Circulatory System•Replenishes nutrients to interstitial•Removes waste from the interstitial•Transports hormones

Blood Pressure Makes Exchange Possible

In Large ArteriesSystolic120Diastolic80Spleen?

The Heart Creates The Force That Moves The Blood

Four Chambers = 2 pathways

Systemic Pathway:•Aorta to body = High O2 & low CO2•Vena cavas Back From Body = Low O2 & High CO2

Pulmonary Pathway:•Pulmonary Artery to lungs = Low O2 & High CO2•Pulmonary Vein back from lungs=High O2 & low CO2

Separation of pathways insures no mixing of CO2 blood with O2 blood and maximizes the O2 brought to the tissues = warm bloodedness (birds and mammals only)

Atria receive blood & fill ventricles to capacityVentricles pump blood to body tissuesValves insure one way flow

Blood VesselsResistance of blood flow = pressure

Arteries:•Carries blood to body tissues•Elastic tissue absorbs heart pumping pressure and maintains continuous flow•Smooth Muscle varies amount of blood flow & blood pressure

Capillaries:•Walls are one cell thick and allows easy movement of nutrients out & wastes in - very extensive

Veins:•Carries blood back to heart•Valves insure one way movement•BP is very low in these vessels - muscles help milk blood back to heart

Excessive consumption of cholesterol or the inability to process it, can lead to plaque build up inside blood vessels Raising BP & adding strain on the HeartHYPERTENSION

Blood

Cellular Component - made in marrow

•Red Blood Cells - transport O2 (hemoglobin)

•White Blood Cells - destroy foreign material

•Platelets - initiate clotting

Non Cellular Component - Plasma•Organic Molecules - (amino acids,sugar,nucleotides,lipids)

•Proteins - (clotting factors, antibodies)

•Electrolytes - (Na+, K+, Ca+, Cl-)

•Cellular Waste - (urea, CO2)

•Hormones - (insulin, thyroxin, GH, Adrenalin, Cortisol….)

•Water

White Blood Cells

Macrophage - (Eat foreign invaders and clean up debris)

Neutrophil - (Release enzymes that kill microbe invaders)

Eosinophil - (Release chemicals that attack parasites - worms)

Basophil - (release histamines & protaglandins which attract other WBCs)

inflamation

Lymphocytes - (initiate immune response - antibody production)

•T-Cells - (Activate B cells to begin producing antibodies)

•B-Cells - (produce antibodies and form ”Memory Cells”)

Immune Response

Vaccination?

Lymphatic System

Series of vessels that collect fluid that has escaped the circulatory system (lymph) - 3 primary functions

•removal of excess fluids from body tissues - returning it to circulation by dumping fluid into subclavian veins •absorption of fatty acids and transport of fat

•production of immune cells such as lymphocytes

Fluid is under low pressure and requires the contraction of skeletal muscles to support movement - valves insure movement back toward chest

Swollen Glands - Indication of Infection

Mumps - viral

Elephantiasis - parasitic worms lodged in lymph vessels block return flow of lymph leading to swelling

First Line Of Defense - structures thatHelp prevent access to pathogens

Skin•Dead layer of impermeable cells•Oil glands•Sweat glands

HairTrap and deflectSubstances before they get into sensitive areas

TearsTears contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that breaks down the cell walls of bacterai

Mucus MembranesMucus membranes capture bacteria before they get into vulnerable tissues - numerous macrophages can be found here