Chapter TI THE HAlF-WAVE-RECTIFIERCIRCUITTHE CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION 4PEAK, RMS, AND AVERAGE VALUES

COMPONENT SPECIFICATION 6

TRANSFORMER REQUIREMENTSDIODE REQUIREMENTS 8

",

PREFACE vii

UNIT @U(]I]POWER SUPPLIES

3

5

6

Chapter ~ FUll-WAVE-RECTlFIER CIRCUITS 13

THE CENTER-TAPPED-TRANSFORMER TYPE OF FULL-WAVERECTIFIER 13

W AVESHAPES 13DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

CIRCUIT ACTION 21

WAVESHAPES AND COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONSDIODE STACKING 25

1720

Chapter ~ THE CAPACITOR AS A POWER-SUPPLY Fll HRTHE CAPACITOR AS A STORAGE DEVICE 27

21

27

ix

-CIRCUIT ACTION 28CHARGING THE CAPACITOR 29DISCHARGING THE CAPACITOR 31THE UNIVERSAL DESCENDING RC CURVE

THE UNIVERSAL ASCENDING RC CURVE

CONSTRUCTION OF RC CURVES 34

3233

Chapter ~POWER SUPPLY FILTERSCIRCUIT ACTION 37W AVESHAPES 38RIPPLE CONTENT 39HALF-WAVE VS. FULL-WAVE SUPPLIES

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY 41HOW TO CHOOSE THE CAPACITOR 42

ADDITIONAL STRESSES ON THE DIODE DUE TQ THECAPACITOR FILTER 46

VOLTAGE DOUBLERS 49

THE INDUCTOR AS A FILTER

THE BLEEDER RESISTOR 51COMPARING THE INDUCT OR AND THE CAPACITOR

FILTERS 52

37

40

50

Chapter ~VOLTAGE REGULATION 54PERCENT REGULATION AND THE

REGULATOR 54THE ZENER DIODE 55CIRCUIT ACTION 56DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS

VOLTAGE

5758

Chapter ~SILICON CONTROllED RECTIFIERSTHE SCR 64A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

AC INPUT 67DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

DEVICES 70

64

66

70

UNIT lYW@AMPLIFIERS

Chapter U BASIC AMPLIFIERS 77WHAT IS AN AMPLIFIER? 77

x CONTENTS

.~'u~

ACTIVE DEVICES

SCHEMATICS 78BIAS CIRCUITS 78POLARITIES 80

THE REMAINING PARTS OF AN AMPLIFIERCHARACTERISTIC CURVES 81THE LOAD LINE 83THE QUIESCENT OPERATING POINT 85THE POINT-SLOPE METHOD OF LOAD-LINE

CONSTRUCTION 88THE MAXIMUM-POWER-DISSIPATION CURVE 91RESTRICTIONS ON THE LOAD LINE DUE TO THE

MAXIMUM-POWER-DISSIPATION CURVE 93THE FOUR-QUADRANT GRAPH 94THE MOSFET 98SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS 98AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONS

78

80

99

Chapter m BIAS AND STABIl/ZATlON CIRCUITS

SENSITIVITY OF TRANSISTORS 106FIXED CURRENT BIAS 107SELF-BIAS 109THE EMITTER SWAMPING RESISTOR

VOLTAGE-DIVIDER BIAS 112

Chapter ~ACTIVE-DEVICE PARAMETERS 119SMALL-SIGNAL PARAMETERS 119

VACUUM-TUBE PARAMETERS 120

DETERMINING SMALL-SIGNAL VACUUM-TUBE PARAMETERSFROM CHARACTERISTIC CURVES 121

TRANSISTOR PARAMETERS 124

THE DETERMINATION OF et AND (3 FROM COLLECTORCHARACTERISTICS 126

MOSFET PARAMETERS 128

106

III

Chapter TI@ EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF ACTIVE DEVICES 133CURRENT GAIN, VOLTAGE GAIN, AND POWER GAIN

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM AND AC ANALYSIS 134THEVENIN'S THEOREM AND NORTON'S THEOREM 135THE THEVENIN EQUIVALENT OF A VACUUM-TUBE

AMPLIFIER 138

THE NORTON EQUIVALENT OF A VACUUM-TUBEAMPLIFIER 140

133

CONTENTS xi

~

-I"1iIII

~:I'

VOLTAGE-GAIN FORMULA FOR A VACUUM-TUBE

AMPLIFIER 140CURRENT AND POWER GAIN 141THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A MOSFET

AMPLIFIER 142

VOLTAGE GAIN OF A MOSFET AMPLIFIER

THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSISTORAMPLIFIER 143

GAIN FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER

DETERMINATION OF HYBRID PARAMETERS 151THE EFFECT OF SIGNAL SOURCE RESISTANCE 153

143

147

Chapter TI TI CAPACITOR COUPLING 159BLOCKING THE DC LEVEL 159THE EFFECT OF CAPACITOR COUPLING ON AMPLIFIER

GAIN 161THE EFFECT OF CAPACITOR COUPLING ON THE LOAD

LINE 165THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DYNAMIC LOAD LINE

(AC LOAD LINE) 166

Chapter TI~ FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF CAPACITOR-COUPLEDAMPLIFIERS 177

EFFECT OF CAPACITANCES 177ACTIVE-DEVICE INTERNAL CAPACITANCES

HIGH-PASS AND LOW-PASS FILTERS 180A FEW REAPPEARING CIRCUITS 183A COMMON LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCUIT 183

A COMMON CIRCUIT AT HIGH FREQUENCIES

178

186

Chapter TI~ THE CAPACITOR-COUPLED VACUUM-TUBEAMPLIFIER 190

CONSIDERING ALL CAPACITANCES 190THE LOW-FREQUENCY EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 192

THE HIGH-FREQUENCY EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF ANRC-COUPLED VACUUM-TUBE AMPLIFIER 195

THE MID-FREQUENCY EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THECAPACITOR-COUPLED VACUUM-TUBE AMPLIFIER

THE TOTAL RESPONSE CURVE OF THE CAPACITANCE-

COUPLED VACUUM-TUBE AMPLIFIER 197

197

xii CONTENTS

Chapter TI~ THE CAPACITOR-COUPLED TRANSISTORAMPLIFIER 206

LOW-FREQUENCY RESPONSE 206HIGH-FREQUENCY RESPONSE 209THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE

TESTING AMPLIFIERS FOR FREQUENCY RESPONSE

214215

.ChapterTI~ TRANSFORMER COUPLING 221HOW TO PROVIDE MAXIMUM POWER TO A LOAD

A TRANSFORMER AND RESISTOR COMBINATION

LOAD LINES FOR TRANSFORMER-COUPLED

AMPLIFIERS 227

221224

Chapter TI@ OUTPUT CIRCUIT POWER AND EFFICIENCYPOWER GAIN 235EFFICIENCY 236ACTIVE-DEVICE POWER DISSIPATION

POWER INTO THE OUTPUT CIRCUIT

OUTPUT SIGNAL POWER 237

235

236237

ChapterTI~ ClASSES OF OPERATION 243MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY FOR A TRANSFORMER-COUPLED

AMPLIFIER WITHOUT EXCESSIVE DISTORTION 243MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY WITHOUT A TRANSFORMER AND

WITHOUT EXCESSIVE DISTORTION 245INCREASING OUTPUT CIRCUIT EFFICIENCY 246MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF CLASS B AMPLIFIER 247CLASSES OF OPERATION 249

Chapter TIffi PUSH-PUll OPERATION 250TWO INPUTS WITH A PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 1800OUTPUT TRANSFORMER 251THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 253MATCHED PAIRS 254THE DYNAMIC LOAD LINE 255

CLASS AB OPERATION 260BIASING THE CLASS AB PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER

COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY 262PUSH-PULL IN CLASS A 265THE SPLIT-LOAD PHASE INVERTER

250

261

265

CONTENTS xiii

11

Chapter ~~ DISTORTIONDEFINITION 269

THE FOUR-QUADRANT GRAPHFOURIER THEOREM 271SYNTHESIS OF THE DISTORTED WAVESHAPEAMPLITUDE DISTORTION 272QUANTITATIVE STUDIES 273ADDITIONAL HARMONICS 275OTHER TYPES OF DISTORTION

269

269

271

277

Chapter ~@ THE EMITTER-FOLLOWER AND CATHODE-FOLLOWERCIRCUITS 280

THE POWER TRANSISTORS 280A NEW CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION 282INPUT RESISTANCE OF THE EMITTER FOLLOWERGAIN 284THE EFFECT OF BIAS RESISTORS ON THE OVERALL INPUT

RESISTANCE OF AN AMPLIFIER 286THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE EMITTER-FOLLOWER

AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT 287BIAS RESISTORS 289TERMINOLOGY 290THE VACUUM-TUBE CIRCUIT: THE CATHODE

FOLLOWER 291THE MOSFET SOURCE-FOLLOWER CIRCUIT

Chapter ~~ FEEDBACK 297PREDlSTORTING THE INPUT

FEEDBACK FRACTION 298NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 299POSITIVE FEEDBACK 300VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED VS. CURRENT-CONTROLLED

FEEDBACK 302

Chapter ~~ PRIMARY SIGNAL SOURCESBARKHAUSEN CRITERION 307

A BAS!C OSCILLATOR 309THE SERIES LC CIRCUIT 310THE PARALLEL LC CIRCUIT 313FREQUENTL Y ENCOUNTERED CIRCUITSTHE TUNED-BASE OSCILLATOR 315THE TUNED-COLLECTOR OSCILLATOR 316

THE COLPITTS OSCILLATOR AND THE HARTLEY

OSCILLATOR 316

282

294

297

307

315

xiv CONTENTS

-CRYSTAL-CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS 318AN ALTERNATE APPROACH TO OSCILLATOR THEORY

'UNIT LfOOrn~~PULSES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Chapter ~~PULSES AND PULSE TRAINSPULSES AND RADAR 325PULSES AND COMPUTERS 326PULSES AND TELEVISION 326THE PARTS OF A PULSE 327THE IMPERFECT PULSE 329THE EFFECT OF A LOW-PASS FILTER ON A PULSE

THE EFFECT OF A HIGH-PASS FILTER ON A PULSE

TELEVISION SYNCHRONIZATION PULSES 333RULES OF THUMB 334PERCENT TILT 335THE CAPACITOR-COUPLED AMPLIFIER

325

335

Chapter ~~WAVESHAPING WITH RC CIRCUITSTHE INTEGRATOR 341THE DIFFERENTIA TOR 343

341

Chapter ~~ CLIPPING, LIMITING, AND ClAMPINGCIRCUITS 347

CLIPPERS AND LIMITERS

DEFINITIONS 349THE TWO-LEVEL SLICER 350THE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER AS A CLIPPER

CIRCUIT 352CLAMPING CIRCUITS: THE DC RESTORER 355THE BIASED LOWER-EXTREMITY C:;LAMP 356CLAMPING VS. ADDING A DC LEVEL 357

347

Chapter ~W COMPUTERS AND DIODE LOGIC CIRCUITSTHE ANALOG COMPUTER 362THE DIGITAL COMPUTER 362DATA STORAGE 363THE PROGRAM 364LOGIC CIRCUITS 365

CONTENTS

319

330332

361

xv

L.

-DIODE LOGIC CIRCUITS

THE OR CIRCUIT 367THE AND CIRCUIT 367SYMBOLS 368THE NOT CIRCUIT 368THE NAND AND NOR CIRCUITS 370

TRUTH TABLES AND ALGEBRA TYPE OF EQUATIONS

367

370

Chapter ~{j THE ASTABLEMULTIVIBRATOR 374THE BARKHAUSEN CRITERION 374AB > + 1 375QUASI-STABLE STATESCUTOFF AND SATURATION

ANAL YSIS OF THE CIRCUIT

TIMING 382

DESIGN T1<;CHNIQUE

376377378

384

Chapter ~ffi THE BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATORANALYSIS OF THE CIRCUITS 392STABLE STATES 393THE DETERMINATION OF COMPONENT VALUES FOR THE

TRANSISTOR BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 393TRIGGERING 400OTHER TRIGGER ARRANGEMENTS

THE MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

390

402403

APPENDIX: CHARACTERISTIC CURVES 407

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 419

INDEX 425

xvi CONTENTS