide evidence to support the point, and explain why it is significant to your greater argument
Body ParagraphsA good paragraph should contain at least the following elements:
● Topic Sentence – introduce the new point/claim
● Evidence and Explanation – give specific evidence and analysis to support claim, and unpack or explain this evidence
● Significance – explain why this is significant
● Summary – link point to overall thesis/conclude
● Transitions – connect new paragraph to previous one (at beginning/next one (at end) – see transition words handout
The shape of a paragraph
Example
[Topic Sentence] In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, J.K. Rowling suggests
through her portrayal of Hagrid that appearance can be misleading. [Supporting
Details/Evidence] Although Hagrid is one of the most loved characters in the Harry
Potter universe, his initial confrontation with Harry strikes intimidation in the young
boy's heart. The narrator notes that Hagrid's face is “almost completely hidden by a
long, shaggy mane of hair and a wild, tangled beard,” and his eyes, “glint[ing] like
black beetles,” peer down at Harry (Rowling 46). [Explanation] This description
evokes a sense of chaos and threat; the reader might expect Hagrid to be a rather
frightening person as the book progresses. [Significance] This initial description,
however, is contrasted by Hagrid's true character. Besides serving as an loyal
informant to Dumbledore and a crucial ally to Harry and his friends (Rowling 88),
Hagrid displays an immense compassion for animals, an affection so powerful it
sometimes reduces the giant to tears (Rowling 52). [Summary/Transition] When
contrasted with his compassion, Rowling's description of Hagrid shows that
appearances can be misleading. The theme of deceptive appearances is mirrored by
many characters in the book.
Conclusions
● Restate your topic and why it is important,
● Restate your thesis/claim, and briefly the points addressed
● Do not introduce new evidence or points to your argument
● You may or may not:
– Call for action or overview future research possibilities
Essay Structure: Use this outline when editing/writing
● Introduction
– context, importance,
– thesis, outline argument ● Body paragraphs - 1, 2, 3, ..... repeat for each point
– transition
– topic sentence
– evidence, explanation, evidence, explanation...
– significance, connect to thesis, summary
– transition
● Conclusion
– restate topic, importance, thesis and argument briefly
Using Quotations, Paraphrases and Summaries
Why use them? Do you have to use them?
Using Quotations, Paraphrases and Summaries
Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to:
● Provide evidence/support for claims or add credibility to your writing
● Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
● Give examples of several points of view on a subject
● Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
● Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original
Direct Quotation or Paraphrase?
● Only use a direct quote if needed:
– the language of the quote is important to your point (for example, with language that is historically significant or from a literary text)
– the meaning will be changed if you paraphrase● Use a paraphrase if:
– you just need to get across the idea, not the language
– you can express the key idea in fewer words● Generally, writing in the humanities uses more direct quotes
than writing in the social or natural science.
How to Paraphrase?
● Be selective: choose and summarize only the material that helps you make a point in your paper. Do not, however, misrepresent the text by omitting certain ideas.
● Think of what "your own words" would be if you were telling someone who's unfamiliar with your subject what the original source said.
● Remember that you can use direct quotations of phrases from the original within your paraphrase, and that you don't need to change or put quotation marks around shared language (ie. employment insurance, nurse practitioner, learning curve )
● Paraphrases must also include citations!
Example
“Love and Toil maintains that family survival was the mother's main charge among the large majority of London's population who were working class; the emotional and intellectual nurture of her child or children and even their actual comfort were forced into the background. To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence.” (Ross 9)
According to Ross, mothering was defined by economic status, and, among the poor, a mother's foremost responsibility was not to stimulate minds, foster emotional growth, or even give "actual comfort," but to meet the basic requirements for physical survival (9).
Integrating Quotations
Integrate quotations fully into your argument. Whenever you incorporate a quotation into your writing, you must justify its usage:
● First, contextualize the quotation by giving some information about it (the author and the text, or, if a literary work, who is speaking, what part of the text it comes from, etc.).
● Integrate the quote into the natural flow of your prose, and provide a citation: Smith claims that “...” (32).
● Follow each quotation with a few sentences in which you unpack the passage and relate it back to your argument. Demonstrate to your reader what it means in the context of your argument.
● (A good rule is that your explication should be as long if not longer than the quote itself)
Writing with quotes
The ancient Greeks never saw a need to justify wars that
were waged outside the walls of the city state. "Hence we
must turn to Roman antiquity to find the first justification
of war, together with the first notion that there are just
and unjust wars" (Arendt 12). Yet the Roman conception
of a just war differs sharply from more modern
conceptions.
● This quote is not integrated with the rest of the paragraph, and is not clearly connected to the ideas of the paper
Better example of integration!
The ancient Greeks never saw a need to justify wars that
were waged outside the walls of the city state. As Hannah
Arendt points out in On Revolution, "we must turn to
Roman antiquity to find the first justification of war,
together with the first notion that there are just and unjust
wars" (12). Yet the Roman conception of a just war differs
sharply from more modern conceptions.
Effective Quotations
Ross (1993), in her study of poor and working-class mothers in London from 1870-
1918 , makes it clear that economic status to a large extent determined the meaning of
motherhood. Among this population, "to mother was to work for and organize
household subsistence" (p. 9).
Illness was rarely a routine matter in the nineteenth century . As Ross observes,
"maternal thinking about children's health revolved around the possibility of a child's
serious harm or death" (p. 166).
Unpacking a Quotation
In the opening of the poem “To Autumn,” Keats depicts the harvest
period as a “Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness / Close bosom-
friend of the maturing sun” (1-2). Here, the speaker juxtaposes images
of seasonal abundance with notions of loss connected to the impending
winter. The word “fruitfulness” has obvious associations with
agricultural productivity; however, it is modified by the adjective
“mellow,” which limits the reader’s conception of unbridled abundance.
Moreover, Keats’s phrase “the maturing sun” sets associations with
warmth and comfort against notions of old age and declining prowess.
Citation Styles and Formatting
MLA - Modern Languages Associate● in-text parenthetical citations
● works cited
Chicago Style● footnote or endnote citations
● bibliography or references
MLA - Book by one author
In-text citations:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Works Cited:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.
MLA - Article by multiple authors
In-text citations:
According to Franck et al., “current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327).
The authors claim that one cause of poor health in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).
Works Cited:
Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Poor Health Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.
MLA - OtherPainting, Sculpture, etc.:
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800, oil on canvas, Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Film:
The Usual Suspects. Directed by Bryan Singer, performances by Kevin Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro, Polygram, 1995. [note, performers list can be included only if relevant, can also lead with director or performer if relevant]
Government Document, no author:
National Endowment for the Humanities. What We Do. NEH,March 2017, https://www.neh.gov/files/whatwedo.pdf.
Chicago Style - Book by One AuthorIn text citation:
Faulkner's use of nature metaphors contradict the urban setting.
Note (includes page numbers):
1. William Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 271.
2. Faulkner, 272. [subsequent appearances]
Bibliography (commas become periods, no page numbers):
Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom!. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.
1
Chicago – Text from Edited Collection
Article, Chapter, Essay, Short Story, etc., in an Edited Collection
Note:
5. Peter Chilson, "The Border," in The Best American Travel Writing 2008, ed. Anthony Bourdain (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008), 46.
Bibliography:
Chilson, Peter. "The Border." In The Best American Travel Writing 2008, edited by Anthony Bourdain, 44-51. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008.
Chicago – Government Docs
(Actual citations will not necessarily include all the elements shown below)
Note:
1. Name of Government & Issuing Agency, Title of Publication, by Author(s) First-name Last-name. Publication/Report Number, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium, URL (Accessed Date)
Bibliography:
Name of Government & Issuing Agency. Title of Publication. by Author(s) First-name Last-name. Publication/Report Number. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium, URL (Accessed Date)
Chicago – Images from online
Note:
1. Michael Snow. Walking Woman/ Carla Bley. 1965. Photolithograph with rubber stamp. 50 x 50 cm., Blackwood Gallery, Mississauga.
Caption:
Fig. 1: Michael Snow, Walking Woman/Carla Bley, 1965, photolithograph, 50 x 50 cm., Blackwood Gallery, Mississauga. <fadis.library.ca>
Bibliography:
Snow, Michael. Walking Woman/ Carla Bley. 1965. Photolithograph with rubber stamp. 50 x 50 cm. Blackwood Gallery, Mississauga. <fadis.library.ca> accessed 3 Jan. 2015.
Chicago Style – Web SourcesKnown date but without known author. If no known date use date accessed.
Note:
8. “Illinois Governor Wants to 'Fumigate' State's Government,” CNN.com, last modified January 30, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.
Bibliography:
"Illinois Governor Wants to 'Fumigate' State's Government.” CNN.com. Last modified January 30, 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.
It is impossible to remember all these rules!*
It is normal to be routinely checking the rules as you format your citations. Use the many credible citation resources online:
● Purdue OWL – Citation rules for common styles
● Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide
● University Writing Centers online, especially:
– University of Toronto
– University of Wisconsin-Madison
Grammar and Style – Active Voice
Unless you have a reason not to, use the active voice.
Passive: It is believed by the candidate that a limit must be placed on the budget by Congress.
Active: The candidate believes that Congress must place a limit on the budget.
Passive: It was earlier demonstrated that heart attacks can be caused by high stress.
Active: Brown earlier showed that high stress can cause heart attacks.
Fragments
Sentence Fragments. Make sure each sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought.
Incorrect: Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
Revised: Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
Incorrect: Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
Revised: Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
Modifiers
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. Place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence.
Incorrect: When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research [Who is writing a proposal?]
Revised: When writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research.
Incorrect: Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m.
Revised: Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried.
Faulty Parallelism
Be sure you use grammatically equal sentence elements to express two or more matching ideas or items in a series
.
Incorrect: The candidate’s goals include winning the election, a health program, and education.
Revised: The candidate’s goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program, and improving the educational system.
Incorrect: Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long.
Revised: Some critics are not so much opposed to sentencing convicts to capital punishment as they are to postponing executions for so long.
Unclear Pronoun Reference
Pronouns must clearly refer to definite referents [nouns]. Carefully check your use of “it, they, that, these, those, and which” to prevent confusion.
Incorrect: Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the workings of the universe.
Revised: Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his quantitative ability to explain the workings of universe.
Incorrect: Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic development, she sometimes neglects it.
Revised: Because of her interest in economic development, Senator Martin sometimes neglects the environment.
Commas
Superfluous Commas: Unnecessary commas make sentences difficult to read.
Incorrect: The term “scientific illiteracy,” has become a cliché in educational circles.
Revised: The term “scientific illiteracy” has become a cliché in educational circles.
Comma Splice. Do not link two independent clauses with a comma. Instead use a period or semicolon, or rewrite the sentence.
Incorrect: Diseased coronary arteries are often surgically bypassed, half of bypass grafts fail within ten years.
Revised: Diseased coronary arteries are often surgically bypassed; half of bypass grafts fail within ten years
Agreement
Subject-Verb Agreement:
Danny play his guitar.
Danny plays his guitar.
Verb-Tense Agreement:
We learn things better when we struggled to learn them.
We learn things better when we struggle to learn them.
More Resources
● Purdue OWL – Citation rules for common styles
● Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide
● University Writing Centres Online
● Milton Academy Online Grammar Exercises
● Slides, handouts, and links will be at:
https://researchuwcad.wordpress.com/
*Content for this presentation was adapted from the above websites and there is much more help on these sites if you need it!
