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CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 1
CIS 465 – 102/104 Spring 2001
Review for Final ExamApril 27, 2001
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 2
Material Covered - I
• Alter Textbook – Chapters 2, 5 and 6• Class Notes:
– Information System Types– Introduction to Management Decision Making– Competitive Advantage and Electronic Commerce – Determining Executive Information Requirements – Data Warehousing
– Customer Relationship Management (Guest lecture
3/27/01)
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 3
Material Covered - II
• Articles:– Van denHoven – Executive Support Systems and Decision-Making
– Gorry & Scott Morton – A Framework for Management Decision Making
– Wetherbe – Executive Information Requirements: Getting it Right
– Lee, Do Electronic Markets Lower the price of Goods?
– Bakos: Emerging Role of Electronic Markets on the Internet
– Gardner, Building the Data warehouse
– Cahlink, Data Mining Tapes the Trends
– Butler, Changing the Game: CRM In the E-world
• Other:– Electronic Markets and Decision-Making in the context of your Group Project
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 4
Format
• Identifications - approximately 20-30.• Short-Answer Questions
– Decision-making (Concepts, Views or Perspectives)– Decision-Making Method (e.g. construct payoff matrix and solve)– Data Warehousing, Data Mining, CRM– E-Commerce/E-Markets– Information Systems Concepts/Characteristics – being able to
distinguish between operational vs. strategic. Why?– WCA Application
• Time Limit: 2 hours
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 5
Hints
• Understand the concepts in Chapter Outlines and Study Questions at beginning of each chapter in Alter text..
• Review terms and chapter summaries at end of Alter text. Be able to answer these study questions.
• From each article, be able to discuss the main points and identify key terminology.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 6
Suggested Study Approach
• In Groups review all articles. Try to formulate 3 or 4 questions on the primary points of each article.
• Review previous exam. Make sure you understand the concepts being asked, and not just memorizing answers or terms.
• Review WCA concepts. (Alter Chapter 2)
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 7
Brief Review of Important Topics
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 8
Gorry and Scott Morton Article
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 9
Gorry and Scott Morton Framework
• Robert Anthony– levels of management
• Herbert Simon– types of decisions
Information Requirements by Management Level
Characteristicsof Information
OperationalControl
ManagementControl
StrategicPlanning
Source Largely Internal Internal andLargely External
Scope Well defined,narrow
Very wide
Level ofAggregation
Detailed Aggregate
Time Horizon Historical Future
Currency Highly current Need not be up tothe minute
RequiredAccuracy
High Lower, Estimatesare acceptable
Frequency of Use Very frequent Infrequent, ad-hoc
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 11
A Framework for Decision Making
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 12
Alter: Work Systems and WCA Framework (Chapter 2)
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 13
Work Systems
• What six elements can be used to summarize any work system?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 14
Work Systems
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 15
Work Systems
• What is the relationship between information systems and work systems?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 16
Work Systems
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 17
Work Systems
• What five perspectives can be used for thinking about work systems?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 18
Five Perspectives for Understanding a Work System
ARCHITECTURE•What are the components of the system that performs the work and who uses the work product?•How are the components linked?•How do the components operate together?
PERFORMANCE•How well do the components operate individually?•How well does the system operate? (How well is the work performed?)•How well should the system operate?
INFRASTRUCTURE•What technical and human infrastructure does the work rely on? •In what ways does infrastructure present opportunities or obstacles?
CONTEXT•What are the impacts of the organizational and technical context?•In what ways does the context present opportunities or obstacles?
RISKS•What foreseeable things can prevent the work from happening, can make the work inefficient, or can cause defects in the work product?•What are the likely responses to these problems?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 19
Work Systems
• What is the relationship between process architecture, process performance, and product performance?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 20
Work Systems
• What is the relationship between process architecture, process performance, and product performance?– Improvements in a work system are usually related to the
links between the architecture and the performance perspectives.
– Customer satisfaction is largely determined by product performance.
– Product performance is determined by a combination of product architecture and the internal work system performance
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 21
**From work system architecture to customer satisfaction** - Be able to explain in detail
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 22
Systems Analysis
• What are the steps in systems analysis and how can business professionals apply these steps?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 23
Systems Analysis
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 24
The 10 Issues in the Work-Centered Analysis Method
Systems analysis step
1. Define the problem
2. Describe the current work system in enough depth
and
3. Design potential improvements
4.Decide what to do
Corresponding issues for thinking about a system
Issue 1: Problem Definition
Issue 2: Improvements from product changesIssue 3: Improvements from process changesIssue 4: Improvements related to work system participantsIssue 5: Improvements from better informationIssue 6: Improvements from better technologyIssue 7: Improvements from shared infrastructureIssue 8: Improvements related to the business contextIssue 9: Improvements from risk reduction
Issue 10: Recommendation
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 25
Management Support
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 26
Management Support
• In what ways do information systems support various management roles?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 27
Information systems related to Mintzberg’s management roles
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 28
Common Sources of Management Information
FORMAL, COMPUTER-BASED
Internal sources: Key indicators generated by internal tracking systems
External sources: Public databases
FORMAL, DOCUMENT-BASED
Internal sources: Planning reports, internal audits
External sources: Industry reports, books, magazines
FORMAL, VERBAL
Internal sources: Scheduled meetings
External sources: Industry forums
INFORMAL
Internal sources: Lunch conversations, gossip, management-by-walking-around
External sources: Trade shows, personal contacts
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 29
Data, Information, and Knowledge
• What is the relationship between data, information, and knowledge?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 30
Data, Information, and Knowledge
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 31
Transaction Processing Systems
• What are some characteristics of transaction processing systems?
• How does this relate to the Gorry Scott -Morton Framework?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 32
Transaction Processing System
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 33
Management Information System
• What are characteristics of Management Information Systems?
• How do they relate to the Gorry Scott Morton Framework?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 34
Management Information System
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 35
Decision Support Systems
• Characteristics?– Models that are semi-structured and
unstructured.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 36
Models
• Classifications of Models
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 37
Models
• Pounds– Historical - expectation based on extrapolation of past
experience.– Planning - the plan is the expectation– Inter-organizational - Models of other people in the organization
(e.g. superiors, subordinates, other departments, etc.)– Extra-organizational - models where the expectations are
derived from competition, customers, professional organizations, etc.
• Another:– Iconic Models - Analog Models– Mathematical Models - Mental Models
Common Communications Classified By Time and Place
Common Communications Classified By Time and Place
SAMEPLACE
DIFFERENTPLACE
SAME TIME DIFFERENT TIME
Presentation SystemsCopyboardsPC ProjectorsFacilitation ServicesPolling SystemsGroup Decision Rooms
Transaction databasesShared FilesElectronic MailVoice Mail
Shift Work Communications
Typical TelephoneVideo Telephone Video ConferencingLive Radio TV Broadcast
EDIElectronic MailComputer ConferencingVoice MailFax
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 39
Decision Making
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 40
Management Decision-Making
• What do Managers do?– Fayol
– Mintzberg
– How can information systems support those roles?
• Basic Models of Decision-making– What happens in each phase?
– How can information systems support each phase?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 41
Summary - I
All models of decision making indicate the same basic ideas:
1. Problem finding - Identify situations where problems need to be solved.
2 Problem formulation - clearly state the problem.
3. Alternative Generation
4. Evaluate Outcomes.
5. Choice
6. Implement
7. Evaluate..
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 42
Summary -II
• In the models of decision-making, the most important aspects of the intelligence and design phases are:– I - Problem Finding– II - Problem Formulation– III - Alternative Generation
• How can information systems support these phases?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 43
Decision-Making Concepts
• Four dimensions of decision types:
– I. Knowledge of Outcomes
– II. level of structure/programmability
– III. criteria for the decision
– IV. level of decision impact
• Decision making under certainty and the concept of rationality.
• Decision-making under Risk and Expected Value.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 44
Decision-Making Concepts
• The Rational Manager View vs. the Satisficing View of decision making.
• Rationality, bounded rationality, and satisficing.• Individual Differences View - based on cognitive
style.• Common Flaws in Decision-making (Alter, pp.
154-161) and how might information systems counteract those flaws?
• Groupthink and Group Decision-making
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 45
Decision-Making Concepts
• Deciding Among Alternatives– under conditions of certainty, using optimization
techniques. Name some.
• Role of Payoff Matrices and Decision Trees– ability to construct them.– What methods are available to handle individual
differences in approaches to problems? (Hint:
• Review van den Hoven article. It is an excellent summary of decision-making concepts and how information systems can be designed to support the management function.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 46
Be able to Explain and Discuss Models Such as This One – Others were covered as well.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 47
Introduction to Management Decision-Making Slides
• Since we did NOT cover the following sections, you are not responsible for them unless the topics were covered in the text book:– Individual Aspects of Decision-Making: Slide 83-88
– Behavioral Aspects of Organizational Decision making: Slide 89-97
– Decision-making under Stress slides 98-103(however, include Groupthink discussion covered in class slides 104-110)
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 48
Work Systems, Competitive Advantage, andE-Commerce
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 49
Alter - Chapter 6
• Customer’s View of the product - be able to describe examples showing information, physical, and service content.
• Explain controllability and adaptability.• Customer Involvement cycle• Role for Information Systems in improving the product of
a work system (p. 194)• Using Information Systems for Competitive advantage.• Value chain• Porter’s strategies.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 50
E-Commerce
• Definitions and Examples of E-Commerce• Benefits and Limitations• Discuss Framework for E-Commerce• Inter-organizational Information Systems vs.
Electronic Markets; discuss differences; compare and contrast.
• How has the Internet affected Markets?• Be able to discuss Lee and Bakos articles• Be able to Discuss market Mechanisms
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 51
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 52
Wetherbe Article
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 53
Wetherbe: Determining Executive Information Requirements
• Why is it difficult?– Single-function systems vs. cross-functional– information ignorance– individual interviews– unstructured interviews– not allowing trial-and-error in the design process
• Joint Application Design• Interview Techniques• Role and value of Prototyping
– Traditional Systems Development Method vs. Prototyping
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 54
Framework for Information Requirements Interviews
BSP ProblemsDecisions
Solutions InformationInformation
CSF CriticalSuccess Factors
Decisions Information
E/M EndsMeans
Effectiveness InformationInformationEfficiency
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 55
Data Warehousing
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 56
Data Warehousing
• Good review: Alter pp. 175-176.
• You should review in detail the concepts in the Data Warehousing Slides and articles.
• Be able to discuss the three phases in which a data warehouse is built and what happens in each phase.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 57
Multidimensionality
• What role does dimensional modeling play for senior management?
• What are typical dimensions in a business?
• What are typical facts or measures?
• How does this relate to drill-down analysis?
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 58
Dimensional Modeling
• Dimensional Modeling gives us a way to visualize data.• The CEO’s perspective:
– “We sell products in various markets, and we measure our performance over time.”
• From the data warehouse designer’s perspective, we hear three dimensions:
– We sell Products– in various Markets– and measure performance over time.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 59
Dimensional Model of the Business
Product
Market
Ti
me
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 60
Typical Dimensional Model
Time_keyday-of-weekmonthquarteryearholiday_flag
Time_keyproduct_keystore_keydollars_soldunits_solddollars_cost
Product_keydescriptionbrandcategory
Store_keystore_nameaddressfloor_plan_type
Sales Fact
Time Dimension
Product Dimension
Store Dimension
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 61
Fact Table
• Fact Table is where numerical measurements of the business are stored.
• Each measurement is taken at the intersection of all the dimensions.
• The “best” facts are numeric, continuously valued and additive.
• For every query made against the fact table may use hundreds of thousands of individual records to construct an answer set.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 62
Dimension Tables
• Dimension tables are where textual descriptions of the business are stored.
• Each textual description helps to describe a member of the dimension.
• Example: each member in the product dimension is a specific product. The product dimension database has many attributes to describe the product. A key role of the dimension table attribute is to serve as the source of constraints in a query.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 63
Example
Brand
AxonFramisWidgetZapper
Dollar Sales
780104421395
Unit Sales
26350944439
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 64
Example Query
• Find all product brands that were sold in the first quarter of 1995 and present the total dollar sales as well as the number of units.
• Brand is a collection of individual products.• To construct:
– A. Drag attribute brand from product dimension. Place as Row Header.
– B. Drag Dollar Sales and Units Sold from the Fact Table, and place to the right of the Brand row header.
– C. Specify row constraint “1st Q 1995” on the quarter attribute in the Time Dimension Table.
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 65
Multi-dimensional database
CIS 465 - Review for Final exam 66