CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Karen LancourKaren Lancour Patty PalmiettoPatty PalmiettoNational Bio Rules National Bio Rules National Event National EventCommittee Chairman Committee Chairman Supervisor – Health Supervisor – Healthkarenlancour@charter.net ScienceScience

Heart/Circulatory

Blood Flow through the Heart

Electrical System of Heart

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) = record of spread of electrical activity through the heart

P wave = caused by atrial depolarization (contraction) QRS complex = caused by ventricular depolarization (contraction) and atrial relaxation T wave = caused by ventricular repolarization (relaxation)

ECG = useful in diagnosing abnormal heart rates, arrhythmias, & damage of heart muscle

Electrical Conduction System Up Close and Personal

1.1. Sinoatrial NodeSinoatrial Node

2.2. Intraatrial PathwayIntraatrial Pathway

3.3. Inernodal PathwayInernodal Pathway

4.4. Atrialventricular Atrialventricular NodeNode

5.5. Bundle of HisBundle of His

6.6. Right Bundle BranchRight Bundle Branch

7.7. Purkinje FibersPurkinje Fibers

8.8. Left Bundle BranchLeft Bundle Branch

Cardiac Cycle

Circulatory SystemRelevant formulas

Stroke volume (SV)Stroke volume (SV) = = milliliters of blood pumped per milliliters of blood pumped per beatbeat

Heart rate (HR) Heart rate (HR) = = number of beats per minutenumber of beats per minute

Cardiac output (CO) Cardiac output (CO) = = heart rate times stroke volumeheart rate times stroke volume CO = CO = HR x SVHR x SV

Pulse pressure (PP) Pulse pressure (PP) = = the difference between systolic the difference between systolic pressure (SP) and diastolic pressure (DP)pressure (SP) and diastolic pressure (DP)

PP = PP = SP – DPSP – DP

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (2 equations): Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (2 equations): Formula 1: MAP = Formula 1: MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressurepressure Formula 2: MAP = Formula 2: MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressurepressure

Flow of Blood Through the Body

vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary bed pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid (mitrial valve) left ventricle aortic valve aorta arteries arterioles tissue capillaries venules veins vena cava

Blood Vessels

ArteriesArteries ArterioleArteriole

ss VeinsVeins Venules Venules CapillarieCapillarie

ss

Functions of Blood

TransportationTransportation: : oxygen & carbon dioxide oxygen & carbon dioxide nutrients nutrients waste products (metabolic wastes, waste products (metabolic wastes,

excessive water, & ions) excessive water, & ions) RegulationRegulation - hormones & heat (to - hormones & heat (to

regulate body temperature)regulate body temperature) ProtectionProtection - clotting mechanism - clotting mechanism

protects against blood loss & protects against blood loss & leucocytes provide immunity against leucocytes provide immunity against many disease-causing agentsmany disease-causing agents

Blood Components

Formed elements: : Red blood cells (or erythrocytes) Red blood cells (or erythrocytes) White blood cells (or leucocytes) White blood cells (or leucocytes) Platelets (or thrombocytes) Platelets (or thrombocytes)

Plasma = water plus = water plus dissolved dissolved solutessolutes

Lymph Vessels Lymph vessels are thin walled, valved Lymph vessels are thin walled, valved

structures that carry lymph structures that carry lymph Lymph is not under pressure and is Lymph is not under pressure and is

propelled in a passive fashionpropelled in a passive fashion Fluid that leaks from the vascular Fluid that leaks from the vascular

system is returned to general system is returned to general circulation via lymphatic vessels. circulation via lymphatic vessels.

Lymph vessels act as a reservoir for Lymph vessels act as a reservoir for plasma and other substances including plasma and other substances including cells that leaked from the vascular cells that leaked from the vascular system system

Lymph Circulation

Interstitial fluid → Lymph → Lymph capillary → Afferent lymph vessel → Lymph node → Efferent lymph vessel → Lymph trunk → Lymph duct {Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic duct (left side)} → Subclavian vein (right and left) → Blood → Interstitial fluid...

Effects of Exercise

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System Exercise decreases the risk of Exercise decreases the risk of

atherosclerosis; it decreases BP or causes a atherosclerosis; it decreases BP or causes a slower rise in BPslower rise in BPExercise decreases LDLs, decreases Exercise decreases LDLs, decreases cholesterol, and increases HDLscholesterol, and increases HDLs

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System Exercise slows decline in minerals and Exercise slows decline in minerals and

maintains joint mobilitymaintains joint mobility

Major diseases of the Circulatory System

Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, high high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, and mycardial cholesterol, stroke, and mycardial infarctioninfarction

Symptoms of disordersSymptoms of disorders Treatments and preventionTreatments and prevention