CHUYN 1: S IN LI

A. PHN L THUYTI. S IN LI

- S in li l qu trnh cc cht tan trong nc ra ion.

- Cht in li mnh: l cht khi tan trong nc, cc phn t ha tan u phn li ra ion.

Nhng cht in li mnh: Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 . . .cc baz mnh: KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 . . .v hu ht cc mui.

HCl H+ + Cl -

Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OH -- Cht in li yu: l cht khi tan trong nc ch c mt s phn t ha tan phn li ra ion, phn t cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch.

Nhng cht in li yu: L cc axit yu: CH3COOH, HClO, HF, H2Scc baz yu: Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 . . .

CH3COOH CH3COO - + H+II. AXIT - BAZ - MUI

1. Axit

- Theo A-re-ni-ut: Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+.

HCl H+ + Cl -- Axit mt nc: phn li mt nc ra ion H+: HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH . . .

- Axit nhiu nc: phn li nhiu nc ra ion H+: H3PO4 . . .

2. Baz

- Theo A-re-ni-ut: Baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion H+.

NaOH Na+ + OH -3. Hidroxit lng tnh

- Hidroxit lng tnh l hidroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va c th phn li nh baz.

Th d: Zn(OH)2 l hidroxit lng tnh

Phn li theo kiu baz: Zn(OH)2 Zn2+ + 2OH -Phn li theo kiu axit: Zn(OH)2 + 2H+4. Mui

- Mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc cation ) v anion l gc axit

- Th d: NH4NO3 +

NaHCO3 Na+ +

III. S IN LI CA NC. pH. CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ- Tch s ion ca nc l ( 250C). Mt cch gn ng, c th coi gi tr ca tch s ny l hng s c trong dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau.

- Cc gi tr [H+] v pH c trng cho cc mi trng

Mi trng trung tnh: [H+] = 1,0.10-7M hoc pH = 7

Mi trng axit: [H+] > 1,0.10-7M hoc pH < 7

Mi trng kim: [H+] < 1,0.10-7M hoc pH > 7

IV. PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI

1. iu kin xy ra phn ng- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc ion kt hp li vi nhau to thnh t nht mt trong cc cht sau:

Cht kt ta:

BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl

Ba2+ + BaSO4

Cht bay hi:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

+ 2H+ CO2 + H2O

Cht in li yu:

CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl

CH3COO - + H+ CH3COOH

2. Bn cht phn ng- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion.V. CC CNG THC KHI GII BI TP1. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch cc cht in li

Trong :

[A]: Nng mol/l ca ion A

nA: S mol ca ion A.

V: Th tch dung dch cha ion A.2. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit - baz mnh- [H+] = 10-a (mol/l) a = pH

- pH = -lg[H+]

- [H+].[OH-] = 10-14

B. PHN BI TP C BNCu 1. Vit PT in li ca cc cht sau:

a. HNO3, Ba(OH)2, NaOH, H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, BaCl2, NaHCO3, H2S.

b. CuSO4, Na2SO4 , Fe2(SO4)3, NaHPO4, Mg(OH)2, CH3COOH, H3PO4, HF.

Cu 2. Vit PT phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng (nu c) khi trn ln:a. dd HNO3 v CaCO3

b. dd KOH v dd FeCl3

c. dd H2SO4 v dd NaOH

d. dd Ca(NO3)2 v dd Na2CO3 e. dd NaOH v Al(OH)3

f. dd Al2(SO4)3v dd NaOHva g. dd NaOH v Zn(OH)2

h. FeS v dd HCl

i. dd CuSO4 v dd H2S

k. dd NaOH v NaHCO3

l. dd NaHCO3 v HCl

m. Ca(HCO3)2 v HCl

Cu 3. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.

a. NH4NO3, (NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl.

b. NaOH, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3

c. NaOH, H2SO4, BaCl2, Na2SO4, NaNO3 (ch dng thm qu tm).

Cu 4. Vit phng trnh phn t ng vi phng trnh ion thu gn ca cc pta.

b.

c. S2- + 2H+ H2S

d. Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3

e. Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

f. H+ + OH- H2O

Cu 5. Vit PT dng phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng trong dung dch:a. Pb(NO3)2 + ? PbCl2 + ?

b. FeCl3 + ? Fe(OH)3 + ?

c. BaCl2 + ? BaSO4 + ?

d. HCl + ? ? + CO2 + H2O

e. NH4NO3 + ? ? + NH3 + H2O

f. H2SO4 + ? ? + H2O

Cu 6. Tnh nng cc ion trong cc dung dch sau

a. dd NaOH 0,1M

b. dd BaCl2 0,2 M

c. dd Ba(OH)2 0,1M

Cu 7. Ha tan 20 gam NaOH vo 500 ml nc thu c dung dch A.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.

b. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M trung ha dung dch A.

Cu 8. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,5M thu c dung dch C.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch C.

b. Trung ha dung dch C bng 300 ml dung dch H2SO4 CM. Tnh CM.Cu 9. Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M thu c dung dch D.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.

b. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m.Cu 10. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau

a. NaOH 0,001M

b. HCl 0,001M

c. Ca(OH)2 0,0005M

d. H2SO4 0,0005M

Cu 11. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M vi 300 ml dung dch HCl 0,2M thu c dung dch A.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.

b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.

Cu 12. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1M vi 100 ml dung dch KOH 0.1M thu c dung dch D.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.

b. Tnh pH ca dung dch D.

c. Trung ha dung dch D bng dung dch H2SO4 1M. Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO4 1M cn dng.

Cu 13. Hn hp dung dch X gm NaOH 0.1M v KOH 0.1M. Trn 100 ml dung dch X vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0.2M thu c dung dch A.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.

b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.

Cu 14. Dung dch X cha 0.01 mol Fe3+, 0.02 mol , 0.02 mol v x mol.

a. Tnh x.

b. Trn dung dnh X vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0.3 M thu c m gam kt ta v V lt kh (ktc). Tnh m v V.

Cu 15. Trn 100 ml dung dch FeCl3 0.1M vi 500 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1 M thu c dung dch D v m gam kt ta.

a. Tnh nng cc ion trong D.

b. Tnh m.

Cu 16. Trn 50,0ml dd NaOH 0,40M vi 50,0 ml dd HCl 0,20M c dd A. Tnh pH ca dd ACu 17. Trn ln 100ml dd HCl 0,03M vi 100 ml dd NaOH 0,01M c dd A.

a. Tnh pH ca dd A.

b. Tnh th tch dd Ba(OH)2 1M trung ha dd A

Cu 18. Trn ln 100ml dd K2CO3 0,5M vi 100ml dd CaCl2 0,1M.

a. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.

b. Tnh CM cc ion trong dd sau phn ng.

Cu 19. Trn 50ml dung dch HCl vi 50ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 thu c dung dch X c pH = 2. S mol ca dung dch HCl ban u l bao nhiu?

Cu 20. Chia 19,8 gam Zn(OH)2 thnh hai phn bng nhau:

a. Cho 150 ml dung dch H2SO4 1M vo phn mt. Tnh khi lng mui.b. Cho 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo phn hai. Tnh khi lng mui.D. PHN BI TP NNG CAOCu 1. Trn 250 ml dd hn hp HCl 0,08 mol/l v H2SO4 0,01 mol/l vi 250 ml dd Ba(OH)2 c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH = 12. Hy tm m v x. Gi s Ba(OH)2 in li hon ton c hai nc.

Cu 2. Trn 300 ml dd hn hp NaOH 0,1 mol/l v Ba(OH)2 0,025 mol/l vi 200 ml dd H2SO4 c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH=2. Hy tm m v x. Gi s H2SO4 in li hon ton c hai nc.

Cu 3. Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH)2 c nng tng ng l 0,2M v 0,1M. Dung dch Y cha hn hp H2SO4 v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75M. Tnh th tch dung dch X cn trung ha va 40 ml dung dch Y.

Cu 4. Dung dch A gm 5 ion: Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2 mol . Thm t t dung dch K2CO3 1M vo dung dch A n khi lng kt ta ln nht. Tnh th tch dung dch K2CO3 cn dng.

Cu 5 (A-2010). Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na+; 0,02 mol v x mol . Dung dch Y c cha , v y mol H+; tng s mol v l 0,04. Trn X v Y c 100 ml dung dch Z. Tnh pH ca dung dch Z (b qua s in li ca H2O).

Cu 6 (A-2010). Nh t t tng git n ht 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch cha Na2CO3 0,2M v NaHCO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c V lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh V.

Cu 7 (A-07). Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung dch (gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Tnh pH ca dung dch X.

Trng THPT Bn Ba GV. Nguyn Mnh Quang

Thi Bnh

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