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Chronology Main political events, 1931–85 1931 April End of the Spanish Monarchy. King Alfonso XVIII leaves Spain. Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. 1936 18 July Spanish Civil War breaks out. 1937 29 November General Franco becomes Head of State and Head of Government. 1939 1 April End of Civil War. Victory of Franco´s Nationalist forces. 1946 12 December United Nations votes for diplomatic boycott of Spain. 1947 12 July Paris conference for the Marshall Plan. Spain is excluded. 1949 4 April North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO is founded. Spain is excluded. 1951 18 April Assembly of the Council of Europe is founded. Spain is excluded. 1953 18 November Spain is admitted to UNESCO. 27 August Concordat with the Vatican. 26 September Pact of Madrid. Base agreement between Spain and the United States. 1955 14 December Spain is admitted to the United Nations. 1957 25 February Sixth government of the Franco regime is formed, including the technocrats of the Opus Dei. 25 March European Economic Community, EEC is founded. 1958 Spain joins the OEEC, World Bank and International Monetary Fund. 1959 22 July Stabilization Plan is announced. 1960 4 January European Free Trade Association, EFTA is formed. 1961 9 July Greece is granted association status to the EEC. 9 August British application to the EEC. 21 December Birkelbach report, restricting entry into the EEC to European democracies. 1962 9 February Spain requests negotiations with the EEC. 5–8 June Congress of the European Movement in Munich. 10 July Seventh government is formed. General Muñoz Grandes is appointed Deputy Head of Government. 1964 14 February Spanish government sends a new letter to the EEC. 21 July Alberto Ullastres becomes Ambassador to the EEC. 1967 1 July First EEC mandate for negotiations with Spain. 21 September Admiral Carrero Blanco is appointed Deputy Head of Government. 1969 22 July Franco presents Prince Juan Carlos as successor to the throne of Spain. 17 October Second EEC mandate for negotiations with Spain. 1970 29 June Preferential agreement between Spain and the EEC is signed. 189

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Chronology

Main political events, 1931–85

1931 April End of the Spanish Monarchy. King Alfonso XVIII leavesSpain. Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.

1936 18 July Spanish Civil War breaks out.1937 29 November General Franco becomes Head of State and Head of

Government.1939 1 April End of Civil War. Victory of Franco´s Nationalist forces.1946 12 December United Nations votes for diplomatic boycott of Spain.1947 12 July Paris conference for the Marshall Plan. Spain is excluded.1949 4 April North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO is founded.

Spain is excluded.1951 18 April Assembly of the Council of Europe is founded. Spain is

excluded.1953 18 November Spain is admitted to UNESCO.

27 August Concordat with the Vatican.26 September Pact of Madrid. Base agreement between Spain and the

United States. 1955 14 December Spain is admitted to the United Nations.1957 25 February Sixth government of the Franco regime is formed,

including the technocrats of the Opus Dei.25 March European Economic Community, EEC is founded.

1958 Spain joins the OEEC, World Bank and InternationalMonetary Fund.

1959 22 July Stabilization Plan is announced.1960 4 January European Free Trade Association, EFTA is formed.1961 9 July Greece is granted association status to the EEC.

9 August British application to the EEC.21 December Birkelbach report, restricting entry into the EEC to

European democracies.1962 9 February Spain requests negotiations with the EEC.

5–8 June Congress of the European Movement in Munich.10 July Seventh government is formed. General Muñoz Grandes

is appointed Deputy Head of Government.1964 14 February Spanish government sends a new letter to the EEC.

21 July Alberto Ullastres becomes Ambassador to the EEC.1967 1 July First EEC mandate for negotiations with Spain.

21 September Admiral Carrero Blanco is appointed Deputy Head ofGovernment.

1969 22 July Franco presents Prince Juan Carlos as successor to thethrone of Spain.

17 October Second EEC mandate for negotiations with Spain.1970 29 June Preferential agreement between Spain and the EEC is signed.

189

1973 1 January EEC enlargement to include Denmark, Ireland and theUnited Kingdom.

29 January Complementary protocol to the 1970 agreement issigned.

8 June Admiral Carrero Blanco is appointed Prime Minister.20 December Admiral Carrero Blanco is assassinated by ETA.29 December Carlos Arias Navarro is appointed Prime Minister.

1975 12 June Portugal applies to the EEC.26 August Anti-terrorist law re-establishes summary court martials.27 September Five terrorists are executed. Several European states with-

draw their Ambassadors from Madrid.20 November General Franco dies.26 November Juan Carlos I crowned King of Spain.13 December First government of the Monarchy is formed.

1976 3 July Adolfo Suarez is appointed Prime Minister.26 July Raimundo Bassols is appointed Ambassador to the EEC.15 December Referendum on the Law for Political Reform.

1977 28 March Greece applies to the EEC.9 April Spanish Communist Party is legalized.15 June First democratic elections. UCD coalition led by Adolfo

Suarez wins.11 July Application to the EEC is officially announced.28 July Foreign Minister Marcelino Oreja hands in application

to the EEC.27 November Spain joins the Assembly of the Council of Europe.

1978 6 December Referendum on the constitution. New constitution isapproved.

1979 1 March General elections. UCD coalition led by Adolfo Suarezwins.

17 June Congress of Deputies unanimously approves negotia-tions with the EEC.

1980 5 February Negotiations for entry into the EEC officially begin.5 June French Prime Minister Giscard d’Estaing announces the

pause in negotiations.1981 January Greece becomes a member of the EEC.

23 February Attempted coup d’etat.Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo is appointed Prime Minister.

1982 30 May Spain becomes a member of NATO.28 October PSOE wins the elections.3 December Felipe Gonzalez is appointed Prime Minister.

1983 5 June Stuttgart summit. Prospective entry of Spain andPortugal is accepted.

1984 25 June Fontainebleau summit. Spanish candidature is unani-mously approved.

1985 12 June Spanish government signs the treaty of accession to theEuropean Community.

190 Chronology

Notes

Introduction

1 Philippe C. Schmitter, ‘An Introduction to Southern European Transitionsfrom Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey’, inG.O. O’Donnell, P.C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead (eds), Transitions fromAuthoritarian Rule, Leicester, 1991.

2 Laurence Whitehead, ‘Democracy by Convergence: Southern Europe’, in L.Whitehead (ed.). The International Dimensions of Democratization, Europeand the Americas, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 261.

3 Raymon Aron, Paix et guerre entre les nations, Calmann-Lévy, 1962, p. 65.4 William Wallace (ed.), The Dynamics of European Integration, Pinter, 1990. 5 Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-state, Routledge, 1995. 6 Anne Deighton (ed.), Building Postwar Europe. National Decision-Makers and

European Institutions, 1954–1963, St Antony’s Macmillan, 1995. 7 William T. Salisbury, Spain and the Common Market, 1957–1967, DPhil

thesis, Wisconsin University, 1970.8 María Teresa La Porte, La política europea del régimen de Franco, 1957–1962,

Eunsa,1992. Antonio Moreno Juste, Franquismo y construcción europea(1951–1952), Tecnos, 1998. Fernando Guirao, Spain and the Reconstructionof Western Europe 1945–57, St Antony’s/Macmillan series 1998.

9 Antonio Alonso, España en el Mercado Común. Del acuerdo del 70 a laComunidad de los Doce, Espasa Calpé, 1985. Raimundo Bassols, España enEuropa, historia de la adhesión a la CE, 1957–85, Política Exterior, 1992.

10 Fernando Morán, Una política exterior para España, una alternativa socialista,Barcelona 1980. Fernando Alvarez de Miranda, Del ‘contubernio’ al consenso,Barcelona, 1985.

11 José Luis Abellán, ‘El significado de la idea de Europa en la política y en lahistoria de España’, and Juan Marichal, ‘La europeización de España,1989–1936’, in Sistema, 86–7, November 1988, are two of the very fewacademic examples dealing with the term Europeanism.

12 Geoffrey Pridham, The New Mediterranean Democracies: Regime Transitionsin Spain, Greece and Portugal, Cass, 1984; Richard Gunther, Sani Giacomoand Shabad Goldie, Spain after Franco, the Working of a Competitive PartySystem, Berkeley, 1986. Richard Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party, aHistory of Factionalism, Clarendon Press, 1989.

13 Berta Alvarez-Miranda, El sur de Europa y la adhesión a la Comunidad. Losdebates políticos, CIS, 1996. Lukas Tsoukalis, The European Community andits Mediterranean Enlargement, George Allen & Unwin, 1981.

191

1 Spain and the Early Process of European Integration,1945–47

1 Raymond Carr, Spain, 1808–1975, Clarendon Press, 1982, p. 38. 2 Quoted by Paul Preston and Denis Smyth in Spain, the EEC and NATO,

Chatham House, 1987, p. 24. 3 Viscount Templewood, Ambassador on Special Mission, Collins, 1946,

p. 102.4 Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, George Allen & Unwin, 1926,

pp. 107–8.5 Richard Herr, An Historical Essay on Modern Spain, Berkeley, 1974; Jordi

Nadal, El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814–1913, Ariel,1987, are two examples of this approach.

6 Carr, Spain, p. 1. 7 Juan Pablo Fusi y Jordi Palafox, España: 1808–1996, El desafío de la

modernidad, Espasa, 1997. 8 Miguel Artola, Los afrancesados, Madrid, 1976, pp. 59–73; Carr, Spain,

pp. 111–14.9 Américo Castro, The Spaniards: an Introduction to their History, Berkeley,

1971, p. 563. 10 Miguel de Unamuno, En torno al casticismo, Madrid, 1996. 11 Ramiro de Maeztu, Defensa de la Hispanidad, Madrid, 1996; Angel Ganivet,

Idearium español, el porvenir de España, Madrid, 1996.12 Joaquín Costa, Reconstrucción y europeización de España, y otros escritos,

Madrid, 1981, p. 27.13 Joaquín Sanchez de Toca, Del poder naval en España y su política económica

para la nacionalidad ibero-americana, Madrid, 1986.14 José Ortega y Gasset, Obras Completas, Alianza Editorial, 1994, vol. 1,

p. 128. 15 For further information about the Second Republic see Stanley Payne,

Spain’s First Democracy. The Second Republic, 1931–1936, University ofWisconsin Press, 1993.

16 El Socialista, 5.4.1931; Payne, The Second Republic, p. 31. 17 Manuel Azaña, Speech of 19.4.1933, in Obras Completas, Mexico, 1966, vol.

II, p. 689.18 Salvador de Madariaga, Memorias (1921–1936), Amanecer sin mediodía,

Espasa Calpé, 1974, p. 272. 19 For a biography of Salvador de Madariaga see Carlos Fernandez Santander,

Madariaga ciudadano del mundo, Biografías Espasa, 1991. 20 For a classic account of the Spanish Civil War including foreign interven-

tion see Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, Pelican, 1965. 21 Speech of Francisco Franco, 18.4.1937, quoted by Ian Gibson, En busca de

José Antonio, Barcelona, 1980, p. 314. 22 The Times, 5.3.1946. 23 United Nations General Assembly. Resolution 39. AG (1–2) 59, plenary

session, p. 1222. 24 Carr, Spain, p. 704. 25 Pensamiento político de Franco II, Chap. IX. Bases de la democracia española,

Madrid, 1975.

192 Notes

26 Carr, Spain, p. 704. 27 Foreign Relations of the United States, FRUS 1947, vol. III, p. 1097. 28 Preston, Franco, p. 587. 29 Florentino Portero, Franco asilado: la cuestión española, 1945–1950, Aguilar,

1989, p. 399. 30 Angel Viñas, Los pactos secretos de Franco con Estados Unidos: bases, ayuda

económica, recortes de soberanía, Barcelona, 1981, pp. 165–9. 31 For further information about the United States and its influence on

Spanish European policy see Fernando Guirao, ‘The United States, Francoand the Integration of Europe’, in Francis H. Heller and John R.Gillingham (eds), The United States and the Integration of Europe. Legacies ofthe Postwar Era, St Martin’s Press, 1996.

32 José María Gil Robles, La monarquía por la que yo luché, páginas de un diario1941–1954, Madrid, 1976, p. 260.

33 Assembly of the Council of Europe, Resolution 15, Document 107,28.8.1950.

34 Ibid. Resolution 14, Document 107, 28.8.1950. 35 Angel Viñas et al., Política comercial exterior en España (1931–1975), Madrid,

1979, vol. 1, p. 489. 36 See Fernando Guirao, Spain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe

1945–57, St Antony´s Macmillan Series, 1998. 37 Ibid.38 For further details see Fernando Guirao, ‘Spain and the Green Pool.

Challenge and Response, 1950 to 1955’, in Richard T. Griffiths and BrianGirvin (eds), The Green Pool and the Origins of the Common AgriculturalPolicy, Lothian Press, 1995.

39 Ibid., p. 279. 40 Archive of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (AGMAE), file 5332

folder 2. Nota informativa. Resumen del desarrollo de las relaciones de Españacon la OECE, Madrid, 21.9.1956.

41 Ibid.42 For a detailed account of this process by its protagonists see Maríano

Navarro Rubio, Mis memorias, testimonio de una vida política truncada por elcaso Matesa, Barcelona, 1991; Laureano López Rodó, Memorias I, Barcelona,1990.

43 Joseph Harrison, The Spanish Economy in the Twentieth Century, CroomHelm, 1985, pp. 137–49.

44 José María de Areilza and Fernando María Castiella, Reivindicaciones deEspaña, Madrid, 1941.

45 Florentino Portero and Rosa Pardo, ‘La política exterior’, in Raymond Carr(Coord), La época de Franco (1939–1975), Vol 1: Política, ejército, iglesia,economía y administración. Historia de España Menéndez Pidal, Vol XLI,Espasa Calpé, 1996, pp. 227–43; Jose Mario Armero, La política exterior deFranco, Barcelona, 1978, pp. 171–99.

46 Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora, El nuevo estado español, 25 años deMovimiento Nacional, 1936–1961, Madrid, Instituto de Estudios Políticos,1961.

47 Arriba, 18.5.1950. 48 ABC, 10.5.1950.

Notes 193

49 Jose María Doussinague, Conferencia inaugural del curso 1948–49 de laEscuela Diplomática, Madrid, 1949.

50 Javier Tusell, Franco y los católicos: la política interior española entre 1945 y1957, Madrid, 1984, p. 238.

51 Ibid., p. 239. 52 Petra Maria Weber, ‘El CEDI, promotor del occidente cristiano y de las rela-

ciones hispano-alemanas en los años cincuenta’, Hispania, 1994, n. 188. 53 Ibid., p. 1084. 54 Ibid., p. 1091. 55 Interview with Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora, Madrid, 9.4.1997. 56 Francisco Franco, Textos de doctrina política, 1945–1950, Madrid, 1951,

pp. 147–73. 57 See Francisco Franco, Discursos y mensajes de Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado

ante las Cortes Españolas, 1943–1961, Madrid, 1961. 58 Alberto Martín Artajo, ‘Cristianismo y Comunidad Internacional’, Revista

de Estudios Políticos, 93, Madrid, May–June 1957. 59 José Larraz, Dos discursos sobre la unidad económica europea, Madrid, 1949. 60 José Larraz, Estudios sobre la unificación económica europea, Espasa Calpé,

1961.61 Pedro Laín Entralgo, España como problema, Rialp, 1949.62 Rafael Calvo Serer, España sin problema, Rialp, 1949. 63 Salvador de Madariaga, Europe, a Unit of Human Culture, European

Movement, 1952. 64 Luis Díez del Corral, El rapto de Europa, una interpretación histórica de nuestro

tiempo, Alianza, 1974. 65 Fernando Alvarez de Miranda, Del ‘contubernio’ al consenso, Barcelona,

1985, p. 92. 66 Javier Tusell, La oposición democrática al franquismo, 1939–1962, Barcelona,

1977, p. 387. 67 Alvarez de Miranda, Del ‘contubernio’, p. 127. 68 Rafael Calvo Serer, Mis enfrentamientos con el poder, Plaza y Janés, 1978,

p. 36. 69 Ibid., p. 40. 70 Javier Tusell, Gimenez Fernández: precursor de la democracia española,

Madrid, 1990, p. 265. 71 Ibid., p. 275. 72 Enrique Tierno Galván, Cabos Sueltos, Barcelona, 1981, p. 204. 73 Ibid., pp. 221–34. 74 José Ortega y Gasset, Meditación de Europa, Revista de Occidente, 1960, p. 123. 75 Tierno Galván, Cabos Sueltos, p. 131. 76 Paul Preston, Salvador de Madariaga and the Quest for Liberty in Spain,

Clarendon Press, 1987, p. 25. 77 Salvador de Madariaga, De la angustia a la libertad: Memorias de un federal-

ista, Madrid, 1982, p. 311. 78 Abdón Mateos, ‘Europa en la política de presencia internacional del social-

ismo español en el exilio’, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, 2, 1989, p. 348. 79 Fernando Guirao, ‘The Spanish Socialist Party’, in Richard T. Griffiths (ed.),

The Socialist Parties and the Question of Europe in the 1950s, E.J. Brill, 1993. 80 Adelante, Discurso de Indalecio Prieto en Nueva York, 22.5.1950; Richard

194 Notes

Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party, a History of Factionalism, ClarendonPress, 1989, p. 112.

81 For an account of the relations between the Francoist syndical organiza-tion of the international trade union movement see Abdón Mateos, LaDenuncia del Sindicato Vertical. Las relaciones entre España y la OrganizaciónInternacional del Trabajo (1939–1969), Colección Estudios, 1996.

2 The Spanish Approach to the European Community,1957–62

1 Arriba, José Luis Gomez Tello, Entre la utopía y el idealismo, 27.3.1957. 2 Laureano López Rodó, Memorias, Barcelona, 1990, pp. 103–4. 3 Ibid., pp. 103–4; interview with Laureano López Rodó, Madrid, 25.4.1997.4 Francisco Franco, Discursos y Mensajes del Jefe de Estado (1957–1960),

Madrid, 1961, p. 103. 5 Alberto Ullastres, speech at Valencia, 1.5.1957, and speech at Barcelona,

1.6.1957. Discursos y declaraciones, Madrid, 1958. 6 Interview with Alberto Ullastres, Madrid, 2.4.1997. 7 Comisión interministerial para el estudio de los problemas que pueden plantear

en la Península el Mercado Común Europeo como una posible Zona de LibreComercio (CICE), Boletín Oficial del Estado, BOE, 21.8.1957, p. 770.

8 López Rodó, Memorias, pp. 103–4.9 Punta Europa, 16.4.1957.

10 Manuel Fuentes Irurozqui, ‘El Mercado Común Europeo, Revista de PolíticaInternacional, 31.5.1957, p. 27.

11 Ya, Continentalismo como solución, 14.6.1957. 12 Simón Cano, Anales de Economía, 64.8.1957, p. 17. 13 PRO FO 371/136664. Spanish Foreign Minister Castiella’s intervention at the

OEEC Council of Ministers, April 1958. 14 PRO FO 371/136664. Spanish Foreign Minister Castiella’s intervention at the

OEEC Council of Ministers, April 1958. 15 PRO FO 371/153240. Record of the meeting between the Foreign Secretary and

Castiella at the Foreign Office, 13.7.1960. 16 AGMAE 5746/16. CICE. Acta de la comisión jurídica e institucional, Madrid,

11.11.1958.17 Answers to the economic questionnaire of the government. Oficina de

Coordinación y Propagación Económica, Madrid, 1959. 18 Alberto Ullastres, Radio Declarations, 25.1.1959. Política Comercial

Española, Ministerio de Comercio, 1963, p. 525. 19 Tusell, La oposición democrática, p. 345. 20 Ibid., p. 345. 21 Unión Española ante Europa. Documentos de Unión Española, 7.5.1959. 22 Tusell, La oposición democrática, p. 388. 23 Paloma Gonzalez Gómez del Miño, La heterogeneidad de las relaciones bilat-

erales hispano-francesas durante el cambio político español, 1969–1986, DPhilthesis, Complutense University, Madrid, 1991, p. 394.

24 Pierre Maillard, De Gaulle et l’Europe, entre la nation et Maastricht,Tallandier, 1995.

Notes 195

25 AGMAE 5539/18. Viaje a Francia del ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, Sr.Castiella. Entrevistas con el general De Gaulle y con Couve de Murville, Paris,8.9.1959: Le Monde, 7.9.1959.

26 AGMAE 5539/15. Declaraciones del ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Españaal señor Heinz Bath de la televisión alemana, 9.11.1959.

27 Die Welt, 10.11.1959. 28 Maillard, De Gaulle et l’Europe, pp. 151–2. 29 Jose María de Areilza, Memorias Exteriores, 1947–1964, Barcelona, 1984,

pp. 122–8. 30 Fernando María Castiella, Política exterior de España: Discurso de Castiella en

la Universidad de Georgetown, Madrid, 1960, p. 10. 31 AGMAE 6416/20. Informe del conde de Casa Miranda, embajador en Bélgica,

Brussels, 9.11.1960. 32 For a detailed analysis of the British application to the EEC see, Anne

Deighton and Piers Ludlow, ‘A Conditional Application: BritishManagement of the First Attempt to Seek Membership of the EEC,1961–1963’, in Anne Deighton (ed.), Building Postwar Europe. NationalDecision Makers and European Institutions, 1954–1963. St Antony’sMacmillan, 1995.

33 Maillard, De Gaulle et l’Europe, p. 169. 34 AGMAE 6415/8. Informe de Eduardo de Laiglesia desde la misión española ante

la CE, Brussels, 9.8.1961. 35 El Socialista, 11.5.1961. 36 Ibid., 27.5.196137 See Abdón Mateos, La Denuncia del Sindicato Vertical. Las relaciones entre

España y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (1939–69), ColecciónEstudios, 1997.

38 AGMAE 6417/12. Informe de Casa Miranda, Brussels, 8.9.1961. 39 El Socialista, 25.6.1961. 40 Alvarez de Miranda, Del ‘contubernio’, pp. 28–9. 41 Tusell, La oposición, p. 346. 42 Delegación Nacional de Organizaciones del Movimiento. Europa a los diez años

del plan Schuman, Madrid, 196043 Antonio Sanchez Gijón, El camino hacia Europa, Madrid, 1973, p. 161. 44 López Rodó, Memorias, p. 285. 45 Francisco Franco, speech at Las Huelgas, Burgos, 1.10.1961. Discursos y

Mensajes del Jefe de Estado (1960–1963), Madrid, 1964, p. 337. 46 Francisco Franco Salgado-Araujo, Mis conversaciones privadas con Franco,

Barcelona, 1976, entry for 3.3.1962, p. 334. 47 AGMAE 6415/26. Aspectos políticos e institucionales del Mercado Común: su

implicación ante una solicitud eventual de España ante la CEE, Madrid,12.12.1961.

48 Assemblée Parlementaire Européenne, Débats, 36–46, 1961–62, Conclusion desaccords d’adhésion, séance du mardi 19 septembre 1961, pp. 62–3.

49 Alberto Ullastres, Conference at the Chamber of Commerce, Barcelona,12.12.1962. Política Comercial Española, 1963, p. 670.

50 AGMAE 6415/18, Despacho del Conde de Casa Miranda, Brussels,16.12.1961.

51 Assemblée Parlementaire Européenne, Documents de séance 1961–1962.

196 Notes

Document 122. Rapport sur les aspects politiques et institutionnels de l’adhésionou de l’association à la Communauté, par M. Willi Birkelbach, 15.1.1962.

52 AGMAE 6916/6. Informe de Francisco Armijo Director General de RelacionesEconómicas y Javier Elorza, Director General de Organizaciones Internacionales,Madrid 24.1.1962.

53 AGMAE 6916/6. Posible asociación de España a la Comunidad EconómicaEuropea, Madrid, 25.1.1962.

54 López Rodó, Memorias, p. 305. 55 Ibid., p. 306. 56 Antonio Alonso, España en el Mercado Común. Del Acuerdo del 70 a la

Comunidad de los Doce, Espasa Calpé, 1985, p. 11. 57 AGMAE 6916/7. Texto de la Carta de Castiella al Presidente del Consejo de

Ministros de la Comunidad Europea, solicitando la asociación de España a laCEE, Madrid, 9.2.1962.

58 Areilza, Memorias Exteriores, p. 169. 59 AGMAE 7276/5. Acta del Consejo de Ministros, 10.2.1962. 60 Arriba, ABC, La Vanguardia Española, 10.2.1962. 61 Balance, n. 188, 15.2.1962, p. 3. 62 Survey carried out by Europa Press in May 1961, published by the daily Ya

on 10.2.1962.63 Carta de José María Gil Robles a Maurice Faure, Madrid 28.2.1962. Archive of

the AECE, Madrid. 64 Tusell, Gimenez Fernández, p. 278. 65 El Socialista, 22.2.1962. 66 Mundo Obrero, España Libre, February 1962. 67 AGMAE 6916/7. Carta de Casa Miranda a Castiella, Brussels, 23.2.1962.68 AGMAE 6916/6. Nota confidencial, OID, Madrid, 1.3.1962. 69 AGMAE 6916/7. Nota OID sobre la prensa belga, Brussels, 10.2.1962. 70 AGMAE 6916/6. Nota confidencial OID, The Hague, 10.2.1962. 71 AGMAE 6916/7. Nota de Jose María Doussinague, embajador en Roma,

14.2.1962.72 AGMAE 6916/7. Noticia de EFE, OID, Bonn, 9.2.1962. 73 AGMAE 6916/7. Noticia de EFE, OID, Brussels, 10.2.1962. 74 AGMAE 6916/7. Nota de UPI, OID, Madrid, 9.2.1962. 75 AGMAE 6916/7. Noticia de EFE, OID, Paris, 9.2.1962. 76 AGMAE 6916/7. Noticia de EFE, OID, The Hague, 10.2.1962. 77 AGMAE 6916/7. Informe de José María Doussinague, Rome, 14.2.1962. 78 AGMAE 6916/7. Noticia UPI, OID, London, 9.2.1962. 79 AGMAE 6916/7. Noticia UPI, OID, Washington, 9.2.1962. 80 AGMAE 6916/8. Carta de Casa Miranda a Castiella, Brussels, 8.2.1962. 81 AGMAE 6816/8. Carta de Casa Miranda a Castiella, Brussels, 9.2.1962. 82 AGMAE 6916/8. Carta del secretario de la CISL al Presidente del Consejo de

Ministros, Brussels, 12.2.1962. 83 Assemblée Parlementaire Européenne, Débats 47–55, 1961–62, Séances du 20

au 22 février 1962, pp. 80–81. 84 López Rodó, Memorias, p. 302. 85 Ibid., p. 316. 86 AGMAE 6916/7. Carta de Couve de Murville a Fernando Castiella, Brussels,

7.3.1962.

Notes 197

87 AGMAE 6916/7. Telegramas de Bonn y París, 7.3.1962. 88 AGMAE 6916/7. Carta de Casa Miranda a Castiella, Brussels, 14.3.1962. 89 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 18.3.1962. 90 Parlement Européen. Débats, 56–61, 1962/63, Séance du jeudi 29 mars 1962.

Question orale sur l’ouverture de négociations avec l’Espagne, pp. 81–4.

3 From the Congress of Munich to the Preferential Agreement, 1962–70

1 Project of resolutions of the AECE, 26.5.1962, in Joaquín Satrústegui (ed.),Cuando la transición se hizo posible: el ‘contubernio’ de Munich, Tecnos, 1993,pp. 176–7.

2 AGMAE 6720/E25. Nota del Director de Política Exterior al Consul en Munich,28.5.1962.

3 Areilza, Memorias Exteriores, pp. 170–71. 4 Gregorio Morán, Miseria y grandeza del Partido Comunista, Barcelona, 1990,

pp. 353–4. 5 Text passed by the Congress of the European Movement in Munich on

6.6.1962, in Joaquín Satrústegui, Op. cit., p. 180. 6 Speech of Salvador de Madariaga, Munich 8.6.1962. Ibid., p. 189. 7 Speech of Jose María Gil Robles, Munich 8.6.1962. Ibid., p. 190. 8 Francisco Franco, Valencia 16.6.1962. Discursos y mensajes del Jefe de Estado

(1960–1969), Madrid, 1964, pp. 399–404. 9 AGMAE 1763/E7. José María de Areilza a Castiella, Paris 14.6.1962.

10 AGMAE 7651/E6. Casa Miranda a Castiella, Brussels, 7.7.1962. 11 AGMAE 7213/E3. Despacho de Francisco Gomez de Llano, Rome, 13.6.1962. 12 AGMAE 7510/E3. Despacho de Victor Arantegui, Bonn, 3.7.1962. 13 Die Welt, L’Aurore, 16.6.1962. 14 Parlement Européen, Débats, 56–61, 1962–63, Séance du mardi 26 juin, 1962,

pp. 80–81. 15 AGMAE 1786/E3. Telegrama de Castiella a Areilza, Madrid, 6.7.1962. 16 Frankfurter Zeitung, New York Times, 7.7.1962. 17 AGMAE 7651/E6. Castiella a Casa Miranda, Madrid, 19.7.1962. 18 Tusell, La oposición, p. 431. 19 Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Memoria breve de una vida pública, Barcelona, 1980,

p. 33. 20 Ibid., pp. 144–5. 21 Nota sobre la Unión Política Europea, José María de Areilza, San Sebastian,

7.8.1962. Document of Luis Suarez, Archivo Francisco Franco.22 José María de Areilza, Crónica de libertad, 1965–1975, Barcelona, 1985, p. 41. 23 Fraga, Memoria breve, p. 48. 24 Ibid., p. 48; Portero and Pardo, ‘La política exterior’, p. 235. 25 Carta del marqués de Bolarque a Castiella, Bonn, 17.9.1962. Document of

Luis Suarez, Archivo Francisco Franco.26 Interview with Alberto Ullastres. 27 AGMAE 7651/E6, Informe de Casa Miranda, Brussels, 6.11.1962. 28 ABC, Discurso de Fernando María Castiella ante las Naciones Unidas,

24.9.1963.

198 Notes

29 AGMAE 7360/5. Carta de Castiella a la Comisión Europea, Madrid,12.2.1963.

30 AGMAE 7390/E 7. Consejo de Ministros, 25.2.1964. 31 AGMAE 7390/5. Carta de Spaak a Castiella, Brussels, 2.6.1964.32 OECD, report on Spain 1964. 33 Ya, 30.5.1964. 34 Le Monde, 2.7.1964. 35 ABC, 6.6.1964. 36 Derek Urwin, The Community of Europe: a history of European integration

since 1945, Longman, 1995, p. 107. 37 OECD report on Spain, 1965. 38 Alonso, España en el Mercado Común, p. 26. 39 Ibid., p. 28. 40 Ibid., p. 27; interview with Alberto Ullastres. 41 Alonso, España en el Mercado Común, p. 33. 42 AGMAE 8967/E 51. La organización sindical ante el mandato de negociaciones,

3.10.1967.43 Francisco Franco, Speech at the Cortes, 18.11.1967. Discursos y mensajes del

Jefe de Estado (1964–67), Madrid, 1968, p. 320. 44 Alonso, España en el Mercado Común, p. 35. 45 AGMAE 9223/E 14. Informe sobre la evolución de las negociaciones, José Luis

Cerón and Javier Elorza, 8.11.1968. 46 AGMAE 10085/E 8. Moción contra España en el Parlamento Holandés.

26.2.1969.47 Informaciones, España avanza hacia el acuerdo con la CEE; Arriba, Exito de la

diplomacia Española en Europa, 18.10.1969. 48 AGMAE 9223/E 15. Nota sobre los términos del segundo mandato, 21.10.1969. 49 Alonso, España en el Mercado Común, p. 39. 50 Interview with Alberto Ullastres. 51 Harrison, The Spanish Economy; OECD report on Spain 1974. 52 Raymond Carr and Juan Pablo Fusi, Spain: Dictatorship to Democracy,

George Allen & Unwin, 1979, pp. 55–78. 53 Victor Pérez Díaz, The Return of Civil Society: the Emergence of Democratic

Spain, Harvard University Press, 1995, p. 13. 54 Revista Española de Opinión Pública, Vol. 9, 1967, p. 202. 55 Jacques-René Robier, L’opinion publique et l’Europe, Université Libre de

Bruxelles, 1966, p. 20. 56 Revista Española de Opinión Pública, 15.3.1969. 57 Salvador Pániker, Conversaciones en Madrid, Barcelona, 1970, pp. 25–8. 58 José Larraz, La integración europea y España, Espasa Calpé, 1961. 59 Ramón Tamames, Cuatro problemas de la economía española, Península,

1965.60 Alvarez de Miranda, Del ‘contubernio’, p. 56. 61 Ibid., p. 60. 62 Areilza, Crónica de libertad, pp. 19–21. 63 Pániker, Conversaciones en Madrid, p. 305. 64 Cuadernos para el diálogo, February 1967, p. 4. 65 Ibid., p. 5. 66 Spanish Federal Council of the European Movement. Enquiries made on

Notes 199

the problems caused by the Spanish application for association to theCommon Market. Paris, 15.6.1963. AECE Archive.

67 El Socialista, 10.6.62. 68 El Socialista, 10.6.62, 22.3.62, 22.7.64, 3.5.67. 69 El Socialista, ‘La verdad sobre el movimiento económico-político actual en

España’, 27.7.1967. 70 Mundo Obrero, 15.10.1962. 71 Morán, Miseria y grandeza, p. 430. 72 ABC, ‘Firma del acuerdo preferencial en Luxemburgo’, 29.6.1970. 73 Ibid.74 Commission of the European Communities, ‘Opinion on Spain’s

Application for Membership’, Bulletin of the European Communities,Supplement 9/78, p. 43.

75 ABC, ‘La Vanguardia Española’, 30.6.1970. 76 Actualidad Económica, 627, 21.3.1970, p. 17. 77 ABC, ‘España al encuentro de Europa’, 4.2.1970. 78 ABC, ‘Europa sin matute’, Marquis of Valdeiglesias, 11.1.1970. 79 Revista El Mundo, 1.7.1970, p. 52. 80 ABC, 29.7.1970. 81 Arriba, ‘Consecuencias del acuerdo con el Mercado Común’, 4.4.1970. 82 Ramón Tamames, Acuerdo preferencial CEE/España y preferencias general-

izadas, Barcelona, 1972. 83 Luis Gamir, Las preferencias efectivas del Mercado Común a España, Moneda y

Crédito, 1972. 84 Alvarez de Miranda, Del ‘contubernio’, p. 61.85 Mundo Obrero, ‘La política exterior del Opus’, 7.3.1970. 86 El Socialista, ‘España dentro de Europa’, 8.4.1970. 87 Spanish Federal Council of the European Movement. Declaration. Paris

22.6.1970. AECE Archive. 88 AGMAE 10085/E 4. Declaraciones de Mansholt a la radio alemana, 31.1.1970. 89 Avanti, 30.3.1970.

4 The Crisis of the Franco Regime in EuropeanPerspective, 1970–75

1 Urwin, The Community of Europe, pp. 139–40. 2 Bulletin of the European Communities, 27.9.1972. 3 Agence Europe, 22.10.1972. 4 Alonso, España en el Mercado Común, p. 76. 5 AGMAE, 15484/ Informe de la Comisión al Consejo en relación con los proble-

mas planteados por la ampliación, Brussels, 14.8.1971. 6 Laureano López Rodó, Memorias III, Barcelona, 1992, p. 214. 7 AGMAE. 12151/5 López Bravo a Walter Scheel, 23.10.1971. 8 López Rodó, Memorias III, p. 188. 9 Raimundo Bassols, España en Europa, Historia de la adhesión a la CE, Política

Exterior, 1995, p. 79. 10 Le Monde, 31.8.1973; López Rodó, Op. cit., p. 438.

200 Notes

11 Revista Dossier Mundo, 23.7.1973, p. 38. 12 ABC, 3.1.1973. 13 AGMAE 15280/73. Re-negociación del acuerdo preferencial, 18.10.1973,

Bassols, España, p. 314. 14 Bassols, España, p. 84. 15 López Rodó, Memorias, p. 465. 16 Alonso, España en el Mercado Común, p. 87. 17 Interview with Alberto Ullastres. 18 AGMAE 15570/E 13. Franco María Malfattí a Alberto Ullastres, November

1970; interview with Lord Dahrendorf, 26.5.1997. 19 Interview with López Rodó. 20 Francisco Franco, Discursos y mensajes del jefe de Estado (1968–1970),

Madrid, 1971, pp. 167–78. 21 AGMAE 15570/E 13. Informe policial sobre el proceso 1001, 9.11.1972,

Bassols, España, p. 316. 22 Bassols, España, p. 86; interview with Alberto Ullastres. 23 Marcelino Camacho, Memorias: confieso que he luchado, Temas de Hoy,

1993, p. 334. 24 ABC, 21.12.1973; interview with Alberto Ullastres. 25 Inforeuropa, 14.1.1974. 26 The Times, Le Monde, 13.2.1974. 27 Agence Europe, 22.2.1974. 28 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament, Doc. 4/74. Sitting of Thursday, 14.3.1974. 29 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Report on Spain. Doc

3466, 25.8.197430 Bassols, España, p. 101. 31 Ibid. 32 Agence Europe, 23.11.1974. 33 Actualidad Económica, n. 871, 23.11.1974, p. 37. 34 Interview with Alberto Ullastres. 35 Bassols, España, p. 117; interview with Alberto Ullastres. 36 Bassols, España, p. 117. 37 Charles T. Powell, ‘International Aspects of Democratization: the Case of

Spain’, in Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions ofDemocratization: Europe and the Americas, Clarendon Press, 1996, p. 300.

38 El Socialista discurso de Felipe Gonzalez ante el XII congreso en el exilio,21.9.1972. Richard Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party, a History ofFactionalism, Clarendon Press, p. 286.

39 Fundación Pablo Iglesias, Memoria, PSOE, 13th congress in exile, October1974.

40 Ibid.41 Ibid.42 Willy Brandt, My Life in Politics, Penguin, 1992, p. 382. 43 AGMAE 15570/E 13. Carta del Comité contra la represión al Presidente de la

Comisión, 17.2.1974, Bassols, España, p. 317. 44 Fundación Pablo Iglesias, Memoria de la Conferencia Europea al XXX

Congreso de UGT, 1976. 45 Eugenio Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain, Indiana

Notes 201

University Press, 1983, pp. 83–5; Santiago Carrillo, Memorias, Barcelona,1995, 499–500.

46 Mundo Obrero, Resoluciones del VIII Congreso, July, 1972. 47 Ibid.48 Rafael Calvo Serer, Mis enfrentamientos, pp. 251–2; Carrillo, Memorias,

p. 600. 49 Le Monde, 11.11.1971. 50 Rafael Calvo Serer, La dictadura de los Franquistas, Paris, 1973, p. 261. 51 Alvarez de Miranda, Del ‘contubernio’, p. 76. 52 Ibid., p. 76. 53 Charles T. Powell, ‘The Tácito Group and the Spanish Transition to

Democracy’, in Francis Lannon and Paul Preston (eds), Elites and Power inTwentieth Century Spain: Essays in Honour of Sir Raymond Carr, ClarendonPress, 1990.

54 Ya, ‘Tácito Coordenadas de la política exterior’, 30.6.1973. 55 Fernando Alvarez de Miranda, Del ‘contubernio’, pp. 80–1. 56 Ibid., pp. 89–90. 57 Bassols, España, p. 112. 58 AGMAE 15570/E 13. Carta de protesta envíada por el gobierno; Bassols,

España, p. 319. 59 Bassols, España, p. 113; interview with Alberto Ullastres. 60 Informaciones, 10.4.1974. 61 The Economist, ‘Spain. The Last Corrida’, 20.9.1975.62 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Doc 3664. Resolution,

22.9.1975.63 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament. Motion of Resolution, Doc 269/75. Sitting of Thursday,25.9.1975.

64 The Times, 26.9.1975. 65 Bulletin of the European Communities, n. 2325, 9–1975; 66 Ibid.67 ABC, 2.10.1975. 68 Helmut Schmidt, Men and Powers, a Political Retrospective, Cape, 1990,

pp. 167–8. 69 ABC, 1.10.1975. 70 Simon Nuttall, European Political Cooperation, Clarendon Press, 1990, p. 1. 71 Bulletin of the European Communities, n. 2326, 10–1975; Nuttall, Political

Cooperation, pp. 126–7. 72 L’Aurore, 10.10.1975. 73 OECD report on Spain, 1975. 74 The Economist, 5.10.1975. 75 Le Monde, 8.10.1975 and 14.11.1975. 76 ABC, 6.11.1975.

5 The Spanish Transition to Democracy and theEuropean Community, 1975–77

1 ABC, ‘Mensaje del Rey’, 22.11.1975.

202 Notes

2 Luis María Ansón, Don Juan, Plaza y Janés, 1994, p. 408. 3 Le Monde, Le Figaro, The Times, 23.11.1975. 4 ABC, 26.11.1975. 5 ABC, ‘La Comisión Europea inclinada a apoyar a Juan Carlos I’, 25.11.1975. 6 ABC, 28.11.1975. 7 The Times, 14.12.1975. 8 Agence Europe, 21.1.1976. 9 House of Commons, Oral Answers, 18.2.1976, Parliamentary Debates,

Commons, 1975–76, Vol. 905, p. 1286. 10 Jose María de Areilza, Diario de un ministro de la monarquía, Barcelona 1977,

entry for 9.12.1975, p. 13. 11 Ibid.12 Ibid., p. 90. 13 Bassols, España, p. 149. 14 Interview with Marcelino Oreja, 14.5.1997. 15 The Times, 3.3.1976. 16 Areilza, Díario, p. 84. 17 Interview with Alfonso Osorio, 17.1.1997. 18 Areilza, Díario, p. 122. 19 Ibid., p. 123. 20 Charles T. Powell, Juan Carlos of Spain, Self-made Monarch, St. Antony’s/

Macmillan, 1996, p. 99; interview with Alfonso Osorio. 21 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Report on the Situation in

Spain, Giuseppe Reale, 14.1.1976. Doc. 3714. 22 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Resolution on the

Situation in Spain. 14.1.1976. Doc. 3714. 23 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament, Doc 520/75, Sitting of Wednesday, 11.2.1976. 24 Ibid., Doc. 48. Sitting of Friday, 8.4.1976. 25 Ibid., Doc. 100/76. Sitting of Wednesday, 12.5.1976. 26 El País, ‘El Parlamento Europeo apoya la ruptura pactada en España’,

12.5.1976.27 Brandt, My Life, p. 316. 28 El Socialista, 30.11.197529 Areilza, Díario, p. 101. 30 Carrillo, Memorias, p. 521. 31 Ibid., p. 601. 32 Powell, International Aspects of Democratization: the Case of Spain, p. 305. 33 El País, 17.6.1976. 34 Michael Pinto-Duchinski, Foreign Political Aid. The German Foundations and

Their US Counterparts, International Affairs, 67/1, 1991. 35 Ibid., p. 89. 36 Manuel Fraga Iribarne, En busca del tiempo servido, Barcelona, 1987, p. 52. 37 Agence Europe, ‘Declarations of Santiago Carrillo in Spain’, 3.4.1976. 38 Agence Europe, ‘Spanish Opposition Makes an Appeal to the European

Council’, 31.3.1976. 39 Agence Europe, ‘Spanish Christian Democrats in Brussels’, 28.4.1976. 40 El País, ‘Silva en el Congreso Paneuropeo’, 9.5.1976. Federico Silva Muñoz,

Memorias Políticas, Barcelona, 1987, p. 330.

Notes 203

41 El País, ‘Escrito de profesionales madrileños al Parlamento Europeo’,6.6.1976.

42 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Le Monde, La Libre Belgique, 4.7.1976. 43 Bassols, España, p. 160. 44 Charles T. Powell, Un hombre puente en la política exterior española: el caso de

Marcelino Oreja, Historia Contemporánea, 1996, 15. 45 Powell, Juan Carlos of Spain, p. 124. 46 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Report on the Situation in

Spain, Doc. 3853, 15.9.1976. 47 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Resolution on Spain, Doc.

3853, 15.9.1976. 48 Agence Europe, 2.9.1976. 49 Alfonso Osorio, Trayectoria política de un ministro de la Corona, Barcelona,

1980, pp. 216, 281; interview with Alfonso Osorio. 50 Osorio, Trayectoria, p. 215. 51 Ibid., p. 215. 52 Ibid., p. 216. 53 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament, Doc. 509/76. Sitting of Wednesday, 12.1.1977. 54 Alfonso Guerra (ed.), XXVII Congreso PSOE, Barcelona, 1977, 275–6. 55 Jose María de Areilza, Cuadernos de la transición, Barcelona, 1983, p. 78. 56 AGMAE 15573/ E 73. Alberto Ullastres a Marcelino Oreja, 5.12.1976; Bassols,

España, p. 165. 57 Interview with Alberto Ullastres. 58 Bassols, España, pp. 166–7. 59 AGMAE 15574/E 77–1. Raimundo Bassols a Marcelino Oreja, 19.1.1977,

Bassols, España, p. 168. 60 Interview with Marcelino Oreja.61 The Times, ‘Encouraging Poll to Spain’, 11.2.1977.62 Osorio, Trayectoria, pp. 216, 281. 63 El País, 14.1.1977. 64 Osorio, Trayectoria, p. 297. 65 Agence Europe, 6.4.1977. 66 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament, Doc. 63/77/ rev. Sitting of Friday, 22.4.1977. 67 AGMAE 12557/77, Raimundo Bassols a Marcelino Oreja, 8.6.1977, Bassols,

España, p. 189. 68 El País, 29.6.1977. 69 Ibid., 23.7.1977. 70 Agence Europe, El País, 27.7.1977; interview with Marcelino Oreja. 71 Interview with Marcelino Oreja. 72 Interview with Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo, 16.4.1996. 73 El País, ‘El Presidente del Consejo de Ministros no ocultó sus temores ante

la ampliación’, 29.7.1977. 74 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament. Doc. 208/77. Sitting of Wednesday, 6.7.1977. 75 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Resolution on the

Situation in Spain, 8.7.1977. 76 Agence Europe, 28.6.1977.

204 Notes

77 Agence Europe, 29.7.1977.

6 The Negotiations of Democratic Spain with theEuropean Community, 1977–85

1 Bassols, España, pp. 169–70. 2 Bassols, España, p. 195. 3 AGMAE 17893/ 77–1. Antonio Poch a Marcelino Oreja, 6.11.1977. 4 El País, 21.9.1977. 5 Interview with Marcelino Oreja. 6 Commission of the European Communities, Enlargement of the Community,

General Considerations, Bulletin of the European Communities,Supplement 1/78.

7 Fresco, pp. 1 and 6, ‘Opinion on Spain’s Application for Membership’,Bulletin of the European Communities, Supplement 9/1878, pp 1–3.

8 Jenkins, European Diary, 1977–1981, Collins, 1989, entry for 27 April 1978. 9 Interview with Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo.

10 ‘Opinion on Spain’s Application for Membership’, Bulletin of the EC,Supplement, 9/1978.

11 Agence Europe, 20.12.1978. 12 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament, Doc.479/78. Sitting of Thursday,18.1.1979. 13 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament. Doc 42/79. Sitting of Wednesday,10.5.1979. 14 Berta Alvarez-Miranda, El sur de Europa y la adhesión a la Comunidad. Los

debates políticos, CIS, 1996, pp. 308–10. 15 Alianza Popular, 1977, p. 15. 16 Ibid.17 Unión de Centro Democrático, 1977, pp. 17, 19, 21. 18 Raul Morodo, Los partidos políticos en España, Barcelona, 1979, p. 164. 19 PSOE, 1977b, pp. 24–5. 20 PSOE, 1979c, p. 17. 21 PCE, 1975, p. 123; Santiago Carrillo, Eurocomunismo y Estado, Madrid,

1977, p. 132. 22 Santiago Carrillo, El año de la Constitución, Barcelona, 1978, p. 58. 23 Lukas Tsoukalis, The European Community and its Mediterranean

Enlargement, George Allen & Unwin, 1981, p. 123. 24 Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados, DSCD, 21, 27.6.1979,

pp. 1044–5. 25 Ibid.26 François Duchene, ‘Community Attitudes’, in Dudley Seers and

Constantine Vaistos (eds), The Second Enlargement of the EEC: the Integrationof Unequal Partners, Macmillan, 1982, pp. 25–7.

27 Tsoukalis, Mediterranean Enlargement, p. 136. 28 El País, 6.2.1979. 29 Interview with Raimundo Bassols, 29.4.1996. 30 Le Soir, 5.2.1979. 31 Interview with Marcelino Oreja.

Notes 205

32 Agence Europe, 10.9.1979. 33 Agence Europe, 29.11.1979. 34 El País, 15.12.1979. 35 El País, 6.6.1980; Bassols España, p. 238. 36 Interview with Oreja and Calvo Sotelo. 37 Agence Europe, 6.6.1980. 38 Bassols, España, p. 239. 39 AGMAE 17893/ 77–1. Bassols a Eduardo Punset, 30.10.1980; Bassols, España,

p. 239. 40 Cambio 16, 28.9.1980. 41 El País, 7.6.1979, Bassols, España, p. 242. 42 Calvo Sotelo, Memoria viva de la transición, Planeta, 1982, pp. 151–2; inter-

view with Calvo Sotelo. 43 El País, 4.7.1980. 44 Agence Europe, 15.10.1980. 45 Agence Europe, 12.11.1980. 46 Interview with Emilio Garrigues, 21.3.1995. 47 El País, 17.12.1980. 48 Agence Europe, 25.2.1981. 49 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament, Doc. 1–8/81. Sitting of Friday, 13.3.1981. 50 El País, 17.3.1981. 51 Agence Europe, 14.7.1981. 52 Official Journal of the European Communities, Debates of the European

Parliament, Enlargement of the Community, Sitting of Thursday, 19.11.1981. 53 Agence Europe, 12.6.1982. 54 Agence Europe, 4.10.1982. 55 Interview with Calvo Sotelo. 56 Tsoukalis, Mediterranean Enlargement, p. 129. 57 Eurobaromètre, Opinion Poll on Spain and the European Community,

October 1982. 58 Tsoukalis, Mediterranean Enlargement, p. 127. 59 Revista del Movimiento Europeo, March 1982. 60 Catalina García, ‘The Autonomous Communities and International

Relations’, in Richard Gillespie, Fernándo Rodrigo and Jonathan Story(eds), Democratic Spain, Reshaping External Relations in a Changing World,Routledge, 1995, p. 134.

61 Revista del Movimiento Europeo, January 1983. 62 Agence Europe, 28.10.1982. 63 Agence Europe, 2.11.1982. 64 Fernando Morán, España en su sitio, Plaza y Janés, 1990, p. 44. 65 Bassols, España, p. 282. 66 Interview with Fernando Morán, 15.4.1997. 67 El País, 1.12.1982. 68 Agence Europe, 4.12.1982. 69 Agence Europe, 15.12.1982. Morán, España, p. 48. 70 El País, 17.12.1982. 71 El País, 16.12.1982. 72 Interview with Fernando Morán, 14.4.1997.

206 Notes

73 Morán, España, p. 69; Ramón Luís Acuña, Como los dientes de una sierra,Plaza y Janés, 1991, p. 150.

74 Agence Europe, 7.7.1983. 75 Morán, España, p. 163. 76 El País, 19.11.1983. 77 Bassols, España, p. 289. 78 Agence Europe, 26.6.1984. 79 Eurobaromètre, Opinion Poll on Spain, January 1985. 80 Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados, DSCD, 195, 27.3.1985; El

País, 28.3.1985. 81 Jonathan Story, ‘Spain’s External Relations Redefined’, in Gillespie,

Rodrigo and Story (eds), Democratic Spain.82 Jean Grudgel, ‘Spain and Latin America’, in Gillespie, Rodrigo and Story

(eds), Democratic Spain.83 C. del Arenal and F. Aldecoa, España y la OTAN: Textos y Documentos,

Tecnos, 1986. 84 Morán, España, p. 311; interview with Fernando Morán. 85 El País, 13.6.1985.

Notes 207

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Abelló, Juan 57ACNP (Associación Católica Nacional

de Propagandistas) 25, 110Adenauer, Conrad 24, 37, 45Adroher Gironella, Enrique 17, 33AECE (Asociación Española de

Cooperación Europea) 7, 30, 36,44, 57, 58, 65, 66, 85, 92, 110,186

Ajuriaguerra, Juan 135Alfonso XIII 12Algeria 104AP (Alianza Popular) 155, 159, 188Alvarez de Miranda, Fernando 4,

68, 85, 112, 127, 139, 145Alvarez-Miranda, Berta 5Amendola, Giorgio 115Andea, Victor 57Andersen, Knut Borge 132Andreotti, Giulio 179Areces, Ramón 57Arias Navarro, Carlos 101, 114, 117,

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135, 158Casa Miranda, Count of 47, 48, 53,

54, 62, 64, 69, 73, 74, 100Castiella, Fernando María 22, 27, 38,

39, 44, 45, 46, 56, 69, 71, 74, 80Castro, Américo 11Cavero, Iñigo 145CCOO (Comisiones Obreras) 107,

170, 176CDU (German Christian Democratic

Party) 69, 134CEDI (Centro Europeo de

Documentación e Información 26,27

218

Index

CEOE (Confederación Española deOrganizaciones Empresariales)171, 176

CEPYME (Confederación Española dela Pequeña y Mediana Empresa)170

Cerón, Jose Luis 77, 78, 79Charles I 9, 162Cheysson, Claude 112, 113Chirac, Jacques 138CICE (Comisión Interministerial para el

estudio de las ComunidadesEuropeas) 39, 40, 41

CIU (Convergencia i Unió) 159CNT (Confederación Nacional de

Trabajadores) 58Colombo, Emilio 163COREPER (Committee of

Permanent Representatives)169

Cortina, Pedro 101, 116Costa, Joaquín 11Council of Europe 18, 23, 24, 101,

104Couve de Murville, Maurice 44, 54,

61, 63, 75Craveiro Lopes 24CSU (German Christian Social

Union) 134Curtis, Dunstan 131Cyprus 95, 117Czechoslovakia 115

Dahrendorf, Lord Ralf 99, 101De Gaspieri, Alcide 25De Gaulle, Charles 45, 46, 47, 72,

73, 75, 76Degrelle, Leon 26, 60Deighton, Anne 3De La Malène, Christian 130Delors, Jacques 179Deniau, Jean-François 93Denmark 47, 78, 93, 118, 125, 151Díaz Llanos, José María 91Díez Alegria, Manuel 128, 136Díez del Corral, Luis 30Doussinague, José María 25Durieux, Jean 130

EDCEE (Equipo Democristiano delEstado Español) 145

Eguilaz, París 50Egypt 95, 104Eisenhower, Dwight David 46Erhard, Ludwig 61, 63Escrivá de Balaguer, José María 21Escudero, Manuel 128Esnaola, Jose Ramón 91ETA Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna 98, 99,

114, 115, 166Europeanism 4, 5, 11, 23

alternative Europeanism 81–8Congress of Munich 65–8democratic opposition 105–13Europeanist political consensus

154–9mechanism of domestic change

185–8monarchy 121, 122role in Spanish politics 1945–62

23, 36, 43, 44, 49, 50, 51, 52Suarez Government 137transition to democracy 134–6

European Agricultural Community20

European Atomic EnergyCommunity (Euratom) 72

European Christian DemocraticUnion (ECDU) 132, 133, 145,185

European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) 20, 24, 25, 72

European Conference of TradeUnions (ECTU) 107, 116

European Defence Community 25European Economic Community

(EEC or European Community)19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,54, 126, 150–53

democratization in Spain 98–118,120–30, 136, 138–44, 146, 147,154, 158, 159–65

external factor of change 182–5impact of enlargement 95, 96, 97negotiations for entry 70–87,

150–59, 174–80, 181, 182Preferential Agreement 88–94

Index 219

European Economic Community –continued

reaction in Europe 60–64Spanish application 54–60Spanish attempted coup d’état

165–6, 169, 170, 172European Free Trade Association

(EFTA) 41, 50, 94, 95, 96European Monetary Union 182European Movement 17, 29, 34, 65,

66, 67, 68, 69European Payments Union (EPU)

19European Political Cooperation

(EPC) 117, 118European Recovery Programme 15

Faure, Maurice 58, 65, 68, 69, 129,130, 139, 140, 144, 145

Fellermaier, Ludwig 115, 30Fernández de la Mora, Gonzalo 23,

26Finland 18, 19Foot, Michael 141Ford, Gerald 117Fraga Iribarne, Manuel 26, 71, 123,

127, 131, 137, 138, 155France 13, 14, 15, 22, 24, 32, 40,

41, 44, 46, 47, 53, 59, 61, 68, 72,73, 75, 76, 82, 96, 102, 108, 119,122, 123, 151, 161, 162, 165,168, 174, 183, 184, 186

Franco, Francisco 2, 13, 14, 15, 21,34, 37, 38, 51, 52, 54, 68, 69, 79,89, 90, 99, 109, 113, 114, 115,117, 123, 126, 131, 165, 187

Franco RegimeAxis powers 14Civil War 13, 14Congress of Munich 65, 68–70early European cooperation

projects 17–23early strategy towards the EEC

37–60, 63, 64Europeanism 23–8final crisis 113–20postwar Europe 14–15Preferential Agreement 80–1,

88–92

tensions with Europe 98–105,113–14

Fuentes Irurozqui, Manuel 39Fusi, Juan Pablo 10

Ganivet, Angel 11, 97García Trevijano, Antonio 112Garrigues Díaz Cañabate, Emilio

164Garrigues Walker, Joaquín 112, 123GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade) 77, 80, 81Gaupp-Berghausen, George von 26Genscher, Hans Dietrich 164Germany 13, 14, 26, 27, 37, 45, 46,

53, 59, 61, 72, 75, 76, 80, 111,116, 122, 123, 124, 130, 132,133, 136, 149, 164, 165, 169,172, 176, 183, 184, 186

Gestenmaier, Eugen 26Gil Robles, José María 17, 32, 58,

66, 67, 70, 132, 134, 135, 145Giménez Fernández, Manuel 31, 32Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 102, 120,

122, 138, 161, 167Gomez, Tomás 34Gonzalez, Felipe 107, 129, 131,

132, 139, 140, 141, 164, 172,173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179

Great Britain 13, 14, 32, 38, 41, 44,46, 47, 53, 64, 71, 73, 78, 81, 93,94, 103, 122, 125, 130, 140, 149,175, 177, 184

Greece 18, 30, 31, 47, 49, 57, 61, 79,95, 141, 146, 147, 151, 154, 169

Griffiths, Stanton 16Grimau, Julián 85Gromyko, Andrei 174Gual Villalbí, Pedro 39Guirao, Fernando 4Gundelach, Olav 122

Habsburg, Otto von 26Haferkamp, Wilhelm 112Hallstein, Professor 52, 62, 75Harmel, Pierre 88Herbst, Axel 78Hirsh, Etienne 69Hitler, Adolf 14

220 Index

Holland 40, 48, 60, 80, 115, 116,118, 119, 123, 149

Howe, Geoffrey 177Hynd, John 69

Iceland 94ICFTU (International Conference of

Free Trade Unions) 76, 107International Monetary Fund 21Ireland 47, 78, 94, 125, 169Israel 79, 95, 104Italy 13, 14, 40, 59, 60, 62, 96, 108,

151, 184

Jenkins, Roy 152, 161Jobert, Michel 96, 97Jordan 104Juan Carlos I 49, 95, 109, 120, 127,

131, 137, 140, 142, 166, 170, 180

Kennedy, John F. 53Kergolay, Roland de 103, 104, 122Kindelán, José María 136Kirk, Peter 115, 130Kissinger, Henry 116, 117Kohl, Helmut 172, 173, 176Krag, Jens Otto 125

Laiglesia, Eduardo de 47Laín Entralgo, Pedro 136La Porte, María Teresa 4Largo Caballero, Francisco 13Larraz, José 28, 39, 50, 84, 85, 186Lebanon 95, 104Lequerica, José de 16López Bravo, Gregorio 71, 76, 80,

88, 89, 95, 97, 99López Rodó, Laureano 21, 37, 38,

63, 97, 99Llopis, Rodolfo 34, 35, 67, 106, 132Lübke, Heinrich 73Luns, Joseph 127Luxembourg 77, 113, 122, 123, 132

Madariaga, Salvador de 13, 17, 29,33, 34, 36, 67, 68

Maeztu, Ramiro de 11Malfatti, Franco María 99Malta 95, 104

Mansholdt, Sicco 92, 100, 101Marchais, Georges 145, 185Marín, Manuel 172, 173Marshall, George C. 15, 16Martín Artajo, Alberto 23, 25, 27, 46Martín Sanz, Dionisio 90Martínez de Salas, Juan Pablo 127Merckatz, Joachim von 26Milward, Alan 3Mirallés, Jaime 43, 68, 85Mitterrand, François 132, 141, 167,

168, 173, 174, 175, 177Mombiedro, Luis 91Monnet, Jean 28Morán, Fernando 4, 172, 173, 174,

177Moreno, Antonio 4Moro, Aldo 125Morocco 81, 95, 104Morodo, Paul 112, 128, 136, 139Mountbatten, Lord Louis 138Múgica, Enrique 107, 112Muñoz Grandes, Agustín 71Mussolini, Benito 14

Natali, Lorenzo 153, 163, 164, 173NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization) 16, 18, 147, 148,169, 172, 177, 181, 186, 188

Navarro Rubio, Mariano 21, 38, 63Nenni, Pietro 105, 141Northomb, Baron 68Norway 94, 116Nuñez Iglesias, José 54, 76

OECD (Organization for EuropeanCooperation and Development7, 54, 55, 72, 79, 80, 81, 82, 90

OEEC (Organization for EuropeanEconomic Cooperation) 19, 20,21, 22, 31, 41

Oreja, Marcelino 127, 137, 138,139, 140, 141, 143, 146, 147,160, 163, 187

Ortega y Díaz-Ambrona, JuanAntonio 145

Ortega y Gasset, José 12, 32, 33Ortoli, François Xavier 112, 113,

116, 142, 143

Index 221

Osorio, Alfonso 126, 127, 131, 140,144, 145

Palafox, Jordi 10Palme, Olof 115, 141Paul VI, Pope 115, 116PCE (Partido Comunista de España)

87, 88, 108, 109, 132, 135, 142,145, 146, 158, 159, 185, 187

Pérez Llorca, José María 163, 167Philip II 9, 162PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco) 49,

135Pompidou, Georges 96, 101, 122Poncet, Jean François 160Portugal 16, 18, 24, 33, 44, 77, 93,

102, 109, 114, 116, 117, 141,146, 147, 151, 156, 162, 169, 175

Prieto, Indalecio 17, 34Primo de Rivera, José Antonio 51Primo de Rivera, Miguel 12PSI (Partido Socialista del Interior)

PSOE (Partido Socialista ObreroEspañol) 34, 35, 49, 106, 107,127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134,141, 142, 145, 146, 156, 157,159, 172, 176

Puig Antich, Salvador 101, 107Punset, Eduardo 162, 163, 164, 165

Reale, Giuseppe 102, 114, 127, 128,138, 139

Redondo, Nicolás 107Rey, Jean 47, 64, 76, 88Ridruejo, Dionisio 66, 70Roca, Miquel 112Rockefeller, Nelson 120Rojo, Luis Angel 136Ruiz Giménez, Joaquín 25, 26, 85,

86, 127, 132, 134, 135, 145

Salisbury, William 4Sampedro, José Luis 136Sanchez Agesta, Rafael 90Sanchez Bella, Alfredo 26Sanchez de Toca, Joaquín 11Sandri, Renato 141Satrústegui, Joaquín 43, 49, 50, 67,

68, 85, 139

Sauvagnargues, Jean 118, 124Scheel, Walter 96Schmidt, Helmut 163, 169Schmitter, Philipe C. 1Schuman, Maurice 96Schuman, Robert 24, 43Schuman Plan 51SI (Socialist International) 105, 106,

131, 185Silva Muñoz, Federico 135, 156Simonet, Henri François 112, 148Soames, Christopher 101, 107, 109,

122, 125, 129, 134Soares, Mario 132, 151Sofia of Greece 49Solís, José 21, 48, 51Soviet Union 13, 115, 159SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei

Deutschlands) 127, 131, 133,186

Spaak, Paul Henri 37, 75Spendale, Georges 112, 136Spengler, Oswald 10Spinelli, Altiero 112, 134Stabilization Plan 22, 41, 61, 74Stoel, Max van der 80, 125, 143St. Oswald, Lord 115, 129, 130Suarez, Adolfo 137, 138, 139, 140,

141, 143, 145, 146, 147, 151,156, 161, 163, 179, 185

Sweden 115Switzerland 144Syria 104

Tamames, Ramón 84, 85, 91, 136Tierno Galván, Enrique 32, 33, 43,

106, 112, 113, 132Tindemans, Leo 145Thatcher, Margaret 173Thomas, Sir George 140Thomson, George 112Thorn, Gaston 113, 122, 124, 129,

135, 169Tomás, Pascual 34Tsoukalis, Lukas 5Tunisia 81, 95, 104Turkey 95

UCD (Unión de Centro Democrático)

222 Index

136, 146, 155, 156, 177, 181,185, 186, 188

UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores)34, 35, 49, 107, 131, 170, 176

Ullastres, Alberto 21, 37, 38, 45, 52,53, 61, 76, 78, 98, 101, 104, 105,107, 112, 113, 142, 143

Unamuno, Miguel de 12, 83UNCTAD (United Nations

Conference on Trade andDevelopment) 91

UNESCO (Unied Nations EducationalScientific and CulturalOrganization) 17, 73, 90

UN (United Nations) 14, 17, 23, 24,90, 186

United States 14, 16, 17, 27, 42, 53,

62, 116, 117, 118, 178, 180, 186

Valdeiglesias, Marquis of 26, 65, 90Vatican 17, 22, 115, 116Van Schendel, Robert 66, 68Vidal Beneyto, Jose 128

Waldburg-Zeil, George von 26Wallace, William 3Wallster, Edmund 120Wellington, Duke of 9Whitehead, Laurence 1Wigny, Pierre 68Wilson, Harold 132World Bank 21

Yugoslavia 18, 20, 95

Index 223