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chronology

1578 Jumandi leads an uprising against Spanish colonists in the EcuadorianA m a z o n

1599 Legendary Shuar revolt in the Ecuadorian AmazonNovember 1777 A revolt against a census spreads throughout the northernAudiencia of Quito1791 Indigenous rebellion against a public works mita labor draft at Lita1803 Indigenous uprising at Guamote, Chimborazo, against diezmosMay 24, 1822 Antonio Jose de Sucre defeats Spanish forces at the battle ofPichincha, leading to Ecuador's independence as part of the country of GranC o l o m b i a

1830 Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia1852 Ecuador eliminates slavery1857 Ecuador eliminates forced tribute paymentsDecember 1871 Fernando Daquilema leads a revolt in the central highlandprovince of ChimborazoSeptember 5, 1884 Alejo Saez leads an uprising against the payment ofdiezmos in his home community of Licto, Chimborazo1892 Foundation of the Sociedad Artistica e Industrial de Pichincha (Artisticand Industrial Society of Pichincha), which subsequently provides logicalsupport to Indigenous movementsJune 5, 1895 Eloy Alfaro leads the Liberal Revolution to victoryAugust 10, 1895 Eloy Alfaro stops in Guamote, Chimborazo, where heelevates Alejo Saez to the grade of general in his liberal army

C H R O N O L O G Y

1896 Junta de Beneficencia (Social Welfare junta) formed in QuitoJanuary 12, 1897 Promulgation of Ecuador's eleventh constitutionApril 12, 1899 "Patronage Law" regulates but does not abolish the systemof concertajeOctober 12, 1904 Ley de Cultos expropriates church-owned landDecember 23, 1906 Promulgation of Ecuador's twelfth constitutionNovember 6,1908 Ley de Beneficencia (better known as "manos muertas")passes control of church land to the Junta Central de Asistencia PublicaJanuary 28, 1912 Mob kills Eloy Alfaro in QuitoOctober 25, 1918 The Reformas de la Ley de Jornaleros (Reform of theLaborer Law) theoretically abolishes the concertaje systemMarch 1920 New agricultural taxes lead to uprisings in Cuenca

May 1920 Revolts against taxes in Chimborazo leave fifty Indigenous people deadAugust 24, 1920 Uprising in Ricaurte, Azuay, against taxesMay 1921 Uprising at Guano, ChimborazoNovember 15, 1922 Police massacre striking workers in Guayaquil

September 13, 1923 The army kills thirty-seven Indigenous workers on\ Leito hacienda in Tungurahua

November 16,1924 Socialists in Quito form La Antorcha, which publishes anewspaper that supports Indigenous struggles

^ 1924 Matilde Hidalgo de Procel is the first woman to vote in EcuadorJuly 9,1925 A military coup leads to the RevolucionJuliana (July Revolution)September 22, 1925 The Mexican diplomat Rafael Ramios Pedrueza organizes the Seccion Comunista de Propaganda y Accion Lenin (GommunistSection for Propaganda and Action Lenin), which later becomes the Ecuadorian Communist Party (pce)

January 1926 Jesus Gualavisi forms the Sindicato de Trabajadores Campesi-nos de Juan Montalvo (Peasant Workers Syndicate of Juan Montalvo), thefirst peasant-Indigenous organization in Ecuador; Gualavisi subsequentlyleads uprisings at the Changala hacienda in Gayambe over land issuesMay 16-23, 1926 Leftists hold the founding congress of the EcuadorianSocialist Party (pse) in QuitoOctober 1926-March 1927 The Kemmerer Mission visits Ecuador, whichleads to the founding of the Banco Gentral1927-1928 Ricardo Paredes visits the Soviet Union for the tenth anniversaryof the October Revolution and the Sixth Congress of the Communist Intern a t i o n a l

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February 1928 The army massacres fourteen Indigenous workers at Tisa-leo, TungurahuaJanuary 10, 1929 The military and police allegedly massacre hundreds ofIndigenous workers at Colta, ChimborazoJanuary 12, 1929 Ricardo Paredes gains control of the pse at a meeting ofthe Central Committee and brings it closer in line with the CommunistI n t e r n a t i o n a l

March 26, 1929 Promulgation of Ecuador's thirteenth constitution grantsthe right to vote to women and provides for functional representation forIndigenous peoplesSeptember 29, 1929 Ten workers petitioning for an end to abuses and forlower work demands are massacred on the Tigua hacienda1930 Formation of El Inca, Tierra Libre, and Pan y Tierra peasant syndicates at the Pesillo, Moyurco, and La Chimba haciendas in CayambeAugust 21, 1930 The Socialist Party creates Socorro Obrero y Campesino(Worker and Peasant Help) to defend Indigenous and peasant strugglesDecember 1930-January 1931 Indigenous workers strike on the Pesillo andMoyurco haciendas in CayambeFebruary 1, 1931 Military repression prevents the Primer Congreso de Or-ganizaciones Campesinos (First Congress of Peasant Organizations) fromtaking place in Juan Montalvo, CayambeOctober 6-15, 1931 At its second congress, the pse formally changes itsname to t he Pa r t i do Comun is ta Ecua to r i ano (pce , Ecuado r ian Commun is t

Party)October 20-21, 1931 Neptali Bonifaz Ascasubi, owner of the Guachala hacienda, wins the presidential electionAugust 28-31, 1932 Bonifaz is prevented from assuming the presidency ofEcuador in a four-day war called the Guerra de los Cuatro DiasJanuary i, 1933 Socialists reestablish the pseDecember 14-15, 1933 Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra is elected president for thefirst of five times: Ricardo Paredes runs unsuccessfully as a candidate for the

1934 Jorge Icaza publishes Huasipiingo, Ecuador's most famous indigenistan o v e l

September i, 1934 Velasco Ibarra takes office for the first of five timesFebruary 1935 Indigenous uprisings on the Licto, Galte, and Pull haciendasin Chimborazo for better salaries and an end to abuses

July 25—August 25, 1935 Seventh congress of the Communist International

C H R O N O L O G Y

November 5-7, 1935 Conferencia de Cabecillas Indigenas (Conference ofIndigenous Leaders) is held in QuitoDecember 25-29, 1935 I Conferencia Nacional del Partido Comunista Ec-uatoriana (First National Conference of the Ecuadorian Communist Party)is held in Milagro1936 Founding of the Comite Central de Defensa Indigena (IndigenousDefense Committee)November 28,1936 Paez suppresses the Com.munist Party as a legal organization after accusing it of participating in a coup against his government

August 6, 1937 Promulgation of the Ley de Comunas (Law of Communities)August 5, 1938 Promulgation of the Codigo del Trabajo (Labor Code)September 28, 1938 Formation of the Confederacion Ecuatoriana de Obre-ros Catolicos (cedoc, Ecuadorian Confederation of Catholic Workers)1941 Border war with Peru leads to the loss of half of Ecuador's territoryJanuary 29, 1942 Signing of Rio de Janeiro ProtocolSeptember 14, 1943 Urban intellectuals establish the Instituto IndigenistaEcuatoriano (he, Ecuadorian Indigenist Institute) in QuitoMay 28, 1944 Victory of the Glorious May Revolution; Velasco Ibarra takespower for the second timeJuly 4-9, 1944 Labor leaders found the Confederacion de Trabajadores delEcuador (cte, Confederation of Ecuadorian Workers) in QuitoAugust 6-8, 1944 Indigenous leaders found the Federacion Ecuatoriana deIndios (fei, Ecuadorian Federation of Indians) in Quito1945 Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare creates the Departmento deAsuntos Indigenas (Department of Indian Affairs) and junta de CuestionesIndigenas (Council of Indian Matters) in order to supervise compliance withlaws and prevent abuse in regard to land, water, and other issuesMarch 6, 1945 Promulgation of Ecuador's fourteenth constitution1946 Indigenous leaders found bilingual schools at Yanahuaico, San Pab-lourco, Pesillo, and La Chimba in CayambeFebruary 8-12, 1946 Second fei congress is held in QuitoNovember 16-22, 1946 Third pce congress is held in QuitoDecember 31, 1946 Promulgation of Ecuador's fifteenth constitution1947 Establishment of the Junta de Cuestiones Indigenas y Campesinas(Council of Indian and Rural Affairs)April 19, 1947 The fei organizes a Conferencia de Dirigentes Indigenas(Conference of Indigenous Leaders) at Quito's Central University

C H R O N O L O G Y

April 19-23, 1948 Third fei congress is held in QuitoMay 1948 Uprisings in Cayambe end payment of diezmos and primiciasSeptember i, 1948 Hacendado Galo Plaza Lasso inaugurated president, introducing the beginning of a rvvelve-year period of stability and economic growthAugust 1-7, 1949 Fourth pce congress is held in GuayaquilSeptember 1949 The fei defends workers on Razuyacu haciendaNovember 18-20, 1950 Extraordinary fei congress discusses responses toE c u a d o r ' s fi r s t n a t i o n a l c e n s u s

July 24-28, 1952 Fifth PCE congress is held in AmbatoAugust 1952 Fourth fei congress is held in QuitoSeptember i, 1952 Velasco Ibarra becomes president for the third of fiveterms in office, the only one he manages to completeJuly 22, 1953 An eight-month strike at Galte hacienda in Chimborazo endswith gains for Indigenous workersAugust 6, 1953 Massacre at La Merced hacienda in PintagJanuary 10, 1954 Police attack workers at Pitana on the Guachala hacienda,killing four people and injuring othersSeptember 1954 Form.ation of the Federacion de Trabajadores Agricolasdel Litoral (ftal. Federation of Coastal Agricultural Workers)1954 First agrarian censusSeptember 1, 1956 The conservative Camilo Ponce Enriquez becomespresidentApril 27-28, 1957 Conference of Campesinos from Pichincha, Imbabura,and Cotopaxi is held in QuitoMay 24-28, 1957 Sixth pce congress is held in QuitoJanuary i, 1959 Triumph of the Cuban Revolution1959 Indians march on Quito and hold a ninety-day strike at PesilloAugust 20, i960 Uprising at MilagroSeptember i, i960 Velasco Ibarra takes power as president for the fourtht i m e

October 15-17, i960 The cte organizes the Primera Conferencia NacionalCampesina (First National Peasant Conference) in QuitoDecember 18, i960 Uprising on the Carrera hacienda in CayambeFebruary 5, 1961 Uprising on the Columbe hacienda in ChimborazoSeptember 13-17, 1961 The Local Association of Jivaro Centers is organized in the southern Amazon with the assistance of Salesian missionaries

November 7, 1961 Fall of Velasco Ibarra; Vice-President Carlos Julio Arose-mena Monroy takes power

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C H R O N O L O G Y

December i6, 1961 Twelve thousand Indigenous people from the feimarch on Quito for agrarian reformDecember 16-18, 1961 Third fei congress is held in QuitoMarch 9-13, 1962 Seventh pce congress is held in GuayaquilMarch 1962 Workers take over the United Fruit Company's Tenguel hac i e n d a o n E c u a d o r ' s s o u t h e r n c o a s t

May 1962 Protests are held in Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, andAzuay against the agricultural census; Indigenous workers strike at Pcsillofor higher wages and for land for landless workers

August 15,1962 Salasaca Indians in Tungurahua demanding access to watera r e m a s s a c r e d

July II, 1963 Military coup overthrows the civilian government of CarlosJulio Arosemena MonroyJuly II, 1964 Military government promulgates agrarian reform lawAugust 3, 1964 Approximately 150 Indigenous workers revolt on El Chaupihacienda, CayambeOctober 22, 1964 The Ministry of Social Welfare approves the statutes thatformally establish the Federacion de Centros Shuar (Shuar Federation)March 9, 1965 cedoc founds the Federacion Ecuatoriana de TrabajadoresAgropecuarios (fetep, Ecuadorian Federation of Agricultural Workers),which then becomes fenoc in 1968March 29, 1966 Military turns government back over to civilian controlOctober 21-22, 1966 The fei holds its fourth congress in QuitoOctober 28, 1966 Indigenous workers take over the Pisambilla, Muyurco,El Chaupi, San Pablourco, and Pesillo haciendasMay 25,1967 Promulgation of Ecuador's sixteenth constitution1968 Strike begins at Pull hacienda in Chimborzo and spreads to neighboring haciendas, paralyzing production in the cantonJuly 2,1968 Land occupation at the Santa Ana hacienda in Canton Calvas inLoja leads to a massacre of eight arrimados and injury of twenty-two moreAugust 4,1968 Eighth pce congress is held in GuayaquilSeptember i, 1968 Velasco Ibarra assumes presidency for the fifth and finalt i m e

November 26-28, 1968 Catholics found the Federacion Nacional de Orga-nizaciones Campesinos (fenoc. National Federation of Peasant Organiza-

1969 Formation of the Federacion Provincial de Organizaciones Camp-

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C H R O N O L O G Y

esinas de Napo (fepocan, Provincial Federation of Peasant Organizationsof Napo), which in 1973 changes its name to the Federacion de Organiza-ciones Indigenas del Napo (foin, Federation of Indigenous Organizations of

Napo)February 15, 1972 Military coup led by Guillermo Rodriguez Lara removesV e l a s c o I b a r r a f r o m o f fi c e f o r t h e fi f t h a n d fi n a l t i m e

June 2, 1972 Activists organize Ecuarunari (Ecuador Runacunapac Ricchari-mui, a Kichwa phrase that means "awakening of the Ecuadorian Indians")June 17, 1972 Fifth congress of the fei is held in Quito1972 The FEI, FENOC, and Ecuarunari together with coastal groups organize the Frente Unido de Reforma Agraria (fura. United Front for AgrarianReform)May 17, 1973 Landlords kill Cristobal Pajuha in Tungurahua, giving Ecuarunari its first martyr

August 18-20, 1973 FURA organizes the I Encuentro Nacional Campesinopor la Reforma Agraria (First Peasant Encounter for Agrarian Reform) inQ u i t oOctober 9, 1973 Government implements the second agrarian reform lawNovember 15-18, 1973 Ninth pce congress is held in GuayaquilSeptember 26, 1974 Police kill the Ecuarunari leader Lazaro Condo inC h i m b o r a z o

January 11, 1976 Military triumvirate replaces Rodriguez Lara in powerOctober 18, 1977 Massacre of hundreds of striking workers at Aztra sugarm i l l

November 2, 1977 Police torture and kill Rafael Perugachi, a local Indigenous leader in Cotacachi

April 8, 1978 The fei, fenog, and Ecuarunari meet in Columbe, Chimborazo, to form the Frente Unico de Lucha Campesina (fulc, United Frontfor Peasant Struggle)1978 Kichwa, Achuar, Shuar, and Zapara peoples form the Organizacion dePueblos Indigenas de Pastaza (opip, Organization of Indigenous Peoples ofPastaza)August 10, 1979 Promulgation of seventeenth constitution gives illiteratesthe right to vote, thus extending citizenship rights to many Indigenouspeoples for the first timeAugust 10, 1979 Election of Jaime Roldos Aguilera as president transfersr n n f r o l r m ' l i f a r \ 7 f n r i v i 1 i ; : i n r n n t r o l

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C H R O N O L O G Y

1980 Sixth FEi congress is held in QuitoAugust 22-24, 1980 The Confederacion de Nacionalidades Indigenas de laAmazonia Ecuatoriana (confeniae, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon) is formed at the First Regional Conferenceof Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon in PuyoOctober 16, 1980 Ecuarunari, fenoc, and fei organize the National Peasant Indigenous March "Martyrs of Aztra" in QuitoOctober 20-25, 1980 Meeting of confeniae and Ecuarunari in Sucua atthe First Encounter of the Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador forms theConsejo Nacional de Coordinacion de las Nacionalidades Indigenas del Ecuador (coNACNiE, National Coordinating Council of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador)

April 16-17, 1982 FENOC and Ecuarunari organize the First Peasant andIndigenous National Encounter in QuitoDecember 2-3, 1983 First fei provincial congress is held in RiobambaApril 11-14, 1984 CONACNIE holds the Second Encounter of IndigenousN a t i o n a l i t i e s

July 15, 1984 FENOC and fei hold the Second Peasant and Indigenous National Convention in QuitoJuly 27-28, 1984 Second fei provincial congress is held in RiobambaJuly 27-28, 1985 Third Peasant and Indigenous National Convention is heldin ChordelegNovember 13-16, 1986 Indians organize the Confederacion de Nacionalidades Indigenas del Ecuador (conaie, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador)

August 10, 1988 Rodrigo Borja inaugurated presidentNovember 10-13, 1988 Second conaie congress is held in CaharJuly 27-28, 1989 Seventh fei congress is held in QuitoMay 28, 1990 Indigenous activists occupy Santo Domingo church in Quitodemanding resolution of land disputesJune 4, 1990 Nine-day coNAiE-led Indigenous uprising beginsJuly 17-23, 1990 First Continental Conference on Five F^undred Years ofIndigenous Resistance is held in QuitoApril 11-23, 1992 opip leads a march from Puyo in the Ecuadorian Amazonto Quito demanding land titles and the declaration of Ecuador as a plurina-t i o n a l s t a t e

October 12, 1992 Quincentennial of Columbus's voyage to the Americas

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1993 Amazonian Indians in Ecuador file a lawsuit in New York againstTexaco for environmental damages to their landsJune 1994 Peasant and Indigenous groups unify in an uprising called "LaMovilizacion Por la Vida" (Mobilization for Life) in protest of a new agrarianl a w -

December 15-16, 1995 Eighth FEi congress is held in RiobambaMay 19, 1996 Luis Macas, president of conaie, wins a post as a nationaldeputy in the National Assembly on the Movimiento Unidad PlurinacionalPachakutik Nuevo Pais (mupp-np, Pachakutic Movement for PlurinationalUnity-New Country) ticketFebruary 5, 1997 Uprising evicts president Abdala Bucaram from powerJune 5, 1998 Promulgation of Ecuador's eighteenth constitution declaresthe country to be a pluricultural and multiethnic stateJanuary 21, 2000 Indigenous-military coup removes president Jamil Ma-huad from powerMarch 21-23, 2002 Tenth fei congress is held in Quito

April 20, 2005 Popular uprising forces President Lucio Gutierrez from power