Circulatory System: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems208.93.184.5/~jones/medterm/c4ppt.pdfFunctions of the Cardiovascular System Circulates blood throughout the body, delivering

Chapter 4Circulatory System:

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

2

Circulatory System

1. State the meaning of the circulatory system and its

function.

2. State the functions of the cardiovascular and

lymphatic systems, and analyze associated

terminology.

3. Write the meanings of the word parts associated

with the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, and

use them to build and analyze terms.

4. Write the names of the structures of the

cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, and define

the terms associated with these structures.

Lesson 4.1 Learning Targets

Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3

Cardiovascular System

5. Sequence the flow of blood from when it enters the

heart until it returns to the heart.

6. Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures

for assessment of the cardiovascular and lymphatic

systems when given their descriptions, or match

procedures with their descriptions.

7. Write the names of cardiovascular and lymphatic

pathologies when given their descriptions or match

pathologies with their meanings.

8. Match surgical and nonsurgical therapeutic

interventions with their descriptions, or write the names

of the interventions when given their descriptions.

Lesson 4.1 Learning Targets


Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Circulates blood throughout the body, delivering

nutrients and other essential materials to the

fluids surrounding the cells.

Removes waste products and conveys the

wastes to organs from which they are excreted.

4

Terminology: Anatomic

Pulmonary – refers to the lungs

Cardiopulmonary – refers to the heart & lungs


Copyright © 2015 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6

Heart Anatomy

divided longitudinally by the interatrial & interventricular septum

4 chambers: 2 atria & 2 ventricles

Heart Anatomy Atria

receive blood returning to the heart

right atrium: superior vena cava, inferior vena

cava and coronary sinus

left atrium: 4 pulmonary veins

Ventricles

right: pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

left: pumps blood into the aorta then into the

body

Coronary Arteries and Heart Tissues

8

the heart is supplied by the left and right

coronary arteries & returns to the RA by the

coronary sinus & anterior cardiac veins

Gross Heart Anatomy


(A) From Jacob S: Human anatomy: A clinically-orientated approach, St Louis, 2008, Churchill-Livingstone

Flow of Blood Through the Heart

RA→tricuspid→RV→pulmonary semilunar

valve→pulmonary trunk →

lungs→pulmonary veins→LA→bicuspid

(mitral)→LV→aortic semilunar valve→aorta

pulmonary veins- only veins to carry oxygen rich

blood

pulmonary artery – only artery to carry

deoxygenated blood

Flow of Blood Through the Heart

12

Systemic

Circulation


Capillary Bed

Doppler echocardiography, Doppler scanning

Cardiac MRI

Computed tomography

Positron emission tomography

Echocardiography, echocardiogram


Mechanical or Anatomical

Diagnostic Test Terms

Echocardiography

(A) Long BW, Rollins JH, Smith BJ: Merrill's atlas of radiographic positioning procedures, ed 13, St. Louis, 2016, Mosby.(B) Hagen-Ansert SL: Textbook of diagnostic sonography, ed 75, St Louis, 20012, Mosby


Congenital Heart Defects

Ventricular septal defect

Atrial septal defect

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Coarctation of the aorta

Tetralogy of Fallot


Ventricular Septal Defect


Quick Quiz - Blood Circulation

18

Combining Forms: Structures

Cardi(o) heart

Angi(o), vas(o), vascul(o) vessel

Aort(o) aorta

Arter(o), arteri(o) artery

Arteriol(o) arteriole

-ole small

Phleb(o), ven(i), ven(o) vein

Venul(o) venule

Pulmon(o) lungs

19

Mediastin(o) mediastinum

Coron(o) crown

Endocardi(o) endocardium

Myocardi(o) myocardium

Pericardi(o) pericardium

Sin(o) sinus

20


Sept(o) wall/septal

Atri(o) atrium/atrial

Ventricul(o) ventricle/ventricular

Valv(o), valvul(o) valve/valval, valvar,

valvate, valvular, valvula



Quick Quiz

Myocardial is the adjective form for myocardium

and pericardial is the adjective form of

pericardium, what is the adjective form for

endocardium?

A. Endocardia

B. Endocardiac

C. Endocardial

D. Endogenous


sinoatrial (SA) node- the pacemaker; determines the heart rate called sinus rhythm (right atrial wall)

atrioventricular (AV) node- impulse travels from SA node to here (inferior portion of the interatrial septum above the tricuspid valve)

atrioventricular (AV) bundle or the bundle of His- from AV node through the bundle; only electrical connection between atria and ventricles (inferior part of interatrial septum)

right and left bundle branches- extensions of the bundle of His

ventricular walls – purkinje fibers- ensure contraction of the ventricles & papillary muscles

Electrical Conduction System

Electrical Conduction System


Electrocardiograms (EKG or ECG)

Electrical Activity

Diagnostic Test Terms Electrocardiography

Holter Monitor

Chest X-ray

Stress Tests

Treadmill exercise test

Thallium stress test

Electrophysiologic Studies


Anterior View of Aorta


Aorta and Its Branches


Heart Rate Heart rate: number of beats per minute (bpm)

Pulse: rhythmic expansion of an artery lying

near the skin surface that can be felt with the

finger

Normal resting pulse 60–100 bpm

Bradycardia = less than 60 bpm

Tachycardia = more than 100 bpm

29

Blood Pressure Measurement

Blood pressure:

systolic/diastolic

Systolic pressure =

pressure when the

ventricles contract

Diastolic pressure =

pressure when the

ventricles relax

Sphygmomanometer

measures the pressure

30

Blood Pressure Measurement


Terminology: Anatomic

Venipuncture & phlebotomy – opening of a vein

to draw blood for analysis


Laboratory Tests

Lipids cholesterol

triglycerides

Lipoproteins low-density (LDL)

high-density (HDL)

Enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test

creatine kinase (CK) test or creatine phosphokinase (CPK)


Blood Vessel Diagnostic Test Terms

Arteriography produces arteriography or

arteriogram

Coronary arteriography

Aortography produces an aortogram

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Cardiac catheterization

Angiogram, angiography, angiocardiography


Arteriogram

From Braunwald: Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders.


Cardiac Catheterization


Word Parts: Heart Pathologies

Rhythm(o), -rrhythm(o) rhythm

De- down, from, or

reversing

Scler(o), -sclerosis hard, hardening

-stenosis narrowing; stricture


Heart Pathologies

The leading cause of death in the United States is cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease is any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels.

Primary cardiac diseases are those that originate in the heart: structural defects, inflammation, and infection of the heart Atriomegaly, cardiomegaly, microcardia

Congenital heart disease; congenital heart defects

Heart murmurs

Cyanosis

38

Arrhythmias

Dysrhythmia

Heart flutters, heart palpitations

Ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation

Bradycardia, tachycardia

Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT)

Atrioventricular block (AVB), heart block

Asystole

39

Heart Pathologies

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Causes anoxia and infarct (damaged tissue)

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Ischemia can cause angina pectoris (chest pain)

Cardiac insufficiency


Myocardial Infarction


Heart Pathologies Hemopericardium is the effusion of blood into

the pericardial space

Cardiac tamponade is compression of the heart from

fluid accumulation around the heart

Shock caused by inadequate blood flow results

in hypovolemia


Quick Quiz

Which term means any disease of cardiac muscle?

A. Myocarditis

B. Endocardiopathy

C. Cardiomyopathy

D. Pericarditis


Valvular Pathologies Valvular stenosis

Valvulitis, cardiovalvulitis

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Rheumatic heart disease


Terminology: Blood Vessel

Vasomotor center

Vasodilation, vasoconstriction

Word Parts

Aneurysm(o) aneurysm

Ather(o) yellowish, fatty plaque

Embol(o) embolus


Arterial Aneurysms


(B) From Kowalczyk N, Mace JD: Radiographic Pathology for Technologists, ed 5, 2009, Mosby.

Blood Vessel Pathologies

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)

Atherosclerosis, lumen, occlusion

Sclerosis, aortosclerosis

Coronary thrombosis

Coronary occlusion

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)


Atherosclerosis

Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 9, St Louis, 2016, Mosby/Elsevier.


Types of Stroke


Stenosis, stricture, aortic stenosis

Aortic insufficiency (AI), aortic regurgitation

Aortitis, angiocarditis, arteritis

Angiostenosis, arteriopathy

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Embolus, embolism

Angioma, hemangioma, lymphangioma

Varicose veins, hemorrhoids



Varicose Veins

(A) From Lewis SM, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, O’Brien PG, Bucher L: Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 7, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.


Phlebitis, thrombophlebitis

Venous thrombosis

Phlebostasis



Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): external

cardiac massage and respiration

Cardiac pacemaker

Cardioversion, cardioverter

Defibrillator, defibrillation


Cardiac Pacemaker


Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator


Quick Quiz

What term means surgical puncture of the

pericardium?

A. Pericardiostenosis

B. Thoracentesis

C. Pericarditis

D. Pericardiocentesis


Cardioplegia, cardioplegic solutions

Cardiopulmonary bypass, extracorporeal

Coronary artery bypass, shunt

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)



Cardiopulmonary Bypass


Coronary Occlusion and Bypass


Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass

(MIDCAB)

Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB)

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)



What is the name of surgical repair of the

septum between the atria?

endarterectomy, atherectomy

laser-assisted angioplasty, excimer laser

coronary angioplasty

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

(PTCA)

intracoronary stent, stents



Atherectomy


(B) and (C) From Snopek AM: Fundamentals of special radiographic procedures, 5e, St Louis, 2006, Saunders

Angioplasty/Coronary Stent


Intravascular thrombolysis

Sclerotherapy

Angiostomy, angiotomy

Phlebectomy, phleboplasty



Heparin

Embolectomy

Vasodilators, nitroglycerin

Antiarrhythmic drugs



Calcium channel blockers

Beta blockers

Digoxin

Antihypertensives, diuretics

Antilipidemics



Functions of the Lymphatic System

Helps protect and maintain the internal fluid

environment by producing, filtering, and

conveying lymph

Absorbs and transports fats to the blood system

Serves as an important part of the immune

system


Terminology: Lymphatic System

Lymphogenous

Thoracic duct, cisterna chyli

Lymph nodes: cervical, axillary, inguinal


Lymphatic System


Word Parts: Lymphatic System

Aden(o) gland

Lymph(o) lymph, lymphatics

Lymphaden(o) lymph node

Lymphangi(o) lymph vessel

Lymphat(o) lymphatics

Adenoid(o) adenoids

Splen(o) spleen

Thym(o) thymus

Tonsill(o) tonsils


Circulation of Lymph

From Drake R, Vogl W, Mitchell A: Gray’s anatomy for students, ed 3, 2015, Churchill-Livingstone.


Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Lymphography, lymphogram

Lymphangiography, lymphadenography

Lymph node biopsy

Blood tests of B and T lymphocytes


Pathologies Lymphedema

Lymphostasis

Lymphadenitis, lymphadenopathy

Lymphoma: Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin

lymphoma

Lymphatic carcinoma (metastasis)

Thymoma, thymopathy

Lymphangitis, thrombolymphangitis

Splenopathy, splenomegaly, splenorrhagia,

splenoptosis

Inflammation of the tonsils? of the adenoids?Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 73

Elephantiasis

Goldstein BJ, Goldstein AO: Practical dermatology, ed 2, St Louis, 1997, Mosby.


Cervical Lymphadenitis

Lymphangitis

From Stone DR, Gorbach SL: Atlas of infectious diseases, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders.


Surgical Interventions Lymphadenectomy

Splenectomy, splenopexy, splenorrhaphy

Thymectomy

Adenoidectomy

Tonsillectomy, tonsilloadenectomy


Antibiotic therapy (including penicillin), hot soaks

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biological

therapies

Therapeutic Interventions

77

Health Care Reports, Pharmaceutics,

Abbreviations, and Review

9. Build terms using word parts to label illustrations.

10. Use word parts from this chapter to determine the meaning of terms in a health care report.

11. Spell the terms accurately.

12. Pronounce the terms correctly.

13. Recognize or use abbreviations presented in this chapter.

14. Categorize terms as anatomy, diagnostic test or procedure, pathology, surgery, or nonsurgical therapy.

15. Recognize the meanings of general pharmacology terms used in this chapter as well as the drug classes and their uses.

Lesson 4.2


Pharmaceutics Antianginal drugs

Antiarrhythmics

Anticoagulants

Antihypertensives

Antihyperlipidemics

Antiplatelet drugs/antiaggregants

Blood flow agents

Cardiac stimulants

Hemostatics

Thrombolytics


Abbreviations: Anatomy

RA right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis

RV right ventricle

LA left atrium

LV left ventricle

SA sinoatrial

AV, A-V atrioventricular

BP blood pressure


Abbreviations: Diagnostics

mm Hg millimeters of mercury

CK (CPK) creatine kinase (formerly called creatine phosphokinase)

DSA digital subtraction angiography

LDL low-density lipoprotein

HDL high-density lipoprotein

LDH lactate dehydrogenase (enzyme elevated after MI)

TEE transesophageal echocardiogram


Abbreviations: Pathologies

AVB atrioventricular block

AI aortic insufficiency

ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease

CAD coronary artery disease

CHF congestive heart failure

CVA cerebrovascular accident

HTN hypertension


Abbreviations: Pathologies

MI myocardial infarction

MVP mitral valve prolapse

PAT paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

PDA patent ductus arteriosus (also

posterior descending [coronary]

artery)

PVC premature ventricular contraction


Abbreviations: Therapeutics

CABG coronary artery bypass graft

CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation

MIDCAB minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass

OPCAB off-pump coronary artery bypass

PCI percutaneous coronary intervention

PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty


Quick Quiz

What does the abbreviation AVB mean?

A. Arteriovenous block

B. Atrioventricular block

C. Artery-vein bypass

D. All venous bypass


Documents

Circulatory System: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems208.93.184.5/~jones/medterm/c4ppt.pdfFunctions of the Cardiovascular System Circulates blood throughout the body, delivering