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8/9/2019 CIP Annual Report 2006
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cip-annual-report-2006 1/92International Potato Center
Strengtheningassets:enhancing
impact
Strengtheningassets:enhancing
impact
International Potato Center
Annual Report 2006
8/9/2019 CIP Annual Report 2006
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Introduction
Statement by the Board Chair 4
Board of Trustees - 2006 6Strengthening assets: enhancing impact 7
Implementing CIP’s vision: impact targeting - update 2007 9
Needs and opportunities: marketing
African leafy vegetables and urban agriculture in Nairobi 16
Increasing income from native potatoes in Bolivia 1 8
Understanding potato knowledge systems 19
Increasing markets for native potatoes in Peru 20
Research
Tying the genome up in knots 24
Vegetable production systems in Lima 25
Accelerating the release of new potato varieties 26
New sources of late blight resistance in potato 27
New sources of resistance to potato leafroll virus 2 8
Growing potatoes in mid-air 29
Plastic barriers control potato weevils 30
Health benefits from yacon 32
Enhancing the nutritional value of potato by plant breeding 34
Clear benefits from orange-fleshed sweetpotato 35
Partnerships for scaling up
Protecting diversity leads to higher oca yields in Peru 38
Managing diversity in the Potato Park in Peru 39
Patient sweetpotato breeding bears fruit in Indonesia 40
Positive selection a success in Kenya 41
Potato work in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan 42
Rewarding farmers in the Andes 44Farmer field schools show the way in Nepal 46
Documenting indigenous knowledge protects
biodiversity in Peru 48
True potato seed benefits in India 49
Complex systems in the Altiplano in Peru 50
School gardens promote orange-fleshed sweetpotato
in Uganda 52
Geospatial analysis assists free trade negotiators in Panama 54
CIP outputs, outcomes and impact
CIP outputs - 2006 58
CIP outcomes - 2006 58
CIP impacts - 2006 61CIP quality and relevance of current research - 2006 6 5
CIP institutional health - 2006 66
Appendix. List of publications 70
Center governance - internal control and risk management 74
CIP in 2006
Financial report 78
Global contact points 80
CIP’s internal structure and Staff list 82
Centers supported by the CGIAR 89
Contents
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 6
IntroductionIntroduction
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Statementby the
Board Chair
The International Potato Center plays an important role in improving the lives of millions
of poor families that depend on growing potatoes, sweetpotatoes and other roots and tubers.
Improvements in production systems through CIP technologies have resulted in significant
gains in farm productivity throughout the world, especially in Asia, Eastern Africa, and the
Andean highlands.
The Board is pleased to see that CIP’s research program is progressing very successfully,
in particular in its impact, as measured in terms of direct benefit to livelihoods and health. It
is difficult to balance research work with development, but CIP’s staff in headquarters and in
the regional offices are proving highly effective in working with collaborators to disseminate
the results of CIP’s work. CGIAR’s Science Council agrees, with CIP scoring high in the
Council’s annual assessment of the operation, effectiveness and impact of the Center.
CIP is a non-profit organization but as a public institution it has a duty of accountability in
its use of public funds. The Board is commited to bring the principles of due diligence and
open accountability to the management of the Center. To facilitate this process, it has been
decided to adopt the Annual Report as a Board document. You will see that the process
started last year of including more details of Center governance continues this year. I am
pleased to say that the Board finds evidence of very effective
governance practice in CIP’s operations, for which we
compliment Management. Such approaches make the work of
the scientists, the heart of the organization, easier and more
successful. In future years this process of disclosure will
continue.
We were notified in late November that due to some technical difficulties the 2006
funding from the EU would not be paid. Despite this, CIP’s financial situation remains sound,
with a surplus for 2006 and prospects that look promising. However, the Center is not
immune to any kind of financial or operational risks. In order to deal with a broad range of
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Jim GodfreyBoard Chair
On behalf of the Board of Trustees, June 2007
risks, risk management policy and plans are in place. The Board through its Risk Oversight
Committee oversees the way in which management deals with risk. In a much broader
sense, the Board oversees Center operations in the interests of donors and stakeholders. CIP
would not be able to operate without the support of this valuable group, and we are keen
to demonstrate, to them and to all of our collaborators, that their valuable funds are being
put to work in the most effective and functional way.
Dr. K.K. Kim retired as vice chair and from the Board of Trustees in April 2006. I thank
him for his contribution to CIP and I know he will be following our progress. Dr. M.
Swaminathan was appointed Vice Chair. I thank all my Board and staff for all their hard work
and dedication in making this another successful year for CIP.
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1. Dr. Song Jian
Chinese Academy of EngineeringChina
2. Dr. Madhura Swaminathan
Indian Statistical InstituteIndia
3. Dr. Alexander Boronin
Institute of Biochemistry and
Physiology of Microorganisms,Russian Academy of SciencesRussia
4. Dr. Kang-kwun Kim
College of Natural Science,Konkuk UniversityRepublic of Korea
5. Mr. James Godfrey (Chair)United Kingdom
6. Dr. Pamela K. Anderson
International Potato CenterPeru
7. Dr. G. Edward Schuh
Hubert Humphrey Institute of Public AffairsUSA
8. Dr. Orlando Olcese
Universidad Nacional AgrariaLa MolinaPeru
9. Dr. Ruth Egger
IntercooperationSwitzerland
10. Dr. Victor PalmaINCAGROPeru
11. Dr. Pauline Kuzwayo
Medical University of Southern AfricaSouth Africa
Board of Trustees
2006
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Strengtheningassets:enhancingimpacts
At the formation of the CGIAR system in the early 1970s, the Malthusian dilemma of rapid
population growth and limited prospects for increasing food production provided a strong
justification for increasing investment in international agricultural research. By the end of the
20th century the specter of mass famine had largely faded from view, but abject poverty,
malnutrition, high rates of child and maternal mortality and degradation of production
systems continued to affect hundreds of millions of the earth’s inhabitants. Moreover,
research on poverty and its causes has shown that the pathways out of poverty, and the
concept of poverty itself, are complex and varied.
In an effort to strengthen our research assets and enhance our development impact, we
have begun realigning CIP´s work within a new paradigm, which we call the Pro-poor
Research and Development Cycle (Figure 1). The components in this paradigm include
Targeting; Needs and Opportunities Assessment; Research-for-Development; Partnerships for
Scaling Up and Impact Assessment. Our Targeting assumes that to more effectively address
extreme poverty, hunger and the challenges of human and ecosystem health, we must
understand better the location of poverty and its relationship to our mandate crops. Needs
and Opportunities Assessment characterizes the production systems such that we better
understand the role that CIP’s principal development vehicles
(potato and sweetpotato research) play in improving livelihoods
in these areas of poverty. Our Research for Development
agenda generates research outputs that respond to the needs
and opportunities of our clients. CIP has developed, participates
in and continues to explore an array of Partnership Progams
whose objectives are scaling up research outputs, and creating
an enabling environment for outputs to become outcomes
which will lead to enhanced development impacts. And, through Impact Assessment we
continue to monitor our progress against these ambitious objectives.
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This 2006 Annual Report presents highlights from the work of CIP scientists and our R&D
partners, across the developing world. The presentations are organized around the components
in the Pro-Poor R&D paradigm. We are grateful for the continued financial and intellectual
support of our donor partners. We are committed to providing efficient and effective
stewardship of your investments – in the service of the poor and hungry of the world.
Pamela K. AndersonDirector General
Figure 1
The Pro-poor Research and Development Cycle
Targeting
Impactassessment
Needs andopportunities
assessment
Research fordevelopment
Partnership forscaling-up
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ImplementingCIP’s vision:impacttargeting -update 2007
Background
In 2003-04 CIP conducted a Vision Exercise that described how our research could address
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for reducing poverty. As part of this exercise we
published a global targeting analysis using indicators of livelihoods in areas where potato or
sweetpotato is an important crop. There were two objectives of this exercise. The first was
to identify the regions of the world where increasing potato and sweetpotato productivity is
most likely to enhance the livelihoods of the most disadvantaged people. Secondly, the work
examined the many dimensions of livelihood to see how target regions may be affected by
moving beyond income-based measures of poverty to include other livelihood indicators such
as malnutrition, child mortality and maternal mortality. Given the dynamic nature of poverty
and changes in potato and sweetpotato production, we decided that it was timely to revisit
this analysis.
Updated composite indicators of livelihood
The initial impact targeting analysis used indicators of livelihood linked to the MDGs. Poverty
was measured as the percentage of the population with incomes below US$1 per day,
adjusted to purchasing power parity, a widely cited and
internationally comparable indicator useful for global analysis.
Malnutrition was assessed as the percentage of a population
classified as chronically malnourished, based on estimates of the
amount of food available in each country and a measure of
inequality in distribution derived from household income and
expenditure surveys. The number of children who die before
reaching five years of age per 1,000 live births annually
indicated child mortality. Maternal mortality was revealed by the number of women who die
during pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births.
Kelly Theisen, working with CIP’s Impact Enhancement Division and the Research
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Informatics Unit, has developed
a composite livelihood
indicator and an
innovative format for
presenting this data
(Map 1). The original
four livelihood indicators
have been classified into
five livelihood categories from
“very low” for the poorest countries to
“very high” for the best off and combined to
create a single score, using natural breaks within the
range of interest to CIP (i.e. countries reporting one or
several low livelihood indicators). All data are the most recently reported (as of September
2007) by the United Nations site,
Millennium Development
Goals Indicators.
Updated crop
indicators
Indicators of the
importance of potato and
sweetpotato were developed in
the initial targeting study by analyzing
both crop production and land use, at the
national level except for China, India, and Russia,
where sub-national data were utilized. Since the initial
Map 1. Population by composite
livelihood indicators
Map 2. Population by per
capita potato production
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For potato, those regions
include, with a few
examples of nations
or provinces:
· Higher altitude areas
of Sub-Saharan Africa
(Ethiopia, Cameroon,
Nigeria, Kenya, Rwanda,
Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi,
Angola, Mozambique, and Madagascar)
· Andean South America (Bolivia, Perú,
Ecuador, and Colombia)
· The Indo-Gangetic basin of southern Asia (Nepal, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan)
· China, with high production found in several interior provinces
· Central and western Asia (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan)
· The Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan).
For sweetpotato, the regions of highest priority include:
· China, which produces most of the world’s sweetpotato crop
· The relatively humid areas of southern, central, and western Africa (Madagascar, Angola,
Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Nigeria)
· Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea).
Some countries of Central Africa rank very high for both crops (though not usually in the
same immediate area) and are tragically among the countries which also score highest in
priority for livelihood indicators. They include: Rwanda, Uganda, the Kivu District of
Democratic Republic of the Congo, and areas of Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique, Angola, and
Madagascar.
Map 5. Population bypriority for sweetpotato
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These maps likely do not tell a complete story, as data quality for both factors remains a
challenge, but one that CIP continues to address. As we come to understand the challenges
of poverty in greater detail, more specific opportunities come into play, for example by
alleviating vitamin A deficiency through the use of orange-fleshed sweetpotato. Nevertheless,
the updated maps provide a significantly improved framework to guide our R&D program to
those areas of the world where we may expect the greatest impact on the livelihoods of
poor people.
Reference links
Millennium Development Goals Indicators:
http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Default.aspx
The World Potato Atlas:
http://research.cip.cgiar.org/confluence/display/wpa/Home
The World Sweetpotato Atlas:
http://research.cip.cgiar.org/confluence/display/WSA/Home
Population Reference Bureau (PRB):
http://www.prb.org/
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT):
http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
Population Statistics (Populstat):
http://www.populstat.info/
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Needs andopportunities:marketing
Needs andopportunities:marketing
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African leafyvegetablesand urban
agriculture inNairobi
Millions of city dwellers dependon urban agriculture
A campaign to reintroduce
traditional leafy vegetablesinto the Kenyan dietincreased the consumption of the vegetables in Nairobi by1900 percent over a periodof 2 years. African leafyvegetables are an importantelement in the diet of manyAfricans as they are rich inmicronutrients. The increasedsales also created many newurban market opportunitiesfor poor rural and urbanwomen farmers in Kenya,
who produce three quarters
of the national production of these vegetables.
In the past suchvegetables have beenharvested from the wild and
had a poor product image
because of their low qualitythrough bad handling. “Themarket had remained smallbecause there had neverbeen any successful effortsto commercialize the cropand many consumers werenot aware of the healthbenefits to be had fromeating them,” said NancyKaranja, regional coordinatorfor Sub-Saharan Africa of CGIAR’s Urban Harvestpartnership program, which
CIP hosts.Staff from Urban Harvest
collaborated closely with thenon-governmentalorganization Farm ConcernInternational, who ran thecampaign, with technicalinputs from the AsianVegetable Research andDevelopment Center andBioversity International. TheKenyan Agricultural ResearchInstitute and the Ministry of
Agriculture provided farmertraining and worked to openup markets.
This innovative initiativeused a number of ways toincrease production andsales of the leafy greens.“Commercial villages” wereformed by establishing 100producer groups of 2700
smallholders, leading tomore organized andincreased production. Athriving network of suppliersand traders increased thecommercialization of theseeds and vegetables.“Participants had access tobusiness developmentservices and an innovativesavings and credit modelknown as ‘Market Access
Financial Services’”, saidMumbi Kamathi, a marketingspecialist and RegionalProgrammes Director of Farm Concern International,“together with thedevelopment of village-based extension servicesfrom community–basedtechnical experts.”
Demand in Nairobi andthe surrounding peri-urbanmarkets rose from 31 tonnes
in 2003 to 600 tonnes inmid-2006, an increase of 1,900 percent. Demand wasstimulated by building upthe image of leafyvegetables and establishinglinkages betweenconsumption and health. Thecampaign, which won theOutstanding Communications
C . J .A C H I E N G
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Benefits of
agriculturein the city
Urban and peri-urban agriculture
addresses the issues of food
insecurity, nutrition and health,
improves the ecosystem in the cities,
provides employment, especially to
women and youths, and has psycho-
social benefits. Recent studies have
shown that households practicing
urban agriculture are better fed and
more healthy, especially the children.
32 percent takes place on the
people’s own land, 29 percent on the
roadside and 16 percent along rivers;
51 percent is irrigated by river and
stream water, 34 percent by sewage.
Health risks include biological
contamination of waste water, heavy
metals, uptake of lead, zinc and
cadmium along roadsides, and the
use of agrochemicals.
Award at the 2006 CGIARAnnual Meeting, usedcolorful pamphlets withrecipe ideas and information
about nutrition to increaseconsumption.Over 60 percent of leafy
vegetable producers in thecommercial villages arewomen, who also constituteup to 75 percent of all thevalue chain players and soget most of the benefit fromthis project. About 300smallholder women farmersin Nairobi and in westernKenya are now selling over10 tonnes of seed annually,valued at US$430,000.
The urban trade in Africanleafy vegetable species suchas spider plant, amaranthusand black nightshade, as wellas cowpeas, in Nairobi andits environs is estimated tobe worth over US$100,000per month so these crops areimportant income earners forlocal producers. About 30percent of households inNairobi are practicing urban
agriculture. However that isset to grow, making urbanand peri-urban agriculturemore and more important inthe future city economy. “By2020, up to 40 million urbanresidents in Africa willdepend on urbanagriculture,” said CIP’sGordon Prain, the GlobalCoordinator of Urban Harvest.
C . J .A C H I E N G
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Evaluatinparticipator
methods for potatmanagement, iPeru and Bolivi
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Increasingincome from
native potatoesin Bolivia
Bolivian farmers increased their
incomes by 30-40 percent byimproving their productiontechniques
A group of native potatofarmers in Bolivia are sellingmore potatoes, andtherefore improving their
incomes, by applyinginnovative marketing andutilization techniques thatform part of CIP’s Papa
contracts, finding newclients and maintainingquality production standards.
Through these and other
efforts, the participatingfarmers, who form part of the Native Potato FarmersAssociation of Colomi(known as APROTAC for itsSpanish acronym), havebeen able to tap larger,more demanding marketsthat buy and pay more fortheir potatoes. Access tothese new, more profitablemarkets has encouragedfarmers to increase theirproduction output.Participants are growing 15times more potatoes thanthey did in 2003 ascompared to three-fold fornon-organized farmers.
In an effort to expandtheir business opportunities,and thus revenue-generatingactivities, APROTAC farmersrecently launched twodifferent native potato chipsin the local market.Although both brands are
currently sold only in oneBolivian city each, the ideais to offer these products inother cities and villagesthroughout the country,including the main market inLa Paz.
While this project hashelped highlight the benefitsof reaching out andestablishing commercial linkswith different players amongthe potato market chain,
perhaps more importantly ithas demonstrated that nativepotatoes can indeed beused as a vehicle for raisingfarmer income in poorpotato-producing areas likeBolivia.
Andina partnership program.Coordinated by CIP, PapaAndina is a regional initiativein Bolivia, Peru and Ecuadorthat promotes mechanismsand approaches to link
technology supply withfarmers’ needs, based onmarket opportunities within amarket chain framework.
Potatoes continue to be animportant food crop andsource of income for poorfarmers in the high Andes,where conditions areextreme and resources arescant. Researchers and fieldworkers of Papa Andina andlocal strategic partner
PROINPA (Promocióne Investigación de
ProductosAndinos) have
beenworkingside by sidewith potatofarmers inBoliviasince 1989on anumber of
initiatives. Arecent effortinvolving the
incorporationof new
marketingand utilization
patterns is helping farmersof the Candelaria communityin Colomi, Cochabamba growand sell more potatoes, atmore competitive marketprices.
This group of farmers hasbeen able to increaseincome by 30-40 percent byimproving their productionpractices, including crop
selection and post-harvestmethods. They are applyinginnovative marketing andsales techniques, whichinvolves, among other things,branding and product labeldesign. A key initiative isstrengthening institutionallinks by establishing sale
A .
D E V A U X
18
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Understandingpotatoknowledgesystems
Working to
understandthe potatoknowledge and
information
system in Peru
Many different groups areinvolved in the potato systemand introducing newinformation can be a difficult
business. To find the bestways to scale up and improvepotato technologies andmethodologies used byfarmers and institutions, CIPmade a thorough study of thecharacteristics, existinglimitations and futurepossibilities of the potatoagricultural knowledge andinformation systems (AKIS) inPeru, as part of a largerproject that included Bolivia,Ethiopia and Uganda.
AKIS is a concept thathelps explain the wayinformation, knowledge andtechnologies are used to solveproblems among the manygroups involved, such asresearchers, extensionagencies, developmentgroups, private institutions andfarmer organizations.Understanding thecomponents of the system,how they interact, and what
type of information isexchanged is the first step indefining the best way tointroduce CIP’s scientificfindings.
The study involvedworkshops and surveys in fourdifferent provinces. Institutionsand farmers that belong tothe system were surveyed toestablish the type of information they exchangewith other stakeholders about
potato, the way they transferthat information, and what isneeded for improving theirwork. The work revealed justhow complex the potato AKISis, with 16 to 21 componentsinvolving farmer families andorganizations, governmentaland non-governmentalinstitutions, service providers,
input suppliers, market actorsand media in the fourprovinces, as well as CIP.
Institutions recognized,
among other things, that themain problem in the systemis the lack of efficientmechanisms amongthemselves that couldpromote exchange and use of knowledge. In addition, moreinformation and training areneeded on topics such aspotato pest and diseasecontrol, seed quality andmarketing. Farmers,meanwhile, identified theneed to improve marketlinkages and facilitate theiraccess to better quality seed.
The potato AKIS hasdifferent degrees of complexity, depending on therelative importance of thepotato as well as sources of information. Generally, there isa higher number of actorsand interactions in dynamicknowledge systems, wherepotato production is morerelevant for the household
economy and where manycomponents take active rolessuch as coordinating activitiesbetween institutions andstrengthening capacities of farmer organizations. In astagnant system, on the otherhand, there are usually feweractive components, themarket is more limited,potatoes are important mostlyfor home consumption, andwhere other knowledge
systems, such as that relatedto livestock management, aredominant.
The dynamism of the AKISdetermines the interest of institutions in newtechnologies andmethodologies, such asparticipatory methods, toimprove the potato system.
Forexample,providingtraining forinstitutions iscritical to replicateand scale upparticipatory researchexperiences. However, differentgroups have different priorities;non-profit organizations viewpotato-related participatoryresearch with more interestthan local municipalities, wheresuch activities are new andrelatively less important tothem.
The results of the work willbe invaluable in stepping uppotato production in developingcountries where potatoes are astaple crop. In regions wherefarmers are establishing linkswith the market, then market orservice-related information is of
utmost importance.
R .
O R R E G O
Understanding these attitudes isessential in selecting suitablepartners for technologydissemination and decidingwhere to target new informationand technologies generated byCIP or other research institutions.
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Increasingmarkets for
native potatoesin Peru
Native potatoes are aunique asset and acomparative advantage of Andean farmers, since harshclimatic conditions of thehigh Andean altitudes arelimiting factors to growingother crops. Despite this,most native potato growers,
who primarily use their crops
CIP, aims to do just that: usepotato biodiversity as avehicle for raising farmerincome by linking small-scalefarmers in Peru, Bolivia andEcuador to new urbanmarkets.
At the forefront of theseefforts stands T’ikapapa, a
brand name and a conceptthat markets speciallyselected and packed freshnative Peruvian potatoesunder the T’ikapapatrademark. The idea is toimprove the image of nativepotatoes in Peru and assistsmall-scale potato growers toaccess new markets byparticipating in the potatomarket production chain, thatis, the series of groups
involved in bringing thepotato from the field to theconsumer in the city.
The T’ikapapa concept,developed by Papa Andinaand INCOPA, its strategicpartner in Peru, andimplemented in conjunctionwith the Ministry of Agriculture, used the
participatory market chainapproach, a new research anddevelopment methoddesigned to stimulateinnovation along market chainsby mobilizing stakeholders’
capacities to promote trustand collaborative partnerships.The participating stakeholdersin the T’ikapapa partnershipproject are:• 20 farmer organizations
from high Andeancommunities inHuancavelica, Junín,Huánuco and Apurímac.
• A&L SAC, a private potatoprocessing company incharge of packing andsupplying T’ikapapa toWong supermarket chain.
• CAPAC Peru, a potatomarket chain associationaiming to enhance thequality of potatocommercialization in Peruand providing technicalassistance on field.
• Wong, the largest
for home consumption, areunable to benefit from therich biodiversity available tothem due to their limitedresources and access tomarkets. Papa Andina, an on-going project coordinated by
More than 300 families are
involved in the T’ikapapa project
A . D E V A U
X
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Internationalaccolade
The T’ikapapa project was one
of five winners selected by
the United Nations from ten
finalists for the Supporting
Entrepreneurs for
Environment and
Development (SEED) Awards
2007, drawn from 230
proposals from 70 countries
worldwide.
The Seed Initiative aims to
inspire, support and build the
capacity of locally driven
entrepreneurial partnerships
to contribute to the delivery
of the Millennium
Development Goals and the
Johannesburg Plan of
Implementation.
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supermarket chain in Peru,with more than 25 outletsin Lima.
• The INCOPA Project
(Innovation andCompetitiveness of Peru’sPotato Sector), a project of the International PotatoCenter (CIP) that promotedthe collaborative work among public and privatepartners.
Response to the projecthasbeen noteworthy, withthe volume of potatoessupplied for this initiativemore than doubling eachyear for the past two years.The number of familiesinvolved in supplying thepotatoes has also grown veryrapidly, from 72 families fromthree farmer organizations in2004 to well over 200families from seven farmerorganizations in 2006. Overall,315 families from 10 farmerorganizations participated inthe supply chain between2004 and 2005.
Today, T’ikapapa is sold in
two major supermarketchains in Lima. Formalagreements and contractshave been signed betweenthe processing company andthe organized farmercommunities to ensure stableprices and a supply of qualityraw material. Since its launchin 2004, the project hasbrought increased revenue tothe farming communitiesinvolved in the project.
Farmers selling their potatoesunder the T’ikapapa brandcan charge prices 30 percenthigher than those theyreceived from traditionalmarket channels during the2005 pilot action. Equallyimportant, the farmers feel agreat sense of achievementand pride.
Papa Andina is helping local farmers benefit from the rich biodiversitythey manage
A . D E V
A U X
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ResearchResearch
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Tying thegenome up
in knots
An innovative use of anenigmatic Inca recordingsystem is helping torepresent the genetic
diversity of native potatospecies in Peru. Kipus arelengths of cord that theIncas used to keep records.Kipucamayocs, early Incadatabase administrators,would tie other pieces of cord on to the original, thentie special knots into these
sub-pieces in differentcolors, styles, combinationsand positions, to record data.
The scientists at CIP arecollaborating with theFederación Departamentalde Comunidades Campesinasde Huancavelica (FEDECCH),
eight farmer communities,several local associations and19 farmer families to collectinformation about the many
hundreds of native potatospecies that can be found inthe Peruvian department of Huancavelica.
Genomic data andindigenous knowledge arebeing combined into aunique database of knowledge of this treasuretrove of genetic diversity(see story on p. 48).
CIPs scientists werelooking for a convenientgraphical representation thatwould effectively present themolecular diversity of thewhole collection as well asthe characteristics of eachvariety. “The problem was tographically illustrate the datacollected from analyzing 18microsatellite molecularmarkers (SSRs) from eachvariety,” said Reinhard Simon,the head of CIP’s ResearchInformatics Unit.
Reinhard was inspired by
the ancient Inca kipus. In itspresent iteration (seegraphic) each cord representsa specific SSR marker. Eachknot on each cord representsan allele found with thespecific SSR marker. Theposition of each knot (ellipse)represents the size of theallele in numbers of pairs of bases; the higher up thestring, the higher the numberof base pairs. While assisting
in correctly identifying thevariety in the future, the SSRkipu represents a type of fingerprint or unique geneticcode for each varietycombined with an estimationof its diversity.
Even more information isincluded in the SSR kipu. The
width of a knot indicates itsrelative abundance in the setunder study, for example bycomparing data from more
than 1,000 varieties analyzedby the department inHuancavelica or a similar setfrom the Potato Park. Thetotal length of each cord isdifferent according to theminimum allele size analyzed,but all lengths arestandardized between 50 and400 base pairs. The colordistinguishes the SSR markeramong differentchromosomes. The graphic iscompleted with additionalinformation to identify thevariety or genotype, the setand the exact number of alleles for each genotype andmarker.
Thus, this systemrepresents a way to presentcomplex information onidentity and diversity in a verycompact package – much likethe original kipus probablydid. CIP is planning toannotate its germplasm
collection with this convenientSSR kipu passport. Suchrecognition of traditional localtechnology that relates to itsmandate crop seemsparticularly apt.
Although the SSR kipustarted out in in situ
conservation, it may havefurther applications as a handyreference for breeders. “Thistool may be seem culturallybiased but it still could be
useful for other genebankswith similar objectives,” notedReinhard. For this purpose CIPis making the program togenerate the graphicsavailable as free and opensource software (see theproject “KipuMaker” onhttp://sf.net).
Graphical representation of microsatellite molecular markersbased on the Incan kipu
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Vegetableproductionsystems inLima
About 15–20 percent of Lima households, up to 1.6million people, are involvedin agriculture, raising
livestock or growinghorticulture products, and for46 percent of themhorticulture is their mainsource of income. Lettuce,beetroot, turnips and herbsare the principal urban crops,but small farm plots of Canchan and Yungaypotatoes, mostly for homeconsumption, are oftengrown during winter. Otherhigh potential crops includeeggplant, sweet pepper and
squash and opportunitiesexist for sweetpotato andpotato expansion in localfarms systems.
Staff from CIP’sPartnership Program UrbanHarvest launched a study toanalyze the livelihoodopportunities from vegetableproduction systems availableto urban and peri-urbanhouseholds in Lima andexamine the health andenvironmental risks thatexist for producers and thento implement activities thatpromote opportunities andreduce health risks. “Wefound that 90 percent of the urban farmers usedpesticides, some of themextremely toxic,” said CIP’sBlanca Arce, who is closelyinvolved in the work.“Because they did notunderstand dosage,sometimes they were usingeight times the normalapplication.”
Alternatives to pesticideuse include social learning,
alternative marketing andorganization. Project workersadapted the farmer fieldschool concept to the urbancontext, so that “urbanfarmer schools” in organicagriculture providedknowledge for alternativesto pesticide use, which inturn opened up new marketopportunities. The urban-adapted training increasedthe knowledge of the
farmers of integrated cropmanagement, with up to100 percent adopting thepractices. Participation in theschools also stimulatedinnovative thinking amongstthe farmers and pointed tonew marketing options. “Weare currently testing ten
native varieties grown forcocktail potatoes underorganic agriculturemanagement,” said Blanca
Arce.As a result of thistraining, many farmersformed marketingassociations and localgovernment offeredinstitutional support to theurban producers. Municipalland was assigned for theurban farmer schools, underpressure from the producers,and the municipalities alsosupported green marketsand established offices forurban agriculture. “The roleof the municipality wascrucial in institutionalizingurban agriculture by givingorganizational andinfrastructure support,” saidBlanca Arce. In the future,the Environmental Office of the Ministry Housing willcreate a national program forurban agriculture, withadvice from.
“The project highlights
the need for re-valuing
The produce from urban agriculturefinds a ready market in the city
agriculture as acomplementary livelihoodactivity that seeks increasedincome and food securityfrom technical innovation,”concluded Blanca.
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Acceleratingthe release of
new potatovarieties
Farmers were closely involved in
selection
A new approach to varietydevelopment is cutting inhalf the time it takes torelease new potato varieties
into farmers’ fields in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Thetraditional methodconcentrated first onselecting promising varieties,and then using them toproduce large amounts of seed. This process could takeup to 15 years or longer,from the initial crossesamong selected parents tothe variety release. Eventhen the diffusion rate wastoo slow because seedsupplies were limited.Most countries in SSA needmore robust varieties of potato to meet stressfulenvironments and marketrequirements. CIP’s JuanLandeo worked with severalcollaborators in Peru andAfrica and developed aninnovative new scheme forselecting varieties that isfaster and more effectivethan the usual way.
The rationale of the new
the cycles of growth andselection,” said Landeo. Atthe same time, large plotswere planted to provide
good supplies of seed of theclones that were selectedfor release at the end of theprocess. “This meant that thewhole process took just 5years from when thecountries received theminituber seed samples tovariety release, because of the intensive multiplestakeholder participation,”added Juan.
The scheme is alreadyhaving a clear impact. By theend of 2006, two late blight-resistant clones had beenreleased in Uganda, twomore are in validation trialsin Ethiopia and Kenya and12 other SSA countries havereceived samples of theseelite clones. The scheme ismore efficient andtimesaving because of theactive participation of thestakeholders in a structuredseries of evaluation and
selection trials inparallel withtimely seedincreaseneeded forvariety
releases. Theapproach is alsoincreasing thecapacity of nationalprograms tointroduce newer
resistantmaterials fromCIP and
elsewhere, aswell as providingnew varieties tomeet farmer andconsumer
demand.
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scheme is simple. Clonesdeveloped in the Peru-based breeding programwere extensively testedover several seasons in sixsites in Peru at different
altitudes (150-3,200 m asl).“In this way we couldidentify elite materials withstable and reliable late blight
resistance, good agronomic,table and processingqualities and wideadaptability,” said Juan.“Because of the similarity tothe African potatoproduction zones these eliteclones have the potential forvariety releases in theAfrican countries”.
The set of clonesemerging from the trials inPeru were then tested tomake sure they were free of quarantinable diseases andsent to SSA, where theywere planted in differentsites in Cameroon, Ethiopia,Kenya and Uganda duringtheir cropping seasons,following an acceleratedvariety selection scheme.“At this stage we involvedfarmers and otherstakeholders very closely in
B .L E MA G A
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New sourcesof late blightresistance inpotato
Late blight is one of theworst diseases affectingpotato. Breeding forresistance to late blight
started in the 1920s, butthe fungus-like organismthat is responsible for thedisease, Phytophthora
infestans, mutatescontinuously, so thatvarietal resistance is rapidlyovercome if it has a simplegenetic basis. Recentmigrations and evolution inpopulations, climatechange, and increasedawareness of the necessityto reduce dependence onpesticides contribute to theseverity of this disease andthe urgency of finding andimplementing solutions tocombat it. However, thegenetic base of cultivatedpotatoes outside the Andesis very narrow, making itdifficult for breeder todevelop new varieties withsignificant resistance.
The strategic use of genetic resources, including
wild relatives native toregions with year-roundpressure from Phytophthora
infestans, is a key toimproving potato’sresistance to late blight.The incorporation of newand different sources of genetic resistance intoimproved lines and varietiesmay help breeders andfarmers to keep pace withchanging P. infestans
populations and weatherpatterns. To maintain acontinuous flow of geneticdiversity to use in breedingwork, a team of CIPscientists is systematicallylooking for new anddifferent sources of resistance to late blight
among the collections of wild and cultivatedgermplasm that the Centerconserves in trust. A broad
genetic base of resistanceis expected to be morelasting, as it should delaythe pathogen’s ability toovercome the genes andmechanisms responsible.“We want to make wildspecies’ resistance moreamenable for use inbreeding populations,” saidCIP’s senior potato breederMeredith Bonierbale, who isrunning the project.
High levels of late blightresistance had beenobserved in wild Solanum
species. The team selectedsix wild species of potato,S. paucissectum,
S. chiquidenum , S. piurae,
S. cajamarquense ,S. acroglossum andS. chomatophilum becausethey are distant from thecultivated potato and havenot yet been used inbreeding. “We found that
the first four species wererich in resistance whileS. acroglossum andS. chomatophilum weregenerally susceptible,” saidBonierbale.
Despite the success of locating new resistance,transferring it efficientlyfrom wild species tocultivated potato will notbe so easy. Initial crossesdid not yield any seed,
despite the wild speciesgenotypes producing plentyof viable pollen. The teamis looking at the reasons forthis failure and is optimisticthe barriers can beovercome. “Growth of pollen tubes in the stylesof the flowers was poor,
only a few grains reaching
the ovules,” saidBonierbale, “but despitegenetic mechanisms thatrestrict crossability,specific sets of environmental conditionsappear to favor crosseswith this group.”
In vitro rescue, wherefertilized embryos areremoved from the plantand grown in tissueculture to obtain wholeplants, gave much betterresults in providinghybrids for upgradedsources of needed traits forfurther breeding. “Ourinterdisciplinary approachto screening andcharacterization of lateblight resistance in thesegroups represents theessential first steptowards efficient transferof late blight resistancefrom underutilized wild
species to the cultivated
Pollen tubes growing down
the style of a potato flower
potato,” said Meredith.“Efforts to improve theefficiency of diseaseresistance breeding in potatohave paid large dividends.”
M .
O R R I L L O
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New sourcesof resistance
to potatoleafroll virus
Symptoms of potato leaf roll virusare clear in the plants in the
foreground
New sources of resistanceto the economicallyimportant potato leaf rollvirus (PLRV) have been
identified among wild andcultivated potato speciesheld in trust in the CIP
genebank, again confirmingthe valuable potential thatcan exist in a comprehensivecollection of geneticresources. One cultivar inparticular, of the cultivated
Solanum tuberosum subsp.
andigena , promises to be avery reliable source of substantial resistance.
PLRV infections, alone orin combination with otherviruses, can decrease potatotuber yield up to 95 percent.Previously, different types of resistance had beendescribed from different
sources, “but nosources of
extremeresistance to
PLRV hadbeenconfirmed,”saidMeredithBonierbale,CIP’ssenior
potatobreeder,
who isleading ateam of CIPresearchers
in the work.There are
several typesof resistance,
among them resistance tothe aphid that introduces thevirus into the plant, in thiscase aphids, resistance tothe virus infection itself andthe ability to prevent thevirus accumulating in thetissues of the plant and thetuber.
To identify new anddifferent sources of PLRV
resistance in wild potatospecies from the CIPgenebank, 56 species fromregions with high aphidincidence, out of the 151species conserved in thegenebank, were screened.About 30 species showed aresistance reaction. Samples
from several of these specieshad different types of resistance to the virus. Forexample, 12 accessions were
identified with resistance toaphid attack, several of themalso expressing resistance toinfection and accumulation;six showed high resistance toinfection and eleven wildspecies showed resistance toaccumulation. “Theseaccessions are important newsources of resistance to PLRV,”said CIP researcher Ana Panta.“Six genotypes withinaccessions of S. marinasense
showed the highest resistanceto virus infection andaccumulation, resulting in oneof the most promising sourcesof PLRV resistance.”
Most interesting has beenone cultivated variety of S.
tuberosum subsp. andigena
that has high levels of resistance to all aspects of thevirus attack. “Crossingexperiments with thecommercial S. tuberosum
potato varieties showed that
the resistance was transferredsuccessfully,” said CIP biologistElisa Mihovilovich. “Lowheritability of thischaracteristic has been amajor problem in the past,but this new source is highlyheritable.”
Further research revealedthat disease resistance in S.
tuberosum subsp. andigena isinherited through a singlegene, or a chromosome
region with several tightlylinked resistance genes, thatcontrol a single mechanismthat reduces infection andaccumulation. This will makethe job of breeding newvarieties with this strongresistance to PLRV easier inthe future.
C .
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Growingpotatoes inmid-air
Aeroponics produces a largenumber of healthy seed tubers from
each plant
Growing potatoes in mid-air, with a technique calledaeroponics, is showing greatpromise for the production of
seed potatoes. Seed potatoesare very important for potatoproducers because thesuccess of the subsequentharvest depends on thequality of the seed tubersused.
The technique consists of cultivating potato seedlings onspecially adapted frames sothat the roots, and the tubers,grow suspended in the air. Nosoil is used in this approach,avoiding the need to disinfectsoil with environmentallyharmful chemicals and alsokeeping the tubers healthy.Plantlets with roots arepushed through the top of atable-like structure. The framesare covered with black plasticto keep out the light and theroots are sprayed with arecirculated solution of nutrients to allow them togrow.
“In the greenhouse, seed
potatoes were traditionallygrown in soil that had beensterilized with methylbromide, because it wascheap, effective in killingpathogens and weed seedsbut it did not alter thecharacteristics of thesubstrate,” said Victor Otazú,the chief of CIP’sexperimental station of SantaAna in Huancayo. However,bromine is 60 times more
destructive to the ozone layerthan chlorine, so methylbromide was put on the thelist of banned ozone-depletingsubstances of the UnitedNations Montreal Protocol.
Sterilizing the soil withheat is also expensive, so CIPis using looking at aeroponicsto improve production and
reduce costs. The method isup to ten times moreeffective than conventionaltechniques. “First results have
been very successful,” saidVictor Otazú. “For example,67 seed tubers wereobtained per plant with thevariety Yungay; with CanchánINIA, 70 tubers and withPerricholi, 69. Withconventional techniques inpots, we get 5 to 10 tubersper plant.”
Another advantage is thatthe little tubers can beharvested at any size theseed user wants, from 5 to30 grams. The process alsoallows stepped harvests.Spraying fertilizers directlyonto the roots makes itpossible for the growth phaseto continue for more than180 days without interruption,which does not happen withconventional techniques.There is a small investment inequipment needed, but stillthe tubers work outsignificantly cheaper.
“The technology is novelin the sense that very fewpeople are aware of it or itspotential,” said CIP virologistand seed system specialist IanBarker, “but it has been usedin China and Korea for sometime.” Even NASA’s longrange plans for a visit to Marsreveal that the surface crewwill spend 60 percent of theirtime farming to sustainthemselves. Aeroponics is
considered the agriculturalsystem of choice because of its low water and powerinputs and high volume of food output per sq meter.
CIP’s GermplasmAcquisition and DistributionUnit is already using thetechnique to produce optimalseed tubers of first class
sanitary quality for researchers.Further work in Huancayo willlook at the suitability of thetechnique for a wide range of genotypes including nativevarieties.
There has also been a lot of demand already for information
and training. The Peruvian
national research program INIEAis interested and researchers inEcuador want to install a unit inthat country. CIP’s Paul Demosees much promise for southernAfrica, especially Kenya, and in2007, CIP staff will be workingwith the local collaborators toinstall a system in Mongolia.
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Plastic barrierscontrol potato
weevils
Simple plastic barriers
placed around potato fieldsin Peru are as effective incontrolling weevil pests as
several applications of thetoxic insecticide that farmersusually use. Andean potatoweevils are the mostimportant potato pests inpotato-production systems inthe high Andes. Damage canbe severe. In extreme cases,all of the tubers in a cropmight be damaged, forcingfarmers to abandon theirfields. A CIP project hasbeen looking for alternativesto chemical sprays, whichhave the potential todamage people’s health,especially if they aremisused.
Andean potato weevilscommonly occur between2,800 and 4,200 m asl,where potato is usually themost important staple ormarket crop. The weevils arenon-flying insects that crawlinto potato fields during thepotato-growing season and
breed. The eggs they lay
develop into larvae thatburrow into the soil andfeed on the potatoes. Noresistance or tolerance toweevil has been identified inpotato and all potatocultivars are equallysusceptible to attack.
Farmers mainly attempt tocontrol weevils using two orthree applications of oftenhighly toxic insecticides.However, because of theirlack of knowledge thespraying is often ineffectivebecause it is mistimed orthe dosage is wrong.
“Short plastic barriers, just 50 cm high and 10 cminto the ground turned outto be very effective instopping weevil migration topotato fields andconsequently tuberdamage,” said project leaderJürgen Kroschel. The studieswere carried out withfarmer participation in 21on-farm experiments in twocommunities in the Central
Highlands of Peru. Theeffect of plastic barriers wascompared to farmer practice(one to four applications of insecticide per potatogrowing season) in fallow-potato and potato-potatocropping systems in whichthe weevil species
Premnotrypes suturicallus isendemic.
In the systems where thefarmers were leaving thefields fallow for a number of years, then plantingpotatoes, plastic barriersgave a crop with about thesame amount of tuber
damage as the usual practiceof the farmers, which was tospray the crop between oneto four times. No significantdifferences between theplastic barriers and farmerpractice using insecticidescould be found.
Where farmers wereplanting potatoes seasonafter season, the plasticbarriers only prevent newmigration to potato fields.
The potato fields had alreadybecome their own source of infestation. Generally therewas less damage to thecrops grown behind barriers,but again there was somevariation and in a few fieldsthere was more damage. Inpotato-potato systems, there
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Setting pitfall traps inside andoutside the plastic barriers in the
fields to assess weevil populations
is a large buildup of weevilsbecause there is always foodavailable in the form of tubers. To counteract this,the farmers spray the cropsup to four times withinsecticide. So from thehealth point of view thebarriers would be
worthwhile. However, whenthe researchers used justone application of insecticideat a critical point inside thebarriers, most losses droppeddramatically, in one casefrom 81 percent to just 3.7percent of tubers lost.
“On farmer plots theinfestation continues untilthe end of March andmiddle of May,” said JürgenKroschel. “In contrast, within
plastic barriers only oneinitial population needs tobe controlled in potato-potato systems.” In thissystem, researchers alsofound large numbers of carabids, which are naturalenemies of Andean potatoweevils. Research continues
in order to developsynergies between naturalcontrol by carabids and theuse of plastic barriers.
Plastic barriers are muchcheaper that usinginsecticides, which is also alabor-intensive process sincewater needs to be hand-
carried to potato fields.Simple self-made pitfall trapsfrom water bottles or tinsplaced closely to the plasticbarriers effectively catch theweevils and demonstrate theeffect to farmers. Manyweevils die along the plasticbarriers.
“As a communityapproach, plastic barriershave the potential of masstrapping and reducing the
total weevil population,which would have long-lasting effects,” concludedKroschel. The plastic barriertechnology can easily beused in farmers’ fields, asdemonstrated by the largenumber of farmers (40 and30 farm households in two
communities), who haveparticipated in the recentpotato-growing season. Afully organic production of native potato in the high
Andes (>3,800 m asl), whereAndean potato weevils arethe only economic bioticconstraint, seems to bepossible with this simpletechnology, especially inrotational cropping systems.A more recently startedproject is giving theopportunity to test thistechnology under widerfarmer participation and forits applicability to related
Andean potato weevilspecies in potato systems of Bolivia and Ecuador.
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Yacon plantation after 7 months’growth in Ambo, Huanuco,2,200 m asl
Healthbenefits
fromyacon
Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius ) is a relativelyunknown, and underutilized,native root crop from theAndes. A member of thesunflower family, the plantproduces storage roots(known as yacon) with apleasant, slightly sweet
taste, which are eaten raw
like a fruit. The roots aretraditionally used by ruralpeople as refreshment duringfield work or occasionally forskin rejuvenation and torelieve intestinal, hepatic andrenal disorders.
Of the handful of healthbenefits associated withyacon, one of the mostpromising is the root’s highlevels of fructo-oligosaccharides, a particularlow-calorie sugar that doesnot elevate blood glucoseand therefore can be
consumed by diabetics andweight-watchers. In additionto reconstituting intestinalmicroflora and preventingconstipation, animal studiesindicate that fructo-oligosaccharides promotecalcium absorption, reducecholesterol levels,strengthen the immunesystem and reducecarcinogen lesions in thecolon. Yacon leaves are also
rich in strong antioxidants.From 2002 to 2005 CIPand partner institutions inPeru studied the influenceof the environment andstresses on yield and fructo-oligosaccharide content. Theunderlying goal was to usethis information to help
farmers improve theirincome and livelihoods bygrowing more high-qualityyacon and selling more of itat a competitive price. In
addition to helping farmersthis study would alsobenefit the yaconprocessing industry.
Currently, most of thecompanies that produce andsell yacon-based productssuch as syrup, juice,marmalade and flour, arenot aware of theimportance of the wherethe yacon is grown on thecrop’s content of fructo-
oligosaccharides. Because of the high perishability of theroots, processed yaconproducts are preferred forcommercial sales instead of the traditional marketing of fresh roots. Just one week after harvest, the fructo-oligosaccharide content of
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Yacon harvest in Oxapampa
roots can drop by as muchas 30 to 40 percent.Furthermore, to obtainproducts with the highest
possible fructo-oligosaccharide content,roots need to be eitherprocessed immediatelyafter harvest orrefrigerated.
The CIP-led studyshowed that yield andnutritional traits of yaconare strongly influenced bythe environment, locality,fertilization and cultivationperiod, and to a lesserdegree by the interactionbetween the yacongenotype and theparticular growing site.Coastal environmentswere mostly suitable forfoliage yield butunsuitable foroligosaccharide yield;highland environments, onthe other hand, were themost suitable for highsugar content, and mid-elevation valleys, when
planted in the winter,encouraged fructo-oligosaccharide contentand leaf growth.
The researchers arekeenly aware thatinformation gathered fromthis and other studies iskey to further developingand improving the yaconindustry, which iscomprised largely of unorganized farmers and
small-scale productioncompanies. Already, thedemand for yacon-basedproducts from Peru, oneof the world’s top yaconproducing areas, is on therise. Exports of yacon-processed goods fromPeru to the world (mainly
the United States) jumpedfrom US$20,000 toUS$251,000 from 2001 to2006.
More information on thiscrop is needed to fullyexploit its commercialpotential and meet thisgrowing demand. TheUnited States, for example,now requires the disclosureof fructo-oligosaccharidelevels for yacon and yacon-based products that are soldthere. Exports to EuropeanUnion nations, meanwhile,are not allowed until it isproven that yacon-derivedproducts are safe for humanconsumption. The PeruvianInstitute of Natural Products,with support from theBioTrade Facilitation
Programme, United NationsConference on Trade andDevelopment, CIP, andother institutions, is
currently working on aformal document that aimsto give the crop the greenlight to enter the EUmarket.
Efforts such as these arealso set to help yacon-growing farmers in otherparts of the world, such asBrazil and Japan, whichhave the largest yaconproduction zones outsidethe Andes.
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Enhancing thenutritional value
of potato byplant breeding
More than 2 billion peopleworldwide lack micronutrients like iron andzinc. In developing countries,about 50 percent of womenand children are affected byanemia, from a shortage of
iron, folate, vitamin B12 andother nutrients. Since 2004,CIP has been working withthe CGIAR Harvest PlusChallenge Program in thearea of biofortification, theprocess of breeding staplecrops with increasedconcentrations of micronutrients to supplyessential minerals andvitamins to the peopleeating the crops. Newvarieties of potato with highlevels of iron and zinc are
health and productivity of over half of the world’spopulation, especially womenand children. However, theindications are thatbiofortified potatoes canindeed play a role in
reducing micronutrientdeficiency in targetpopulations where potato isan important part of the diet.CIP’s VITAA initiative (seestory p. 52) is a goodexample of this approach tobiofortification of sweetpotato.
Potato is already animportant source of energy,vitamins, minerals andprotein of high biologicalvalue. A 100-g serving of anaverage potato variety canprovide a child with 16percent of the recommendeddaily allowance for iron.
The advantage of biofortification is that itbrings nutritional benefitsfrom locally produced crops-harvest after harvest, with noadditional costs once thebiofortified varieties areadopted and consumed.Potato has a highly diverse
genepool of cultivatedvarieties, and the full rangeof bioavailable micronutrientsin this germplasm isunknown.
“We measured themineral and vitamin Cconcentrations of nativevarieties conserved in thegermplasm collection at CIP,”
said project leader, CIP’s seniorpotato breeder MeredithBonierbale. Among 100 nativecultivars and 150 advancedbreeding clones and varieties,they found 12-37 mg/kg of iron and 8-32 mg/kg of zinc.
“Vitamin C concentrations of the native potatoes rangedfrom 22 to 105 mg/kg,” addedBonierbale.
Women in Huancavelica,one of the poorestdepartments of Peru, eat about800 g of potato per day, andmean potato consumption inparts of Rwanda is 400-500 gper head. Such diets lack ironand zinc. The wide range of concentrations observedamong the genotypes suggeststhat suitable iron-dense parentsare available for improving ironlevels in diets or in newvarieties. “Our breedersestimate that it is possible toreach a concentration of 48mg of iron/kg and 33 mg of zinc/kg,” said Bonierbale.
CIP’s genebank containsaround 4,000 native potatolandraces, so more varietieswill be evaluated in the future.The development, promotion
and consumption of stable,resistant and more-nutritiouspotato varieties in developingcountries will help to improvethe health of populations atrisk of malnutrition, whilecontributing to increasingincomes and reducingdependence on external inputssuch as pesticides.
already emerging from anexploratory breedingprogram using materialsfrom CIP’s genebank.
Micronutrientmalnutrition is a realproblem in the developingcountries, affecting the
Source: FAO 2003 Food Balance Sheets Average 1999-2001. The Micronutrient Initiative.
Target countries for fortifiedpotatoes.
Superimposing maps of childand maternal iron deficiency andpotato consumption shows anumber of countries in CIP
regions that could benefit from
biofortified potatoes
n
high
medium
low
unknown
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Clear benefitsfrom orange-fleshedsweetpotato
Orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes
produce a number of highlymarketable products
A carefully controlled
study has shown conclusivelythat introducing beta-carotene-rich sweetpotatoes
into the diet of youngchildren contributes toincreased vitamin A intakeand reduces the frequencyof low retinol in their blood,an indicator of vitamin Adeficiency. The work took place in rural Mozambiqueand was the first food-basedcommunity-level study inAfrica that has followed thesame intervention andcontrol households andchildren throughout theinitial adoption period.
“Building on pilotexperience in WesternKenya,” said Jan Low, CIP’sRegional Leader for Sub-Saharan Africa and one of the project’s leaders. “Thisproject not only aimed toimprove child-feedingpractices, but introduced amarket developmentcomponent to assuresustained adoption.”
Vitamin A deficiency is aprimary cause of blindness inyoung children in Africa.Food-based approaches toraising vitamin A arecomplementary tosupplementing blood levelswith vitamin pills, but theymay be more sustainable,although up to now fewthorough studies have beendone. A key objective of theproject was to sustainably
improve intake of vitamin Aand energy in children underfive.
Hundreds of householdswere involved in the study.The children, with anaverage age of 13 months,showed high levels of malnutrition; 71 percent of
them had low serum retinollevels, 25 percent wereseverely anemic and 54percent were stunted for
their age. The area wasextremely poor in resources,drought prone with lowproductivity. The principalstaple was cassava, although66 percent of thehouseholds grewsweetpotato.
The team adopted threedistinct pathways in theproject. First they ensuredthe supply of CIP-developedorange sweetpotato varietiesto the households so thatthey could produce moreenergy and beta-caroteneper hectare. Second, ademand for vitamin A-richfoods was created bypersuading people to plantthem and ensure that themost vulnerable householdmembers ate them andother locally availablevitamin A-rich foods andsources of protein and fat.Third, project staff worked to
develop markets for the newcultivars to ensure rapid andsustained adoption byproducers and consumers,and a market for thematerial. “These threepathways interacted andreinforced each other,” saidJan Low.
The study lasted for twoyears and eventually showedthat the young children inthe households were taking
in eight times more vitaminA that the control groups byeating the OFSP. At the end,the study children, averageage 13 months, in theintervention householdswere taking in eight timesmore vitamin A than thosein the control households.
OFSP was the main sourceof that vitamin A. In anenvironment with extremelypoor health services and lowformal maternal education,the study demonstrated thata decline of 15 percent inprevalence of low serumretinol in young childrencould be attributed to theintervention.
The research highlightsthe effectiveness of OFSP inan integrated agriculture-nutrition intervention aimedat increasing vitamin Aintake and serum retinol
concentrations. The
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challenge remains to ensuresustained adoption and haveimpact on a wide scale. “If we can get OFSP into theyoung child’s diet, it makesan impact,” said Jan Low.
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Partnershipsfor scaling upPartnershipsfor scaling up
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Protectingdiversity leadsto higher ocayields in Peru
Children really like the soft drink
that communities in Puno aremaking from oca as a tasty andnutritious alternative to expensive
commercial drinks
Farmers in six Andeancommunities are routinelyusing the results of a CIPproject to reduce oca lossesfrom 90-98 percent to lessthan 20 percent. The oca oroka (Oxalis tuberose) is aperennial plant grown in thecentral and southern Andesfor its starchy edible tuber,used as a root vegetable,which can be boiled, bakedor fried. Its leaves and youngshoots can be eaten as agreen vegetable as well.
Although low-yielding, oca is
one of the most importantstaple crops of the Andeanhighlands, because of itsproductivity, easy propagationand tolerance for poor soil,high altitude and harsh
conditions. In fact, up to 90percent of the food of Andean farmers is based onoca, ulluco, mashua (two
other Andean roots andtubers) and potatoes. About10 percent of rural familiesuse oca and ulluco as babyfood and they are emergingas a valuable source of income generation, especiallyin making jams.
Cultivating oca faces anumber of challenges. Goodquality tuber seed is scarce;when cultivated in remoteareas, weevils can destroy 98percent of the tuber. Thispest has become a factor ingenetic erosion, for example,in Andahuaylas the oca crophas disappeared entirely, andknowledge of oca biodiversitymanagement, either in situ orex situ, is limited.
CIP staff in Perucollaborated with theUniversity of Cusco, theUniversity of California-Davisand six rural communities of the high Andes around Cusco
in a project investigatingvarious aspects of oca. The sixcommunities were: Picol,Matinga, Qqueccayoq, Poques,Chumpe and Sayllasaya
Communal consultationassemblies and biochemicalanalyses identified ocabiodiversity, revealing fourmajor clusters. Most of theocas grown in each farmingcommunity showed widedistribution in the four
clusters, although the Poquescommunity was conservingthe lowest oca geneticdiversity, while Matingaconserved the highest levels.Six main tuber shapes aregrown in the six communitiesby more than 50 percent of the families; others are rather
strange and they are grown by1-2 families in only 1-2 villages.Such highly localized cultivationis a clue to the origin of the
tremendous biodiversity of tuber crops that exists in theAndes.
Efforts to protect the tubercrop, and hence the levels of biodiversity conserved, blendedtraditional indigenousknowledge and scientificresearch. Staff in the Universityof Cusco isolated, identified andworked out how to use theparasitic fungus Beauveria
basiana against the weevilpopulation, supplemented bytraditional methods such asusing native plants as pestrepellents, rooting oca sproutsto reduce weevil damage, usingchickens in the fields to preyon the weevils, early harvestingand plowing the fieldsimmediately after harvest. “Wealso improved the traditionalstorage systems, in small hutscalled taqu’es,” said CIP’s CarlosArbizu, part of the projectteam, “reducing losses from 15-
20 percent down to 3 percent.”The results of the project
have been spread throughfarmers and children, schools,technical workshops,congresses, seminars andbroadcasts by local radio in thenative language Quechua andin Spanish. Agronomists, schooland university teachers andnon-governmental organizationsin Cusco and ApurimacDepartments have become
involved in disseminating andutilizing the project results.These efforts have widened theimpact of the research beyondthe more than 30 communitiesin the vicinity of the six targetvillages and in doing so,protected the biodiversity of this valuable Andean crop.
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Managingdiversity in thePotato Park inPeru
Potato Park farmers taking a break from tilling the soil using traditional
Andean chakitajllas
Analyzing the genetic
diversity of potato varieties inthe Potato Park in Perushowed that CIP’s
collaboration with this groupof communities had actuallyincreased the diversity thatthe farmers are managing.The Potato Park is a localmodel of conservation andsustainable use of agro-biodiversity that is promotingand protecting traditionalknowledge and localpractices. The Park, in Pisaq,Cusco, was created in 2002and includes six communitiesof 750 families across almost10,000 ha of Andean terrain.It is operated by the PotatoPark Association, which ismade up of representativesfrom all the communities, inclose collaboration with thenon-governmentalorganization ANDES. CIP hasan agreement with the Park to assist in restoring nativepotato varieties and hencegenetic diversity that mighthave been lost to the
farmers, as well asintroducing disease-freematerials to the communities.
Analyzing the potatodiversity managed by thefarmers gave some veryinteresting results that havebearing on the short- andlong-term future of the Park.A team of CIP researchersfound a high level of geneticdiversity in potatoes in threeof the communities, with a
total of 122 alleles, or DNAsequences that code for agene, including sevenexclusive alleles.“Interestingly, potato geneticdiversity is similar among thecommunities, suggesting theinterchange of geneticmaterial,” said one of theteam, Cinthya Zorrilla.
CIP has beensystematically contributingpotato varieties to the Park,both to restore varieties that
the communities no longerhave, and to replace existingvarieties with clean, virus-tested cultivated varietiesfrom CIP that have increasedpotato seed quality and theyield in the Park. Newpotato products are alsounder development, togenerate more income.
The germplasm restoredto the Park from CIP hasbroadened the existinggenetic diversity there withover 15 exclusive alleles.This genetic diversity onceexisted in the area but hadfallen from local use for avariety of reasons. “Thecommunities aremicrocenters of agrobiodiversity,” said ReneGómez, a CIP scientistworking closely with thecommunities. “The principalreasons for restoring thismaterial is the ‘tired seed’
syndrome, which is thegradual decrease in viabilityof the material through thebuildup of disease in theplanting material, and thebroadening of the geneticdiversity with the return of potato varieties that werepreviously collected in thesecommunities andsurrounding areas.”
The team has also beendocumenting the potato
diversity and associatedknowledge and informationin the Potato Park.Researchers found that thetotal molecular variationbetween potato cultivarsfrom the Park communitiesand CIP is less than 1percent. This means that thediversity held in trust in the
CIP genebank represents wellthe diversity maintained in thecommunities.
Andean communities havearariwas who are hereditarycustodians of agrobiodiversityand related knowledge. By
working closely with them
over a period of three years,CIP staff found that the localnomenclature follows asystematic classification thatreveals a detailed knowledgeof the complex diversitymaintained in the communities.
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Patientsweetpotato
breedingbears fruit in
Indonesia
A program of breedingthat started seven years agois having significant impactin East and Southeast Asia,
most recently in the threenew varieties that CIP wasable to release in famine-stricken parts of Papua.Sweetpotato is of theutmost importance in thediet of the local residents,accounting for 90 percentof daily diet in many areas,with some estimatescalculating per capita annualconsumption in Papua atnearly 100 kilos. The cropalso accounts for up to 100percent of the pig feed.The varieties weredeveloped in collaborationwith the IndonesianLegumes and Tuber CropsResearch Institute (ILETRI),the Australian Centre forInternational AgriculturalResearch (ACIAR), theAssessment Institute forAgricultural Technology of Papua (AIAT Papua), and theSouth Australian Research
and Development Institute
will be no more shortageof food in YahukimoRegency,” he said. “Thegovernment has already
released three newvarieties of sweetpotato,which are high in yield,good eating quality andadapted to high elevationareas. Please do not belazy to grow sweetpotato,use these new varieties,and follow the advice of the agricultural extensionofficer.”
CIP is continuing towork closely to support thesweetpotato breedingprograms of the regionalNARS. Current objectivesinclude producing varietieswith high dry matter of white, purple and orangeflesh color sweetpotato.Seeding trials underway in2006 were givingpromising results in Bogor.
The new varieties performed very
well in Papua
(SARDI), adapted for thehighlands, with considerableincrease in yield over thelocal varieties, as well asresistance to scab diseaseand drought tolerance.
The varieties were PapuaPattipi, Papua Sawentar, andSawentar. These nameswere specifically given by
the President of Indonesia,Dr. Susilo BambangYudhoyono, who was veryimpressed by the yield of the new varieties, whichwas on average about 24-26t/ha compared to the localvarieties’ 10-15 t/ha.Research activities werestarted in 2001 through aseries of on-farm trials inWamena (Papua) in 2001,followed by preliminary andadvanced yield trials during2002-2003 and by multi-location trials during 2004-2005 in several locations inJayawijaya districts (Papuaprovince) and several highelevation areas in Indonesiasuch as North Sumatra, WestSumatra, Bali and West Java.
Dr. Yudhoyono launchedthe new varieties at a fieldday conducted at Kurimaand Pasema (YahukimoRegency, Papua) on July 26-
27, 2006. “I hope that there
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Positiveselection asuccess inKenya
*(approximately 22 tonnes per hectare)
Potato farmers in Kenyaincreased their potatoproduction by 30 percentsimply by using tubers from
selected healthy-lookingplants as seed. The beautyof the technology, knownas positive selection, is thatit is easy to adopt by smallscale farmers because itdoes not require any cashinvestment, just some sticksand labor.
CIP, the KenyaAgricultural ResearchInstitute (KARI) and theMinistry of Agriculture of Kenya have trained over100 extension agents andfarmer trainers. They in turntrained over 70 farmergroups involving more than1,000 farmers since 2004.“The training was a real eyeopener, we never knewthat most of our potatoplants were sick,” saidMichael Macharia, anextension worker trained asa trainer in May 2005. “Thistechnology responds directly
to the need of our potatofarmers because they haveno access to clean seed.”
In Kenya, as well as inmost developing countries,high quality seed potatoesare not available to smallscale farmers. There arelimited amounts of qualityseed available for a fewreleased varieties, but it isexpensive. For popularlandraces no seed is
available. This makesfarmers plant potatoes fromtheir previous crop infectedwith diseases, resulting inlow yields.
Farmers groups arebeing trained ondistinguishing between sick
potato specialist based inNairobi. “Trials with farmersare ongoing in Ethiopia andUganda, as well as Peru and
India and the technology is
being promoted inMozambique and Malawi.We are also developing aset of training materials fromthe experience in Kenya.”
Women farmers practicing positiveselection in Kenya
P .
G I L D E M A C H E R
and healthy plants by thetrained extension staff.Healthy- looking plants arepegged before flowering
and monitored till harvest.Pegged plants are harvestedone by one and a final seedpotato selection is madebased on the number, sizeand quality of the tubers. Byrepeating this process over afew seasons, yields can begradually increased. Thefarmer groups see this forthemselves because a fieldexperiment compares theirown method with positiveselection.
“I have done positiveselection for three seasons[…] and it has doubled myyields,” said WainainaNjoroge, a member of Pagima group in theNaivasha division. “I expectto harvest 20 bags from thisquarter acre*. Fellow farmersare now coming to me tobuy seed as they have seenit is better than what theyhave.”
“My last crop looked sogood that thieves cameduring the night to harvestit,” said Peter Kinyae fromthe Kenya AgriculturalResearch Institute in Tigoni.“Interestingly we have seenseveral cases of theft fromfields where groups hadplanted positive selectedseed. This is a goodindicator that the technologyworks.”
“The approach of teaching farmers positiveselection is being furtherinvestigated by CIP to judgeits potential for solving theseed problem in otherdeveloping countries,” saidPeter Gildemacher, a CIP
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Evaluatinparticipator
methods for potatmanagement, iPeru and Bolivi
Potato work inTajikistan and
Uzbekistan
In the CAC region, thebreakdown of the formerSoviet Union disruptedrelationships with traditionalseed potato suppliers basedin Russia, Belarus, Ukraine
and the Baltic countries.
“The introduction and testingof elite potato-breedingmaterials is a priority asmany national agriculturalresearch systems work towards producing their ownseed,” says CIP’s Carlo Carli,
who is working in theregion. “This will reducedependence on importsfrom foreign countries.”
As part of this effort,Carlo has been working with
partners in Tajikistan andUzbekistan to identify high-yielding potato clones foruse in the countries, usingvirus-resistant germplasmfrom CIP. Initially developedat CIP HQ in Lima, Peru,new elite clones with highlevels of resistance to virusesand excellent cooking andprocessing quality wereintroduced as in vitro plantsinto Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
in 2005.Multiplied in thelaboratory of the Institute of Plant Physiology andGenetics, Dushanbe,Tajikistan, in vitro plants of 28 CIP breeding lines weretransplanted directly intofarmers’ fields in the
highlands of Faizabad district,by researchers of theResearch Institute of
Horticulture, Dushanbe.In Uzbekistan, 34 in vitro
clones were multiplied inthe laboratory of theBiotechnology Departmentof Tashkent State AgrarianUniversity. About 5,000 in
vitro plantlets weretransplanted into beds toproduce disease-freeminitubers under controlledconditions, between Januaryand March 2006. A total of
31,210 minitubers wereharvested between May andJune, 2006. After breakingdormancy with chemicals tohave them ready for plantingat the end of June, 27clones were planted in thehighlands of Tashkent regionin June-July, in a research
An excellent potato harvest inTajikistan
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Tajik children
site belonging to theInstitute of Vegetables,Melon and Potato, based inTashkent.
Laboratory techniciansand scientists have beentrained in sanitationprocedures to be appliedduring micropropagation inthe laboratory and furthermultiplication under
screenhouse conditions. Theyhave also been learning howto transplant in vitro plantsunder proper seedbed
conditions using locallyavailable substrate, how toperform rapid multiplicationtechniques, husbandrypractices and screenhousemanagement in general.
In Tajikistan, farmersparticipated in preparing thefields, transplanting in vitro
clones directly into the fieldand other cultural practices.At harvest, their preferenceswere taken into
consideration in selectiondecisions, as local breedersassessed the yield andquality of the introducedclones and advanced thebest selections forsubsequent variety trials.
The project is alsopassing along skills in truepotato seed technology,which is completely new tothe region. Some of thetrue potato seed familiesadapted to long dayconditions were veryproductive, showingvigorous growth, anextremely healthy aspect,profuse flowering and yieldsof up to 35 tonnes/ha inthe highlands of Tajikistan atabout 2,300 m asl.
True potato seedtechnology is expected togive positive resultsespecially in the marginalareas of the highlands of
the region. These areashave the most suitableagroecology for true potatoseed because of the difficultaccess to potato-growingsites, the high price of conventional tuber seed,and the widespreadpresence of smallholdingswith sufficient laboravailable. “The highcompetition from importedclonal varieties puts this
technology at adisadvantage in thelowlands,” says Carlo Carli.
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Rewardingfarmers inthe Andes
*Cuenca means “watershed” in Spanish.
Farmers in the Andeanwatersheds are set to becompensated forimplementing
environmentally soundagricultural practices inresponse to growing landdeterioration andenvironmental problems. CIPand partner organizationshave designed a financialscheme that rewards farmersfor adopting ecologicallysound farming methods.
Most of the farmers livingin watersheds throughoutthe Andes mountain chainare poor and operate on asmall scale, with little interms of organization orcooperation. Moreimportantly, they do nothave the technical andfinancial means to improvetheir farming techniques, sotheir land and the quantityand quality of their water isslowly deteriorating.
With this in mind, theCuencas* Andinas projectCONDESAN, the Consortium
for the Sustainable
Development of theAndean Ecoregion, apartnership program of CIP,designed and developed afinancial scheme calledPayment for Ecosystem
Services (PES), tocompensate rural families(service providers) for usingsustainable land and water
conservation practices. Theproviders receive a materialreturn, such as monetarycompensation, infrastructureimprovements and access toextension tools.
The PES system iscurrently being implementedin the Alto Mayo watershed,where close to 80 percentof the population live inpoverty. Rudimentaryfarming techniques in thearea such as slash and burnpractices have led to erosionand sedimentation, which inturn have reduced waterquality and raised costs forthe drinking waterenterprise. The PES pilotproject is encouragingfarmers in Moyobamba tochange their land usesystem. Service providers inMoyobamba are set to join
the PES program as a groupof 5-12 families and signinga contract to put intopractice the technological
arrangements offeredthrough PES. Close to 100families are expected toparticipate during the firstphase of this pilot project.
PES was developed as akey component of CuencasAndinas, which aims forstakeholders in selectedwatersheds to implementsustainable developmentprojects involving activitiessuch as integrated watershedanalysis, interveningstrategies, political dialogue,and training and knowledgemanagement, in response toenvironmental issues in thearea such as water quantityand quality, erosion,sedimentation and pollution.Cuencas Andinas was carried
Andean watersheds provideessential environmental services
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C ON D
E S A N
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A typical Alto Mayo scene
out in six watersheds inPeru, Ecuador, Colombia andin two associatedwatersheds in Bolivia and
Argentina.PES schemes areexpected to assist in linkingfarmers’ income andenvironmental conservationin Andean watersheds byproviding farmers withincentives to change theircurrent farming system to asustainable one. The modelinvolves three key groups:the service providers(families in the watersheds),the service users(organizations, companiesand districts that use thewater for irrigation, humanconsumption and otheruses) and in some cases, aFund.
The Fund, made up of service provider and serviceuser representatives as wellas private sector andgovernment delegates, actsas the intermediary for allthe members of the
payment chain. Through theFund’s management,providers and users agreeon a value for theecosystem service. The Fundarranges all the necessaryworking mechanisms. Mostimportantly, it establishesagreement on the amountof money and the servicescontributed by each player.
Project leaders intend toapply the lessons learned
from the Moyobambaexperience, especially thePES aspect of the project, inother watersheds throughoutthe Andes, and even in theAmazon region, in hopes of contributing effectively tomaintaining the region’snatural resources.
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Farmer fieldschools show
the way inNepal
Potato plays an importantrole in the livelihood andfood security of farmingcommunities in Nepal,where per capitaconsumption of potato isone of the highest in
southwest Asia yet potatoproductivity is one of the
lowest in the region. This isdue in large part to thewidespread occurrence of disease and the use of low-quality seed. Moreover, most
growing season andencourage farmers to learn
appropriate practices formanaging seed, disease andother agronomic constraintsthrough their ownexperience. Integrated cropmanagement combinesresearch-generatedtechnologies and adaptsthem to local needs.
National policy enabledauthorized extensionagencies to mobilizegovernment funds to supportproject efforts in
institutionalizing and scalingup integrated potatomanagement. With theDepartment of Agricultureand CARE Nepal as the leadorganizations, by 2005 morethan 4,000 farmers across
*Users’ Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development
potato farmers lack thenecessary means to improvetheir crop managementpractices. With this in mind,CIP and partner institutionshave been working since the1990s to assist local farmers
to improve their potatooutput, and thereforeultimately improve theirlivelihood and food security.
Late blight and bacterialwilt reach epidemicproportions in Nepal; it isnot uncommon for farmersto lose their entire potatocrop to these diseases. In1998, CIP’s UPWARD*Partnership Program workedwith government and non-governmental organization
partners to use farmer fieldschools to adapt anddisseminate new ways tocontrol disease throughintegrated cropmanagement. These fieldschools last the whole
Farmers learn new techniques atthe field schools, which they can
integrate with their ownknowledge
D .
C A M P I L A N
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Nepal had participated inover 150 schools dealingwith integrated potatomanagement, implemented
by local extension teamswith funding fromgovernment agencies andnon-governmentalorganizations.
From 2002, CIP-UPWARDstarted monitoring andevaluating the outcomesfrom the project, and theimpact of farmers’ attendingthe field schools. Findingsindicated that maintainingand using clean seed wasthe most common practiceadopted by farmers twoyears after a field school.Economic analysis showedthat gross and net returns toland and labor significantlyincreased after training.However, the evaluation alsorevealed that producingadequate supplies of cleanseed remained a continuingchallenge for farmers. So in2006, the content of the
field schools was furtheradapted to focus onproducing clean seed usingtrue potato seed, which
makes use of botanicalseeds rather than wholetubers. With funding fromthe Japanese government,local Nepal partnersconducted a nationalprogram of farmer fieldschools, this time with acurriculum centered onusing true potato seed inon-farm seed production.
The monitoring andevaluation gave insights intothe strengths andweaknesses of the fieldschool approach andsuggested ways to improveand scale-up such efforts. Asin most participatoryresearch and developmentefforts, the project teamfaced challenges associatedwith scaling up successfulexperiences beyond thepioneering farmer groupsand farming communities.
Certainly, the variability inneeds, opportunities andconditions requires thatagricultural innovations
introduced in pilot projectsbe continually adapted tolocal conditions whenintroduced to othercommunities.
Besides the directbenefits to the farmers, theoverall output and lessonsfrom the Nepal projecthave potential for widerapplication in the South andCentral Asia region whereextreme poverty exists andwhere potato is a keylivelihood crop. Similarneeds and opportunities canbe found in Afghanistan,Bangladesh, Bhutan, SriLanka and the formerrepublics of the USSR.
Farming potatoes on smallterraced fields is common in Nepal
D E P T .
O F A G R I C U L T U R E - N E P A L
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Documentingindigenousknowledge
protectsbiodiversity in
Peru
A publication that CIPreleased in 2006 managesto document invaluableindigenous knowledge of
wild potato varieties whileactually protecting thediversity it describes. Farmore than a routinecatalogue of germplasm,The Catálogo de
Variedades de Papa Nativa
de Huancavelica, Perú
combines indigenousknowledge and genomicdata into a database thatwill be invaluable toscientists, breeders and thefamilies of Huancavelicaand other farmingcommunities. “It is aunique document, a truecommunication interfacebetween centuries-oldAndean know-how andscientific expertise,” saidCIP’s Stef de Haan, who isworking with the farmerson the project thatgathered the data. “Itcombines indigenousknowledge and molecular
data for the purpose of documentation, protection,benefit sharing and futuremonitoring.”
Scientists at CIPcollaborated with theFederation of FarmerCommunities of Huancavelica, eight farmercommunities, several localassociations and 19 farmerfamilies to collectinformation about the
many hundreds of nativepotato varieties that makeup an important heritageand dietary staple in thePeruvian department of Huancavelica. Thecatalogue describes 144landrace varieties but also
includes sections describinglocal farmer’s knowledge aswell as a summary in thelocal Quechua language.
The catalogue alsopresents an innovative useof an enigmatic Incarecording system. The Incasused lengths of cord called“kipus” to keep records.(see story on p. 24 forfurther details). Anotherfeature of the catalogue isits careful handling of intellectual property. Thecatalogue capturesindigenous knowledge suchas medicinal uses andlocally recognizedresistances. To protect theintellectual property of thefarmers, CIP negotiated withthe Peruvian Registry of Collective Knowledge andSociety for EnvironmentalLaw, signed a prior consentagreement with each of thecollaborating farmercommunities andcopublished the book withthe Federation of Farmer
Communities of Huancavelica. A notice onproprietary rights appears inthe book.
This catalogue shows thediversity of native potatoesin a balance betweentraditional knowledge andthe results of scientificinvestigation. Such acombination makes thecatalogue unique,contributing to the
understanding of theextensive genetic diversitythat the farmers of Huancavalica conserve, aswell as blending richcultural understanding withthe results of research.
Don Pío Velásquez Huamani and his daughterin his fields in the community of Santa Cruz
de Pongas Grande. Don Pío was one of the
people who contributed to the catalog
S . D E H A A N
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True potatoseed benefitsin India
True potato seed is produced inberries that grow among the
plant’s foliage. Each berry containsup to 400 seeds
Pros and cons of true potato seed
TPS advantages TPS disadvantages
Practically pathogen Higher demand for labor during nurseryfree management and seedling transplant
100 g of TPS sows Cannot compete with a cost-efficient1 hectare of plants tuber crop
Costs US$30-60 versus Needs careful selection of tuberUS$600-900 for seed to avoid decrease in tubertraditional tubers per ha size over time
Small volumes are Number and diversity of TPSeasily transported to varieties is limited, with few eliteremote areas TPS varieties
Simple storage– From seed to tuber to table potatono cold rooms harvest takes two seasons whennecessary using TPS to produce tuber seeds in
nurseries
Can be sown almost From direct seeding or fieldany time transplanting to tubers requires
frequent irrigation in first 45-60 days
About 150,000 low-
income, small-scale potatohouseholds are making aliving buying, selling and
growing true potato seed(TPS) in northeast India,Nepal, northern Vietnam,Bangladesh, southwest Chinaand Peru. In the Tripura areain northeast India, destitutewomen are forming self-help groups that buy andgrow TPS then profitably sellthe tubers as seed. With noother means of support,these women are usingCIP’s technology to improvetheir lives.
TPS technology can beused in two ways, either bydirect sowing of the seedsand growing them up toharvest, or by using theseeds to produce seedtubers that are planted thenext season.
TPS is particularly suitablefor use in tropical and
subtropical areas where thecost of quality seed is highand the yield of the potatocrop is low. These are the
main factors limiting potatoproduction.With the specific uptake
of this approach, TPS ismaking a significantcontribution to food securityand income generation bypoor farming households. “Itis a clear example of acomplex technology beingadopted and used over asustained period,” said CIP’sgeneticist Enrique Chujoy.
Because well-establishedTPS breeding programs arealmost nonexistent in somenational agricultural researchsystems, Chujoy set aboutdeveloping improved TPSparents to increase thenumber and diversity of TPSmaterial. Using varieties andadvanced clones from CIP’sbreeding program, Chujoy
followed up previous work by starting a 4-year crossingprogram. “We were lookingfor early tuber yield,stability and late blightresistance,” he said. “Weevaluated almost 10,000clones and made 513
crosses, then went on with
C I P A R C H I V E S
329 of them to developthe traits we wanted.” As aresult, 15 new TPS parentsare now available forhybrid seed production, allof them already tested forpathogens and under in
vitro culture.
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Complexsystems in the
Altiplano inPeru
Lorenzio Mamani showing some of the many varieties of potato hegrows mixed together in his fields
In a small community-runfactory in Juli on the shoresof Lake Titicaca in Peru, 70women pack fresh trout
fillets for export to Canadaand the United States, whileto the northeast in Puno adozen women sit around aspotless white table cleaningorganic quinoa for sale tomarkets in Germany. Theseapparently unrelatedactivities are two elementsin a complex CIP-run projectentitled ALTAGRO*, which istaking a systems approachto raising incomes andincreasing food security inthe high-altitude plain calledthe Altiplano between Peruand Bolivia.
The Altiplano is one of the poorest regions in theworld. Approximately 75percent of its 6 millioninhabitants live in povertyand over half live inextreme poverty. Potatoesare a central element in thelives of the people, many of whom could not exist
without the crop. Indeed,
the Altiplano/Lake Titicacaarea is now considered tobe the center of origin of domesticated potatoes. CIPis applying its researchtechnologies, in partnership
with a non-governmentalorganization called CIRNMA(Centro de Investigación deRecursos Naturales y MedioAmbiente) to establish a
model for rural developmentbased on a comprehensiveview of sustainableagriculture, whichencompasses the economic,biophysical, sociocultural andenvironmental aspects of market-orienteddevelopment.
For example, 145 kmeast of the district capitalPuno, seven small producershave banded together todevelop and market oca, alittle-known Andean tuberwith high natural levels of antioxidant anthocyanins. CIPtechnology improvedproduction from 4.5 to 8 t/ha of oca. With CIRNMA’sassistance, the producersformed a company that is
making and selling jam and juice from this sweet tuber.The end result is an increasein the income of thefamilies involved, over 300percent in some cases, an
innovative market for thetubers and a new realizationof the value of conservingthe rich local ocabiodiversity. CIP-CIRNMAstaff are also showing othercommunities how to makethe juice. Children love it, itis a valuable source of vitamins and minerals, andavoids the need to buyexpensive commercialcarbonated drinks.
Further west, in Vilque,Petronila Neyra Apasa looksout over her property. Shestill grows a wide variety of potatoes on half her fields,to be sure that she getssomething to eat, no matterwhat the weather does.However, Petronila is also
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*Andean Agriculture in the Altiplano.
the president of anassociation of 95 quinoaproducers, 56 of themcertified organic. Theassociation holds monthlymeetings to train the
members and discussbusiness. CIP and CIRNMAstaff contribute expertise andknowledge; yields doubleand triple after the training.The quinoa they produce isprocessed and sold by anaffiliated organization. Theorganic quinoa is profitablyexported to the Germanmarket, which is sodemanding even the plasticsacks are lined with organic
material to stop the grainscoming into contact with theplastic packaging.
“The Andes andespecially the Peru-BoliviaAltiplano make up an areawith highly complex climatic,
sociocultural and economicconditions,” said CIRNMA’sRoberto Valdivia. “To achievedevelopment based onresearch is a long-term task.In some cases, the work we
are doing started 10 yearsago.” CIP’s long experiencein participatory approachesto integrating agriculturaltechnology produced bycommodity-oriented researchinto farming systemscombines with CIRNMA’sdevelopment assistance,supervised credit schemesand organization of microenterprises to makegood business. Ask the trout
farmers in Lake Titicaca. Thefish flourish in the cagesfloating in the cold, cleanwaters of the lake. The linkshave been made fromproducers to markets, in thiscase Canada.
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R .V A L D I V I A ( C I R N MA )
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Schoolgardens
promoteorange-fleshed
sweetpotatoin Uganda
Children’s natural
curiosity and schoolgardens have turned out tobe very effective in
encouraging local people inUganda to incorporateorange-fleshedsweetpotatoes (OFSP) intotheir diets. With a variety of collaborators, CIP developed
ways to introduce andpromote OFSP in primaryschools in Eastern Africa. Theproject, a part of CIP’s
partnership program Vitamin Afor Africa, worked through 11schools in urban and peri-urban areas of Kawempe andRubaga divisions of Kampala totransfer and disseminate OFSP
Orange-fleshed
sweetpotatoprogram in
Africa winsCGIAR award
CIP’s work with the
nongovernmental organization
Helen Keller International and the
HarvestPlus Challenge Program won
a $30,000 award at the 2006 CGIARAnnual Meeting for the orange-
fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP)
program in Africa.
CGIAR had organized an
Innovation Marketplace at the
meeting to acknowledge and learn
from innovative collaboration
between civil-society organizations
and the CGIAR centers. Over 70
groups presented their work, with
five awards to be won.The Innovation Marketplace
Award was awarded to the
collaborative project “Promoting
Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato to
Improve Child Survival and Food
Security in Africa.”
The jury particularly
recognized:
How the partnership was innovative
in strengthening food security
through successfully linkingagriculture with nutrition and
health
The enormous potential for scaling
up this project within the African
continent and even globally.
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Ugandan children plantingsweetpotato in their school garden
V I T A A
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OFSPpopular inSouth Asia
varieties and rapid vinemultiplication technologiesto the surroundingcommunities.
In Africa, vitamin Adeficiency is one of theleading causes of earlychildhood death and a majorrisk factor for pregnantwomen. More than 3 millionchildren under the age of five suffer from vitamin A-related blindness in theregion and 50 million are atrisk from the condition.Adding 100 g of orange-fleshed sweetpotato to thedaily diet provides enoughvitamin A for children anddramatically reduces thematernal mortality rate.Pioneered and led by theInternational Potato Center(CIP), the Vitamin APartnership for Africa (VITAA)is promoting the increasedproduction and use of theorange varieties to combatvitamin A deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa.
By growing the OFSP
vines in school gardens, andeducating the children andpeople in the surroundingcommunities about the
advantages of eating theorange varieties, thetechnology spread rapidly inthe areas. Children proved tobe excellent communicationchannels between theschools and the communitymembers. The children’sinquisitiveness andenthusiasm were key inquick information delivery toa wide audience,strengthening relationsbetween schools and thecommunity. Introduction of special days for schoollunches depending on theavailability of mature OFSP inthe school gardens attractedthe attendance of morepupils to the schools. Pupilsleaving the primary level alsotook the OFSP technologiesand promoted them in theirrespective secondary schools.
The availability of OFSPplanting material in the
Orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes are also attracting many
consumers in the Indian subcontinent, as CIP introduces it
there. The varieties are proving so popular that most of the
product is being eaten by the OFSP-growing communities
before it reaches the market. CIP staff are working with
local collaborators to increase production to meet demand.
“OFSPs are now part of the rural livelihood in South India,”
said CIP’s Sreekanth Attahuri, who is working in the Orissa
area. Local authorities are interested in making OFSPavailable to children in the schools and national institutes
are looking at the qualitative and bioavailability aspects of
the varieties. “CIP and our partners are concentrating now
on market chains and value-added campaigns to bring
OFSPs to the users more quickly,” said Sreekanth.
S .
A T T A H U R I
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communities that surroundedthe schools increased, withover 80 percent of farmers inthe areas having easy access to
vines. Awareness increasedabout OFSP as a vitamin Asource amongst 6,000 farmersand more than 4,000 pupils.
Farmers, children, teachers,community and governmentorganizations and extensionagents are using thetechnology in Kampala, Ugandaand beyond. By 2006, over 80percent of the 1,000respondents in the project areahad grown and consumedOFSP, compared to 1 percentin 2004. Over 600 farmfamilies have actually grownand consumed OFSP while250,000 pupils and childrenhave eaten OFSP. Trainingprograms increased the impact;about 51 percent of farmersinvolved establishedmultiplication plots. Now thepartner organizations areapplying the knowledge andskills learned in the project totheir own work programs.
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Geospatialanalysis assists
free tradenegotiators in
Panama
The Panamanian
government is usingsoftware tools developed byCIP to assist in the decision
whether to enter into a freetrade agreement with theUnited States.
CIP provided technicalsupport to an EcoregionalFund project led by theInstituto de InvestigaciónAgropecuaria de Panamá(IDIAP), with the Ministriesof Agriculture, Health andthe Environment, and severalother national groups, todevelop a set of analyticaltools to predict what impacta free trade agreementwould have on farmers inthe country. The DirectorateGeneral of InternationalCooperation in theNetherlands providedfunding.
Building on previouswork, Roberto Quiroz, leaderof CIP’s Division of NaturalResources Management,worked with other projectmembers to combine
research results with
southwest Panama, one of the most importantagricultural areas in thecountry. This work allowed
local partners to identify aseries of agroecologicalzones, assess thevulnerability of the farmingsystems in the watershedand simulate the impact of trade liberalization ondifferent commodities. It waspossible to predict theeconomic viability andenvironmental sustainabilityof different commodities indifferent zones.
Applying the modelsgave some good news andsome bad news. IDIAPscientists showed that byadopting new technology,especially using mixed grass-legume pastures, farmerscould produce beef at
competitive prices in aliberalized market, not onlyfor the national but forexport markets as well. For
milk production, thelowlands would not becompetitive, but the upperwatershed, if reconverted toan intensive grass-legumegrazing pasture, couldcompete to retain thenational market, although fullintensification would becostly.
A similar analysis wasapplied to potato, which isone of the most importanthorticultural crops in thewatershed. Potato modelscalibrated for CIP materialswere used to assess
Land use in the Chiriquí Viejo
Watershed southwest Panamacourtesy Roberto Quiroz
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geospatial data and soil,climate, land use and marketinformation to analyze theChiriquí Viejo watershed in
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management strategiesunder free trade pricescenarios. Local researchersand the private potato
industry determined that toretain the national potatomarket, farmers would haveto produce at least 35tonnes of potato per hectare(up from 26 t/ha) at amaximum cost of US$0.16per kg, which might bepossible in the wet seasonbut would be unrealistic atother times.
The main point is thatthe approach yielded firm,reliable information thatcould be used withconfidence in assessing theimpact and implications of afree trade agreement. Onbalance the current evidencesuggests that a regional ormultilateral agreement
through the World TradeOrganization, rather than abilateral deal with the UnitedStates, would be more
advantageous to Panama.Potato and other horticulturalcrops have been classified assensitive commodities andwill be tariff-protected for aperiod if any deal is signed.
The work has had furtherbenefits and impact. TheMinistry of Agriculture hasassigned funds to IDIAP toconduct similar analyses infive important watersheds inthe country. “The innovativetools for geospatial analysisused and the modeling toevaluate the competitivenessof agronegotiations and theassociated environmentalrisks, contribute significantlyto the analysis of the Pan-American agricultural sector,”
Actual 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Landuse
2.252.001.75
1.501.251.000.750.500.250.00
IPM Pasture
Subbasinmg liter-1
said Benjamín Name,Subdirector General of IDIAP.“We need to count on thistype of analysis because
under the actual conditions of globalization and theeconomies of open markets,the future of our agriculturalsector seems to be at risk.”
The Panama CanalAuthority will conduct asimilar study in the PanamaCanal Watershed, thecountry’s most lucrative asset.“Modern technology andsystems analysis offer Panamaand other countries anopportunity to identifyagroecological areas andagricultural products that arebest suited to enhance thecapacity of their agriculturalsector to compete successfullyin an open market economy,”said Roberto Quiroz.
Subbasinmg liter-1
2.50
2.001.50
1.00
0.50
0.001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
Subbasin
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CIP outputs,outcomesand impact
CIP outputs,outcomesand impact
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This section reports the results of the CGIAR Research Performance Measurement System forCIP for 2006.
CIP Outputs - 2006Percent of output targets achieved: 95.45 percent
CIP Outcomes - 2006
Outcome 1: Developing new products from native potatoesAn innovative method of participation developed by CIP’s Papa Andina partnership program
was used to bring together farmers and private market chain groups to create trust andstimulate innovation. A participatory methodology was used to develop new marketopportunities for small farmers, taking advantage of the potato biodiversity in the Andes.Specifically, an agreement, negotiated in a climate of trust between the farmers and traders,motivated the farmers to invest time and resources in growing and packaging native potatovarieties. The marketing chain was completed when Wong, one of the largest supermarketchains in Peru, contracted to sell the product. This created a new market niche and yieldedhigher prices for farmers’ crops.
This approach led to the launching of a new native potato product, called T’ikapapa.Farmers produce and package specially selected high quality tubers of native potato varietiesfor sale at premium prices in supermarkets thus receiving higher farm-gate prices andincreased profits. (2005 MTP, Project 7, Division 1 – Output 3 (1-3)).
Peruvian consumers, small scale farmers, market chain partners and Wong supermarkets,especially in Lima, used the output.
Producing and selling T’ikapapa is yielding a new livelihood and profits for the farmers,distributors and the Wong supermarket chain. Peruvian consumers buy the product, small-scale farmers produce it, market chain partners ship it and Wong markets and sells it.
T’ikapapa potatoes have been available in most branches of Wong supermarkets in Perufor many months. Copies of media articles and photographs of T’ikapapa in the supermarketare available, as are data on volume of sales and prices of potato. The United Nations hasnominated the T’ikapapa initiative as one of the ten finalists for the Supporting Entrepreneursfor Environment and Development (Seed) Awards 2007 from 230 proposals from 70countries (see http://www.cipotato.org/pressroom/press_releases_detail.asp?cod=33).
Outcome 2: Remote sensing techniques and data used in free
trade negotiation by PanamaTechnical collaboration between CIP and the Government of Panama applied a package of remote-sensing techniques to identify competitive advantages and tradeoffs withenvironmental indicators for agroecological areas and agricultural products that are bestsuited to enhance the capacity of their agricultural sector to successfully compete in an openmarket economy. The results were used by the Panamanian government in negotiations withthe USA to develop a free trade agreement, which will have a significant positive effect onthe Panamanian agricultural sector, as trade restrictions would be eliminated. The tropical
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highlands dedicated to horticulture and dairy were used as a case study to demonstratewhether the industries could compete under the rules of free trade agreements.
A CIP-developed package of computer-assisted and remote-sensing analytical techniquesand tools developed through CIP’s ecoregional research and system and tradeoff analyses.
(First identified in MTP 2003-2005. CIP Division 5.)The output was adopted by the Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá, MIDA(Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario, and several other organizations in Panama.
Panamanian Free Trade negotiators are using the information produced, which identifiesagro-ecozones, assesses the vulnerability of the farming systems in a selected watershed, andsystematizes research results into simulation models to assess the impact of technologyadoption on the competitiveness of selected commodities (beef, milk and potato) in aliberalized market. The analysis was complemented with the assessment of the environmentalcost in term of soil erosion and water quality, both under actual practices and futurescenarios. The output encouraged Panamanian authorities to conduct similar analyses in otherwatersheds and use the results as input information for the free trade negotiations.
Outcome 3: Utilization of advanced populations to identifypromising clones in variety selection trials invarious countries: case of potato
National programs of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan identified high yielding potato varieties for usein the countries among elite germplasm dispatched from CIP.
30 new elite clones with high levels of resistance to viruses and excellent cooking andprocessing quality were introduced to Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Local breeders were trainedin sanitation procedures during micropropagation in laboratory and further work underscreenhouse conditions; transplanting of in vitro plants under proper seedbed conditions usingsubstrate locally available; rapid multiplication techniques (stem cutting and apical cuttingtechniques); transplanting and cultivation methodologies developed.
In Tajikistan, local researchers assessed yield and quality of introduced clones and
advanced the best selections to subsequent year’s variety trials. In Uzbekistan, scientistsassessed yield and quality of introduced clones and advanced the best selections tosubsequent year’s variety trials.
In the laboratory of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, in
vitro plants were transplanted into farmers’ fields in the highlands of Faizabad district, byresearchers of the Research Institute of Horticulture, Dushanbe. Farmers participated in fieldpreparation, transplanting of in vitro clones, and other cultural practices. At harvest, theirpreferences were taken into consideration. In Uzbekistan, 34 in vitro clones supplied by CIPLima were multiplied in the laboratory of the Biotechnology Dept. of Tashkent State AgrarianUniversity. A total of 31,210 minitubers were produced, which were planted in the highlandsof Tashkent in a research site belonging to the Institute of Vegetables, Melon and Potato,based in Tashkent.
Outcome 4: Impact of orange-fleshed sweetpotato onnutrition in Mozambique
An action research project using CIP-developed orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) led byMichigan State University included a strong behavioral change campaign on modifying childfeeding practices and diversifying the household diet that accompanied the introduction of CIP-developed OFSP varieties into the diets. This resulted in improved nutritional status anddiet diversity for young children targeted by the intervention. Public awareness efforts
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persuaded people to plant OFSP varieties and ensure that the most vulnerable householdmembers (women and young children) ate them, markets were developed using qualitystandards to encourage people to produce quality surplus roots for sale
CIP OFSP varieties were introduced into the region; public awareness and training
campaigns encouraged the use of the varieties. MTP 2003-2005. 498 resource-poorhouseholds in drought-prone areas of central Mozambique used the output.In the first food-based efficiency study conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, vitamin A intake
was almost eight times higher among children eating OFSP than control children, and theirserum retinol concentrations were doubled. The dietary quality of children and farmers wereimproved and a third of the households studied were marketing OFSP.
Outcome 5: Introduction of sweetpotato as animal feed intothe cropping systems in the dry forests inNorthwestern Peru
New CIP-developed dual-purpose sweetpotato varieties have been introduced into the
cropping system and adopted as animal feed by goat farmers in the dry forests innorthwestern Peru.
Crop-livestock technologies, dual-purpose sweetpotato varieties and management practicesfor alleviating poverty and making production systems more sustainable, first identified in theMTP 2003-2005.
Small livestock farmers in the dry forests in Piura in northwestern Peru used the output.Dual-purpose sweet potato varieties have been introduced into cropping systems for use
as animal feed. This feed source, which is new to the area, benefits the nutrition, health andproductivity of the goats, decreases the degradation of the dry forests in northwestern Peruand raises farmer incomes.
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CIP Impacts - 2006
X= CIP response
3A: I. Criterion 1: ex post IA studies/Advancement of epIAmethods (70%)
A) Please provide the full citation of all epIA studies1 published in 2006 that attempt toassess major impacts attributed to your Center’s work and provide summary informationdescribing the main results/indicator(s) of impact.
1. Fuglie, K.O. 2006. The Impact of Potato and Sweet Potato on Poverty in Asia. In FarmingA Way Out of Poverty: Forgotten Crops and Marginal Populations in Asia and the Pacific (R,ed. R. Bourgeois, L. Svensson and M. Burrows, 201-226). CAPSA Monograph No. 48, UN
ESCAP Center for Alleviation of Poverty through Secondary Crops in Asia (CAPSA), Bogor,Indonesia.Main result/indicators of impact reported by the study (i.e., adoption, estimates of incomeeffect, other effects, poverty impacts, environmental impacts, IRR, etc.)
CIP has collaborated with Asian researchers on potato and sweetpotato improvement sincemid-1970s. Major impacts include potato variety Cooperation 88 planted on 100,000+hectares and sweetpotato virus-free planting material, adopted on 800,000+ hectares inChina. Multiplier effects from higher agricultural production are 1.3 to 1.5 times directimpacts. Economic impact in China from CIP-related technology of US$ 370-420 million peryear benefited 9.6+ million poor persons. Per capita benefits (PPP$0.046-0.165/capita/day)from this technology exceeded the “poverty gap” for China. Thus, adoption of improvedpotato and sweetpotato technologies could potentially lift China’s extreme poor above thePPP$1/day poverty threshold.
Publication venue: X Book chapter(Co-) Authorship: X Center only scientistsEpIA coverage: X Commodity improvementDistance down the impact pathway covered by the study: X Ultimate impact (poverty, foodsecurity, environment)Geographical breadth of impacts assessed by the study: X Multiple countries (~ 2-5)assessmentAdvances in new methods/models for epIA embodied in the study: X Addresses multipliereffects (other sectors); X Employs novel methods (combines quantitative & qualitative,participatory approaches, etc.)
2. Fuglie, K.O., Jiang Xie, Jianjun Hu, Gang Huang, and Yi Wang. 2006. Processing
Industry Development and Sweet Potato in China. In Farming A Way Out of Poverty :Forgotten Crops and Marginal Populations in Asia and the Pacific, ed. R. Bourgeois, L.Svensson and M. Burrows, 311-332. CAPSA Monograph No. 48, UN ESCAP Center forAlleviation of Poverty through Secondary Crops in Asia (CAPSA), Bogor, Indonesia,Main result/indicators of impact reported by the study (i.e., adoption, estimates of incomeeffect, other effects, poverty impacts, environmental impacts, IRR, etc.)
The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and CIP improved designs for small-scalestarch and noodle processing equipment. By 2005, more than 12,000 machinery units were
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sold generating sales revenue of over 40 million Yuan. About 2.1 million tons of sweetpotatoroots (12 percent production) were processed into starch and other products in 2004 inSichuan. This processing increased average market price of sweetpotato by 12 percent andraised average market price for sweetpotato by an estimated 12 to 30 percent. The total
impact on income of farm families and small, rural enterprises was at least 282 million Yuan/year.
B) For each completed epIA study listed in I.A above, please provide the relevant informationunder each component (check the appropriate item)Publication venue: X Book chapter(Co-) Authorship: X With NARS scientistsEpIA coverage: X Commodity improvement; X Policy relatedDistance down the impact pathway covered by the study: X Intermediate impacts (improvedyield/quality, lower risk, higher income, conserve resources, increase market access/efficiency,develop human capacity)Geographical breadth of impacts assessed by the study: X Single location within singlecountry assessmentAdvances in new methods/models for epIA embodied in the study: X Addresses multipliereffects (other sectors)
3. Walker, T.S. and K.O. Fuglie. 2006. Prospects for Enhancing Value of Crops ThroughPublic-Sector Research: Lessons From Experiences With Roots and Tubers. Social SciencesWorking Paper 2006-1. Lima Peru: International Potato Center. pp. 19.Main result/indicators of impact reported by the study (i.e., adoption, estimates of incomeeffect, other effects, poverty impacts, environmental impacts, IRR, etc.)
This paper reviews a) the experience of the US public agricultural research program toincrease utilization of potato and sweetpotato and b) the impact of research on storage,processing, and new product development at CIP. Over the past 25 years, CIP has made amodest but continuing investment in post-harvest research in both crops. However, in boththe U.S. and CIP experiences, clear-cut successes of public sector post-harvest research are
hard to identify–sweetpotato in China is one of the few successes. A key lesson is that theCGIAR should approach agricultural post-harvest research cautiously and selectively.
B) For each completed epIA study listed in I.A above, please provide the relevant informationunder each component (check the appropriate item)Publication venue: X In-house publication (not reviewed externally)(Co-) Authorship: X Center only scientistsEpIA coverage: X Commodity improvementDistance down the impact pathway covered by the study: X Uptake/adoption (field surveys)Geographical breadth of impacts assessed by the study: X Multi-locations (regions) withinsingle country assessmentAdvances in new methods/models for epIA embodied in the study: -
4. Yanggen, D. and Nagujja, S. 2006. The use of orange-fleshed sweetpotato to combatVitamin A deficiency in Uganda. A study of varietal preferences, extension strategies andpost-harvest utilization. Working Paper 2006-2. International Potato Center (CIP), 80 p.Main result/indicators of impact reported by the study (i.e., adoption, estimates of incomeeffect, other effects, poverty impacts, environmental impacts, IRR, etc.)
A Vitamin A enrichment program (VITAA) with orange fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) began in2002, promoting consumption of OFSP and production technologies. By 2005 only 3.3percent of sweetpotato area was planted to OFSP varieties. Given the presence of local
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landraces, the area due to VITAA work is likely to be 1-2 percent. Uptake was much higherclose to pilot sites, suggesting adoption potential is much greater. The study found OFSP has25 percent lower yields than other varieties. Drought susceptibility was major limitationreported by farmers indicating that breeding for drought resistance should be a research
priority
B) For each completed epIA study listed in I.A above, please provide the relevant informationunder each component (check the appropriate item)Publication venue: X In-house publication (not reviewed externally)(Co-) Authorship: X Center only scientistsEpIA coverage: X Commodity improvementDistance down the impact pathway covered by the study: X Uptake/adoption (field surveys);X Ultimate impact (poverty, food security, environment)Geographical breadth of impacts assessed by the study: X Multi-locations (regions) withinsingle country assessmentAdvances in new methods/models for epIA embodied in the study: X Addresses multipliereffects (other sectors); X Employs novel methods (combines quantitative and qualitative,participatory approaches, etc.)
C) Please provide an estimate of the following:1. Annual budget/expenditures devoted to epIA work in your Center in 2006: US$ 150,000OR2. Number of full time equivalent staff devoted to epIA work in your Center in 2006: 0.00
3A: II. Criterion 2: Building an IA culture at the Center (20%)
A) Please provide a list of internal workshops convened by the Center’s impact assessmentunit/specialists within the past year to help assess the expected impacts of planned andongoing research of the Center (for each, describe the theme and number of Center
participants): Workshops List provided
B) Please provide two examples of systematic evaluation of user relevance of Centerresearch outputs produced within the past year such as early adoption/influence studies (maxof 100 words for describing data collection, analysis, and major finding for each example)In 2002, INNOVA, a project managed by CIP in Bolivia proposed validating ten technologiesfor natural resource management with farmers, and began developing methods to comparethis supply of technology with farmer demand, as discussed in the following section. Theresearchers used several methods to evaluate the technologies with farmers: FarmerResearch Committee, Technology Evaluation Groups (GETs), Sondeo and “Back and Forth”.These provided a coherent set of methods for linking the supply and demand for technology.Feedback from farmers generated by the methods was systematically recorded. The methodsevolved over the following three years improving understanding of the relevance of the
technology and to a series of changes in the technology itself.
C) Please provide specific examples of how empirical epIA findings have been applied as abasis for quantitative ex-ante impact projections that contribute to the Center’s priority-setting procedures, or have been used to validate earlier ex ante work.True Potato Seed (TPS) was initially promoted as a widely adoptable technology as analternative to clonal potato seed. Ex post impact studies of TPS showed lower and in somecases negative rates of return, indicating that TPS was a niche technology for situationswhere reasonable quality clonal seed was not economically available (Chilver, 2005). These
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findings were factored into CIP’s 2006 Priority Setting Exercise which estimated a greatlyreduced adoption ceiling for TPS of about 250,000 ha (Fuglie, 2007).
During the 2006 Priority Setting Exercise we assessed research and dissemination costs forCIP technologies (Fuglie, 2007). To help assess these costs we drew upon CIP’s ex post
impact assessment studies. Costs were highest for knowledge intensive technologies likeintegrated crop management (about US$80/ha of adoption area), and lowest for varietalchange (US $16/ha) while the cost of seed system improvement was somewhere in between(US $50/ha). These costs were included in the benefit-cost analysis which underpins thepriority setting, and so influenced overall conclusions about where CIP should direct itsresearch investment.
D) Please provide specific examples of establishment of baseline studies to providecounterfactuals for future epIAA baseline survey was carried out in 2006 prior to an intervention to test different strategiesfor promoting orange-fleshed sweetpotato in Mozambique. Twenty-four numerators andsupervisors were trained. The socioeconomic component collected information on: householdcomposition and education level, employment, land possession, farm production and sales,sources of knowledge about farming, food expenditures and consumption, sweet potatoconsumption, non-food expenditures and consumption, and nutritional knowledge. Thenutrition component collected anthropometrical measurements, food frequency with focus onvitamin A and fat sources); 24 hour-recall of food intake, child feeding practices, childimmunization, 2-week morbidity recall and fertility history of mother.
A baseline survey was carried out in 2006 in five cantons (counties) of Ecuador prior tobroad-based interventions to promote healthy and sustainable potato production. Farmers andhealth personnel were trained in each canton, and 481 households were surveyed with adiversity of potato production systems. Demographic and agricultural production data, severalaspects of the FAO Code of Conduct and pesticide-related health outcomes were recorded.Substantial quantities of highly toxic Class Ib and II pesticides were used in 2 of 5 cantons.Less than 50 percent of farmers possessed knowledge of IPM. The pesticide-related healthoutcome revealed depressed neurological scores.
A baseline study of Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs) Pesticides in Andean farming
communities in Peru was carried out in 2006 in five hotspots of pesticide use prior topromoting IPM. 693 farmers and 140 professionals involved in pesticide use were surveyed.Information was collected on pesticide use, knowledge of pesticides and poisonings. Mostfarmers use pesticides containing highly toxic methamidophos to control potato and maizeinsect pests. On average, 25 percent of the farmers interviewed in the hotspots havesuffered severe poisoning from using pesticides, for the most part organophosphatepesticides and carbamates.
3A: III. Criterion 3: Communication/dissemination and capacityenhancement (10%)
A) Please specify how the findings of epIAs have been disseminated in 2006:1. Number of epIA briefs published (not general M&E briefs): 12. Dissemination of epIA findings in popular media (number of stories published): 13. Dissemination of major IA findings through the Center website/IA webpage (indicatenumber of hits/visits/downloads of IA related reports/articles): 04. Any other method of dissemination of epIA findings used in 2006: Results of impact studyof sweetpotato and its use for pig feeding were covered in the article “Earning money fromsweetpotato and pigs in Vietnam” in CIP’s 2005 Annual Report which appeared last year.
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B) Please specify your Center’s efforts in building capacity in IA in 2006:1. Number of IA related conferences/workshops conducted for external audiences in 2006(e.g., NARS scientists): 32. Number of IA related training materials developed: 0
3. Number of IA visiting specialist from a NARS hosted: 04. Any other IA related capacity building efforts in 2006: Not applicable.
3A: IV. Other
Please list/describe any other impact-related activity or outcome of 2006 that you believewarrants consideration in this exercise but is not covered in any previous criteria/questions(Modifier to overall score)CIP’s Vision Exercise reorganized the research agenda around the Millennium DevelopmentGoals and created an Impact Enhancement Division to assure achievement. Baseline surveysand impact assessment now play a central role in steering the overall R&D paradigm,stimulating a more vigorous impact culture and a greater concern by individual scientists of how to get and measure impact. Impact measurement has broadened to include poverty andhealth impacts. CIP is experimenting with new metrics for impact measurement, some of which were used in the priority assessment and these are now guiding the planning of future impact assessment.
3B: SC/SPIA rating of two Center impact studies carried out in theperiod 2003-05 for rigor
Two impact studies provided
CIP quality and relevance of currentresearch - 20064A : Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2006 (excluding articles published
in journals listed in the Thomson Scientific/ ISI): 0.28 papers per scientist (See Appendixto this section)
4B: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2006 that are published in journalslisted in Thomson Scientific/ISI: 0.90 papers per scientist*
4C: Percentage of scientific papers per scientist that are published with developing country
partners in refereed journals, conference and workshop proceedings in 2006: 0.28percent of scientific papers.
* See Appendix (p. 70 et seq.) for list
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CIP institutional health - 2006
5A: GovernanceX= CIP Response
Board Composition and
Structure (as of December
31, 2006)
5A.1) What is the percent of Board leadership (Chair, ViceChair and StandingCommittee Chairs) withdeveloping country origin?• 0 percent
• 1-20 percentX 21-40 percent• 41-60 percent• Over 60 percent
2) What percent of Boardmembership positions areoccupied by women?• 0 percent• 1-20 percentX 21-40 percent• 41-60 percent• Over 60 percent
3) What percent of Boardmembership positions areoccupied by individualswhose organizations areeither direct recipients of Center funds OR whoseorganization are contributorsto the CGIAR (and the Boardmember is in direct lineresponsibility of CGIARfunds)?X 0-10 percent• 11-20 percent
• 21-30 percent• 31-40 percent• Over 51 percent
4) How many Boardmembers have professionalqualification in financialmanagement?X 0
• 1• 2• 3 or more
5) How many Boardmembers have professionalexpertise in corporate, non-profit or public governance?• 0-1• 2-3• 4-5X 6 or more
6) Is the Center DirectorGeneral a member of theNominating Committee?• YesX No
Board Practice
7) Have all new Boardmembers (who started theirterms in 2005 or 2006)attended a CGIAR Board
Orientation Program?X Yes• Noattended a comprehensivecenter-specific orientationprogram?X Yes• No
8) Has the Board conducteda self-assessment in 2006?X Yes• No
9) Was the full Boardengaged in the annualperformance assessment of the Board Chair?X Yes, the full Board• Yes, less than the fullBoard• No
10) Is there a formal processin place for evaluating Boardmembers beforereappointment?X Yes• No
11) How often did the fullBoard and the ExecutiveCommittee meet in 2006(including virtual meetings)?No. of meetings of fullboard: 3No. of meetings of Executive Committee: 1
12) Has the Centercompleted a Boardcommissioned CCER onCenter governance andmanagement during 2004-2006?X Yes• No
13) Does the Board have aclear strategy forcommunicating withstakeholders (includingCGIAR Members, otherCenters, Partners)?X Yes• NoDetermining the Center’smission and strategy
14) In 2006, has the entire
Board been engaged inreviewing, approving andguiding major institute-wideplans (i.e., MTP)?X Yes - Fully• Yes - Partially• No
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Program Oversight
15) In 2006, did the Boarddiscuss and act on anysignificant deviations from
previously announced targetsand strategic goals for 2005as defined in the MTP?X Yes - Fully• Yes - Partially• No
16) Does the Board have anapproved schedule for CCERson program matters?• YesX No
17) In 2006, did the Boardmonitor actions taken inresponse to CCERs andEPMRs?X Yes - Fully• Yes - Partially• No
Financial Oversight
18) Is there, in Board-approved documents, a clearpolicy on the delegations of authority from the Board tothe director General which
indicates those financialtransactions for which theapproval of the Board isnecessary, and those forwhich decision is delegatedto the Director General?X Yes• No
19) Is there a Boardapproved investment policyin place?X Yes
• No
20) Has the Board rotatedexternal auditors in line withthe CGIAR policy?X Yes• No
21) Does the full Board
receive information on keyfinancial indicators on aquarterly or more frequentbasis?
X Yes• No
22) In 2006, did the Boarddiscuss and act on anysignificant deviations (morethan 10 percent) from thebudget planned for 2005?X Yes• No• No deviationsSetting and reinforcingethical standards, values andpolicies
23) Is it Board practice tohave each Board memberdeclare potential conflicts of interest ahead of eachmeeting?X Yes• No
24) Has the Board discussed/reviewed the Centershuman resource policiesduring 2005-2006?
X Yes• No
25) In 2006, has the Boardreceived and reviewedCenter staffing numbers andtrends (including consultantsand gender and diversityinformation)?X Yes• No
26) Has the Board reviewed
the adequacy of theCenter’s risk managementand internal controlmechanisms as an explicitBoard meeting agenda itemduring 2005-2006?X Yes• No
27) Is there a boardapproved grievance policy?X Yes• No
28) Is there a boardapproved “whistle blowing”policy?• YesX NoEnsuring strong andcontinuous leadership of Centers
29) Do Board membersother than the Board Chairparticipate in the annualperformance appraisal of theDG, including decisions oncompensation?X Yes, fully• Yes, partially• No
30) Is there a currentsuccession plan for seniormanagement?X Yes• NoDisclosure, Transparency andAccountability
31) Is the following Centerinformation publicly available(e.g., on the Centerwebsite)?- the Center’s currentMedium-Term-PlanX Yes• No- Financial performance of the Center (i.e., as disclosedin the Center AnnualReport)
X Yes• No- Staff compensationstructure (i.e., salary scalesfor different grades of staff)• YesX No- the latest Center ExternalProgram and Management
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Review (including Centerresponse)X Yes• No
- Minutes of the CenterBoard Meetings (concerningnon-confidential agendaitems)• YesX No
32) Does the Center have aformal code of conduct /ethical principles (includingconflict of interest rules) forstaff, managers and boardmembers?X Yes, fully enforced• Yes, partially enforced• Yes, but not enforced• No
33) Are your procurementpolicies and theirimplementation fullyconsistent with the CGIARGuidelines on Procurementof Goods, Works andServices (FG 6)?• Yes, fully enforcedX Yes, partially enforced
• Yes, but not enforced• No
5B: Board Statements
Statement on Governance
In 2006, the Board of
Trustees of the
International Potato
Center took several
actions aimed at
improving Board
oversight; two are
described below.
Frequency of Board
meetings. Historically, theCIP Board has held onemeeting per year. It wasagreed that beginning in2006 the Board would moveto four meetings per year.The annual face-to-face
meeting at CIP headquartersin Lima (in April) would bemaintained. A second face-to-face meeting would be
held each year (in October)in one of the regions,allowing the Board to visitwith regionally-based staff and review program work inthe regions. The other twomeetings will be conductedby teleconference (inJanuary and July). Each of the four meetings is timedin order to review theformal quarterly financialstatement, financial reportand DG’s report to theBoard. It is expected thatmore frequent meetings bythe Board will stimulategreater and more continualengagement and oversightby Board members.
Strategic planning. For thefirst time (in April 2006) theBoard conducted a day-longretreat–apart from the formalBusiness meeting andprogram meetings that are
normally conducted at theface-to-face meetings. Theobjective of the meetingwas to create the space toaddress long-term (visionand strategic) issues facingthe Center. The Boardagreed to make this aregular practice and expectsthis will assist the Board inreviewing mission, vision,values and strategicplanning.
5C: Culture of learning
and change1) Staff surveysa. Has the Center conducteda staff satisfaction and/orattitude survey of ALL staff in 2005 or 2006, where theresults were shared with
staff?X Yes• Nob. If yes, did the survey
result in specific action plansto improve staff satisfactionand /or attitudes?X Yes• No
2) Leadership developmentprograma. Does the Center have anactive leadershipdevelopment programcovering current andprospective staff inmanagerial positions?• Yes, for current ANDprospective staff • Yes, for current staff • Yes, for prospective staff X No
3) Individual learning plansa. Does the staff appraisalsystem include thedevelopment and followupof annual individual learningplans?X Yes
• Nob. Does the Center have amentoring program foryoung scientists?X Yes• No
4) Staff developmentactivitiesa. What percentage of theoverall 2006 budget wasspent for attendance atinternational conferences or
professional societymeetings or for a shortsabbatical at a university,etc?• 0–0.5 percent• 0.51–1.0 percentX 1.1–2.0 percent• 2.1–3 percent
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• More than 3 percentb. What percentage of theoverall 2006 budget wasspent on staff training (e.g.
computer, language, projectmanagement, leadershiptraining etc.)?X 0–0.5 percent• 0.51–1.0 percent• 1.1 percent–2.0 percent• 2.1 percent–3 percent• More than 3 percentc. Considering staff trainingonly (question 5C–4b), whatis the total number of training days in 2006 for allIRS staff, divided by the totalnumber of IRS staff?X Less than 1• 1–2.5• 2.6–4.5• 4.6–6.5• 6.6–8• More than 8d. Considering staff trainingonly, what is the totalnumber of training days in2006 for all NRS staff,divided by the total numberof NRS staff?• Less than 1
• 1–2.5X 2.6–4.5• 4.6–6.5• 6.6–8• More than 8
5) On average, how manydays did an IRS staff spendin 2006 on programplanning and review?• 0–2.0• 2.1–3.0• 3.1–4.0
• 4.1–5.0X More than 5
6) Completed CCERs in2004-2006a. How many Boardcommissioned CCERs onprogram-related matterswere completed in 2004-06?
• 0 X 1• 2 • 3• 4 or moreb. What is the percentage of
your program budget(average for 2004-2006) thathas been covered by CCERscompleted in 2004-06?X 0-30 percent• 31-50 percent• 51-70 percent• 71-90 percent• Over 90 percent
7) Partnershipsa. How many SWPs/CPs wasthe Center actively engagedin as a partner during 2006?• Less than 3• 3-6X 7-10• More than 11b. How many new andsubstantive partnerships didthe Center establish withexternal partners (e.g.National AgriculturalResearch Institutes, CivilSociety Organizations) in2006? 28 (No. of NEWpartnerships)
Please list names of up to 3new partner organizationsDepartment of Agricultureand Livestock (DAL),Solomon IslandsDepartment of AgriculturalResearch Services (DARS),and Extension Services(DAES), Ministry of Agriculture, MalawiInstituto de InvestigacaoAgraria, Mozambique
8) Do you systematicallypreserve research projectdata (primary and secondarydata sets), includingdocumentation on the dataand project?X Yes, we have some, butnot all, of the researchproject data preserved and
these are internally available
5D, 5E, 5F, 5G: Diversity
5D) Gender diversity goals:
Does your Center haveBoard approved genderdiversity goals?X Yes• No
5E) Percentage of women inmanagement (Percent of management positions,either research or non-research, occupied bywomen as of 31. December2006). 27.00 percent
5F) IRS Nationalityconcentration:Percentage of internationally-recruited staff that comefrom the top two countriesrepresented in the IRS staff nationality list for the Center(as of December 31, 2006).Please also indicate theNationality.First nationality: 17.00percent - Nationality: PeruSecond nationality: 12.00
percent - Nationality:Germany
5G) Diversity in recency of PhDs:Percentage of scientistsreceiving their PhD duringthe last five years (2002-2006). 22.00 percent
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Appendix. List of publications
Indicator 4B: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientistin 2006 that are published in journals listed inThomson Scientific
1. Almekinders, C. J. M., Thiele, G. and Danial, D. 2006. Can Cultivars from participatoryplant breeding improve seed provision to small-scale farmers? Euphytica, 153:363-372.
2. Bentley, J. W., Priou, S., Aley, P., Correa, J., Torres, R., Equise, H., Quiruchi, J. L. andBarea, O. 2006. Method, Creativity and CIALs. International Journal of AgriculturalResources Governance and Ecology, 5 (1):90-105.
3. Bruskiewich, R., Davenport, G., Hazekamp, T., Metz, T., Ruiz, M., Simon, R., Takeya, M.,Lee, J., Senger, M., McLaren, G., Hintum. (2006). Generation Challenge Programme (GCP):Standards for Crop Data OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology, 10 (2): 215-9 http://
www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/omi.2006.10.2154. Buijs, J., Martinet, M., de Mendiburu, F., Ghislain, M. 2006. Potential adoption andmanagement of insect-resistant potato in Peru, and implications for geneticallyengineered potato. Environmental Biosafety Research, 4 (3):179-188.
5. Buytaert, W., Célleri, R., De Bievre, B., Cisneros, F., Wyseure, G., Deckers, J. andHofstede, R. 2006. Human impact on the hydrology of Andean páramos. Earth-ScienceReviews [ISSN 0012-8252], 79:53-72.
6. Buytaert, W., Célleri, R., Willems, P., De Bièvre, B. and Wyseure, G. 2006. Spatial andtemporal rainfall variability in mountainous areas. A case study from the south EcuadorianAndes. Journal of Hydrology, 329:413-421.
7. Campos, D., Noratto, G., Chirinos, R., Arbizu, C., Roca, W., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. 2006Antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in four species of Andean tuber crops:Native potato (Solanum sp.), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon), oca (Oxalistuberosa Molina) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). Journal of the Science of Food
and Agriculture (UK). ISSN 0022-5142. 86 (10):1481-1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ jsfa.2529
8. Cole, D. C., Crissman, C and Orozco A. F. 2006. Canada’s International DevelopmentResearch Centre’s Eco-Health projects with Latin Americans: Origins, development andchallenges. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne de de Sante Publique[ISSN 0008-4263] (Nov-Dec), 97 (6):I 8-I 14.
9. Chacón, G., Adler, N. E., Jarrín, F., Flier, W. G., Gessler, C. and Forbes,G. A. 2006. Geneticstructure of the population of Phytophthora infestans attacking Solanum ochranthum inthe highlands of Ecuador. European Journal of Plant Pathology, (115):235-245.
10. Claessens, L., Verburg, P. H., Schoorl, J. M. and Veldkamp, A. 2006. Contribution of topographically based landslide hazard modelling to the analysis of the spatial distributionand ecology of kauri (Agathis australis ). Landscape Ecology, 21 (1):63-76.
11. Claessens, L., Lowe, D. J., Hayward, B. W., Schaap, J. M., Schoorl, J. M. and Veldkamp,
A. 2006. Reconstructing high-magnitude/low-frequency landslide events based on soilredistribution modelling and a Late-Holocene sediment record from New Zealand.Geomorphology, 74 (1-4):29-49.
12. Cuellar, W., Gaudin, A., Solórzano, D., Casas, A., Ñopo, L., Chudalayandi, P., Medrano,G., Kreuze, J., and Ghislain, M. 2006. Self-excision of the antibiotic resistance gene nptIIusing a heat inducible Cre-loxP system from transgenic potato. Plant Molecular Biology, 62(1/2):71-82.
13. Danial, D., Parlevliet, J., Almekinders, C., and Thiele, G. 2006. Farmers participation andbreeding for durable disease resistance in the Andean region Euphytica, 153 (3):385-396.
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14. Dolja, V. V., Kreuze, J. F. and Valkonen, J. P. T. 2006. Comparative and functionalgenomics of the closteroviruses. Virus Research, 117:38–51.
15. Eliasco, E., Livieratos, I. C., Müller, G., Guzman, M., Salazar, L. F. and Coutts, R. H. A. 2006.Sequences of defective RNAs associated with potato yellow vein virus. Archives of
Virology, 151 (1):201-204.16. Elzein, A. E. M. and Kroschel, J. 2006. Development and efficacy of granular formulationsof Fusarium oxysporum FOXY 2 for Striga control: an essential step towards practical fieldapplication in Africa Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection (special issue), 20:889-905.
17. Elzein, A. E. M. and Kroschel, J. 2006. Host range studies of Fusarium oxysporum FOXY 2:an evidence for a new forma specialis and its implications for Striga control Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection (special issue), 20:875-887.
18. Elzein, A. E. M., Kroschel, J. and Leth, V. 2006. Seed treatment technology: An attractivedelivery system for controlling root parasitic weed Striga with mycoherbicide BiocontrolScience and Technology, 16 (1):3-26.
19. Erenstein, O., Sumberg, J., Oswald, A., Levasseur, V., Kore, H. 2006. What future forintegrated rice-vegetable production systems in West African lowlands? AgriculturalSystems, 88:376-394.
20. Erenstein, O., Oswald, A., Mahaman, M. 2006. Determinants of lowland use close tourban markets along an agro-ecological gradient in West Africa Agriculture, Ecosystems &Environment [ISSN 0167-8809], 117:205-217.
21. Escobar, R. H., Hernández, C. M., Larrahondo, N., Ospina, G., Restrepo, J., Muñoz L.,Tohme, J. and Roca, W. 2006. Tissue culture for farmers: Participatory adaptation of low-input cassava propagation in Colombia Experimental Agriculture, 42:1-18
22. Evers, D., Schweitzer, C., Nicot, N.; Gigliotti, S., Herrera, M. R., Hausman, J. F., Hoffmann,L., Trognitz, B., Dommes, J., Ghislain, M. (2006) Two PR-1 loci detected in the nativecultivated potato Solanum phureja appear differentially expressed upon challenge by lateblight. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 67:155-163.
23. Evers, E., Ghislain, M., Hoffmann, L., Hausman, J. F. and Dommes, J. 2006. A late blightresistant potato plant overexpresses a gene coding for á-galactosidase upon infection byPhytophthora infestans . Biologia Plantarum, 50 (2):265-271.
24. Fuglie, K., Adiyoga, W., Asmunati, R., Mahalaya, S., Suherman, R. (2006). Farm demand for
quality potato seed in Indonesia. Agricultural Economics, 35:257-266.25. Ghislain1, M., Andrade, D., Rodríguez, F., Hijmans, R. J., Spooner, D. M. 2006. Genetic
analysis of the cultivated potato Solanum tuberosum L. Phureja Group using RAPDs andnuclear SSRs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 13 (8):1515-1527
26. Gildemacher, P., Heijne, B., Silvestri, M., Houbraken, J., Hoekstra, E., Theelen, B, andBoekhout, T. 2006. Interactions between yeasts, fungicides and apple fruit russeting. FEMSYeast Research, (6):1149-1156.
27. Jansky, S. H., Simon, R. and Spooner, D. M. 2006. A test of taxonomic predictivity:resistance to white mold in wild relatives of cultivated potato. Crop Science, 46:2561-2570
28. Karuniawan, A., Anas, I., Kale, P. R., Heinzemann, J., Grüneberg, W. J. 2006. Vigna
vexillata (L.) A. Rich. cultivated as a root crop in Bali and Timor. Genetic Resources andCrop Evolution, 53:213-217
29. Li Pun, H. H., Mares, V., Quiroz, R., León-Velarde, C. U., Valdivia, R. and Reinoso, J.
2006. Pursuing the Millennium Development Goals in the Andean Altiplano. Building onCIP Project Experiences with Poverty and Sustainable Development. Mountain Researchand Development, 26 (1):15-19
30. Luo, H. R., Santa Maria, M., Benavides, J., Zhang, D. P., Zhang, Y. Z., Ghislain, M. 2006.Rapid genetic transformation of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) viaorganogenesis. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5:1851-1857.
31. Lu, G. Q.; Huang, H. H.; Zhang, D. P. 2006. Application of near-infrared spectroscopy topredict sweetpotato starch thermal properties and noodle quality. Journal of ZhejiangUniversity - Science B (Germany). ISSN 1673-1581. 7 (6):475-481. http:dx.doi.org/10.1631/
jzus.2006.B0475 .
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32. Morris, J., Steel, E. J., Smith, P., Boonham, N., Spence, N and Barker, I. 2006. Host rangestudies for tomato chlorosis virus, and Cucumber vein yellowing virus transmitted byBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) European Journal of Plant Pathology, (114):265-273.
33. Watkinson, J. I., Hendricks, L., Sioson, A. A., Vasquez-Robinet, C., Stromberg, V., Heath,
L. S., Schuler, M., Bohnert, H. J., Bonierbale, M., Grene, R. 2006. Accessions of Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena show differences in photosynthetic recovery after drought stressas reflected in gene expression profiles. Plant Science, 171:745-758
34. Mumford R., Boonham N., Tomlinson, J., and Barker, I. 2006. Advances in molecularphytodiagnostics - new solutions for old problems European Journal of PlantPathology, (116):1-19.
35. Ortega, O. R., Kliebestein, D., Arbizu, C., Ortega, R., and Quiros, C. 2006. Glucosinolatesurvey of cultivated and feral mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón) in the CuzcoRegion of Peru. Economic Botany, 60 (3):254-264
36 . Ortiz, O. 2006. Evolution of agricultural extension and information dissemination in Peru:An historical perspective focusing on potato-related pest control. Agriculture and HumanValues, 23 (4):477-489.
37. Parsa, S., Alcazar, J., Salazar, J., and Kaya, H. 2006. An indigenous Peruvianentomopathogenic nematode for suppression of the Andean potato weevil. BiologicalControl, 39 (2006):171-178.
38. Pilet, F., Chacon, M. G., Forbes, G. A., and Andrivon, D. 2006. Protection of susceptiblepotato cultivars in mixtures increases with decreasing disease pressure.Phytopathology, (96):777-783.
39. Pissard, A., Ghislain, M., Bertin, P. 2006. Genetic diversity of the Andean tuber-bearingspecies, oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol.), investigated by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats.Genome, 49 (1):8-16.
40 . Priou, S., Gutarra, L. and Aley, P. 2006. An improved enrichment broth for the sensitivedetection of Ralstonia solanacearum (biovar 1 and 2A) in soil using DAS-ELISA. PlantPathology, 55-:36-45.
41. Rauscher, G. M., Smart, C. D., Simko, I., Bonierbale, M., Mayton, H., Greenland, A. andFry, W. 2006. Characterization and mapping of Rpi-ber, a novel potato late blightresistance gene from Solanum berthaultii Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 12 (4):674-
687.42. Reyes, T., Luukkanen, O., and Quiroz, R. 2006. Small cardamom - Precious for people,
harmful for mountain forests: Possibilities for sustainable cultivation in the East Usambaras,Tanzania. Mountain Research and Development, 26 (2):131–137
43 . Roder, W. 2006. Speculations on the Importance of Job’s Tears in Past AgriculturalSystems of Bhutan. Economic Botany, 60 (2):187-191.
44 . Roder, W., Schuermann, S., Chittanavanh, P., Sipaseuth, K., and Fernandez, M. 2006. Soilfertility management for organic rice production in the Lao PDR. Renewable Agricultureand Food Systems, 21 (4): 253-260.
45 . Schafleitner, R., Gaudin, A., Gutierrez, R. O., Alvarado, C. A. and Bonierbale, M.(1) 1:(2006). Proline accumulation and Real Time PCR expression analysis of genesencoding enzymes of proline metabolism in relation to drought tolerance in Andeanpotato Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 29 (1):19-26.
46. Schaub, B., Marley, P., Elzein, A. E. M. and Kroschel, J. (2006) Field evaluation of anintegrated Striga hermonthica management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Synergy between Strigamyco-herbicides (biocontrol) and sorghum and maize resistant varieties. Journal of PlantDiseases and Protection (special issue), 20: 691-699.
47. Schoorl, J. M., Claessens, L., Lopez, M., de Koning, F. G. H. and Veldkamp, A. 2006.Geomorphological analysis and scenario modelling in the Noboa – Pajan Area, ManabiProvince, Ecuador Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Suppl.-Vol., 145:105-118.
48. Shibairo, S., Demo, P., Kabira, J. N., Gildemacher, P., Gachango, E., Menza, M.,Nyankanga, R. O., Chemining’wa, G. N. and Narla, R. D. 2006. Effects of Gibberellic acid
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(GA3) on sprouting and quality of potato seed tubers in diffused light and pit storageconditions. Journal of Biological Sciences, 6 (4):723-733
49. Solis, J., Medrano, G. and Ghislain, M. 2006. Inhibitory effect of a defensin gene fromthe Andean crop maca (Lepidium meyenii ) against Phytophthora infestans . Journal of
Plant Physiology, Published Online 17 August 2006. doi:10.1016/j.jplph2006-06.002.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16919367.
50. Tenorio, J., Franco, Y., Chuquillanqui, C., Owens, R. A. and Salazar, L. F. 2006. Reactionof potato varieties to Potato mop-top virus infection in the Andes. American Journal of Potato Research [ISSN:1099-209X] 83 423-431
51. Watkinson, J. I., Hendricks, L., Sioson, A. A., Vasquez-Robinet, C., Stromberg, V., Heath, L.S., Schuler, M., Bohnert, H. J., Bonierbale, M., Grene, R. 2006. Accessions of Solanum
tuberosum ssp. andigena show differences in photosynthetic recovery after drought stressas reflected in gene expression profiles. Plant Science, 171: 745-758
52. Weintraub, P. G., Mujica, N. (CIP). 2006. Systemic effects of a spinosad insecticide onLiriomyza huidobrensis larvae. Phytoparasitica (Israel). ISSN 0334-2123. 2006. 34 (1):21-24.
53. Shibairo, S. I., Demo P., Kabira, J. N., Gildemacher P., Gachango E.,Menza, M., Nyankanga, R. O., Chemining’wa, G. N. and Narla, R. D.2006. Effects of Gibberellic acid (GA3) on sprouting and quality of potato seed tubers indiffused light and pit storage conditions. Journal of Biological Sciences . 6 (4) 723-733.
54. Wintermantel, W. M., Fuentes, S., Chuquillanqui, C., and Salazar, L. F., 2006. First reportof Beet pseudo-yellows virus and Strawberry pallidosis associated virus in strawberry inPeru. Plant Disease 90:1457.
Indicator 4B: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientistin 2006 that are published in journals listed inThomson Scientific
Number of publications = 54; Number of scientists = 60; 54/60 = 0.9; 0.9 articles/scientist
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Center governance - internal control
and risk managementThe Trustees acknowledge that they are responsible for the Center’s system of internalcontrol and for reviewing its effectiveness. The system is designed to manage rather thaneliminate the risk of failure to achieve the Center’s strategic objectives, and can only providereasonable, not absolute, assurance against material misstatement or loss. An ongoing processhas been established for identifying, evaluating and managing the significant risks faced bythe Center. The process has been in place for the full year under review and up to the dateof approval of the annual report and financial statements. The Board regularly reviews theprocess.
The Center’s key risk management processes and system of internal control proceduresinclude the following:
Management structure: Authority to operate is delegated to management within limits setby the board. Functional, operating and financial reporting standards are established bymanagement for application across the Center. The procedures manual sets out, inter alia ,the general ethos of the Center, delegation of authority and authorisation levels, segregationof duties and other control procedures together with Center accounting policies. Theseprocedures are supplemented by operating standards set by the local management, asrequired for the geographical location.
Identification and evaluation of business risks: The major financial, scientific, legal,regulatory and operating risks within the Center are identified through annual reportingprocedures. The internal audit team regularly reviews these risks to ensure that are beingeffectively managed and appropriately insured, and prepares an annual risk assessment report.The team also undertakes regular reviews of the most significant areas of risk and ensures
that key control objectives remain in place and reports its findings to the audit committee.
Information and financial reporting systems: The Center’s comprehensive planning andfinancial reporting procedures include detailed operational budgets for the year ahead and a2-year rolling plan. The board reviews and approves them. Performance is monitored andrelevant action taken throughout the year through the quarterly reporting of key performanceindicators, updated forecasts for the year together with information on the key risk areas.
Investment appraisal: A budgetary process and authorisation levels regulate capitalexpenditure. For expenditure, beyond specified levels and outside of the approved budget,detailed written proposals have to be submitted to the board for approval. Reviews arecarried out after the acquisition is complete, and for some projects, during the acquisitionperiod, to monitor expenditure; major overruns are investigated. Proposals for research and
development programs are considered by a team led by Dr. Anderson and proposals beyondspecified limits are considered by the board.
Audit Committee: The Audit Committee monitors, through reports to it by the internal auditteam, the controls which are in force and any perceived gaps in the control environment.The Audit Committee meets with the auditors independently from management. The AuditCommittee also considers and determines relevant action in respect to any control issuesraised by internal or external auditors.
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The Board confirms that it has reviewed the effectiveness of the systems of internal control;the key processes used in doing so included the following:· Review of the annual risk assessment report;· Production and regular updating of summaries of key controls measured against Center
benchmarks which cover internal controls, both financial and non-financial;· Review of reports prepared by the internal audit team;· Confirms that the procedures set out in the Center’s procedures manual have been
followed;· The Chair of the Audit Committee reports the outcome of the Audit Committee meetings
to the board and the board receives minutes of the meetings; and· Review the role of insurance in managing risks across the Center.
Jim Godfrey
Chair of Board of Trustees
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The International Potato Center achieved a slight surplus of US$0.07M in 2006. The surplus increased CIP’s financial reserves fromUS$5.7M to US$5.8M, defined as net working capital plus long terminvestments.
CIP’s total revenues reached US$23.1M in 2006, 4 percent above 2005.Total revenues include US$8.9M of unrestricted donations and US$13.6Mof restricted donations, and US$0.6M of other revenues, mainly interests.At the end of the year, US$1.3M of approved grants (6 percent of totalrevenues) was pending disbursements by donors.
Unrestricted contributionsincreased by 10 percent fromUS$8.1M to US$8.9M in 2006,while restricted contributionswere reduced by 2 percentfrom US$13.9M to US$13.6M.The “Superior” performancescore that the World Bank awarded CIP meant that thecenter received an additionalallocation. This, together withan additional allocation fromthe World Bank tocompensate for the non-
delivery of the EC’s contribution, and exchange rate gains obtained
during the year increased unrestricted revenues.During the year, 60 new restricted proposals, for a total
commitment of US$19.1M, were approved by donors. Newcommitments increased by 21 percent, with respect to 2005. Theaverage donation per proposal approved decreased from US$0.39Mto US$0.32M in 2006.
During the year, total expenditures increased by 4 percent toUS$23.0M. Research, research management and operationsincreased by 5 percent, 10 percent and 6 percent respectively,while information expenditures decreased by 11 percent in 2006.
Financialreport
Statement of financial position
Year ending 31 December 2006
(compared with 2005-US$000)
(US$000)
2006 2005
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalent 13,990 10,525
Investments 537
Account Receivable:
Donor 1,310 3,524
Employees 67 160
Others 271 240
Inventory 396 396
Advances 148 82Prepaid Expenses 144 185
Total Cur rent Assets 16 ,326 15 ,649
Non-Current Assets
Investments non-current 337 305
Furnishing and 3,711 2,768
Equipment, Net
Total Non-Current Assets 4,048 3,073
Total Assets 20,374 18,722
Liabilities and Net Assets
Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable
Donor 6,118 4,586
Others 4,670 5,597
Provisions 47 45
Total Current Liabilities 10,835 10,228
Non- Current Liabilities
Long -term loan
Accruals 150 0
Employees 298 255
Total Non-current Liabilities 448 255
Total Liabilities 11,283 10,483
Net Assets
Designated 3,297 2,512
Undesignated 5,794 5,727
Total Net Assets 9,091 8,239
Total Liabilities 20,374 18,722
and Net Assets
FinancialReserves
(US$thousands)
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-2003 2004 2005 2006
Revenues(US$
thousands)
14,000
10,500
7,000
3,500
0
Unrestricted Restricted
2003 2004 2005 2006
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Apartado 17-21-1977Quito, EcuadorTel: +593 2 2690 362/363Fax: +593 2 2692 604email: [email protected]: www.quito.cipotato.orgContact: Graham Thiele, LiaisonScientist
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
Kenya Regional OfficeInternational Potato CenterP.O. Box 25171Nairobi 00603, KenyaTel: +254 020 4223602Fax: +254 020 4223600/4223001email: [email protected]: Jan Low, SSA RegionalLeader
Malawi Liaison OfficeInternational Potato Center
Chitedze Research StationPO Box 30258Lilongwe 3MalawiTel: +265 1 707014, Extension 212Fax: +265 1 707026email: [email protected]: Paul Demo, LiaisonScientist
Mozambique Liaison Office
International Potato CenterIIAM Avenida das FPLM 2698Maputo, Mozambique.PO Box 2100 Maputo.Tel/Fax: +258 21461610email: [email protected]: Maria Andrade, LiaisonScientist
Uganda Liaison OfficeInternational Potato CenterPlot 106, Katalima Road, Naguru HillP.O. Box 22274
Globalcontact
points
Latin America and the
Caribbean (LAC)
Ecuador Liaison OfficeInternational Potato CenterSanta Catalina ExperimentalStationKm. 17 Panamericana SurSector Cutuglagua Canton Mejía
Latin America
and the
Caribbean (LAC)
Sub-Saharan
Africa (SSA)
East and Southeast
Asia and the
Pacific (ESEAP)
Peru
Ecuador KenyaUganda
ChinaAfghanistan
Malawi
Mozambique
Uzbekistan
Philippines
Bhutan
Vietnam
Heilongjiang
Northeast India
Vietnam
IndonesiaIndonesia
Northeast India
Bhutan
ChinaHeilongjiang
Uganda
Malawi
Mozambique
Kenya
Afghanistan
Uzbekistan
Peru
Ecuador
South, West
and Central Asia
(SWCA)
CIP inthe
world
PhilippinesOrissa
Liaison Office Regional OfficeLiaison Office
IndiaIndia
Orissa
CIP Headquarters
International Potato Center (CIP) Avenida La Molina 1895, La MolinaP.O. Box 1558 Lima 12, PeruTel: +51 1 349 6017 Fax: +51 1 317 5326
email: [email protected] Website: www.cipotato.org
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Kampala, UgandaTel: +256 414 287 538Fax: +256 414 287 571email: [email protected]: Regina Kapinga, Liaison
Scientist
South, West and Central
Asia (SWCA)
India Regional OfficeInternational Potato CenterNASC ComplexDPS Marg, Pusa CampusNew Delhi, 110012, IndiaTel: +91 11 2584 0201/2584 3734Fax: +91 11 2584 7481email: [email protected]: Sarath Ilangantileke,SWCA Regional Leader
Orissa Liaison OfficeRegional Center of CTCRIP.O. Dumduma HBCBhubaneswar 751019Orissa, IndiaTel: +91-0674-2472244Fax: +91-0674-2470768Email: [email protected]: Mr. Sreekanth Attaluri
Northeast India Liaison OfficeNagaland University-SASRD CampusMedziphemaNagaland 797106IndiaTel: +91-03862-247311Fax: +91-03862-247113Email: [email protected]: Mr. N. Thungjamo Lotha
Afghanistan Liaison Officec/o International Center forAgricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA)Central P.O. Box 1355Kabul, AfghanistanTel: +93 7060 1593email: [email protected]: Muhammad Arif
Bhutan Liaison OfficeP.O. Box 670, SemtokaG.P.O. ThimphuBhutanTel: +975 2 351 016 / 351 694 /323 355Fax: +975 2 351 027email: [email protected]: Walter Roder
Uzbekistan Liaison Officec/o ICARDA-CACP.O. Box 4564Tashkent 700000Uzbekistan
Tel: +998 71 137 2169/137 2130Fax: +998 71 120 7125email: [email protected]: Carlo Carli, LiaisonScientist
East and Southeast Asia
and the Pacific (ESEAP)
Indonesia Regional OfficeInternational Potato CenterKebun Percobaan Muara, Jalan RayaCiapusJawa Barat, Bogor 16610, IndonesiaTel: +62 251 317 951Fax: +62 251 316 264email: [email protected]: www.eseap.cipotato.orgContact: Fernando Ezeta, ESEAPRegional Leader
China Liaison OfficeInternational Potato Centerc/o The Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhong Guan Cun South Street 12West Suburbs of Beijing,Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaTel: +86 10 6897 5504Fax: +86 10 6897 5503email: [email protected]: www.eseap.cipotato.org/cip-chinaContact: Yi Wang, Liaison Scientist
Heilongjiang Liaison OfficeTraining Building, Room No. 324Northeast Agricultural University59-Mucai Street, Xiangfang DistrictHarbin, Heilongjiang 150030People’s Republic of ChinaTel: +86 451 5519 0997Fax: +86 451 5519 1717email: [email protected]: Fengyi Wang
Vietnam Liaison OfficeInternational Potato CenterNha so 10, ngo 283Doi Can, Ba Dinh,Hanoi, VietnamTel: + 84-4-762-3235Fax: + 84-4-762-3542email: [email protected]: Thi Tinh Nguyen, LiaisonScientist
Global, Regional and
Systemwide Initiatives
Papa Andina Initiativesame address, telephone and fax asCIP Headquartersemail: [email protected]
Website: www.cipotato.org/papandinaContact: André Devaux,Coordinator
CONDESAN (Consortium for theSustainable Development of theAndean Ecoregion)(same address, telephone and fax asCIP headquarters)email: [email protected]: www.condesan.orgContact: Héctor Cisneros,Coordinator
GMP (Global Mountain Program)(same address, telephone and fax asCIP headquarters)email: [email protected]: Peter Trutmann,Coordinator
PRAPACE (Regional Potato andSweet PotatoImprovement Program for East andCentral Africa)International Potato CenterPlot 106, Katarima Road, NaguruP.O. Box 22274Kampala, UgandaTel: +256 41 286 209Fax: +256 41 286 947email: [email protected]: Berga Lemaga,Coordinator
UPWARD (Users’ Perspectiveswith AgriculturalResearch and Development)
Physical address:PCARRD ComplexLos Baños, Laguna 4030, PhilippinesPostal address:c/o IRRI DAPO Box 7777Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel: +63 49 536 8185Fax: +63 49 536 1662email: [email protected]: Dindo Campilan,CoordinatorWebsite: www.eseap.cipotato.org/upward
Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA)Liaison Office UgandaInternational Potato Center
c/o PRAPACEPlot 106, Katalima Road, Naguru HillP.O. Box 22274Kampala, UgandaTel: +256 414 287 571Fax: +256 414 287 538email: [email protected]: Regina Kapinga,Coordinator
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FinanceHead: Pending
AdministrationHead: Aldo Tang
HumanResourcesHead: GustavoDelgadoLogistics
Administrator:Jorge Locatelli
InformationTechnologyUnitHead: AnthonyCollins
ResourceMobilization UnitHead: Kirsten Johnson
Communicationsand PublicAwareness Dept
Head: Paul Stapleton
Office of the
Director General
Director of Financeand AdministrationCarlos Alonso
*As of 15 June 2006
Board of Trustees
Research
Divisions
Partnership
Programs
Regional
Offices
Research
Support
Deputy DirectorDirector Generalfor ResearchCharles Crissman
Director GeneralPamela K. Anderson
Division 1: ImpactEnhancementLeader: Graham Thiele
Division 2:Genetic ResourcesConservation and
CharacterizationLeader: David Tay
Division 3:GermplasmEnhancement andCrop ImprovementLeader: MeridethBonierbale
Division 4:Integrated CropManagementLeader: Oscar Ortiz
Division 5:Natural ResourcesManagement
Leader: Roberto QuirozDivision 6:Agriculture andHuman HealthLeader: Donald Cole
Urban HarvestCoordinator:Gordon Prain
GlobalMountainProgramCoordinator:Peter Trutmann
CONDESANCoordinator:Miguel Saravia
UPWARDCoordinator:Dindo Campilan
PRAPACECoordinator:Berga Lemaga
Papa AndinaCoordinator:Andre Devaux
VITAACoordinator:Regina Kapinga
Sub-SaharanAfrica (SSA)Regional Leader:Jan Low
South, Westand Central
Asia (SWCA)Regional Leader:SarathIlangantileke
East, andSoutheast Asiaand the Pacific(ESEAP)Regional Leader:Fernando Ezeta
LibraryHead: CeciliaFerreyra
CapacityStrengtheningLeader: ThomasZschocke
ResearchInformaticsUnitLeader:Reinhard Simon
Applied
BiotechnologyLaboratoryLeader:Marc Ghislain
Germplasm andDistributionUnitLeader: EnriqueChujoy
Executive Assistantto the DirectorGeneralRoger Cortbaoui
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CIP’s internalstructure andStaff list
1. Director General’s
OfficeDirector General, Anderson,Pamela K.
Altet, Mariella, Manager forExternal Relations andInternational Personnel
García, Erika, Office AuxiliaryInfantas, Viviana, Visitors OfficerNeyra, Gladys, Administrative
AssistantCortbaoui, Roger, Executive
Assistant to the DirectorGeneral (since 01 June)
Marcovich, Rosario,Administrative Assistant
Deputy Director General forResearch, Crissman, CharlesFerreyros, Bertha, Information
System Analyst2 (until 8
January)Parker, Charlotte, AdministrativeAssistant
Salinas, Lilia, AdministrativeAssistant
Director of Finance andAdministration, Alonso, CarlosPaliza, Ñantika, Bilingual Secretary
Resource Mobilization Unit Johnson, Kirsten, HeadBecker, Jacqueline, Grant
Coordinator1,2
Solis-Rosas, Martina, BilingualSecretary
Communications and
Public Awareness
DepartmentStapleton, Paul, HeadCarre, Jean Pierre, Systems
Development SupportDelgado, Ruth, Exhibits/Display
AssistantFernandez-Concha, Nini, Graphic
DesignerLafosse, Cecilia, Chief DesignerLanatta, María Elena,
Administrative Assistant
Moncada, Paul, WebmasterMorales, Anselmo, GraphicDesigner
Portillo, Zoraida, Spanish Writer-Editor/Media
Taipe, Elena, Graphic DesignerTorres, José, Graphic Designer1
Finance and Administration
Department
AdministrationTang, Aldo, Head of
AdministrationCórdova, Silvia, Bilingual SecretarySecada, Ana María, Head, Travel
OfficeSolis, Gloria, Administrative
Assistant
Human ResourcesDelgado, Gustavo, HumanResources ManagerFerreyros, Mónica, Auxiliary
Services SupervisorLapouble, Sor, Auxiliary Services
AssistantLeón, Roxana, Social Worker, Social
Welfare and Health SupervisorOlivera, Gicela, Human Resources
AssistantPolo, William, Human Resources
AssistantSchmidt, Lucero, NurseTávara, María Amelia, Bilingual
Secretary2
Varas, Yoner, Salary AdministratorZamudio, Juana, Auxiliary Services
Assistant
LogisticsLocatelli, Jorge, LogisticsAdministratorAlarcón, Willy, Maintenance
TechnicianAnglas, Ignacio, Maintenance
TechnicianArellano, Tito, WarehouseSupervisorAuqui, Filomeno, Purchasing
AssistantBernui, Pilar, Bilingual SecretaryBriceño, Antolín, Security OfficerBruno, Genaro, ReceptionistCcenta, Leoncio, Warehouse
AssistantCorzo, Guillermo, Purchasing
AssistantDel Carpio, María Fernanda,
Receptionist1
Dueñas, Javier, General ServicesAssistant
Ganoza, Ximena, Purchasing
SupervisorGarcía, Raúl, Purchasing AssistantGorvenia, José, Security DriverGuerrero, Atilio, Vehicle
ProgrammerHuambachano, Victor, Security
OfficerLopez, Luis, Warehouse AssistantMartin, Sofía, Receptionist2
Mendoza, Julio, Security DriverMontalvo, Hugo, Security Officer
Morillo, Antonio, MaintenanceChief
Palomino, Juan, MaintenanceTechnician
Pelaez, Pedro, Maintenance
TechnicianPozada, Angel, Logistics AssistantTintaya, Teófilo, Security OfficerUribe, Carlos, Maintenance
TechnicianVásquez, Lisardo, Safety OfficerYancce, José, Maintenance
TechnicianZapata, Saturnino, Maintenance
Technician
FinancesGarcía, Andrés, AssistantAccountantGiacoma, Denise, BudgetSupervisorGuzmán, Rodmel, Assistant
Accountant2
Paredes, Ruth, AssistantAccountant
Patiño, Milagros, TreasurerPeralta, Eduardo, AccountantSaavedra, Miguel, General
AccountantSolari, Sonnia, CashierTapia, César, Assistant AccountantVásquez, Rosa María, Project
Supervisor2
Zambrano, Mamerto, OfficeAuxiliary
Zapata, Susana, Accountant1
Information Technology
UnitCollins, Anthony, Head
Castro, Samuel, Helpdesk Assistant1
Chang, Candie, Helpdesk Assistant1
Del Villar, Roberto, ServerAdministrator
Díaz, Denis, Linux AdministratorOrozco, Erika, Server
Administrator2
Palacios, Dante, Helpdesk Administrator
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Rodríguez, Saúl, Web SystemsAnalyst
Sandoval, Milton, Helpdesk Assistant2
Torres, Edgardo, Systems
Development AdministratorValdivieso, Peter, Helpdesk Assistant
Zevallos, Diana, AdministrativeSystems Analyst
Zolla, Andrés, Helpdesk Assistant2
2. Divisions
Impact Enhancement
DivisionFuglie, Keith, Economist, DivisionLeader (until 30 June)2 – GrahamThiele (since 01 July)
Espinosa, Patricio, AgriculturalEconomist, Representative inEcuador
Campilan, Dindo, Sociologist (CIP-Los Baños), UPWARD ProgramCoordinator
Labarta, Ricardo, Post DoctoralEconomist1-3
Lozano, María, Database AuxiliaryMaldonado, Luis, Economist,
Research Assistant3
Suárez, Víctor, Statistics AssistantVásquez, Zandra, Bilingual
Secretary
Genetic Resources
Conservation andCharacterization DivisionRoca, William, Plant CellPhysiologist, Division Leader2
Chujoy, Enrique, GeneticistCampilan, Dindo, SociologistGhislain, Marc, Biotechnology
AdvisorArbizu, Carlos, Andean Crops
SpecialistBlancas, Miguel, Systems Assistant2
Espinoza, Catherine, Biologist,Research Assistant3
Fuentes, Segundo, PlantPathologist, Research Assistant
Gómez, Rene, Agronomist,
Research AssistantHerrera, María del Rosario,
Biologist, Research AssistantManrique, Iván, Biologist, Research
AssistantMartín, Mariana, Bilingual
SecretaryNuñez, Jorge, Biologist, Research
AssistantPanta, Ana, Biologist, Research
Assistant
Parra, Gabriela, Biologist, ResearchAssistant2
Reynoso, Daniel, Agronomist,Research Assistant2
Rojas, Edwin, System Engineer
Salas, Alberto, Agronomist,Research AssociateSimon, Reinhard, Molecular
BiologistVargas, Fanny, Agronomist,
Research AssistantVivanco, Francisco, Agronomist,
Research AssistantYnouye, Cecilia, Biologist, Research
Assistant3
Zorrilla, Cinthya, Biologist,Research Assistant3
Germplasm Enhancement
and Crop Improvement
DivisionBonierbale, Merideth, SeniorPotato Breeder, Division LeaderAmoros, Walter, Agronomist,
Research AssociateAndrade, Maria, Sweetpotato
Specialist1,3
Arif, Muhammad, Seed Specialist3
(Afghanistan)2,3
Attaluri, Sreekanth, SweetpotatoScientist, Liaison Scientist,Bubaneshwar, India (CIP-SWCA)
Aunqui, Mariella, ResearhTechnician1
Bartolini, Ida, Ph.D. Biologist,Research Assistant2
Beltrán, Arnaldo, Research
TechnicianBenavides, Jorge, Biologist,Research Assistant2
Burgos, Gabriela, Biologist,Research Assistant3
Cabello, Rolando, Agronomist,Research Assistant
Carbajulca, Doris, Biologist,Research Assistant1,3
Carli, Carlo, Regional SeedProduction Specialist, LiaisonScientist Uzbekistan
Condori, José, Research Assistant2
Chujoy, Enrique, GeneticistDanessi, Lorena, Bilingual
Secretary2
Da Ponte, Lorena, Biologist,
Research Assistant1,3
De Haan, Stefan, Potato Breeder3
De Vries, Sander, Associate Expertin Breeding/Agronomy, JPO
Diaz, Luis, Agronomist, ResearchAssistant
Espinoza, Jorge, Agronomist,Research Assistant
Falcón, Rosario, Biologist, ResearchAssistant
Forbes, Anne, Plant Breeder,Fellow3
Gamarra, Freddy, Agronomist,Research Assistant1
García, Paulo, Research TechnicianGastelo, Manuel, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
Gaudin, Amelie, Biologist, ResearchAssistant1,3
Ghislain, Marc, BiotechnologyAdvisor
Gildemacher, Peter, PotatoBreeder/Agronomist, JPO3
Gómez, Félix, Research TechnicianGómez, Walter, Research TechnicianGonzalez, Geoffrey, Biologist,
Research Assistant1
Grande, Enrique, ResearchTechnician
Gruneberg, Wolfgang J.,Sweetpotato Breeder Geneticist
Herrera, Rosario, Biologist, ResearchAssistant
Kadian, Mohinder, Agronomist (CIP-
SWCA)Kim, Hyun-Jun, Potato Breeder,Visiting Scientist3
Kreuze, Jan, Molecular Virologist –JPO3
Kreuze, Hannelle, MolecularBreeding, Fellow2-3
Landeo, Juan, Potato BreederManrique, Sandra, Ph.D. Biologist,
Research Assistant1
Medrano, Giuliana, Veterinary,Research Assistant2
Mel, Isabel, Bilingual SecretaryMihovilovich, Elisa, Biologist,
Research AssistantMiki, Maria, Biologist, Research
Assistant2
Munive, Susan, Research TechnicianNuñez, Jorge, Biologist, ResearchAssistant3
Ochoa, Carlos, Taxonomist, ScientistEmeritus
Orrillo, Matilde, Biologist, ResearchAssistant
Perinango, Carla, Biologist, ResearchAssistant1
Potts, Michael, SweetpotatoProduction Specialist3 (CIPUganda)
Portal, Leticia, Biologist, ResearchAssistant
Rivera, Cristina, Biologist, ResearchAssistant3
Roder, Walter, Regional Seed Potato
Specialist3
(Bhutan)Rojas, Percy, Biologist, ResearchAssistant1,3
Romero, Elisa, Agronomist, ResearchAssistant
Salas, Elisa, Agronomist, ResearchAssistant
Salazar, Rosa, Bilingual SecretarySamolski, Ilanit, Biologist, Research
Assistant2,3
Schafleitner, Roland, BiotechnologyResearch Scientist3
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Setiawan, Asep, SweetpotatoBreeder (CIP-ESEAP)
Solís, Julio, Biologist, ResearchAssistant1,3
Sierra, Yaquili, Agronomist,
Research Assistant1,3
Tovar, José, Biologist, ResearchAssistant3
Trujillo, Guillermo, Biologist,Research Assistant2,3
Tumwegamire, Silver, Breeder,Research Assistant Liaison OfficeUganda (CIP-SSA)
Untiveros, Milton, Biologist,Research Assistant1,3
Velásquez, André, Biologist,Research Assistant2
Wang, Fengyi, Potato ProductionSpecialist (CIP-Beijing)3
Zambrano, Victor, Biologist,Research Assistant2,3
Integrated Crop
Management DivisionOrtiz, Oscar, AgriculturalExtension and Rural DevelopmentSpecialist, Division LeaderAguilar, César, Research Assistant1-3
Alcazar, Jesús, Agronomist,Research Assistant
Aley, Pedro, Plant Pathologist,Research Assistant
Andrade, Jorge, Plant Pathologist -Post Doctoral 1-3 (until October2006)
Arellano, Jaime, ResearchTechnician
Arica, Denis, Research Assistant2
Barker, Ian, Senior Virologist1
Blanco, Mónica, Bilingual SecretaryCabrera, Antonio, Research
Technician2
Cañedo, Verónica, Biologist,Research Assistant
Carli, Carlo, Regional SeedProduction Specialist, LiaisonScientist Uzbekistan
Caycho, Jorge, Research Assistant1
Chuquillanqui, Carlos, Agronomist,Research Assistant
De la Torre, Carola, ResearchAssistant1-3
Demo, Paul, Regional PotatoExpert3
Espinoza, Hugo, ResearchTechnicianEzeta, Fernando, AgronomistFlores, Betty, Research
Technician1-3
Fonseca, Cristina, Agronomist,Research Assistant2
Forbes, Gregory, PathologistFrench, Edward, Scientist EmeritusFuentes, Segundo, Plant
Pathologist, Research Assistant
Gamarra, Heidy, ResearchTechnician1-3
Gamboa, Soledad, Biologist,Research Assistant
Gildemacher, Peter, Potato
Breeder/AgronomistGirish, Basavapatna Halappa,Potato Scientist
Gutarra, Liliam, Agronomist,Research Assistant
Huamán, Eva, Research TechnicianIlangantileke, Sarath, Postharvest
SpecialistJarrín, Francisco, Research
TechnicianKadian, Mohinder Singh,
AgronomistKromann, Peter, Plant Pathologist,
JPO2-3
Kroschel, Jurgen, EntomologistLow, Jan, EconomistMalpartida, Carlos, Agronomist,
Research Assistant3
Mendoza, Carlos, ResearchTechnician
Meza, Marco, Research TechnicianMujica, Norma, Agronomist,
Research AssistantMuller, Giovanna, Biologist,
Research AssistantOliva, Ricardo, PhD StudentOchoa, Francisco, Research
TechnicianOrrego, Ricardo, Agronomist,
Research AssistantOswald, Andreas, Integrated Crop
Management Expert3
Padel, Willy, Zoologist, ResearchAssistant3
Paredes, Catalina, ResearchTechnicianPérez, Wilmer, Plant Pathologist,
Research AssistantPotts, Michael, Sweetpotato
Production SpecialistPriou, Sylvie, BacteriologistRamirez, Guillermo, ConsultantRaymundo, Ruby, ConsultantRoder, Walter, Regional Seed
Potato SpecialistSánchez, Juan, Research
Technician1-3
Santivañez, Sonia, BilingualSecretary1
Sporleder, Marc, Entomologist -Post Doctoral3
Taipe, Jaime, Research AssistantTenorio, Jorge, Biologist, ResearchAssistant
Trebejo, Marcelo, ResearchTechnician
Trillo, Antonio, ResearchTechnicianVega, Adan, Research TechnicianVinueza, Marcelo, Research
TechnicianWang, Yi, Plant Physiologist, Liaison
Scientist (CIP-Beijing)2
Zamudio, Julia, Bilingual SecretaryZegarra, Octavio, Biologist,
Research Assistant
Natural Resources
Management DivisionQuiroz, Roberto, Land UseSystems Specialist, DivisionLeaderAlarcón, Nikolai, Greenhouse
TechnicianBarreda, Carolina, Agronomist,
Research AssistantBazoalto, Jimena, Research
AssistantClaessens, Lieven, Soil Scientist,
JPO3
De la Cruz, Jorge, AssistantProgrammer
Del Carpio, Jorge, DatabaseTechnician2
Frisancho, Rebeca, Agronomist,Research Assistant2
García, Alex, Assistant ProgrammerGarcía, Alberto, Photographic
Design TechnicianGuerrero, José, Systems AssistantGurusamy, Kumari, GIS Specialist,
JPO2-3
Ilangantileke, Sarath, PostharvestSpecialist
León-Velarde, Carlos, AgriculturalSystems Analysis Specialist3
Loayza, Hildo, Research AssistantPosadas, Adolfo, Physicist, Research
AssociateRosales, Luis, Research Assistant1
Silva, Luis, Database Technician1
Torres, Diana, Research Assistant1
Valdizán, Ivonne, BilingualSecretary
Vela, Ana María, Bilingual SecretaryYactayo, Guido, Research AssistantYarlequé, Christian, Research
AssistantZorogastúa, Percy, Agronomist,
Research Assistant
ALTAGRO ProjectLi Pun, Héctor Hugo, SeniorAdvisor to the Director GeneralHidalgo, Oscar, Consultant2
Lanatta, Amalia, AdministrativeAssistant
Mares, Victor, Consultant2
Valdivia, Roberto, CoordinatorAltagro-Puno
Agriculture and Human
Health DivisionCornelia Loechl, Nutritionist1-3
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Capacity StrengtheningZschocke, Thomas, HeadAlberco, Roque, Audiovisual
TechnicianEcheandía, Edda, Multimedia
DeveloperHuanes, Martha, Training
CoordinatorPuccini, Alfredo, Multimedia
DesignerSuito, Mercedes, Bilingual
Secretary
LibraryFerreyra, Cecilia, Head LibrarianGhilardi, Rosa, Bilingual SecretaryLay, Griselda, Library AssistantValencia, Luis, Library Auxiliary
Field Research Support
Otazú, Victor, ExperimentalStations SuperintendentAguirre, Carlos, Agronomist, Field/
Greenhouse Supervisor2
Blas, Walter, MechanicCarhuamaca, Mario, Administrative
AuxiliaryCosme, Anastacio, Driver (Tractor)Duarte, Roberto, Agronomist,
Field/Greenhouse SupervisorFrisancho, Rebeca, Agronomist,
Field/Greenhouse Supervisor1
Lara, Carmen, SecretaryLimaylla, Jenny, Administrative
AssistantPiana, Vanna, Administrative
Assistant
Quino, Miguel, ResearchTechnicianSilva, Fredy, Security Chief
Research Informatics UnitSimon, Reinhard, HeadAvila, Luis, Systems AssistantDe Mendiburu, Felipe, Statistician,
Research AssistantGonzales, Juan Carlos, ConsultantHualla, Vilma, ConsultantJuarez, Henry, Agronomist,
Research AssistantRojas, Edwin, Systems AnalystSchmitt, Magna, Systems AssistantTarazona, Enver, Systems Assistant2
Vargas, Maria Elena, consultantVillanueva, Sara, Systems Assistant
3. Partnership
Programs
VITAAKapinga, Regina, SweetpotatoBreeder (CIP-Kampala), ProgramCoordinator
Papa AndinaDevaux, André, Agronomist,Program Coordinator3
Andrade, Jorge, Coordinator,InnovAndes Project1-3 (sinceNovember 2006)
Alva, María Elena, InformationAssistant2
Cruz, Saco Rocío, BilingualSecretary
Egúsquiza, Rolando, ConsultantJulca, Pamela, ConsultantLópez, Gastón, Consultant1-3
Manrique, Kurt, Agronomist,Research Assistant
Ordinola, Miguel, Consultant1-3
Thiele, Graham, Anthropologist,Andean Potato Project (CIP-Quito) (until 31 July)3
Thomann, Alice, Associate Expert1-3
Velasco, Claudio, Coordinator of Papa Andina in Bolivia1
PRAPACELemaga, Berga, Agronomist,Program Coordinator (CIPKampala)3
Ameru, Martha, SecretaryNsumba, James, Agronomist,
Program AssistantWakulla, N. Rachel, AccountantMigisa, Isaac, Driver
UPWARDCampilan, Dindo, Sociologist(CIP-Los Baños), ProgramCoordinatorAquino, Mylene, Administrative
OfficerDe los Reyes, Mario, Office
MessengerGallentes, Jaime, Research Fellow
Luis, Judith, Project SpecialistNadal, Marietta, Office ManagerSister, Lorna, Project Specialist
CONDESANCisneros, Héctor, Coordinator2-3
de Bièvre, Bert, Paramo AndinoProject Coordinator1-3
Briceño, Musuq, ResearchAssistant3
Estrada, Rubén Darío, NaturalResources Economist (based atCIAT)2-4
Calle, Tania1-3
Guerrero, Mauricio1-3
Hernández, Connie, BilingualSecretary3
Hidalgo, Ruth, Junior WebAssistant1-3
Mujica, Elías, Deputy Coordinator2-3
Ramirez, María Catalina, ResearchAssistant (based at CIAT)1,3,4
Saravia, Miguel, InfoAndinaLeader3
Global Mountain ProgramTrutman, Peter, ProgramCoordinator3
Urban HarvestPrain, Gordon, SocialAnthropologist, ProgramCoordinatorAlegre, Jessica, Research Assistant1
Alfaro, Tomás, Research Assistant1
Arce, Blanca, Zoologist, ResearchAssociate2
Gonzales, Nieves, ResearchAssistant1
Karanja, Nancy, RegionalCoordinator, SSA
Njenga, Mary, Research OfficerSalvo, Miguel, Post Doctoral
Scientist1-3
Shuaib Lwasa, Regional Scientist1-3
Muñoz, Ana Luisa, Bilingual
Secretary
4. Regional Offices
Liaison Office, Quito, EcuadorEspinosa, Patricio, AgriculturalEconomist, Representative inEcuador1
Alcocer, Julio, Field LaborerAyala, Sofia, Administrative
AssistantBarriga, Susana, Accountant2
Burbano, Rosa, Accountant1
Centeno, María del Carmen, FieldLaborerDelgado, Juan, Vehicle
Maintenance and MessengerGuerrero Mauricio, Project
CoordinatorInaquiza, Rosa María, Field LaborerJarrín, Francisco, Research
TechnicianJiménez, José, Network
Management and Systems
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MaintenanceOliva, Ricardo, PhD StudentOrozco, Fadya, Project CoordinatorReinoso, Lidia, Field and
Greenhouse Laborer
Taipe, Jaime, Research AssistanceVinuesa, Marcelo, ResearchTechnician
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA),
Nairobi, KenyaLow, Jan, Economist, CIP-SSARegional Leader (CIP-Nairobi)Agili, Sammy, Breeder, Research
AssistantIgunza, Elijah, Purchasing OfficerKaguongo, Wachira, Agricultural
Economist, Research Assistant1,3
Maina, George, DriverNdoho, Emily, Accountant
Reuben, Anangwe, CleanerZani, Naomi, AdministrativeAssistant
Liaison Office, Kampala, UgandaKapinga, Regina, SweetpotatoBreeder, VITAA ProgramCoordinatorTumwesige, Annet, Accountant,
AdministratorAlimbangira, James, Security GuardAtong, Moses, Office MessengerLoechl, Cornelia, Nutritionist1-3
Lubowa, Abdelrahman, ResearchAssistant, Urban Harvest
Nagujja, Stella, Impact and PolicyCoordinator, Harvest Plus
Namanda, Sam, Agronomist,Research AssistantOsaga, Denis, Night WatchmanPotts, Michael, Sweetpotato
Production Specialist3
Shuaib, Lwassa, Project Leader,Focus Cities
Tumwirize, Ronald, Driver,Purchasing Assistant
Tumwegamire, Silver, Breeder,Research Assistant
Liaison Office, Maputo,MozambiqueAndrade, Maria, SweetpotatoBreeder and Seed Systems
SpecialistRuco, Amelia Ozias, Accountantand Administrator
Faria, Maria de Lourdes, AssistantNutritionist
Martins, Nydia, Agronomist SouthZone
Naico, Abdul T.A., Agro-processingspecialist
Ferreira, Faruque, AgronomistAngonia (Tete Province)Sandramo, Alves, Agronomist
Gurue (Zambézia Province)Rafael, Dinoclaudio Z., TechnicianNampula ProvinceBanze, Franciso A., TechnicianChokwe (Gaza Province)
Ussene, Gelane, TechnicianNhacoongo (Inhambane Province)Rabeca, Cesar A., Technician Beira
(Sofala Province)Chibebe, Arlindo, Technician
Umbeluzi (Maputo Province)Jorge, Fernandes J., Technician
Umbeluzi (Maputo Province)Vura, Alberto, Technician
Sussundenga (Manica Province)Chiconela, Luisa, Greenhouse
workerMunguambe, Chelza, Greenhouse
workerDias, Francisco, Greenhouse workerFelimão, Diogo, Driver, MaputoMauariha, José Albino, Driver, Gaza
Custodio, Raul, Driver Zambéziada Costa, Virgílio, Driver, AngoniaJaime, Arlindo Cardoso, Driver,
Nampula
Reaching End Users ProjectOffice, Quelimane, ZambeziaLabarta, Ricardo, Agricultural
Economist/Seed SystemsSpecialist
Munhaua, Bernardinho Azevedo,Data Entry Manager andAdministrator
Mussuale, Momade Cesar, FieldSupervisor
Devunane, Jose, DriverMiriwa, Bernardo, Cleaner &
MessengerMutalibo, Mussa Raimundo, FieldEnumerator and Data Entry
Manteiga, Iranett Almeida, FieldEnumerator and Data Entry
Godinho, Nelson, FieldEnumerator and Data Entry
Pedro, Gomes Federico, FieldEnumerator and Data Entry
Serra, Victor Luis, FieldEnumerator and Data Entry
South, West and Central
Asia (SWCA), New Delhi,
India
Ilangantileke, Sarath,Postharvest Specialist, RegionalLeaderKadian, Mohinder Singh,
AgronomistGirish, Basavapatna Halappa, Potato
ScientistArya, Sushma, Accountant/Program
CoordinatorMony, Lalitha, Administrative
SecretaryVerma, Romi, Program Associate
Dasappan Jayakumar, ComputerAssistant
Jagram, Office AssistantAnjan, Barik, Office Driver
Liaison Office, Bhubaneswar,IndiaAttaluri, Sreekanth, SweetpotatoScientist, Liaison Scientist-BBSR,India
Liaison Office, Nagaland,Northeast IndiaLotha, Nsemo Thungjamo,Agronomist and Liaison Scientist
Liaison Office, Tashkent,UzbekistanCarli, Carlo, Regional SeedProduction SpecialistKhalikov, Durbek, Assistant
Agronomist
Vasilievna, Li Irina, Interpreter/TranslatorYangalichev, Rustam, Office Driver2
Khegay, Eduard, Office Driver1
Afghanistan Special Project,Kabul, Afghanistan-Liaison OfficeArif, Muhammad, Seed Specialist,(CIP-Afghanistan)3,2
Hussaini, Muhammad Essa, National/Local Coordinator-Afghanistan3,2
Bhutan Special Project-LiaisonOffice-BhutanRoder, Walter, Coordinator, CIP/
CFC (Bhutan)3
Norbu, Kencho, Driver
East and Southeast Asia
and the Pacific (ESEAP)
Bogor, IndonesiaEzeta, Fernando, Agronomist,Regional LeaderAgus, Irwansyah, Office DriverAsmunati, Rini, Research AssistantEti, Nurhayati, JanitorHidayat, Toteng, Facilities ManagerKosay, Luther, Research Assistant3
Kusbandi, Dessy, SecretaryMahalaya, Sukendra, ResearcherMa’mun, Asep, TechnicianMulyadi, Yaya, Office Driver
Nawawi, Kusye, AccountantSatiman, Partono, Office DriverSetiawan, Asep, Sweetpotato
BreederSuherman, Security GuardSyamsudin, Imam, Security GuardTjintokohadi, Koko, Research
AssistantDjumiyo, W., Security GuardCargill, Colin, Animal Scientist3
(Australia)
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1 Joined CIP in 20062 Left CIP in 20063 Funded by special project4 Joint appointment
Liaison Office, Beijing, ChinaWang, Yi, Plant Physiologist,Liaison Scientist2
Dian-ping, Zhu, Yanqing StationManager and Technician
Bei, Zhou, Secretary andAccountantShi-an, Liu, Office Assistant and
DriverWang, Fengyi, Potato Production
Specialist (CIP-Beijing), DPRK Project Coordinator3
Consulting Agencies in theProvincesMin-shuang, Yao, Potato Seed
Technology, Breeding andTraining, Pengzhou Potato Unit,Sichuan Agriculture Bureau,Sichuan Province
Yu-ping, Bi, Pathogen Diagnosisand Training, Biotechnology
Center, Shandong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, ShandongProvince
Liaison Office, Hanoi, VietnamNguyen, Thi-Tinh, AnimalScientist, CIP-Liaison ScientistTa, Thi Bich Duyen, Project
Assistant2
Nguyen, Thia Hoa, Cleaner
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CIP in theCGIAR
CIP is one of 15 food andenvironmental research centerslocated around the world thatmake up the Consultative Group onInternational AgriculturalResearch (CGIAR), a strategic globalpartnership of countries,international and regionalorganizations, and privatefoundations. Working with nationalagricultural research systems, theprivate sector and civil society, theCGIAR mobilizes agriculturalscience to reduce poverty, foster
human wellbeing, promoteagricultural growth, and protectthe environment.
The Centers collaborate amongthemselves and with their diversepartners through numerousprojects and system-wideprograms. The CGIAR is alsocreating a series of independentlygoverned partnerships among awide range of institutions for high-
Centers
supportedby theCGIAR
impact research that targetscomplex issues of overwhelmingglobal and/or regional significance.CIP has substantial participation ineach of these Challenge Programs,and intends to extend thisinvolvement to the Sub-SaharanAfrica Challenge Program,currently being formulated. Overthe past two years, three ChallengePrograms have been established:The Challenge Program on Waterand Food, The HarvestPlusChallenge Program, The
Generation Challenge Program
IFPRI
USA
CIAT
Colombia
WARDA
Cote d'ivoire
IPGRI
Italy
ICARDA
Syria
WORLD
AGROFORESTRY
CENTRE AND ILRI
Kenya
IWMI
Sri lanka
IITA
Nigeria
ICRISAT
India
CIP
Peru
CIFOR
Indonesia
CIMMYT
Mexico
WORLDFISH
CENTER
Malaysia
ClAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura TropicalCIFOR Center for International Forestry ResearchCIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y TrigoCIP Centro Internacional de la PapaICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry AreasICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsIFPRl lnternational Food Policy Research InstituteIITA International Institute of Tropical AgricultureILRl lnternational Livestock Research InstituteIPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources InstituteIRRl lnternational Rice Research InstituteIWMl lnternational Water Management InstituteWARDA West Africa Rice Development Association
World Agroforestry CentreWorldFish Center
IRRI
Philippines
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International Potato Center
CIP. 2007. Strengthening assets:
enhancing impact
International Potato Center
Annual Report 2006
© 2007, International Potato
Center
ISSN 0256-6311
Readers are encouraged to quote
or reproduce material from this
Report. As copyright holder CIP
requests acknowledgement and a
copy of the publication where the
citation or material appears.
Please send this to the
Communications and Public
Awareness Department at the
address below.
International Potato Center
Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Perú
www.cipotato.org
Press run: 2,000
September 2007
Editor and principal writer
Paul Stapleton
Production coordinator
Cecilia Lafosse
Design and layout
Nini Fernández-Concha
CIP’s Mission
The International Potato Center
(CIP) seeks to reduce poverty and
achieve food security on a sustained
basis in developing countries
through scientific research and
related activities on potato,
sweetpotato, and other root and
tuber crops, and on the improved
management of natural resources in
potato and sweetpotato-based
systems.
The CIP Vision
The International Potato Center
(CIP) will contribute to reducing
poverty and hunger; improving
human health; developing resilient,
sustainable rural and urban
livelihood systems; and improving
access to the benefits of new and
appropriate knowledge and
technologies. CIP will address these
challenges by convening and
conducting research andsupporting partnerships on root and
tuber crops and on natural
resources management in mountain
systems and other less-favored
areas where CIP can contribute to
the achievement of healthy and
sustainable human development.
www.cipotato.org
CIP is supported by a group of
governments, private foundations,
and international and regional
organizations known as the
Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
www.cgiar.org