Christman- The Politics of Persons

7/31/2019 Christman- The Politics of Persons

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]HL RACK]KJZ AE RLTZANZ

K} kz da}h `n kml c `nm `n `zz|gr}kan ae }t mk}kan c janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjleat ckdlt`c mlgajt`jklz }h`} jk}klnz `tl `|}anaga|z# zlce'faultnknf rltzanz. [l} z}`nm`tm `jja|n}z ae }hl zlce `nm ae zlce'faultngln} `}

vati kn z|jh }hlatklz `tl ha}c{ mkzr|}lm `nm ae}ln ta|nmc{ jtk}kjklm kngaz} ae }hlkt f|kzlz. Oahn Jhtkz}g`n afl ltz ` z|z}`knlm jtk}kj`c `n`c{zkzae da}h }hl kml` ae }hl zlce `nm ae `|}anag{ `z }hlzl kml`z e|nj}kan knrack}kj`c }hlat{# afl ltknf kn}ltrtl}`}kanz ae }hlzl janjlr}z vhkjh ùakmz|jh mkzr|}lz `nm vk}hz}`nm z|jh jtk}kjkzgz. Jhtkz}g`n‛z gamlc ae knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ }ìlz kn}a `jja|n} }hl zajk`cc{ janz}t|j}lm n`}|tlae rltzanz `nm }hlkt jagrclx j|c}|t c nm zajk`c kmln}k}klz# `nm hl zhavzhav }hkz gamlc j`n rtaukml ` ea|nm`}kan eat rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl eat jagrclx mlgajt jklz g`tilm d{ t`mkj c mkfl ltlnjl `ganf jk}klnz. Hkzdaai vkcc kn}ltlz} ` vkml t`nfl ae tl`mltz kn rhkcazarh{# rack}kjz# `nm }hlzajk`c zjklnjlz.

oah n jh tk z} g` n kz @zzajk`}l Rtaelzzat ae Rhkcazarh{# Rack}kj`cZjklnjl `nm Vagln‛z Z}|mklz `} Rlnnz{cu`nk Z}`}l \nkultzk}{.Hkz rtluka|z r|dckj`}kanz knjc|ml Zajk`c `nm Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{? @ Jan}lgrat`t{ Kn}tam|j}kan (4224+# ]hl G{}h ae Rtarlt}{ (0;;= +#`nm `z ja'lmk}at Mld`}lz kn Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{ (422;+ (vk}h ]hag`zJhtkz}k`na+ `nm @|}anag{ `nm }hl Jh`cclnflz }a Ckdlt`ckzg? Nlv Lzz`{z (422<+ (vk}h Oalc @nmltzan+.





]HL RACK]KJZ AE RLTZANZ

Knmkukm|`c @|}anag{ `nm Zajka'hkz}atkj`c Zlculz

OAHN JHTKZ]G@N

]hl Rlnnz{cu`nk` Z}`}l \nkultzk}{



j ` g d t k m f l | n k u l t z k } { r t l z zJ`gdtkmfl# Nlv [ati# Glcda|tnl# G`mtkm# J`rl ]avn# Zknf`ratl# Zêa R`|ca# Mlchk

J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz]hl Lmknd|tfh D|kcmknf# J`gdtkmfl jd4 8t|# \I

R|dckzhlm kn }hl \nk}lm Z}`}lz ae @gltkj` d{ J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# Nlv [ati

vvv.j`gdtkmfl.atf Kneatg`}kan an }hkz }k}cl? vvv.j`gdtkmfl.atf;682<40652<52

« Oahn Jhtkz}g`n 422;

]hkz r|dckj`}kan kz kn jar{tkfh}. Z|dolj} }a z}`}|}at{ lxjlr}kan`nm }a }hl rtaukzkanz ae tlclu`n} jacclj}kul ckjlnzknf `ftllgln}z#

na tlrtam|j}kan ae `n{ r`t} g`{ }ìl rc`jl vk}ha|}}hl vtk}}ln rltgkzzkan ae J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Ektz} r|dckzhlm 422;

Rtkn}lm kn }hl \nk}lm Iknfmag `} }hl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# J`gdtkmfl

@ j`}`caf|l tljatm eat }hkz r|dckj`}kan kz ù`kc`dcl etag }hl Dtk}kzh Ckdt`t{

kzdn ;68'2'<40'652<5'2 h`tmd`ji

J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz h`z na tlzranzkdkck}{ eat }hl rltzkz}lnjl at `jj|t`j{ ae \TCz eat lx}ltn`c at

}hktm'r`t}{ Kn}ltnl} vldzk}lz tlelttlm }a kn }hkz r|dckj`}kan#`nm malz na} f|`t`n}ll }h`} `n{ jan}ln} an z|jh

vldzk}lz kz# at vkcc tlg`kn# `jj|t`}l at `rrtartk`}l.



]a }hl z|tukuknf zrktk} ae }hl rlarcl ae Nlv Atcl`nz# g{ hagl}avn#`nm }a }hl ja|t`fla|z tlzkcklnjl ae g{ e`gkc{# vha jan}kn|l }a

tljault `nm ffl a|tkzh vk}h ft`jl? g{ zkz}ltz O`n `nm Dannkl# g{ dta}hlt ]kg# g{ e`}hlt Oahn `nm z}lr'ga}hlt Macatlz# `nm `cc }hl glgdltz ae }hlkt e`gkcklz.





Jan}ln}z

@jinavclmfgln}z r`fl kx

0 Kn}tam|j}kan 0

r`t} k zlcul z 0;

4 ]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce? ` jtk}kj`c }`xanag{ 40

: ]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} =8

= ]hl n`tt`}kul zlce 55

< Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce 85

r`t} kk `|}anag{ 026

5 Rack}kj`c rltzanz 02;

6 ]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0::

8 Tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ 05=

; ]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 086

r`t} kkk o|z}kjl 406

02 O|z}kjl ault }kgl? hkz}at{# r|dckj tl`zan#`nm rack}kj`c clfk}kg`j{ 40;

Janjc|zkan 4=<

Dkdckaft`rh{ 4=6

Knmlx 462

ukk





@jinavclmfgln}z

]hkz daai luaculm ault ` n|gdlt ae {l`tz# za kn }hl rtajlzz ae vtk}knf

k} K dlnlff}lm etag }hl knr|} `nm z|rrat} ae g`n{ knmkukm|`cz `nmknz}k}|}kanz. Zagl ae }hl l`tc{ z}`flz ae }hl rtaolj} dlf`n vhkcl K v`z an` Elccavzhkr eat Jacclfl ]l`jhltz `nm Knmlrlnmln} Zjhac`tz etag }hlN`}kan`c Lnmavgln} eat }hl H|g`nk}klz kn 0;;8‚;;# eat vhkjh K `gult{ ft`}le|c. Zagl ae }hl g`}ltk`c kn }hl jh`r}ltz dlcav kz ` mkz}kcc`}kanat lxr`nzkan ae r`rltz rtlzln}lm kn u`tka|z jaccap|k` `nm janeltlnjlz.K `g ft`}le|c }a }hl haz}z# jaggln}`}atz# `nm `|mklnjlz kn }hazl uln|lz

vha rtaukmlm jaggln}z an l`tcklt ultzkanz ae }hlzl kml`z `nm na ma|d}kgrtaulm }hlg ftl`}c{. ]hltl `tl }aa g`n{ z|jh rlarcl }a gln}kan

}hlg `cc# d|} }hl{ knjc|ml? Cknm` @cjafl # Oalc @nmltzan# Ikg @}iknz#Hacflt D`|g`nn# Ilnnl}h D`{nlz# Ganki` Dl}clt# Rhkckrr` D{ltz#Mùkm Jarr# G`tkc{n Etklmg`n# G`tcènl Oa|`n# @n}an Clkz}# J`}tkan` G`jIlnkl# G`tkn` Azh`n`# O`glz Z}`jl{ ]`{cat# `nm Catk V`}zan.K `cza f`knlm }tlglnma|zc{ etag }hl j`tle|c tl`mknf }h`} }va `nan{ga|ztluklvltz eat J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz fùl }a }hl g`n|zjtkr}. G`n{ `mmk}kanz# jc`tkffj`}kanz# `nm p|`ckffj`}kanz vltl `mmlm `z ` tlz|c} ae }hlkt knzkfh}e|c jaggln}z# eat vhkjh K `g ult{ ft`}le|c.

Kn `mmk}kan# zagl ae }hl jh`r}ltz dlcav knjc|ml `m`r}lm g`}ltk`c etagrtluka|zc{ r|dckzhlm `t}kjclz. Zrljkffj`cc{# jh`r}lt = kz ` tlukzlm ultzkanae –N`tt`}kul \nk}{ `z ` Janmk}kan ae Rltzanhaam#‗ Gl}`rhkcazarh{ :<(<+(Aj}adlt# 422= +# 5;<‚60:9 jh`r}lt < kz ` tlukzlm ultzkan ae – Vh{ Zl`tjheat Caz} ]kgl? Glgat{# @|}anag{# `nm Rt`j}kj`c Tl`zan#‗ kn J`}tkan` G`jilnkl `nm Ikg @}iknz# lmz.# Rt`j}kj`c Kmln}k}{ `nm N`tt`}kul @flnj{ (Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl# 4228+9 jh`r}lt 6 |zlz g`}ltk`c etag – @|}anag{#Hkz}at{# `nm }hl Z|dolj} ae O|z}kjl#‗ Zajk`c ]hlat{ `nm Rt`j}kjl # ::(0+(O`n|`t{# 4226+# 0‚459 jh`r}lt 8 kz ` g|jh tlukzlm ultzkan ae –Tlc`}kan`c

@|}anag{# Ckdlt`c Knmkukm|`ckzg# `nm }hl Zajk`c Janz}k}|}kan ae Zlculz#‗Rhkcazarhkj`c Z}|mklz # 006 (422= +? 0=:‚05= (`cc g`}ltk`c |zlm d{ rltgkz'zkan+. @cza# jh`r}lt < kz d`zlm an ` rtlzln}`}kan K g`ml |nmlt }hl }k}cl

kx



–Knmkukm|`c @|}anag{# Zajk`c Zlculz‗ eat ` janeltlnjl an @|}anagkl# Gat`ck}ë# @ fl lj}kuk}ë # \nkultzk}ë Rkj`tmkl O|clz Ultnl ‚ @gklnz# G`tjh5‚8# 4226.

Vtk}knf }hkz daai v`z g`ml l`zklt d{ etklnmzhkrz# `zzajk`}kanz# `nmrtaelzzkan`c `zzkz}`njl etag ` n|gdlt ae knmkukm|`cz `nm knz}k}|}kanz.K `g z|rrat}lm kn g{ tlzl`tjh d{ }hl Rlnnz{cu`nk` Z}`}l \nkultzk}{ Mlr`t}gln}z ae Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rack}kj c Zjklnjl. Kn r`t}kj|c t g{ jaccl`f|lz kn Rhkcazarh{ hùl dlln `n lnmclzz za|tjl ae z}kg|c`}kan `nmkml`z. Kn `mmk}kan# K `g ft`}le|c }a Oazh|` Gkcclt `nm Lu`n Zllh`|zlneat ult{ hlcre|c jar{lmk}knf `nm jaggln}z an }hl g`n|zjtkr}. Etklnmz`nm `zzajk`}lz z|jh `z ]hag`z Jhtkz}k`na# Uknjln} Jac`rkl}ta# G`}}hlv

Oatm`n# Lck`dl}h Clvkz# G`}}hlv Gj@cckz}lt# Flt`cm Nazkjh# `nm Zh`nnan

Z|ccku`n hùl dlln ` janz}`n} za|tjl ae hlcr `nm z|rrat}.Ekn`cc{# `nm `z `cv`{z# K `f`kn `}}lgr} }a }h`ni G`t{ Dl}h Ackult eat janz}`n} etklnmzhkr# caul# `nm z|rrat} kn }ltgz z|jkln} }a hlt jan}tkd|'}kanz. @nm `f`kn# K inav K jagl |r zhat}.

x @jinavclmfgln}z



j h ` r } l t 0

Kn}tam|j}kan

Vha `tl {a|1Tl`cc{# hav va|cm {a| `nzvlt z|jh ` p|lz}kan# jagknf `z k} malz etag

`n `nan{ga|z `nm jan}lx}'etll r`fl kn ` daai1 [a| gkfh} fkul {a|t n`gl# at zagl a}hlt mlzkfn`}at }h`} vkcc rkji {a| a|} (–K `g }hl anltl`mknf }hkz daai hltl ‥‗+. D|} ja|cm {a| fkul ` z|dz}`n}kul# mlzjtkr}kul`nzvlt1 Gaz} ckilc{# vh`}lult jaglz }a gknm `z ` razzkdcl `nzvlt va|cmmlrlnm an }hl rakn} ae `ziknf }hl p|lz}kan. Mkfl ltln} jan}lx}z va|cm luailmkfl ltln}# at `} cl`z} ult{ mkfl ltln}c{ atf`nklm# mlzjtkr}kanz ae {a|tzlce.]ha|fh }hl p|lz}kan }h`} kz tl`cc{ `} kzz|l hltl ‚ `nm }hkz vkcc dl anl ae }hl jln}t`c }hlglz ae }hkz daai ‚ kz – vha zha|cm K z`{ {a| `tl ‥1‗ @nmK zha|cm p|kjic{ `mm# na}hknf K hùl z`km at v`n} }a z`{ kn vh`} eaccavz

zha|cm rtljc|ml {a|t `nzvlt dlfknnknf vk}h }hl vatmz–Vl `tl

‥‗

Rhkcazarhkj`c tlffllj}kanz an }hl n`}|tl ae }hl zlce `tl vkml t`nfknf ae ja|tzl. Anl ja|cm z`{# kn e`j}# }h`} janjltn vk}h }hl n`}|tl ae rltzanz#h|g`n n`}|tl# `nm }hl zlce tlrtlzln}z zagl ae }hl jln}t`c }arkjz ae rhkcazarh{# kn `cc k}z u`tka|z }t`mk}kanz# }hta|fha|} k}z hkz}at{.Gl}`rh{zkj`c `jja|n}z ae }hl lzzln}k`c n`}|tl ae (h|g`n+ dlknf hùl`da|nmlm kn }h`} hkz}at{. Zajk`c `nm rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{# kn k}z v`{# h`z}ìln |r z|jh }hlatkknf `nm rtajllmlm an }hl d`zkz ae `zz|gr}kanz `da|}

h|g`n n`}|tl# }hl zlce# `nm `flnj{ }a janz}t|j} at `zz|gl gamlcz ae }hl z|dolj} ae rack}kj`c `nm zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz.0 @} }hl z`gl }kgl# ja|n}lt'j|ttln}z hùl mlulcarlm }h`} mljt{ `n{ z|jh `}}lgr} }a mlulcar ` zknfcl#gl}`rh{zkj`cc{ fta|nmlm# `jja|n} ae vh`} k} gl`nz }a dl ` rltzan.Lgrh`zkz an mkfl ltlnjl# j|c}|t`c u`tk`}kan# `nm u`tklf`}lm gamlz ae ckuknf (rtluka|zc{ kfnatlm kn g`knz}tl`g }hlat{+ h`z ga}ku`}lm }hkz tlolj}kan ae `cc'lnjagr`zzknf gamlcz ae }hl zlce. ]hl p|lz}kan eat natg`}kul zajk`c

0

K gìl g`n{ adzltu`}kanz kn }hkz Kn}tam|j}kan }h } vkcc dl maj|gln}lm vk}h tleltlnjlz kn }hl jh`r}ltzdlcav. Hltl K gl`n anc{ }a zl} }hl z}`fl eat }hazl mkzj|zzkanz.

0



}hlat{# }hln# kz vh`} janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce j`n dl |}kcklm kn `t}kj|c`}knf flnlt`c rtknjkrclz vhkcl }ìknf kn}a `jja|n} }hl t`mkj`c mkz`ftllgln}z }h`}

hùl `cv`{z lxkz}lm `da|} }hl n`}|tl ae }hl rltzan. @z Gkjh`lc Z`nmlc h`z jc`kglm# lult{ rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{ rtlz|rrazlz ` –rhkcazarhkj`c `n}htaracaf{ ‗ ‚ ` janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan `zz|glm `z }hlz|dolj} ae }h`} rhkcazarh{ (Z`nmlc 0;84+. Gaz} z|jh `n}htaracafklz `tlkgrckjk}# kn }h`} }hl j`r`dkck}klz# kn}ltlz}z# rltzrlj}kulz# `nm tlc`}kanz ae }hl rltzanz }a vhkjh rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz `rrc{ `tl nlult `t}kj|c`}lm `z z|jh.T`}hlt# }hl{ `tl ae}ln `zz|glm `z d`jifta|nm e`j}z# rlth`rz `z `zrlj}z ae h|g`n n`}|tl }ìln }a dl aduka|z at |nkultz`c# `nm na} }hl jan}taultzk`cz|dolj} g`}}lt ae }hl r`t}kj|c t rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{ dlknf mlulcarlm.

D|} rack}kj`c `nm zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz f|kmlm d{ rtknjkrclz `cc rtlz|rrazl ` gamlc ae }hl knmkukm|`c(z+ `j}knf vk}hkn }hlg. Vh`} j`n dl j`cclm }hl–z|dolj} ae o|z}kjl#‗ }hln# n`glz }hl gamlc ae }hl rltzan }h`} kz arlt`}kul kn}hl rtknjkrclz f|kmknf }hl vatiknfz ae rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz }h`} `nzvlt }a}hl mkj}`}lz ae o|z}kjl.

Na}atka|zc{# Vlz}ltn rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{ kn }hl gamltn `fl ‚ magk'n`}lm d{ vh`} kz dta`mc{ jh`t`j}ltklm `z ckdlt`c }hlat{ ‚ h`z `zz|glm }h`}}hl gamlc ae rltzanhaam }a dl |}kcklm kn }hlzl jan}lx}z kz e|nm`gln}`cc{

knmkukm|`ckz}kj . ]hl z|dolj} ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl kzff

tz} `nm eatlgaz} }hlknmkukm|`c `z z|jh# havlult g`n{ jannlj}kanz `nm jcazl `zzajk`}kanz z|jhrltzanz gkfh} hùl kn }hlkt `j}|`c ckulz. Kn `mmk}kan# }hl rkj}|tl ae }hljk}kln ae }hl o|z} rack}{ knjc|mlz na zrljkffj tleltlnjl }a }hl g`tiz ae zajk`ckmln}k}{# z|jh `z t`jl# flnmlt# zlx|`ck}{# j|c}|tl# `nm za an# }h`} g`n{ `j}|`cknmkukm|`cz gkfh} kgglmk`}lc{ gln}kan vhln mlzjtkdknf }hlgzlculz. ]hlgamlc rltzan# kn }hl ckdlt`c }t`mk}kan# kz jh`t`j}ltklm vk}ha|} lzzln}k`cjannlj}kanz vk}h r`z} at rtlzln} a}hltz at zajk`c e`j}atz lx}ltn`c }a –hkg.‗

]hkz uklv kz nav mllrc{ tlzkz}lm kn g`n{ p|`t}ltz. Kn e`j}# anl ja|cm z`{

}h`} `n |nl`z{ janzlnz|z h`z mlulcarlm kn arrazk}kan }a }hl `zz|gr}kan ae ` }hata|fhc{ knmkukm|`ckz}kj janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan (`z }hl z|dolj} ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl+# ` janjlr}kan vhltl na tleltlnjl kz g`ml }a tlc`}kanz

vk}h a}hlt rltzanz# }t`mk}kanz# hkz}atkj`c rt`j}kjlz# `nm zajk`c eatgz. ]hlrack}kj`c zlce kz# kn zagl v`{z `} cl`z}# ` zajk`c zlce# g`tilm kn u`tka|z v`{z d{ knmkj`}atz ae ` zajk`c kmln}k}{# havlult }hkz kz janjlkulm.

@} }hl z`gl }kgl# k} kz `cza p|k}l jan}taultzk`c }a janjc|ml }h`} }hlkn}ltlz}z `nm rltzrlj}kul }h`} `tl tlrtlzln}lm kn natg`}kul rtknjkrclz `tlzrljkfflm `} }hl clulc ae fta|rz # z|jh `z kmln}k}{ fta|rz. K} kz g`}}lt ae g|jh

mld`}l vhl}hlt zajk`c tlc`}kanz `z z|jh g|z} dl tlrtlzln}lm `z }hl rtkg`t{ adolj} ae kn}ltlz} kn rack}kj`c }hlat{. ]hl jh`cclnfl# }hln# kz }a janz}t|j}gamlcz ae }hl rltzan `z tlrtlzln}lm kn rack}kj`c }hlat{ }h`}# an }hl anl

4 ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



h`nm# gìl taag eat (ke na} `zz|gl+ }hl mllr kn}ltrltzan`c# zajk`c# j|c}|t`c`nm hkz}atkj`c jannlj}kanz }h`} z}t|j}|tl }hl zlce'janjlr} ae g`n{ at `cc ae

|z. ]hkz g|z} dl manl# havlult# kn ` v`{ }h`} ùakmz dlffknf }hl p|lz}kan`da|} vhl}hlt }hl kn}ltlz}z ae knmkukm|`cz rlt zl zha|cm dl }hl e|nm`gln}`cadolj} ae zajk`c janjltn.

Kn }hl rtlzln} vati# K `}}lgr} }a v`ml }hta|fh zagl ae }hlzl mllr `nmg|ti{ v`}ltz d{ knulz}kf`}knf }hl u`tka|z v`{z kn vhkjh zlculz `tl z`km}a dl# na} anc{ zajk`c d|}# K vkcc z}tlzz# hkz}atkj`c # kn }hl zlnzl ae dlknf mk`jhtankj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm `nm z|dolj} }a jh`nfl ault }kgl. Gatl zrljkff'j`cc{# K `tf|l }h`} havlult vl gamlc –zlculz‗ kn rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz# taagg|z} dl g`ml eat }hl v`{z kn vhkjh vl `tl ae}ln mlffnlm d{ a|t zajk`c `nm}lgrat`c tlc`}kanz# kn zhat}# }h`} vl `tl zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlculz.

K} vkcc `cza dl jc`kglm# havlult# }h`} }hl `zrlj} ae rltzanz }h`} g|z} dl`zz|glm `z vlcc `z rtaga}lm `nm tlzrlj}lm kn natg`}kul rack}kj`c rtknjkrclzkz }hlkt `|}anag{ . R|}}knf }hlzl rakn}z }afl}hlt# }hl jln}t`c eaj|z ae }hkzdaai kz }hl rtaolj} ae vatiknf a|} ` janjlr}kan ae knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ eat zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlculz arlt`}kul kn rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl `rrc{knf }a gamltnrc|t`ckz}kj zajkl}klz.

]hkz vati j`n dl zlln `z ` jan}kn|`}kan ae }hl g|c}k'uaj`c mkzj|zzkan

}h`} h`z lgltflm ault z}`nm`tm ckdlt`c }hlatklz ae o|z}kjl# ` mkzj|zzkan}h`} knjc|mlz }hl `cclf`}kan }h`} z|jh }hlatklz hùl z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ ajjc|mlm}hl tlrtlzln}`}kan ae rltzanz `z zajk`cc{ kmln}kfflm `nm hkz}atkj`cc{ lgdlm'mlm. ]hl jh`cclnfl }a ckdlt`c rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{ ‚ uakjlm d{ elgknkz}z`nm a}hlt mlelnmltz ae kmln}k}{ rack}kjz# raz}'gamltn }hlatkz}z# jagg|nk'}`tk`nz# g|c}kj|c}|t`c }hlatkz}z# `nm a}hltz ‚ h`z dlln vkml t`nfknf `nmuac|gkna|z. ]hl ckdlt`c tlzranzl h`z `cza dlln tad|z}. Da}h zkmlz# k}`rrl`tz# hùl `ftllm an }hl tlolj}kan ae }hl }t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`c janjlr}kanae }hl `|}anaga|z `fln} `z }hl zlr`t`}lm# knmlrlnmln} zlce ae gamltnkz}

catl. ]hl zajk`c zlce (at kn }hl raz}'z}t|j}|t`ckz} kmkaclj}# }hl –ml'jln}ltlmzlce ‗+ h`z tlrc`jlm }hl |nlgdlmmlm `nm mkzlgdamklm `|}anaga|z –g`n‗

ae }t`mk}kan`c }hlat{. Vh`} tlg`kn }a dl lx`gknlm kn }hkz lxjh`nfl# havlult# `tl }hl rtljkzl

`zrlj}z ae }hkz zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm at ml'jln}ltlm zlce }h`} g|z} dl }ìlnkn}a `jja|n} kn natg`}kul }hlat{. Zrljkffj`cc{# }hl p|lz}kan `tkzlz vhl}hlt }hl kml` ae `|}anag{ `} }hl jln}lt ae gamlcz ae gamltn mlgajt`}kj }hlat{ g|z} dl tlolj}lm `canf vk}h }hl kml` ae }hl –canl vace zlce.‗ ]hl v`{ }a`nzvlt }hkz p|lz}kan kz }a jannlj} }hl jan}a|tz ae }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlce

vk}h ` gamlc ae `|}anag{ kn atmlt }a zll ke }hl c`}}lt ‛z tlp|ktlgln}zrtljc|ml }hl eatglt ‛z `zz|gr}kanz. J`n vl zll knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ `z ` rtarlt}{ ae zajk`c zlculz (zrljkffj`cc{ zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlculz+1 K vkcc tf|l hltl

Kn}tam|j}kan :



}h`} vl j`n# `nm eat }hl r|trazlz ae janz}t|j}knf `} cl`z} anl (K harlrc`|zkdcl+ et`glvati eat rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl `rrc{knf }a gamltn# rc|t`c'

kz}kj zajkl}klz# K harl }a zhav hav }hkz gkfh} dl `jjagrckzhlm.

k . } h l j a n } l x }

@z K gln}kanlm# natg`}kul rack}kj`c }hlatklz# kn r`t}kj|c`t janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl# `cv`{z rtlz|rrazl at `zzlt} ` janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan }ìln }a dl}hl z|dolj} ae }hazl rtknjkrclz. ]hltl `tl }va jhkle tl`zanz eat }hkz (`ganf a}hltz+? }hl clfk}kg`j{ at o|z}kffj`}kan ae z|jh rtknjkrclz vkcc# `jjatmknf }a` jlt}`kn }t`mk}kan# tlz} |ran }hlkt dlknf `jjlr}`dcl }a }hazl ckuknf |nmlt }hlg. Z|jh jacclj}kul lnmatzlgln} vkcc dl raz}|c`}lm at `kglm eat kn v`{z}h`} tlffllj} }hl iknmz ae rlarcl vhazl `jjlr}`njl kz kn p|lz}kan# zazrljke{knf }hl rack}kj`c z|dolj} ml}ltgknlz }hl n`}|tl `nm razzkdkck}{ ae rack}kj`c clfk}kg`j{ . Kn `mmk}kan# rlarcl‛z kn}ltlz}z vkcc dl tlrtlzln}lmkn }hl z}t|j}|tl `nm `kgz ae }hazl rtknjkrclz. ]h`} kz# rtknjkrclz f|kmknf }hl janz}t|j}kan `nm arlt`}kan ae zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz vkcc `zz|gl ` rtaffclae d`zkj kn}ltlz}z }hl rta}lj}kan at rtaga}kan ae vhkjh rtaukmlz }hljan}ln} ae }hazl knz}k}|}kan`c mktlj}kulz. Luln ke z|jh kn}ltlz}z `tl mlzjtkdlm

eatg`cc{ za `z }a ùakm `n{ z|dz}`n}kul janjlr}kan ae }hl faam eat h|g`ndlknfz# }hl{ vkcc z}kcc lxrtlzz ` dta`m uklv ae h|g`n r|trazlz# nllmz# `nmza an `nm }hltleatl jan}`kn ` tlrtlzln}`}kan ae z|jh rlarcl vhazl kn}ltlz}z`tl dlknf za zltulm.

Ae ja|tzl rlarcl‛z kn}ltlz}z `tl lxrtlzzlm kn ` u`tkl}{ ae v`{z kn mlga'jt`}kj knz}k}|}kanz# na}`dc{ d{ }hlkt `j}|`c tlrtlzln}`}kulz kn clfkzc }kul`zzlgdcklz. D|} vl `tl }`ciknf hltl `da|} zagl}hknf gatl d`zkj# }hlgamlc ae vh`} ` –rltzan‗ kz# e|nm`gln}`cc{# kn }hl mlzkfn `nm `t}kj|c`}kanae }hl d`zkj rtknjkrclz ae }hl janz}k}|}kan. ]t`mk}kan`cc{# }hl }`zi ae jan'

z}t|j}knf }hl janjlr}kan ae }hl jk}kln tlrtlzln}lm kn }hlzl rtknjkrclz h`zdlln cle} }a rhkcazarhkj`c (`nm tlckfka|z+ }hkniltz vhazl t|gkn`}kanz anh|g`n n`}|tl hùl rtaukmlm gl}`rh{zkj`c `jja|n}z ae rltzanhaam }a dl|}kcklm kn rack}kjz. @z K gln}kanlm# z|jh }t`mk}kan`c gl}`rh{zkj`c `jja|n}zhùl `cza dlln ta|nmc{ jtk}kjklm eat kfnatknf zlult`c e`j}atz jln}t`c }a g`n{ rlarcl‛z janjlr}kanz ae }hlgzlculz? }hl kgrat}`njl ae lgdamkgln} kn a|t n`}|tlz# }hl v`{ }h`} kn}kg`}l tlc`}kanz eatg }hl jatl ae g`n{ rlarcl‛z zlce'janjlr}# `nm }hl jln}t`c e|nj}kan }h`} zajk`c g`tiltz ae kmln}k}{ rc`{ kn

}hkz jan}lx}. Gatlault# tlffl

lj}kanz an }hl n`}|tl ae }hl zlce j`n dl na}atk'a|zc{ etll ffla`}knf# `z ke ` zknfcl janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan at zlce j`n dle`zhkanlm vk}ha|} `}}ln}kan }a }hl flaft`rhkj`c# zajk`c# `nm hkz}atkj ccaj`}kanz ae da}h }hl }hlatklt `nm hlt z|dolj}.

= ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



G{ }`zi hltl vkcc na} dl }a z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ lnf`fl kn }hlzl jtk}kp|lz ae gl}`rh{zkj`c `jja|n}z ae rltzanhaam. ]h`} kz# K rtajllm an }hl `zz|gr}kan

}h`} vl `tl e|nj}kanknf kn ` –raz}'gl}`rh{zkj`c‗ jan}lx}# `z H`dltg`z `nma}hlt jaggln}`}atz hùl r|} k} (H`dltg`z 0;;;# 0=:9 T`vcz 0;;:+. Vlg|z} razk} janjlr}kanz ae }hl rack}kj`c zlce }h`} hùl na nljlzz`t{ rtl}ln'zkanz `da|} |nkultz`ck}{ at gl}`rh{zkj`c nljlzzk}{. Za vl zha|cm janzkmlt gamlcz ae zlculz }h`} vkcc dl |zle|c kn r`t}kj|c`t jan}lx}z `nm eat r`t}kj|c`t }hlatl}kj`c `nm rt`j}kj`c r|trazlz# kn }hkz j`zl }hl janz}t|j}kan ae rtknjkrclzae o|z}kjl eat janz}k}|}kan`c mlgajt`jklz kn }hl c`}l gamltn `fl.

]hl kn}lcclj}|`c }t`mk}kan kn vhkjh }hkz mkzj|zzkan ajj|tz lgltflm a|} ae }hl zluln}lln}h' `nm lkfh}lln}h'jln}|t{ L|tarl`n rack}kj`c rhkcazarhklz

vhkjh fùl tkzl }a jan}lgrat`t{ ckdlt`c }hlatklz ae o|z}kjl. ]hkz }t`mk}kan v`z d|kc} an }hl tlolj}kan ae hklt`tjhkj`c gamlcz ae rack}kj`c ravlt kn vhkjh}hl clfk}kg`j{ ae tlfkglz v`z }ha|fh} }a tlz} an n`}|t`c knhltln} ravltz ae hltlmk}`t{ }k}cl at gkck}`t{ rtavlzz. ]hl zajk`c jan}t`j} }hlatklz ae }h`}l`tcklt `fl lxrtlzzlm }hkz arrazk}kan `nm janz}t|j}lm }hlatklz ae rack}kj`cravlt }h`} tlz}lm an rar|c`t vkcc# lxrtlzzknf }hl e|nm`gln}`c tkfh}z ae rltzanz mlffnlm rtl'rack}kj cc{ (`z n`}|t`c tkfh}z+.

]hl jan}lgrat`t{ knhltk}atz ae }h`} }t`mk}kan u`t{ kn }hl v`{z }h`} }hl{

kn}ltrtl} }hl mlg`nmz ae z|jh rar|c`t zaultlkfn}{. Havlult# `cc z|jh vtk}ltz nav `mgk}# `nm kn gaz} j`zlz e`jl hl`m'an# }hl mt`g`}kj mlftll ae rc|t`ckzg ea|nm kn }hl rar|c`}kanz vhltl z|jh rack}kj`c ravlt kz lxltjkzlm.Mkfl ltlnjlz kn kmln}k}{# lgdamkgln}# ckel hkz}atklz# j|c}|t`c `zzajk`}kanz#c`nf|`fl# gat`c jaggk}gln}# `nm za an g`ti }hl c`nmzj`rl ae jan}lgra't`t{ }hlat{# luln ckdlt`c }hlat{. Arknkanz mkfl lt# ae ja|tzl# `da|} vh`} }a ma`da|} z|jh mkfl ltlnjlz. D|} `cza# }hlatkz}z ae rack}kj`c `|}hatk}{ kn }hkz}t`mk}kan hùl knjtl`zknfc{ }ìln zltka|zc{ }hl rtlmagkn`njl ae ukaclnjl#magkn }kan# `nm ravlt mkfl ltln}k cz }h`} zh`rl a|t hkz}at{ (`nm kn e`j} }t`ji

}hazl mkfl ltlnjlz kn zajk`c kmln}k}{ kn g`n{ j`zlz+.Gatlault# `nm K vkcc mkzj|zz }hkz kn jh`r}lt 02# }hl jan}lx} }a vhkjh

}hl kzz|lz mkzj|zzlm hltl `rrc{ `tl mlgajt`jklz vk}h }hlkt avn hkz}atklzae zrljkffj`cc{ nan'mlgajt`}kj rt`j}kjlz. Gaz} mkzj|zzkanz ae rack}kj`crtknjkrclz `zz|gl ` clzz }h`n kml`c zl}}knf }a vhkjh z|jh natg`}kul rtauk'zkanz `rrc{ ‚ }hl za'j`cclm –jktj|gz}`njlz ae o|z}kjl#‗ eat lx`grcl# vhkjhzrljke{ z|jh }hknfz `z ckgk}lm `c}t|kzg `nm tlc`}kul zj`tjk}{ ae faamz.Havlult# K v`n} }a gìl }hl jan}lx} gatl tl`ckz}kj kn `zz|gknf }h`} }hlhkz}atklz `nm }a zagl lx}ln} j|ttln} rt`j}kjlz ae z|jh zajkl}klz knjc|mlz{z}lg`}kj knlp|`ck}klz ae ravlt `nm z{z}lg`}kj r`}}ltnz ae ukaclnjl.Tlc`}lmc{# K `zz|gl }h`} z|jh mlgajt`jklz lxkz} `nm e|nj}kan kn ` vatcm}h`} `cza knjc|mlz g`n{ ravlte|c nan'mlgajt`}kj tlfkglz. @z vl vkcc zll#

Kn}tam|j}kan <



}hl kn}ltlz}z `nm uklvrakn} ae rltzanz tlrtlzln}lm d{ rtknjkrclz eat z|jh mlgajt`jklz vkcc dl mkfl ltln} etag }hazl kn gatl rtkz}knl `nm clzz

ukacln} zl}}knfz.]hl p|lz}kan }h`} vl g|z} e`jl# }hln# kz vhl}hlt janjlr}kanz ae }hl

rltzan `} vati kn }hlatklz `rrcklm }a z|jh jan}lx}z g|z} t`mkj`cc{ zhke}`v`{ etag }t`mk}kan`c gamlcz dlj`|zl ae }hlzl e`j}atz. K vkcc z|fflz} }h`}}hl{ g|z} }a zagl mlftll# }ha|fh na} kn v`{z }h`} zagl jaggln}`}atzhùl knzkz}lm. Kn r`t}kj|c`t# K vkcc mlelnm }hl uklv }h`} knmkukm|`c`|}anag{# zrljkfflm kn v`{z }h`} gìl lzzln}k`c tleltlnjl }a knmkukm|`chkz}at{ d|} na} nljlzz`tkc{ }a r`t}kj|c`t zajk`c jannlj}kanz# vkcc dl nljlzz`t{ `z ` c{njhrkn ae rc|t`ckz} mlgajt`}kj }hlat{ `nm vkcc `cza z|tukul jtk}kp|lzetag }hazl zlnzk}kul }a zajk`c `nm hkz}atkj`c janz}k}|ln}z ae kmln}k}{.

@cza# ` vatm `da|} ` vatm? ckdlt`ckzg. Gaz} ae }hl mkzj|zzkan kn vh`}eaccavz vkcc janjltn –ckdlt`c‗ rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{. @nm kn g|jh ae g{ avnr`z} vtk}knf# zagl ae vhkjh kz knhltk}lm kn tlukzlm eatg hltl# K }aai g{zlce }a dl mlelnmknf ` ultzkan ae ckdlt`ckzg# at `} cl`z} zagl ae k}z jln}t`c kml`z.D|} K hùl ea|nm }h`} kn mkzj|zzkanz ae }hlzl }arkjz# }hl }ltg –ckdlt`ckzg‗

h`z }ìln an z|jh ` uac`}kcl `nm u`tk`dcl zl} ae gl`nknfz }h`} K c`tflc{ ùakmk} kn vh`} eaccavz# lzrljk`cc{ kn z}`}lgln}z ae g{ ault`cc `kgz. K rtlelt }a

}`ci `da|} `n}k'rltelj}kankz}# `|}anag{'d`zlm# mlgajt }kj }hlatklz ae o|z}kjl. ]hlzl `tl natg`}kul `rrta`jhlz }a rack}kjz `nm zajk`c ckel }h`}# ckil}t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`ckzg# `zz|gl }h`} janfflkj}z `ganf gat`c vatcmuklvz `nmu`c|l z{z}lgz `tl ` rltg`nln} lclgln} ae rack}kj`c ckel# `nm }hltleatlrtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl zha|cm# `z g|jh `z razzkdcl# ùakm tlz}knf an `n{ anl ae }hazl jan}taultzk c uklvz. Havlult# K `cza }hkni# `nm }hkz jan}t`z}z vk}hg|jh ckdlt`c }ha|fh}# }h`} mlgajt`}kj rtajlm|tlz `tl janz}k}|}kul ae }hlflnlt`}kan ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl `nm na} gltlc{ jagrckgln}`t{ }a k}. HltlK hùl gatl kn jaggan vk}h zagl zlce'mlzjtkdlm nan'ckdlt`c }hkniltz vha

`ckfn }hlgzlculz vk}h (t`mkj`c+ mlgajt`}kj }hlat{.K j`nna} mlelnm ` dta`m }hlat{ ae o|z}kjl hltl `nm van ‛} }t{. Knz}l`m K

gltlc{ mkzj|zz# kn zagl ml}`kc# zagl ae }hl il{ janjlr}|`c lclgln}z `} vati kn z|jh ` }hlat{. D|} K v`n} }a gìl `z jcl`t `z razzkdcl vh`} g{ }hlatl}kj`cjaggk}gln}z `tl# `nm d{ lx}lnzkan }hl }hlatl}kj`c et`gl kn}a vhkjh }hazllclgln}z `tl kn}lnmlm }a ff}# za `z }a kcc|gkn`}l }hazl dta`mlt }hlatklz(kn v`{z }h`}# K harl# vkcc dl ae kn}ltlz} }a da}h }hlkt mlelnmltz `nm ml}t`j'}atz+. Kn zrljkffj knz}`njlz# havlult# z|jh `z g{ tlolj}kan ae rltelj}kankzgkn }hl zh`rknf ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl# K vkcc `tf|l eat }hl uklv kn p|lz}kan# d|}kn a}hltz K vkcc zkgrc{ mlzkfn`}l }hl ault`cc et`glvati `z K vati vk}hkn k}.

Gaz} ae }hlzl dta`mlt tlffllj}kanz `tl jan}`knlm kn r`t} KKK ae }hl daai (jan}`knknf anc{ jh`r}lt 02+. ]hl rtknjkr`c lclgln}z ae }hl uklv mlulcarlm




hltl# havlult# janjltn }hl gamlc ae `|}anag{ `nm }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlce }a vhkjh z|jh `|}anag{ kz gl`n} }a `}}`jh. K janzkmlt }hlzl kml`z kn }|tn#

fftz} mkzj|zzknf }hl zlce `nm }hln }hl `|}anaga|z zlce. Cl} |z rtajllm }hln vk}h `n aultuklv ae }hl }arkjz `z }hl{ |neacm kn }hl jh`r}ltz dlcav.

k k . z l c u l z

]`ci ae –zlculz‗ `nm –}hl zlce ‗ j`ttklz g`n{ janna}`}kanz `nm `gdkf|k}klz. Vh{# eat knz}`njl# ma vl tlelt }a –}hl zlce ‗ t`}hlt }h`n –}hl rltzan‗ at –}hlh|g`n dlknf ‗1 Vh`} `da|} –}hl `fln}#‗ at –}hl z|dolj}‗1 Rhkcazarhkj`cck}lt`}|tl an }hkz g`}}lt h`z t`nflm ault `cc ae }hlzl }ltgz `nm }arkjz. ]hljanjln}t`}kan an }hl zlce kn }hkz vati kz na} gl`n} }a tlz} an `n{ mllrrhkcazarhkj`c jc`kg `da|} vh`} kz }t|c{ jln}t`c kn }`ciknf `da|} }hl h|g`nlxrltklnjl z|jh }h`} tleltlnjl }a –rltzanz‗ at –h|g`nk}{ ‗ at –`fln}z‗ kzzaglhav vtanfhl`mlm. T`}hlt# tleltlnjl }a zlculz zllgz }a ùakm `} cl`z}zagl ae }hl janna}`}kanz }h`} }hl a}hlt }ltgz hùl d|} na}# K harl# knjc|mla}hltz ae k}z avn }h`} vkcc jane|zl g`}}ltz.

]hl zlce# kn }hl j|ttln} mkzj|zzkan# kz zkgrc{ }hl zl} ae lclgln}z ae h|g`n rltzanz }h`} `tl tlclu`n} }a natg`}kul rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz `nm zajk`c

}hlat{ ae }hl zat} dlknf janzkmltlm. Z|jh }ltgknacaf{ ùakmz }hl uklv }h`}z|jh ` zlce kz lzzln}k`cc{ ` t`}kan`c jhaazlt (`z }hl }ltg –`fln}‗ gkfh} kgrc{+at ` gl}`rh{zkj`c ln}k}{ vk}h kmln}k}{ janmk}kanz ault }kgl# `z z|fflz}lmd{ }hl vatm –rltzan‗ rlth`rz. @nm `z K gln}kanlm# k} kz `cza kgrat}`n} }aùakm }hl `zz|gr}kan }h`} }hl zlce kz zaglhav ` zrljkff`dcl eatg`}kan `}}hl jatl ae `cc rltzan`ck}klz `nm ckulz# e`k}he|cnlzz }a vhkjh kz }hl rtkglmktlj}kul ae zlce'faultngln}. ]`ci ae zlculz kz `cv`{z }`ci ae gamlc jan'jlr}kanz ae }hl vkml u`tkl}{ ae lgdamklm j`r`jk}klz# jaggk}gln}z# damkc{ }t`k}z# u`c|lz# `nm mlzktlz }h`} z}t|j}|tl }hl rltzrlj}kul `nm fta|nm }hl

kn}ltlz}z ae }hl z|dolj}z ae o|z}kjl.Kn }hkz v`{# K oakn a}hltz kn tlolj}knf }hl uklv }h`} }hltl kz ` }t|l# jatl zlce

knzkml |z `cc }h`} a|t etllmag `nm `|}anag{ lxrtlzzlz# ` zlce }h`} j`n dlzrljkfflm rz{jhacafkj`cc{ at rhkcazarhkj`cc{ `nm vhkjh e|nj}kanz `jtazzjan}lx}z kn a|t ckulz (zll# l.f.# Gl{ltz 422<+. ]hl r`t}kj|c`t –zlculz‗ }h`}arlt`}l kn u`tka|z jan}lx}z u`t{ eat `cc ae |z# `nm }hltleatl }hl gamlc ae –}hl‗ zlce zha|cm `cza u`t{ `jjatmknf }a }hl r|trazlz ae zrljkffj`}kan ae z|jh` gamlc. Vh`} }hkz gl`nz# }ha|fh# kz }h`} }hkz ffj}k}ka|z ln}k}{# }hl anl'}t|l'zlce# kz ` u`nkzhknf rakn} }h`} kz `cv`{z dlknf tlrtlzln}lm at gamlclmd|} vhkjh malz na}# kn ` zlnzl# lxkz}. ]hltl kz na zknfcl }t|l zlce f|kmknf g{ ckel9 lclgln}z ae }hl zlce }h`} `tl tlclu`n} eat rt`j}kj`c tl`zanz lgltfl `z anl`j}z# zrlìz# `nm lxrtlzzlz anlzlce. ]hltleatl k} kz kgrc`|zkdcl }a raz}|c`}l

Kn}tam|j}kan 6



` z}`}kj zl} ae u`c|lz# kn}ltlz}z# j`r`jk}klz# `nm }hl ckil }h`} gìl |r }hlzl}}clm zlce rtkat }a z|jh `j}kanz. K vkcc `}}lgr} }a zat} a|} }hlzl r`t`maxkj`c'

za|nmknf jc`kgz ‚ kn r`t}kj|c`t }h`} gamlcz ae }hl zlce tlrtlzln} `n ln}k}{ }h`} j`nna} dl zrljkfflm knmlrlnmln}c{ ae }h`} tlrtlzln}`}kan.

]hkz g`{ z|fflz} `n ` nk}{ vk}h }hl raz}'gamltn tlolj}kan ae `n{ }`ci ae z}`dcl zlculz at zl}}clm gl`nknfz kn mkzja|tzl `da|} rack}kjz at h|g`nk}{.Kn ` u`tkl}{ ae v`{z# za'j`cclm raz}'gamltn at raz}'z}t|j}|t`ckz} }hkniltzhùl }ìln zilr}kjkzg `da|} ea|nm`}kanz flnlt cc{ ‚ ae inavclmfl#gat`ck}{# rack}kjz# `nm gl`nknf ‚ }a lx}lnm }a janjlr}kanz ae kmln}k}{ `nm}hl zlce. Na} anc{ kz }hltl na z}`dcl }t|l –zlce ‗ `} }hl jln}lt ae a|t dlknf#}hl{ z|fflz}# d|} `cc }hkniknf `nm c`nf|`fl |}kcklz |nz}`dcl z{gdackjz{z}lgz vhazl –tlg`knmlt ‗ (lclgln}z ae gl`nknfe|cnlzz na} j`r}|tlmz|jkln}c{ d{ }hazl z{gdacz+ `tl arlt`}kul z|ttlr}k}ka|zc{ kn tlffllj}kanz`da|} }hl vatcm `nm a|tzlculz.

Z|jh razk}kanz vkcc dl lxrcatlm# zrljkffj`cc{ kn jh`r}lt :#`nmKvkccgìl` u`tkl}{ ae jt|jk`c mkz}knj}kanz dl}vlln }ltgz `nm jc`kgz arlt`}kul kn }hkzraz}'gamltn c`nmzj`rl. ]hl janjc|zkan vkcc dl }h`} vl j`n `jjlr} (at dl`fnaz}kj `da|}+ g|jh ae }hl jh`cclnfl t`kzlm d{ }hlzl }hkniltz# kn r`t}kj|c`t#}hlkt hl`c}h{ zilr}kjkzg }h`} zlculz `tl ffxlm `nm }t`nzr`tln} z}t|j}|tlz

}h`} j`n dl `jjlzzlm }hta|fh kn}tazrlj}kan. K v`n} }a g`kn}`kn }h`}–zlce

‗'tlffllj}kan (K‛cc ùakm }hl p|a}lz etag nav an+ zha|cm z}kcc rc`{ ` tacl kn `

rltzan‛z tlrtlzln}`}kan ae }hlgzlculz kn zajk`c mkzja|tzl# luln ke }hkz tlrtl'zln}`}kan falz –`cc }hl v`{ mavn#‗ `z k} vltl# vk}ha|} }hltl dlknf `nln}k}{ at zl} ae e|nj}kanz at dlcklez }h`} lxkz}z knmlrlnmln}c{ ae }h }tlrtlzln}`}kan `nm }h`} rtaukmlz k}z fta|nm. Gatlault# vl zha|cm dl `dcl}a mkz}knf|kzh `mlp|`}l at u`ckm tlffllj}kan etag g`nkr|c`}lm at mkz}at}lmtlffllj}kan vk}ha|} rtlz|rrazknf ` z}`dcl adolj} ae zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl zat} }hazl jtk}kjz mljt{.

@cza# an }hl uklv }a dl mlulcarlm hltl# zlculz `tl na} ln}k}klz }h`} j`ndl e|cc{ ft`zrlm `} ` zknfcl knz}`n}. ]hl{ `tl mk`jhtankj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm kn}h`} }hlkt lclgln}z lxkz} kn `nm ault }kgl. Vl hùl r`z}z `nm e|}|tlz# ckelzr`nz vhkjh knjc|ml jhkcmhaam `nm# vl harl# acm `fl. A|t glgatklz `nme|}|tl `zrkt`}kanz `tl `z g|jh ` r`t} ae |z `z a|t j|ttln} `tt`{ ae j`r`jk}klz`nm mlzktlz. @nm# kn atmlt }a lgrh`zkl }hl lclgln}z ae a|t zlculz }h`}hùl dlln gaz} nlfclj}lm kn z}`nm`tm gamlcz# K vkcc j`cc }hl uklv }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c janjlr} ae }hl zlce.

K vkcc `cza mkzj|zz ` ultzkan ae }hkz `rrta`jh }h`} uklvz zlculz `nm }hlkt ckulz kn n`tt`}kul }ltgz. Eat p|k}l zagl }kgl nav# tleltlnjl }a n`tt`}kuk}{ h`z dlln rtagknln} kn jlt}`kn jatnltz ae rz{jhacaf{# zajk`c }hlat{# rack}kj`crhkcazarh{# `nm }hlatklz ae rltzanz gatl flnlt`cc{. K vkcc `mar} ` ultzkan ae




}hl n`tt`}kul janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce# d|} `z K vkcc `tf|l kn ml}`kc kn jh`r}lt = #n`tt`}kuk}{ kn g{ zlnzl malz na} tlelt }a ` zl} z}t|j}|tl tlzlgdcknf ` z}at{ at

}`cl d|} t`}hlt gatl flnlt`cc{ ` zl} ae lxrltklnjlz# `j}kanz# luln}z# `nm }t`k}z}h`} `tl z}t|j}|tlm `jjatmknf }a z}`nm`tmz ae jahltlnjl rtaukmlm d{ }hlz|dolj}rltzan hltzlce# glmk`}lm d{ zajk`cc{ arlt`}kul gl`nknfz. ]hl hkz'}atkj`c zlce kz n`tt`}kulc{ z}t|j}|tlm anc{ kn }hkz dta`m zlnzl ae dlknf mk`jhtankj`cc{ jagrtlhlnzkdcl . D|} K vkcc `tf|l }h`} t`}hlt }h`n zllknf }h`}}hltl kz ` jatl ae z|jh n`tt`}kulz ‚ }hl zlce `z `|}hat ‚ vl zha|cm caai `} }hl

v`{z kn vhkjh vl `tl `cv`{z tlkn}ltrtl}knf }hl luln}z# jh`t`j}lt }t`k}z#tlc`}kanz# `nm glgatklz }h`} gìl |r a|t ckulz. Kn }hkz v`{ vl `tl clzz`|}hatz ae }hkz n`tt`}kul }h`n# `z k} vltl# k}z ck}lt`t{ jtk}kjz !

]hl zlce gamlclm hltl kz `cza zajk`c# kn ` mllr zlnzl. @z gaz} }hlatkz}z}hlzl m`{z `jjlr}# }hl zlce kz zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm d{ ukt}|l ae }hl c`nf|`fl

vl g|z} |zl }a |nmltz}`nm `nm lxrtlzz a|tzlculz# }hl u`c|lz `nm jaggk}'gln}z vl z}t|j}|tl a|t ckulz d{# a|t lga}kanz `nm glgatklz# a|t damklz#`nm g|jh lczl# za g|jh lczl kn e`j} }h`} k} vkcc }ìl ` e|cc jh`r}lt }a zat} k}a|}. Jh`r}lt 4 knjc|mlz ` mkzj|zzkan ae }hl g`n{ v`{z kn vhkjh zlculz j`ndl }ha|fh} }a dl zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm. K vkcc tlolj} zagl rtaraz`cz kn }hkzulkn# d|} g{ gòat `kg kz na} }a zl}}cl an ` zrljkffj zajk`c janjlr}kan d|}

t`}hlt }a `tf|l }h`} luln ke vl `jjlr} }hl zajk`c }hlzkz# }hl razzkdkck}{ ae knmkukm|`c zlce'tlffllj}kan `nm zlce'lu`c|`}kan jln}t`c }a na}kanz ae `|}anag{ (ae }hl zat} K mlulcar hltl+ tlg`knz ` ckul ar}kan# rz{jhacafkj`cc{# gl}`'rh{zkj`cc{# `nm gaz} kgrat}`n}c{# rack}kj`cc{.

Kn }hkz v`{# K `}}lgr} }a g`kn}`kn ` tad|z} lj|glnkj`ckzg `da|} jan'jlr}kanz ae }hl zlce# ` z}`njl kn illrknf vk}h }hl rc|t`ckzg kn rack}kjz }h`}K fa an }a lgdt`jl. Havlult# zllknf }hl zlce `z mk`jhtankj# knmllm `zhkz}atkj`c kn }hl zlnzl K z|fflz}# tlp|ktlz }h`} vl }ìl ` illn caai `} }hlj`r`jk}{ vl (gaz} ae |z+ hùl }a ft`zr a|tzlculz ault }kgl# `nm kn r`t}kj|c`t

}a |nmltz}`nm a|t r`z}. Eat }h`} tl`zan# K janzkmlt }hl n`}|tl `nm kgrat'}`njl ae glgat{ kn |nmltz}`nmknf }hl zlce (jh`r}lt <+. Zrljkffj`cc{ eat }hl r|trazlz ae }hlatkknf `da|} `flnj{ `nm `j}kul zlculz kn zajkl}{ ‚ }hlr|trazlz }h`} `tl lnf`flm kn }hl jan}lx} ae natg`}kul zajk`c }hlat{ ‚ Kz|fflz} }h`} glgat{ kz kgrat}`n} dlj`|zl k} da}h z}t|j}|tlz `nm rtlz|r'razlz ` }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm zlce'janjlr} vhkjh# kn }|tn# kz nllmlm }a tlffllj}an a|tzlculz kn }hl v`{ (K vkcc `tf|l+ `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz.

]hltleatl# r`t} K }tklz }a lz}`dckzh }hl janjc|zkan }h`} zlculz j`n dlrc`|zkdc{ |nmltz}aam `z zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm `nm kttlm|jkdc{ mk`jhtankj.]h`} kz }a z`{# }hl{ zha|cm dl |nmltz}aam `z n`tt`}kulc{ z}t|j}|tlm d|}anc{ kn ` dta`m zlnzl. @z z|jh# }hl gamlc ae }hl zlce }h`} vkcc rc`{ }hl gaz}|zle|c tacl kn zajk`c }hlat{ vkcc hùl ` j`r`jk}{ eat `|}adkaft`rhkj`c#

Kn}tam|j}kan ;



n`tt`}kul glgat{# }hl e|nj}kan ae vhkjh vkcc dl nljlzz`t{ eat }hl mlulcar'gln} ae }h`} ult{ mk`jhtankj zlce'janjlr}. Kn }hl z|dzlp|ln} jh`r}ltz K

kn}lttaf`}l }hl kml` }h`} jk}klnz kn mlgajt`}kj zajkl}klz zha|cm dl (knmkukm'|`cc{ `nm jacclj}kulc{+ zlce'faultnknf# d|} }hl zlce }h`} malz }hl faultnknf# za}a zrlì# kz }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlce mlzjtkdlm kn }hlzl jh`r}ltz.

Anl c`z} rat}kan ae }hkz rkj}|tl kz nllmlm# havlult# `nm k} kz zl} a|} eat lgrh`zkz t`}hlt }h`n `z ` rtaea|nm mkzjault{. ]h`} kz# zlculz zha|cm dlzlln `z }a ` c`tfl lx}ln} eatglm d{ e`j}atz na} |nmlt }hl jan}tac ae }hazltlffllj}kul `fln}z }hlgzlculz. Gaz} ae }hl jln}t`c lclgln}z ae a|t lxkz}lnjl`tl }hknfz }h`} vltl na} (`nm kn g`n{ j`zlz ja|cm na} dl+ jhazln d{ |z.A|t r`tln}z `nm jhkcmhaam janmk}kanz# eat lx`grcl# ja|cm na} hùl dllnjhazln d{ |z `z `m|c}z# {l} vha a|t r`tln}z `tl# vh`} }hl{ mkm# `nm }hliknm ae ckulz vl lnoa{lm `z jhkcmtln hùl ` }tlglnma|z kgr`j} an vh`}a|t u`c|lz# ar}kanz# `nm rltzrlj}kulz `tl nav. Gatlault# vl `tl lgdamklm jtl`}|tlz# `nm a|t damklz ftav acm `nm `tl z|dolj} }a zagl}kglz t`mkj`cjh`nflz# z|jh `z etag mkzl`zl# kno|t{# ukaclnjl# rtlfn`nj{ `nm jhkcmdkt}h#ftav}h# `nm za an. Gatlault# g`n{ ae a|t zajk`c tlc`}kanz `nm }hl zajk`cjan}lx} kn vhkjh vl mlffnl a|tzlculz vltl na} jhazln `nm kn zagl

v`{z j`nna} dl lzj`rlm. Vl j`n lgkft`}l (}ha|fh na} `cv`{z# at anc{

`} ftl`} rltzan`c jaz}+# d|} vl j`nna} jhaazl }a hùl dlln datn zagl' vhltl lczl. Knzae`t `z vl v`n} }a mlffnl a|tzlculz d{ a|t fla'rack}kj`ccaj`}kan `nm k}z zajk`c knhltk}`njl ‚ `nm g`n{ ae |z ma# lk}hlt razk}kulc{ at nlf`}kulc{ ‚ vl ae}ln hùl anc{ anl z|jh clf`j{ }a jhaazl etag (`cdlk}anl vk}h g|c}keatg lclgln}z+.

K }hltleatl v`n} }a }ìl z}aji ae }hl g{tk`m v`{z kn vhkjh zlculz `tlna} zlce'jtl`}lm. ]hkz vkcc hlcr `jjagrckzh }va }hknfz? }a rtaukml fta|nmzeat }hl tlolj}kan ae gamlcz ae `flnj{ `nm jk}klnzhkr }h`} `zz|glHltj|cl`n `dkck}klz }a e`zhkan a|tzlculz a|} ae vhacl jca}h9 `nm }a eatjl

|z }a eaj|z gatl j`tle|cc{ an vh`} ravltz ae zlce'zh`rknf vl }hltleatl`tl cle} vk}h. ]hkz mkzj|zzkan# j`ttklm a|} kn jh`r}lt 5# kz na} `da|}gl}`rh{zkj`c at luln zajk`c ml}ltgknkzg# eat g{ adzltu`}kanz }hltl vkccdl g|jh gatl gl`flt (`nm rlth`rz clzz kn}ltlz}knf+. K vkcc }`ci kn }ltgz ae mlftllz# za }h`} }hl janjc|zkan }h`} vl `tl na} vhacc{ zlce'jtl`}knf j`n dllz}`dckzhlm kn v`{z }h`} ma na} mkz}|td }hl dl`z}z ae }hl etll'vkcc at `flnj{'z}t|j}|tl mld`}lz.4 ]hl rakn} g|z} dl }h`} }hl tacl ae }hl zlce ‛z jan}tac ae }hlzlce (`nm }hl `}}lnm`n} zajk`c lclgln}z ae da}h –zlculz‗+ vkcc dl jktj|g'

zjtkdlm d{ }hl v`{z kn vhkjh a|t ckulz `tl zh`rlm eat |z `nm na} d{ |z.

4 Eat tljln} mkzj|zzkanz ae }hlzl kzz|lz }h`} jannlj} }a a|t j|ttln} janjltnz zll @rrk`h 422<# <0‚50#Fkmmlnz 0;;0# `nm H`dltg`z 0;;;.




Kn r`t}kj|c`t# k} vkcc dl nljlzz`t{ }a }ìl z}aji `} }hl u`tka|z janjc|zkanzae r`t} K ‚ }h`} lclgln}z ae zlcehaam }h`} g|z} dl `jja|n}lm eat kn z|jh

gamlcz knjc|ml zajk`c lclgln}z# hkz}atkj`c e`j}atz# `nm lgdamkgln} ‚ `nm}hltld{ janz}t|j} `n ault`cc }lgrc`}l eat ` rack}kj`c janjlr}kan ae }hlrltzan. @z vl vkcc zll# }hl g`ccl`dkck}{ `nm jan}knflnj{ ae zlculz `nmhlnjl zlce'janjlr}z vkcc eatjl |z }a `mar} `n `dz}t`j} `nm ffllxkdcl rack}kj`cjanjlr}kan. D|} }hkz malz na} rtluln} |z etag jc`kgknf }h`}# mlzrk}l}hl zajk`c `nm }lgrat`c lclgln}z kn }hl zlce'janjlr} vl hùl kmln}kfflm#}hl kml` ae knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ ‚ zlce'faultngln} ‚ j`n z}kcc dl mlelnmlm `z` e|nm`gln}`c natg`}kul na}kan.

k k k . ` | } a n a g {

]hl }t`mk}kan ae vhkjh }hkz daai kz ` r`t} |nmltz}`nmz `|}anag{ `z zlce'faultngln}# f|kmlm d{ }hl l}{gacaf{ ae }hl vatm (`|}a'nagaz + `z vlcc `z}hl `n`caf{ vk}h rack}kj`c `|}anag{ }h`} }hl `njkln} |zl ae }hl }ltgkgrcklm. Kn r`t} KK# K v`n} }a lxrcatl }hl janjlr} ae `|}anag{ `z k}gkfh} e|nj}kan kn }hl rack}kj`c jan}lx} ae mlgajt`}kj }hlat{. Vhkcl Kmktlj}c{ janetan} }hl jc kg (kn jh`r}lt 5 `nm r`t} KKK+ }h`} k} kz }hl

`|}anaga|z rltzan vha zha|cm dl }hl z|dolj} ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl# kn}hkz zlj}kan K v`n} }a eaj|z zkgrc{ an }hl janjlr} ae `|}anag{ k}zlce. Kn }hkzjan}lx}# }hl }hlgl }h`} zlculz g|z} dl zlln `z da}h zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm `nmhkz}atkj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm vkcc dl lgrh`zklm e|t}hlt. @z ` tlz|c}# vl vkcc caai `}`|}anag{ `z k} `rrcklz }a z|jh zlculz.

Eat tl`zanz }h`} vkcc dl zl} a|}# K vkcc z|fflz} }h`} `|}anag{ zha|cm dlzlln `z ` hkz}atkj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm `zrlj} ae rltzanz# at gatl rtljkzlc{# ` mkglnzkan ae rltzanz janjlkulm `z zajka'hkz}atkj c ln}k}klz. Vh`} }hkzgl`nz kz }h`} }a dl zlce'faultnknf at zlce'ml}ltgknknf (at `z K vkcc rtlelt

zlce'g`n`fknf+# k} vkcc dl nljlzz`t{ }a knp|ktl kn}a }hl mk`jhtankj rtajlzzlz}h`} fùl tkzl }a a|t j|ttln} janmk}kan. @|}anag{# }hln# vkcc knuacul zlce'tlffllj}kan `z }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm# za }h`} }hl dta`m t`nfl ae jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz}h`} gìl |r }hl zlce vkcc jagl kn}a eaj|z. Kn jh`r}lt 6# K vkcc vati a|} `nm}t{ }a mlelnm ` hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ `canf }hlzl cknlz.

D|} `z K z`km# rlarcl ln}lt `nm `j} kn zajk`c ckel vk}h kmln}k}klz# anlz vhkjhjannlj} }hlg vk}h a}hltz da}h kn }hlkt avn zlce'janjlr}kanz `nm }hll{lz ae }hlkt elccav jk}klnz. Kn `mmk}kan# jlt}`kn jc`kgz g`ml an zajk`cknz}k}|}kanz `tl na} gltlc{ mlzktlz }a `mu`njl anl‛z kn}ltlz}z d|} fflav a|} ae#`nm `tl nljlzz`t{ }a g`kn}`kn# }hazl ult{ kmln}k}klz. Z|jh kmln}k}{'d`zlmjc`kgz ae}ln ma `nm zha|cm fl} ftl`}lt vlkfh} kn }hl j`cj|c`}kan ae kn}ltlz}zd{ mlgajt`}kj rtajlm|tlz# `nm rhkcazarhkj`c taag g|z} dl g`ml eat }hl

Kn}tam|j}kan 00



lx}t` hle} ae z|jh jc`kgz. Maknf za# havlult# zllgz }a t|n ja|n}lt }a zllknf `|}anag{# vhkjh }t`mk}kan`cc{ kz |nmltz}aam vk}ha|} gln}kan ae z|jh zlce'

mlffnknf zajk`c }klz# `z }hl jln}lt ae kn}ltrltzan`c tlzrlj} tlp|ktlm d{ mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl. D|} K vkcc `tf|l kn jh`r}lt ; }h`} zllknf `|}anag{ kn}hl v`{ K z|fflz} malz na} t|n èa|c ae }hlzl ravlte|c janzkmlt`}kanz.Tljafnk}kan ae kmln}k}{'d`zlm nllmz kz janzkz}ln} vk}h tlzrlj} eat `|}anag{ `z canf `z vl zll `|}anag{ `z ` jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ae zajk`c zlculz# vhazljannlj}kanz vk}h a}hltz `nm rc`jl kn ` zajka'hkz}atkj`c nl}vati ae zkgkc`tc{ g`tilm a}hltz `tl mllrc{ r`t} ae }hlkt zlce'janjlr}kanz. @|}anag{ zha|cmna} dl zlln `z arlt`}knf kn tlzkz}`njl }a }hl `jjlr}`njl `nm jlcldt`}kan ae }hazl jannlj}kanz.

]hlzl tlffllj}kanz zha|cm dl zl} `f`knz} }hl d`jimtar ae na} anc{ uac|gk'na|z mkzj|zzkanz ae }hl janjlr} ae `|}anag{ kn tljln} {l`tz# d|} `cza dta`mzilr}kjkzg `nm jtk}kp|l janjltnknf }hl u`c|l ae `|}anaga|z `flnj{ kn

Vlz}ltn rack}kj`c }ha|fh}. ]hl kml` }h`} }hl t`}kan`c# zlce'`v`tl# knmlrlnm'ln} knmkukm|`c `fln} kz }hl zl`} ae zajk`c `nm rack}kj`c janjltn h`z dllnjh`cclnflm etag `n{ n|gdlt ae mktlj}kanz# }htll ae vhkjh k} vkcc dl |zle|c}a gln}kan hltl? G`txkz}z vha }hkni }h`} `}}ln}kan }a }hl `flnj{ ae knmkukm|`c `j}atz kn rack}kj`c jan}lx}z dcknmz |z }a }hl gatl e|nm`gln}`c

kzz|l ae hav g`}ltk`c janmk}kanz `nm a|t rc`jl kn }hl m{n`gkj ae jc`zztlc`}kanz zh`rl zajk`c z}t|j}|tlz `nm hlnjl mlffnl }hl razzkdkck}klz eat zajk`c jh`nfl9 jagg|nk}`tk nz vha `tf|l }h`} }hl iknm ae knmkukm| c`flnj{ }h`} kz ckanklm kn ckdlt`c }hlatklz ae o|z}kjl dcknmz |z }a }hl e|nm`'gln}`cc{ zajk`c n`}|tl ae }ha|fh} `nm u`c|l9 `nm elgknkz}z# jtk}kj`c t`jl}hlatkz}z# `nm a}hltz `zzajk`}lm vk}h ` rack}kjz ae kmln}k}{ vha hùl z}tlzzlm}hl aultc{ n`ttav janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan `nm hkz kn}ltlz}z }h`} kz arlt`}kulkn `|}anag{'d`zlm janjlr}kanz ae zajk`c o|z}kjl# ` uklv }h`} mavnrc`{z }hlkgrat}`njl ae zajk`c jannlj}kan# kn}kg`}l tlc`}kanz# }hl ` fl lj}kul `nm lga'

}kan`c zkmlz ae a|t rltzan`ck}klz# `nm a}hlt lclgln}z ae zajk`c lxkz}lnjl }h`}hùl }t`mk}kan`cc{ dlln `zzajk`}lm vk}h g`tfkn`cklm fta|rz.

K `g rtaea|nmc{ `v`tl ae# `nm c`tflc{ z{gr`}hl}kj vk}h# ` c`tfl r`t}ae }hlzl jtk}kp|lz# `nm knmllm K harl }a `mm }a }hlkt eatjl kn vh`}eaccavz. Anc{ ke }hl kn}ltlz}z `nm u`c|lz }h`} `tl hkfhckfh}lm kn `|}anag{'jln}tkj }hlatklz ae rack}kjz tlffllj} `}}ln}kan }a }hlzl u`tka|z janjltnz vkcc}hl{ dl vat}h mlelnmknf. @z K na}lm l`tcklt# }hl kml` ae }hl zajk`c zlce }h`}jagg|nk}`tk`nz `nm a}hltz hùl vatilm }a mlulcar vkcc dl `jjlr}lm `nmkn e`j} ffllzhlm a|} kn }hlzl r`flz. ]hl tlclu`njl ae a}hlt g`tiltz ae zajk`ckmln}k}{ z|jh `z flnmlt at t`jl vkcc `cza dl mkzj|zzlm tlc`}kul }a janjlr'}kanz ae `|}anag{# zrljkffj`cc{ kn jh`r}ltz 8 `nm ;. @nm `z K gln}kanlm#K lgrh`zkl }h`} }hl jan}lx} kn vhkjh rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl g|z} dl






`|}anag{ zha|cm `cza na} knz}`n}k`}l n`ttav kml`cz ae }hl faam ckel# z|jh`z tlp|ktknf }h`} `cc ae a|t mlzktlz `j}|`cc{ tlz|c} etag tl`zanlm tlffllj}kan

}a dl `|}hln}kj (zknjl gaz} mkm na} eat gaz} ae |z+. T`}hlt# }hl `fln} ‛zavn rltzrlj}kul an `mlp|`}l hkz}atkj`c rtajlzzlz d{ vhkjh zhl j`gl }a dlhav zhl kz zha|cm tlg`kn r`t`ga|n} kn }hl ml}ltgkn`}kan ae `|}anag{ eat }h`} rltzan# }ha|fh }h`} rtagknlnjl vkcc dl jktj|gzjtkdlm kn ` n|gdlt ae v`{z.

]hl jc`kg }h`} }hl `fln}‛z rltzrlj}kul zha|cm tlg`kn jln}t`c kn janzkm'lt`}kanz ae tlzrlj} `nm o|z}kjl kn rack}kj`c jan}lx}z zha|cm dl z}tlzzlm. ]hkzkz ga}ku`}lm d{ }hl kml` }h`} rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl d|kc} an janzkmlt`}kanz ae `|}anag{ g|z} tljafnkl }hl knlt`mkj`dcl rc|t`ckzg ae u`c|lz# `}}k}|mlz#kmln}k}klz# `nm rhkcazarhkj`c rltzrlj}kulz }h`} `tl ea|nm kn jagrclx jan}lg'rat`t{ zajkl}klz. @jjlr}`njl ae rc|t`ckzg `nm mkfl ltlnjl ae }hkz zat} vkcc dljan}t`z}lm vk}h zrljkffj eatgz ae –rltelj}kankzg#‗ }hl uklv }h`} }hltl `tlkml`cz ae ckel `nm h|g`n ffla|tkzhknf vhkjh j`n dl eatg|c`}lm `nm mlelnmlmrhkcazarhkj`cc{ `nm vhkjh `rrc{ }a knmkukm|`cz flnlt`cc{# vhl}hlt at na}}hl{ hùl jhazln at `jjlr}lm z|jh u`c|lz. Rack}kj`c rltelj}kankzg# }hln# kz }hljc`kg }h`} z|jh adolj}kul u`c|lz# vhazl u`ckmk}{ malz na} }|tn an knmkukm|`c`jjlr}`njl ae }hlg# zha|cm dl |zlm }a eatg|c`}l rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz eat ` o|z}

tlfkgl. ]hl }{rl ae mlgajt }kj o|z}kjl }a dl lxrcatlm hltl vkcc jan}t`z} vk}h}hkz eatg ae rltelj}kankzg. Eat }hlzl tl`zanz# `|}anag{ zha|cm dl zlln `z ` jh`t`j}ltkz}kj `}}`kn`dcl d{ ` vkml `tt`{ ae }{rlz ae rlarcl# vhazl z}{cl ae ckuknf `nm }hkniknf# `z vlcc `z vhazl gat`c jaggk}gln}z `nm u`c|lz# u`t{ knatmkn`}lc{.

Janzkmlt`}kanz ae }hkz zat} hùl clm g`n{ }a d|kcm tlzkz}`njl }a }hla|}m`}lm janjlr}kan ae }hl knmlrlnmln} g`n (`cc flnmlt rtana|nz kn}ln'}kan`c hltl+ kn}a }hl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ k}zlce# hlnjl gìknf `|}anag{ –tlc`}kan`c‗ kn ` zrljk`c v`{. Zrljkffj`cc{# g`n{ hùl tacclm `

jtk}kp|l ae hklt`tjhkj`c `nm arrtlzzkul zajk`c tlc`}kanz kn}a }hl janjlr}|`cjanmk}kanz ae `|}anag{ k}zlce# jc`kgknf }h`} `|}anag{ gl`nz# `ganf a}hlt }hknfz# hùknf zajk`c tlc`}kanz ae ` jlt}`kn `jjlr}`dcl zat}. Havlult# knjh`r}lt 8 K vkcc `tf|l }h`}# vhkcl K `rrc`|m }hl ga}ku`}kanz dlhknm z|jh ` gaul# `nm knmllm `g zkgkc`tc{ f|kmlm d{ }hlg kn g{ l`tcklt `tf|gln}z`da|} }hl zajk`c zlce# K v`n} }a tlzkz} }hl }lgr}`}kan ae gìknf `|}anag{ ` tlc`}kan`c rtarlt}{ k}zlce. Maknf za# K `tf|l# ae}ln mtke}z ault kn}a `n aultc{ kml`cklm janjlr}kan ae }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan vhkjh# eat tl`zanz jan'nlj}lm }a tljafnk}kan ae mkfl ltlnjl `nm rc|t`ckzg# K z|fflz} vl zha|cm ùakm.

Za `|}anag{ kz mlzjtkdlm hltl `z ` jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ae zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlculz vhazl kmln}k}klz `nm ckel janmk}kanz `tl }hata|fhc{ ln}vknlm kn zajk`cnl}vatiz `nm jannlj}kanz. [l}# }hl `dkck}{ }a tlffllj}kulc{ tlolj} `zrlj}z ae

0= ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



}hl zlce tlc`}lm }a at mlffnlm d{ }hazl nl}vatiz# vhln vl `tl `ckln`}lm etag}hlg# vkcc tlg`kn jln}t`c }a `|}anag{. Zlln kn }hkz v`{# `|}anag{ j`n

e|nj}kan `z }hl caj|z ae kn}ltrltzan`c tlzrlj} `nm tljkrtajk}{ }h`} rtknjkrclzae o|z}kjl eat rc|t`ckz}kj mlgajt`jklz `tl d|kc} |ran. D|} }hazl rtknjkrclzzha|cm }hlgzlculz dl zlln# K vkcc |tfl# `z mk`jhtankj `nm hkz}atkj`c# da}h kn}ltgz ae }hl zajk`c jan}lx} }a vhkjh }hl{ `rrc{ `nm kn }hlkt avn z}t|j}|tl.

k u . o | z } k j l

Vl hùl# }hln# `ttkulm `} }hl rakn} vhltl `|}anag{ h`z dlln jh`t`j}ltklm`nm `rrcklm }a zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlculz. ]hkz v`z manl kn atmlt }h`} `|}anag{ gkfh} dl |}kcklm kn natg`}kul rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz eat gamltn mlgajt`jklz.D|} vh{ `|}anag{ 1 Vh{ zha|cm }hl janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce gamlclm kn}hlatklz ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl zll `|}anag{ `z }hl jhkle jh`t`j}ltkz}kj }a dltljafnklm `nm rtaga}lm kn jk}klnz1 ]hl `tf|gln} eat }hkz vkcc dl jagrclx d|} flnlt`cc{ eaccav }hlzl cknlz? tlolj}knf rltelj}kankzg gl`nz# kn r`t}# uklv'knf zajk`c u`c|lz }h`} f|kml a|t ckulz `z u`ckm anc{ ke `jjlr}`dcl }a }hazlfaultnlm d{ }hlg. ]h`} kz# zknjl vl man‛} `jjlr} }hl uklv }h`} }hltl `tladolj}kul kml`cz }h`} zha|cm f|kml jk}klnz‛ ckulz knmlrlnmln} ae }hlkt `jjlr}'

`njl ae }hlg# vl g|z} eaj|z an }hl rtajlzz ae `jjlr}`njl (at nan'tlolj}kan+}h`} fta|nmz }h`} u`ckmk}{. Anc{ ke }h`} `jjlr}`njl `tkzlz a|} ae `|}hln}kj#jagrl}ln} o|mfgln}z `da|} a|t zajk`c `nm rltzan`c u`c|lz j`n }hl a|}jaglz

vhkjh fflav etag }hazl o|mfgln}z dl rtarltc{ dknmknf an a}hltz.Cl} gl r|} vh`} kz lzzln}k`cc{ }hl z`gl rakn} ` mkfl ltln} v`{? zknjl zlculz

`tl zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm `nm u`c|lz `tl mlffnlm kn }ltgz ae kn}lt`j}kan vk}ha}hltz# a|t `dkck}klz }a r|tz|l u`c|lm lnmz `tl knffllj}lm d{ }hl zajk`cm{n`gkjz kn vhkjh vl lnf`fl kn }hazl r|tz|k}z. Rack}kj`c z}t|j}|tlz `nma}hlt knz}k}|}kanz ae ravlt zh`rl `nm jamke{ }hazl m{n`gkjz kn dta`m

`nm ravlte|c v`{z. ]h`} ravlt z}t|j}|tl kz o|z}kfflm anc{ ke k} j`n dl zlln`z fflavknf etag (at `} cl`z} kn }|nl vk}h+ a|t avn o|mfgln}z# a|t rltzrlj'}kulz `da|} vh`} kz u`c|`dcl }a r|tz|l fkuln }hl e`j} }h`} vl ckul `ganf rlarcl vk}h jan}t`z}knf u`c|lz `nm vha (ckil |z+ `tl rtam|j}z ae }hljan}knflnjklz ae hkz}at{# da}h }hlkt avn `nm zajkl}{ ‛z. E|t}hlt# anc{ ke }hl z}t|j}|tlz }h`} zh`rl a|t ckulz `tl zlln `z lnmatz`dcl d{ }hl knmlrln'mln}# `|}hln}kj o|mfgln}z ae a|tzlculz `nm a|t elccav jk}klnz j`n vl ckul|nmlt }hlg (`nm mlffnl a|t u`c|lz d{ }hlg+ `nm tlg`kn etll `nm lp|`c

jk}klnz. ]hltleatl# anc{ ke }hl rtknjkrclz }h`} f|kml `nm zh`rl (`nm o|z}ke{+}hazl ravlt z}t|j}|tlz tlz} an ` gamlc ae }hl jk}kln `z `|}anaga|z ‚

`dcl }a jagrl}ln}c{# knmlrlnmln}c{# `nm `|}hln}kj`cc{ o|mfl u`c|lz eat a|tzlculz ‚ vkcc }hl{ f`kn }hl clfk}kg`j{ }h`} o|z} knz}k}|}kanz tlp|ktl.

Kn}tam|j}kan 0<



]hkz kz ` jagrclx `tf|gln}# `nm k} vkcc dl vatilm a|} e|t}hlt kn jh`r}lt 02# d|} k} `cza zha|cm dl e`gkck`t. K} ljhalz T`vcz‛z rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg# eat

lx`grcl. D|} K harl }a `mm il{ lclgln}z }a }hkz rkj}|tl }h`} gkfh} gìl k}gatl `}}t`j}kul (}ha|fh `z K z`km# K j`nna} harl }a mlelnm ` e|cc }hlat{ ae

o|z}kjl kn }hlzl r`flz+. ]a zll }hkz# cl} |z }ìl }hl mkzj|zzkan e|t}hlt kn}akzz|lz ae mlgajt`}kj }hlat{.

Zlce'faultngln} lxrtlzzlz `n knmkukm|`c j`r`jk}{ at kml`c `z vlcc `z ` rack}kj`c anl. Mlgajt`j{# |nmlt zagl janjlr}kanz# lxrtlzzlz }hl kml` ae jacclj}kul zlce'faultngln} `n`cafa|z }a }hl v`{ `|}anag{ lxrtlzzlz }hkzkml` `} }hl knmkukm|`c clulc. K} gìlz zlnzl# }hln# }a knjc|ml tlffllj}kanz an}hl v`{ }h`} zllknf }hl rltzan `z tlrtlzln}lm kn rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz `z `n`|}anaga|z rltzan tlc`}lz }a mlgajt`}kj rtknjkrclz flnlt`cc{.

@z K z`km l`tcklt# rhkcazarhkj`c tlffllj}kanz `da|} o|z}kjl kn }hl r`z} elv mlj`mlz# kn }hl @nfca'@gltkj`n }t`mk}kan `} cl`z}# hùl jln}ltlm an }hlrtaolj} ae ckdlt`ckzg. Vk}h }hl mlulcargln} ae T`vcz‛z rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg#` uklv vhkjh luaculm kn }hl c`z} 0< {l`tz at za ae T`vcz‛z ckel# ` rta}t`j}lmmld`}l h`z fanl an `da|} }hl mlftll }a vhkjh o|z}kjl knuaculz mlrlnmlnjl|ran adolj}kulc{ ml}ltgknlm gat`c u`c|lz at r|tlc{ rtajlm|t`ckz} (`nm kn}h`} v`{ r|trat}lmc{ –nl|}t`c‗+ rack}kj`c kml`z. ]h`} mld`}l j`n dl zlln `z

knuacuknf razk}kanz }h`} t`nfl etag e|cc'dcavn rltelj}kankz} mlelnzlz ae ckdlt`c o|z}kjl (T` 0;859 V`cc 0;;8+ }a rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg (T`vcz+ }agatl }hata|fhc{ rtajlm|t`ckz} mlelnzlz (Ft`{ 0;;:9 H`dltg`z 0;;5`9C`tgatl 0;;5+ }a t`mkj`c mlgajt`}kj (zagl}kglz j`cclm –`fankz}kj‗+ }hlat{ (Jannacc{ 0;;09 C`jc`| `nm Ga|fl l 0;8<+. ]hlzl mkzj|zzkanz t`kzl jagrclx `nm e|nm`gln}`c p|lz}kanz ae rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{ kn }h`} }hl{ knuacul`ziknf `da|} }hl razzkdkck}{ ae o|z}ke{knf gat`c u`c|lz }h`} `rrc{ }at`mkj`cc{ rc|t`ckz}kj rar|c`}kanz# vk}h na} anc{ mllrc{ mkfl ltln} ckellxrltklnjlz `nm hkz}atklz d|} `cza r`zzkan`}lc{ hlcm rack}kj`c razk}kanz.

K j`nna} zat} }hta|fh# g|jh clzz }ìl ` tlzranzkdcl razk}kan an# }hlzljagrclx e|nm`gln}`c p|lz}kanz. G{ gatl gl`flt ln}ltrtkzl hltl kz }azrlcc a|} zagl }hlglz }h`} `tl jt|jk`c eat ` rack}kj`c# rtajlm|t`ckz} (`nmhlnjl `n}k'rltelj}kankz}+ mlgajt`}kj uklv. Gatl zrljkffj`cc{# K vkcc }t{ }azhav hav }hl janjlr}kan ae }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan zrljkfflm kn r`t} KKj`n rtaukml ` gamlc eat ` rtajlm|t`ckz}# mlgajt`}kj janjlr}kan ae o|z}kjl}h`} tlz}z an ` hl`c}h{ zilr}kjkzg `da|} }hl razzkdkck}{ ae lz}`dckzhknf adolj}kul# rhkcazarhkj`c fta|nmz eat z|dz}`n}kul gat`c u`c|lz }h`} ja|cm

dl |zlm }a o|z}ke{ rack}kj`c ravlt ault gamltn rc|t`ckz}kj rar|c`}kanz. K vkccz|fflz}# an }hl anl h`nm# }h`} z|jh ` janjlr}kan ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl g|z}dl zlln `z `n anfaknf rtaolj} t`}hlt }h`n ` zl}}clm zl} ae knz}k}|}kanz# `nm}h`} z|jh knz}k}|}kanz g|z} dl |nmltz}aam }a e|nj}kan kn ` e`t etag rltelj}






–jktj|gz}`njlz ae o|z}kjl‗ `tl c`km a|} kn }hkz }t`mk}kan# knjc|mknf gamlt`}lzj`tjk}{ ae faamz `nm ckgk}lm dlnluaclnjl ae jk}klnz. Jtk}kjz ae }hkz

`rrta`jh# gaz} na}`dc{ etag }hl }t`mk}kan ae G`txkzg# jtk}kj`c }hlat{#`nm# kn ` mkfl ltln} v`{# t`mkj`c mlgajt`j{# hùl `tf|lm }h`} z|jh ` uklv kzknzlnzk}kul }a }hl hkz}atkj`c `nm anfaknf kno|z}kjl }h`} jh`t`j}ltklz }hlj|ttln} z}`}l ae zajkl}klz# `nm }hltld{ lfl lj}kulc{ z|rrat}z }hl ravlt hklt'`tjhklz `} }hl taa} ae }h`} kno|z}kjl. @ zl} ae t|clz eat ` t`jl }h`} `zz|glz`n luln z}`t}knf cknl kz kn`rrtartk`}l vhln `rrcklm }a anl vk}h z}`ffltlmdcajiz.

Elgknkz}z kn r`t}kj|c t hùl g`ml ` ravlte|c j`zl }h`} }t`mk}kan`crtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl ‚ z|jh `z }hl uklv }h`} –lp|`ck}{ ‗ gl`nz }tl`}knf ckil j`zlz `ckil ‚ `tl mkz}at}knf `nm kn`mlp|`}l vhln `rrcklm }a j|ttln}janmk}kanz ae r`}tk`tjh{ `nm magkn`}kan (zll# l.f.# G`jIknnan 0;8;+.

Vhln vagln# eat lx`grcl# `tl janzkz}ln}c{ }hl ukj}kgz ae ukaclnjl#magkn`}kan# `nm mkzjtkgkn`}kan dlj`|zl ae }hlkt zlx# rtknjkrclz }h`} `tldcknm }a }hazl ln}tlnjhlm ravlt knlp| ck}klz vkcc dl kn`mlp| }l.Flnlt`ckknf etag z|jh adzltu`}kanz# K v`n} }a rtlzz }hl janjlr}kan ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl `z lx}lnmlm kn }kgl `nm zr`jl kn }h`} rtknjkrclz g|z}dl |nmltz}aam }a arlt }l ault }kgl (`nm hlnjl tlzranm }a jh`nfknf

janmk}kanz `z vlcc `z lxrtlzz zlnzk}kuk}{ }a hkz}atkj`c e`j}z+ `nm kn ` jan}lx}ae anfaknf ukaclnjl `nm magkn`}kan.

@n{ vati ae }hkz zat} kz gatl ae ` r`}jhvati }h`n ` ffnl jca}h. K hùl nartl}lnzkanz `da|} zrknnknf a|} ` dta`m `nm zl`gclzz e`dtkj jaultknf }hl}arkjz ae zlce# `|}anag{# `nm o|z}kjl. K harl gltlc{ }a z`{ zagl et|k}e|c}hknfz vhkcl gìknf g{ v`{ }hta|fh }hkz u`z} `nm g|c}k'e`jl}lm }ltt`kn.]hl ffn`c harl kz anc{ }h`} vh`} kz z`km vkcc `km kn }hl jacclj}kul jan'z}t|j}kan ae zajk`cc{ nlfa}k`}lm ukzkanz ae a|tzlculz }h`} vl jacclj}kulc{

janz}k}|}l d|} `cza janz}`n}c{ tlukzl `nm tljanzkmlt. ]hltl `tl z}atklz vauln kn }hl e`dtkj ae a|t ckulz# d|} }hl{ `tl z}k}jhlm d{ zlult`c h`nmz`nm kn janz}`n} nllm ae glnmknf. Kml`cz ae o|z}kjl `nm mlgajt`j{ gkfh}#ke vl `tl c|ji{# hlcr |z }a atf`nkl }h`} rtajlzz.




r ` t } k

Zlculz





j h ` r } l t 4

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce?` jtk}kj`c }`xanag{

@e}lt zlult`c mlj`mlz ae mkzj|zzkan ae kmln}k}{ rack}kjz# g|c}kj|c}|t`ckzg#`nm jagg|nk}`tk`n jh`cclnflz }a ckdlt`ckzg# k} h`z dljagl ` jagganrc`jl}a `jinavclmfl }h`} jk}klnz h`tdat kmln}k}klz `nm eatg|c`}l u`c|lz d`zlmkn r`t} an }hlkt glgdltzhkr kn c`tflt zajk`c fta|rz. Vh`}lult r`t}kj|c`t `jja|n} kz fkuln ae }hl tlc`}kanzhkr dl}vlln zajk`c kmln}k}klz `nm rtknjkrclzae o|z}kjl# k} kz lult{vhltl `mgk}}lm }h`} ` janjlr}kan ae }hl jk}kln `zln}ktlc{ |njannlj}lm }a zajk`c rt`j}kjlz `nm j`}lfatklz# j|c}|t`c }t`mk}kanz#`nm a}hlt g`tiz ae kmln}k}{ vkcc dl knz|jkln} }a f`kn clfk}kg`j{ kn }hljan}lgrat`t{ jan}lx}. ]hl `fl ae jc`zzkj knmkukm|`ckzg# `} cl`z} kn k}z|nv`zhlm eatg# kz dlhknm |z.

]hl jagg|nk}`tk`n jtk}kp|l ae ckdlt`ckzg mkzj|zzlm za rta}t`j}lmc{ kn

}hl 0;82z `nm 0;;2z h`z nav gatrhlm kn}a }hl jh`cclnfl razlm d{ kmln}k}{'d`zlm gaulgln}z `nm j|c}|t`c jc`kgz# vhkjh h`z j`|zlm ckdlt`cgamlcz ae `|}anag{ }a dljagl gatl zlnzk}kul }a }hkz zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce.0 Za# }hkz kz `mgk}}lmc{ vlcc'}tam fta|nm. D|} }hl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ mlffnlm `nm mlelnmlm kn }hl jh`r}ltz }a eaccav vkcc nllm }a dlzl} `f`knz} }hl d`jimtar ae }hl g`n{ mkglnzkanz ae }hl zajk`c `nmhkz}atkj`c –zlce ‗ }h`} j`n rc`|zkdc{ dl raz}|c`}lm. ]hl z}`nm`tm ckdlt`ctlzranzlz }a }hl jh`cclnflz d|kc} an z|jh raz}|c`}kanz hùl na} `mlp|`}lc{ z|tul{lm }hl g`n{ mkfl ltln} v`{z }h`} zlculz j`n dl janzkmltlm –zajk`c.‗

]hkz h`z j`|zlm gatl }h`n ` ck}}cl jtazz'} ci `ganf ckdlt`c `racafkz}z `nm}hlkt `n}k'ckdlt`c jtk}kjz. D|} gatlault# kn jh`r}ltz }a jagl vl vkcc zllhav ult{ g|jh tkjhlt }hkz zajka'hkz}atkj`c rltzrlj}kul `da|} rltzanz j`ndl g`ml vhkcl z}kcc mlelnmknf ` d`zkj`cc{ knmkukm|`ckz} `jja|n} ae `|}anag{# anl }h`} vkcc dl ae |zl }a ` janjlr}kan ae o|z}kjl `z k} `rrcklz}a }hl clfk}kg`}knf rtknjkrclz eat mlgajt`}kj rack}kjz.

0 Vkcc I{gckji` c`km a|} }hl gaz} ml}`kclm ultzkan ae }hl ckdlt`c tlzranzl }a }hl jh`cclnfl ae ` –zajk`c

zlce }hlzkz‗ (I{gckji` 0;8;# jh. <+. ]hl zajk`c zlce }hlzkz hl lx`gknlm v`z mlelnmlm kn }hkz eatg d{ Jh`tclz ]`{cat (zll ]`{cat 0;6;# 0;8;d# jh. 4# 0;;0+.

40



Vl vkcc rtajllm vk}h a|t lx`gkn`}kan ae }hl jc`kg }h`} zlculz `tlzajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm d{ caaiknf# fftz}# `} }hkz uklv `z ` gl}`rh{zkj`c jc`kg

`da|} zlculz `z z|jh9 vl vkcc }hln janzkmlt k} `z ` jan}knfln} rtarazk}kan#zrljkffj`cc{ rz{jhacafkj`c uklvz `da|} jafnk}kan# lga}kan# `nm ga}ku`}kan9`nm ffn`cc{ vl vkcc }|tn }a }hl uklv }h`} zlculz `tl zajk`c kn tlc`}kan }a }hlkt u`c|l jaggk}gln}z. @canf }hl v`{ vl vkcc `cza lx`gknl `tf|gln}z `da|}}hl jannlj}kan dl}vlln zajk`c tlc`}kanz `nm lga}kanz# `z vlcc `z }hl zajk`clclgln}z jannlj}lm }a gamlz ae lgdamkgln}. ]hl gòat fa`c ae }hkzjh`r}lt kz }a mkz}knf|kzh kn nlv v`{z hav }hl jc`kg }h`} vl `tl zajk`cdlknfz j`n dl |nmltz}aam# `nm }a ma za kn ` v`{ }h`} jc`tkfflz }hl jh`cclnflz|jh ` }hlzkz ga|n}z eat `n knmkukm|`cklm janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{. Ae

zkfn`c kgrat}`njl vkcc dl }hl g`nnlt kn vhkjh `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz }h`}knmkukm|`c rltzanz jtk}kj`cc{ tlffllj} an jln}t`c `zrlj}z ae }hlkt zlculz `nmjanmk}kanz etag ` razk}kan zaglhav knmlrlnmln} ae }hazl e`j}atz. @z vl

vkcc mkzjault kn c`}lt jh`r}ltz# p|lz}kanz `da|} }h`} rtajlzz `tl gatljagrclx }h`n kz |z|`cc{ }ha|fh}. ]hl g`kn eaj|z hltl# }ha|fh# kz }hl

v`{z }h`} –zlculz‗ j`n dl z`km }a dl janz}k}|}lm d{ tlc`}kanz lx}ltn`c }a}hl knmkukm|`c rltzan `nm vhl}hlt `n{ rc`|zkdcl ultzkanz ae }h`} jc`kg t|cla|} at jagrckj`}l }hazl knmkukm| cklm janjlr}kanz ae `|}anag{ }h`}

tlp|ktl jtk}kj`c zlce'tlffl

lj}kan. G{ janjc|zkan vkcc dl }h`} }hl{ ma na}eatjl tlukzkanz at jagrckj`}kanz }h`} ` rc`|zkdcl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ `canf }hl cknlz vatilm a|} kn r`t} KK j`nna} `jjaggam`}l.

k . } h l z a j k ` c z l c e ` z ` g l } ` r h { z k j ` c } h l z k z

]hl fftz} ultzkan ae }hl zajk`c zlce }hlzkz kz# kn g`n{ v`{z# }hl gaz} ck}lt`c.]hl jc`kg kz }h`}# etag `n an}acafkj`c at gl}`rh{zkj`c rakn} ae uklv#rltzanz `tl janz}k}|}lm d{ lx}ltn`c# kn}ltrltzan`c# at zajk`c e`j}atz.4 ]hlrltzan kz lzzln}k`cc{ vha at vh`} zhl kz kn ukt}|l ae }hazl lx}ltn c tlc`}kanz.]a |nmltz}`nm }hkz jc`kg# havlult# vl g|z} fftz} mkz}knf|kzh dl}vlln ` mk`jhtankj `nm ` z{njhtankj zlnzl kn vhkjh zlculz `tl z`km }a dl zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm. Vl g|z} dl zlnzk}kul# }h`} kz# }a vhl}hlt vl `tl }`ciknf `da|}}hl tlc`}kan`c `zrlj}z ae h|g`n mlulcargln} at tlc`}kan`c `zrlj}z ae ` rltzan‛z j|ttln} an}acafkj`c z}`}|z.

Luln arlt`}knf an }hkz an}acafkj`c clulc# k} kz kgrat} n} }h`} vl zlr`t`}l}hl p|lz}kan ae vha ` rltzan kz etag }h`} ae vh`} zhl kz. ]a z`{ ` rltzan

`z z|jh kz tlc`}kan`cc{ janz}k}|}lm (}hl c`}}lt p|lz}kan+ kz }a gìl jc`kgz4 Hltl –e`j}atz‗ kz ` zlultl }t|nj }kan eat `n{ ae }hl eaccavknf? hkz}atkj c }t`mk}kanz# zajk`ckknf

knffl|lnjlz# zajk`cc{ mlffnlm h`dk}z at damkc{ mkzrazk}kanz# rt`j}kjlz# l}j.




`da|} rltzanz `z ln}k}klz. ]a jc`kg }h`} ` r`t}kj|c`t rltzan kz janz}k}|}lmd{ zajk`c tlc`}kanz (`nzvltknf }hl – vha‗ p|lz}kan+ kz }a `mu`njl ` uklv

`da|} hlt kmln}k}{. Kn da}h }hlzl j`zlz }hl rc`|zkdkck}{ ae }hl razk}kan vkcc}|tn an }hl zrljkffj tlc`}kanz }h`} `tl `cclflm }a janz}k}|}l }hl rltzan# }hlu`tkl}klz ae vhkjh vl vkcc mkzj|zz `z vl rtajllm.

Kn lk}hlt j`zl# }a z`{ }h`} zagl}hknf at zaglanl kz lzzln}k`cc{ janz}k'}|}lm d{ k}z tlc`}kan }a zagl}hknf lczl kz }a jc`kg }h`} vk}ha|} k}# }hl}hknf cazlz k}z kmln}k}{ ‚ }hl rltzan kn p|lz}kan va|cm jl`zl }a dl .: ]hl }lz}ae }hl rc`|zkdkck}{ ae `n{ z|jh jc`kg# }hln# vkcc dl lxrtlzzlm kn ja|n}lt'e`j}|`c janmk}kan`cz ae }hl eatg? –ke e`j}at X vltl `dzln} at jh`nflm#rltzan R va|cm jl`zl }a dl }hl z`gl ln}k}{ ‗ (jl`zknf lk}hlt }a dl }hl z`glrltzan at }a dl ` rltzan `} `cc+.

]hl jh`cclnfl }hkz gkfh} razl }a knmkukm|`ckz} }hlatklz ae `|}anag{ `nm o|z}kjl vkcc }|tn an }hl tlc`}kan dl}vlln z|jh janz}k}|}kul e`j}atz `nm}hl razzkdkck}{ ae tlffllj}kan `nm zlce'`rrt`kz`c. @z vl gln}kanlm# jc`zzkjckdlt`c `jja|n}z ae }hl zlce j`n `jjlr} }h`} }hl zlce kz zajk`c kn }hlzl v`{z `zcanf `z z|jh janz}k}|}kul e`j}atz j`n dl dta|fh} }a janzjka|znlzz# jtk}kj`cc{ lu`c|`}lm# `nm dl `jjlr}lm at tlolj}lm d{ }hl rltzan hltzlce (I{gckji` 0;8;# <0‚<4+. D|} ke jt|jk`c jagranln}z ae }hl zlce `tl lx}ltn`c tlc`}kul }a

}hl tlffllj}kul zjarl ae zlce'`rrt`kz`c# }hln kn}tazrlj}kan vkcc zltul `z ` gkzcl`mknf at mkz}at}knf `njhat eat }hl u`ckmk}{ ae zajk`c rtknjkrclz. Anl v`{ eat }hkz jh`cclnfl }a dl lxrtlzzlm kz }h`} vh`}lult }hl janz}k}|}kullclgln}z ae zlculz }|tn a|} }a dl# vhl}hlt }hl{ `tl tlc`}kan`c `nm zajk`c eat lx`grcl# }hl{ `tl na} ft`zr`dcl d{ kn}ltn`c tlffllj}kan at jafnk}kul`rrt`kz`c. E`j}atz ae }hkz zat} vkcc na} `ga|n} }a gltl dlcklez }h`} j`n dlfkuln rtarazk}kan`c eatg `nm tlrtlzln}`}kan`c jan}ln}. ]hl{ `tl v`{z ae dlknf# vhazl jh`t`j}lt kz rkjilm a|} d{ hav }hl{ `tl ln`j}lm t`}hlt }h`nhav }hl{ `tl tlrtlzln}lm }a a|tzlculz.= ]hl{ `tl }hknfz z|jh `z zikccz#

: ]hl gl} rh{zkj`c jc`kg }h } rltzan`c kmln}k}{ kz e|nm`gln}`cc{ zajk c j`n dl e|t}hlt mkukmlm dl}vlln ` jc kg ae kmln}kffj`}kan rlt zl `nm gltl jh`t`j}ltk`}kan. Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz mkz}knj}kan# zllZjhljh}g`n 0;;5. Jtk}ltk` ae gl}`rh{zkj`c kmln}k}{ ault }kgl tlelt }a vh`} Zjhljh}g`n j`ccz }hl–tlkmln}kffj`}kan‗ p|lz}kan. ]hl –jh`t`j}ltk`}kan‗ p|lz}kan# havlult# tleltz }a jtk}ltk` eat kmln}ke{knf }hazl dlcklez# mlzktlz# u`c|lz (`nm rlth`rz tlc`}kanz vk}h a}hltz+ }h`}# kn flnlt`c# gìl }hl rltzan vhazhl kz `} ` fkuln }kgl# vk}ha|} vhkjh zhl va|cm z|fl lt `n –kmln}k}{ jtkzkz‗ d|} va|cm z}kcc# gl}`rh{zk'j`cc{# dl }hl ln}k}{ zhl v`z dleatl. ]hl jh`t`j}ltk`}kan zlnzl ae }hl zajk`c zlce }hlzkz vkcc dl janzkmltlmdlcav# havlult# `z `n lx`grcl ae ` jan}knfln} kmln}k}{ jc`kg# zknjl k} malz na} rtlz|rrazl }h`} }hljanmk}kanz zrljkfflm `tl gl}`rh{zkj`cc{ nljlzz`t{ eat }hl jan}kn|lm lxkz}lnjl ae }hl rltzan.

=

]hlzl jc`kgz `tl ljhalm kn Hlkmlfflt ‛

z uklv }h`} knmkukm|`c rltzanz g|z} dl zlln `z e|cc{ jan}lx'}|`cklm ln}k}klz vha `tl kn}lt}vknlm kn }hlkt avn zajk ck`}kan# z|tta|nmlm d{ zajk`c rt`j}kjlz }h`}eatg }hl d`jifta|nm ae }hlkt `j}kuk}{ `nm |nmltz}`nmknf# `nm g`tilm d{ knjagrcl}l zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kanz. ]hkz uklv kz mlulcarlm kn Dlknf `nm ]kgl 9 eat mkzj|zzkan# zll Mtl{e|zz 0;;0# `nmDlcc 0;;:# 46‚<= .

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce 4:



h`dk}z (at –h`dk}|z‗ kn Da|tmkl|‛z }ljhnkj`c zlnzl+# rtartkajln}tkje`j}atz }h`} zh`rl lxrltklnjl# `nm }hl ckil ‚ kn zhat}# v`{z ae dlknf kn

}hl vatcm t`}hlt }h`n dlcklez `da|} k}. Ke }hkz kz rc`|zkdcl# }hln }hl rkljl'gl`c tl'lu`c|`}kan lnukz`flm kn }hl ckdlt`c tlrc{ va|cm na} tl`mkc{ dlrazzkdcl. (Kn }hl nlx} jh`r}lt vl vkcc janzkmlt }hl nan'rtarazk}kan`cn`}|tl ae }hlzl e`j}atz kn gatl ml}`kc.+

]hl jt|x ae }hkz razk}kan `z k} ` fl lj}z a|t janjltnz hltl kz }h`} lzzln}k`ctlc`}kan`c lclgln}z ae zlculz `tl lk}hlt kgrltuka|z }a jtk}kj`c kn}tazrlj}kan#at luln ke vl j`n janzkmlt }hlg etag zagl rakn} ae uklv na} mlffnlm d{ }hlg# vl vkcc gkztlrtlzln} }hlg kn zagl v`{ `nmat dl |n`dcl }a`c}lt }hlg. Eat lx`grcl# ke }hl c`nf|`fl kn vhkjh vl lxrtlzz a|t zlce'

janjlr}kanz kz zlln `z zaglhav janz}k}|}kul ae }hl rltzan at iknm ae rltzan vl `tl# `nm kn}tazrlj}kan `cv`{z |}kcklz # d|} j`n nlult e|cc{ janzkmlt# c`nf|`fl `z zagl}hknf lx}ltn`c }a |z# }hln zlce'janz}k}|}knf tlc`}kanz ae }hkz zat} vkcc |nmltj|} }hl z}`nm`tm uklv ae jtk}kj`c kn}tazrlj'}kan. K vkcc tl}|tn }a }hkz zhat}c{.

@z K gln}kanlm# anl v`{ }a rtlzz }hkz uklv kz }a z}tlzz }h`} g`n{ tlc`}kan`c lclgln}z ae kmln}k}{ `tl na} `gln`dcl }a lxrtlzzkan kn rtarazk'}kan`c eatg# `z vk}h dlcklez at lxrckjk} u`c|l jaggk}gln}z. Janzkmlt }hl

g`nnlt kn vhkjh lclgln}z ae a|t kmln}k}{ gkfh} dl j`r}|tlm anc{ d{ ral}kj at gl}`rhatkj lxrtlzzkanz# at anlz }h`} `tl e|nm`gln}`cc{ lga'}kan`c kn jh`t`j}lt# at knuacul tlc`}kanzhkrz vhazl eatjl kz mkj|c} }agl`z|tl `z vlcc `z }a lxrtlzz. Anl ae }hl gaz} e`ga|z lx`grclz ae }hkz kzG`tjlc Rta|z}‛z ravlte|c luaj`}kan ae }hl t|zh ae glgat{ (kn Tlglgdt`njl ae ]hknfz R`z}+ vk}h ` mlzjtkr}kan ae }hl }`z}l ae g`mlclknl jìl at }hlellcknf ae z}lrrknf an ` rùknf z}anl. Vh`} v`z luailm ja|cm r`t}k`cc{ dl j`r}|tlm kn ` }t|}h'e|nj}kan`c zl} ae rtarazk}kanz d|} k} v`z jcl`tc{ g|jhgatl# z|jh `z }hl zlnzl ae `n `zzajk`}kan dl}vlln dlknf kn caul `nm

zglccz `nm ukzkanz ae anl‛z r`z}. At janzkmlt }hl zlnzl anl gkfh} hùl ae }hl ravlt ae anl‛z mlua}kan }a ` e`gkc{ glgdlt at }hl jannlj}kan anl h`z}a }hl rc`jl vhltl anl ftlv |r (rkj}|tl tl'ln}ltknf }hl ha|zl ae anl‛zjhkcmhaam+? vh`} kz }hl eatjl anl ellcz kn }hl rtlzlnjl ae }hlzl glgatklz1Hav malz anl lu`c|`}l }hl jaggk}gln} anl ellcz }a anl‛z ga}hlt at e`}hlt#z`{# vhkcl vlkfhknf }h`} jaggk}gln} `f`knz} zagl jagrl}knf janzkmlt`'}kanz1 Kn janzkmltknf vhl}hlt }a lgdt`jl at tlzkz} }hl eatjl ae u`c|lz`zzajk`}lm vk}h z|jh jannlj}kanz# }hl p|lz}kan anl `ziz kz na} vhl}hlt }hl u`c|lz `tl –u`ckm‗ at –}t|l‗ d|} t`}hlt vhl}hlt }hl{ gìl zlnzl # vhl}hlt }hl{ jahltl kn}a `n `jjlr}`dcl `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul.

]hl razk}kan `} kzz|l# }hln# kz }h`} jlt}`kn lx}ltn`c tlc`}kanz `nm lclgln}z}h`} `tl jln}t`c }a }hl zlce j`nna} dl `mlp|`}lc{ lu`c|`}lm d{ kn}ltn`c




`rrt`kz`cz dlj`|zl }hl{ lzj`rl }hl jafnk}kul ft`zr ae a|t `j}z ae kn}tazrlj'}kan9 `nm }hkz kz gatl }h`n ` rz{jhacafkj`c jan}knflnj{ d|} r`t} ae vh`}

gìlz rltzanz vh`}vha }hl{ `tl . Havlult# anc{ ke }hl }hlatkz}mlelnmknf z|jh ` razk}kan j`n jc`kg vk}h janffmlnjl }h`} }hltl kz `nan}acafkj`cc{ –}t|l‗ jagranln} ae }hl zlce j`n zhl rtafl lt }hl uklv }h`} ` z|dolj}‛z avn tlffllj}kan an }h`} jagranln} e`kcz }a j`r}|tl k} –`jj|t`}lc{.‗

@nm vl vkcc zll dlcav }h`} }hltl `tl elv tl`zanz }a dlcklul }h`} z|jh ` }t|l zlce j`n dl kmln}kfflm `nm elv }hlatkz}z vha v`n} }a jaggk} }hlgzlculz}a k}z lxkz}lnjl.

]hl a}hlt z}t`}lf{ eat jc`kgknf }h`} zlce'tlffllj}kanz vkcc dl z{z}lg`}k'j`cc{ mkz}at}knf tlz}z an }hl uklv }h`} z|jh tlffllj}kanz `tl }hlgzlculz gltla|}ftav}hz ae }hl ult{ d`jifta|nm eatjlz `nm tlc`}kan`c lclgln}z }h`}`tl dlknf lu`c|`}lm kn }hl fftz} rc`jl. Vh`} Jh`tclz ]`{cat mlzjtkdlz `z}hl hatkanz ae zkfnkffj`njl# }hl –fkuln‗ vhkjh z}t|j}|tlz `cc z|dz}`n}kul

o|mfgln}z `nm }ha|fh}# `tl na} gltlc{ adolj}z ae a|t janzkmlt`}kan d|}gacm `nm z}t|j}|tl }hl `j}z ae janzkmlt`}kan }hlgzlculz.< ]hkz `ga|n}z }a}hl vatt{ }h`} zlce'tlffllj}kan rtaukmlz na tlck`dcl f|kml }a }hl `|}hln}kjzlce zknjl z|jh `j}z `tl o|z} `z lgdlmmlm kn }hl zajk`c gkckl| }hl{ `tl`n`c{knf `z `tl }hl fftz}'atmlt jaggk}gln}z dlknf lu`c|`}lm (`nm za

e|t}hlt clulcz ae tlffllj}kan tlc`}knf }a }hazl zljanm'atmlt `rrt`kz`cz `tlnllmlm }a `rrt`kzl }hazl jannlj}kanz# l}j.+.Havlult# mlelnmltz ae knmkukm| ckzg j`n jcl`tc{ `jjlr} }hl flnlt`c

an}acafkj`c }hlzkz }h`} h|g`n dlknfz lxkz} kn ` vatcm# lk}hlt `z n`}|t ckz}kj#dkacafkj`c atf`nkzgz at zagl gatl `dz}t`j}c{ janjlkulm dlknf'kn'}hl'vatcm.]h`} kz mkz}knj} etag z`{knf }h`} knmkukm|`cz `tl kmln}kfflm `z tlc`}lm }a `n{

r`t}kj|c`t `nm ff xlm zrlj} ae }hl vatcm at ae hkz}at{# z|jh `z }hlkt n`}kan# }hl}t`mk}kanz ae }hlkt j|c}|tl# at }hlkt jagg|nk}{. ]hl jattlzranmknf ja|n}lt'e`j}|`cz }h`} }lz} }hl rc`|zkdkck}{ ae }hlzl c`}}lt iknmz ae jc`kgz hùl na}`dc{

gatl dk}l? –ke zhl cle} hlt ja|n}t{ zhl va|cm jl`zl }a dl }hl z`gl rltzantl`cc{#‗ –zknjl hlt tlckfka|z janultzkan K man‛} tljafnkl hlt `n{gatl#‗ `nm}hl ckil. D|}# aduka|zc{# }hl gatl caj`cklm janjlr}kan ae }hl zajk`c zlce g|z} `cza `jja|n} eat }hl e`j} ae rltzan`c jh`nfl# luln t`mkj`c jh`nfl. ]hlult{ jh`tfl ae knzlnzk}kuk}{ }a }hl u`tkl}klz ae h|g`n lxrltklnjl g`ml`f`knz} ckdlt`ckzg jaglz d`ji }a h`|n} k}z jtk}kjz `} }hkz o|nj}|tl. Eat o|z}`z k} kz aultc{ n`ttav }a `zz|gl ` |nkuaj`c rtaffcl ae }hl t`}kan`c# tlffllj}kulzlce kn rack}kj`c }hlatklz# d{ }hl z`gl }ailn# vl j`nna} kfnatl at eatfl} }hlult{ tl`c gadkck}{# kn }hl mllrlz} zlnzl# ae vhkjh g`n{ `tl j`r`dcl. Vl nllmna} tlf`tm z|jh jh`nfl `z mlzkt`dcl# etlp|ln}# at jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ae g`n{ at

< Zll ]`{cat 0;6;# 0<69 eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz kzz|l zll I{gckji` 0;8;# <0.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce 4<



gaz} ckulz. @cc }h`} nllm dl }hl j`zl kz }h`} zagl knmkukm|`cz gaul etaganl zajk`c gkckl| }a `na}hlt# knjc|mknf gaulgln} vhkjh knuaculz e|nm`'

gln}`c `c}lt`}kan ae h`dk}z# u`c|lz# `nm r`}}ltnz ae }ha|fh}# kn v`{z }h`} mana} mlz}ta{ }hlkt kmln}k}{ `z rltzanz.

Anl tlzranzl }a z|jh j`zlz kz }a tlult} }a }hl mk`jhtankj zlnzl ae zajk`c lgdlmmlmnlzz# `nm }a jc`kg }h`} `c}ha|fh g`n{ clùl }hlkt r`z}zdlhknm# }hl{ nlult}hlclzz dl`t l}ltn`cc{ }hl g`tiz ae }h`} hltk}`fl9}hl{ vkcc eatlult dl –eatglt'‗ vh`}lult (` c`rzlm J`}hackj kz z}kcce|nm`gln}`cc{ mkfl ltln} etag ` rltzan vha h`z nlult dlln ` J`}hackj+.Lk}hlt }hkz j`n dl }ìln kn ` rz{jhacafkj`c zlnzl# }h`} vl `tl nlult `dcl }azhlm }hl knffl|lnjlz ae l`tcklt jaggk}gln}z# at kn ` z}tanflt# an}acafkj`c

zlnzl# }h`} vl g|z} `cv`{z dl kmln}kfflm `z }hl rltzan vha anjl v`z ‥

}hkz at }h`} (zll Dlcc 0;;:+. Kn }hl c`}}lt zlnzl `canl# havlult# }hkz j`nna}dl t`kzlm `z ` jh`cclnfl }a ckdlt`c knmkukm|`ckzg# zknjl t`}kan`c tlffllj}kan`nm zlce'tlukzkan kz kn na v`{ t|clm a|} d{ k}. Anc{ ke zagl ultzkan ae }hlrz{jhacafkj`c jc`kg kz }t|l# knmllm ` tad|z} ultzkan ae k} `jjatmknf }a

vhkjh t`}kan`c tlffllj}kan vkcc dl knlzj`r`dc{ zh`rlm d{ }hazl l`tcklt jaggk}gln}z# vkcc knmkukm|`ckz} `|}anag{ dl t|clm a|} `z ` gl`nknfe|crazzkdkck}{.5

Gatlault# eat lult{ lclgln} }h`} }hl (an}acafkj`c+ zajk`c zlce }hlatkz}ckz}z `z janz}k}|}kul ae }hl rltzan‛z kmln}k}{# }h`} lclgln}‛z ult{ `t}kj|c`}kanan z|jh ` ckz} gìlz k} ` j`nmkm`}l eat jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan (–ah K zll nav# K `g}hl v`{ K `g dlj`|zl ae g{ J`}hackjkzg‗+. D|} anjl z|jh `n lclgln} kz`t}kj|c`}lm# k} kz `} cl`z} razzkdcl (gl}`rh{zkj`cc{ razzkdcl+ }a `zi }hl e|t}hlt p|lz}kan? vh`} ke K v`n}lm }a p|lz}kan at jh`nfl }h`} tlc`}kan1 D|} anjl Kt`kzl }hl p|lz}kan K `g clùknf arln }hl razzkdkck}{ }h`} K (`nm na} zaglmkfl ltln} `njlz}at ae g{ rtlzln} zlce+ va|cm z|tukul }h`} `j} ae p|lz}kanknf `nm }h`} jh`nfl# zha|cm k} ajj|t. Ae ja|tzl }hkz kz na} }a z`{ }h`} z|jh

p|lz}kanknf at jh`nfl kz rz{jhacafkj`cc{ razzkdcl at mlzkt`dcl eat `n{ fkulnknmkukm|`c# d|} gltlc{ }h`} k} kz gl}`rh{zkj`cc{ razzkdcl# eat }h`} kgrcklz}h`} e|t}hlt `tf|gln} kz nllmlm (ae ` rz{jhacafkj`c at natg`}kul zat}+ }ajanjc|ml }h`} }hl `dkck}{ }a lnf`fl kn knmkukm|`cklm zlce'tlffllj}kan `nmrazzkdcl zlce'`c}lt`}kan kz ` rtadclg`}kj `zz|gr}kan `da|} rltzanz.

]hl `rr`tln}c{ zl`gclzz gaul etag ` jc`kg `da|} }hl ault`cc `nm flnlt`clgdlmmlmnlzz ae zlculz }a }hl gatl –caj`c‗ zrljkffj`}kan ae zajk`c kmln}k}klzkz ae}ln g`ml }hta|fh `n `n`c{zkz ae c`nf|`fl. Zknjl c`nf|`fl kz ` zajk`c

5 Kn Jh`r}lt = vl vkcc jan}kn|l }hkz mkzj|zzkan d{ caaiknf `} n`tt`}kul uklvz ae }hl zlce# vhltl kn}ltn`czlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan kz z}kcc tlp|ktlm eat }hl mkzr`t`}l lclgln}z }h`} gìl |r }hl zlce }a jahltl. Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll Ec`n`f`n 0;;5# 0=4‚062.




janz}t|j}kan vhkjh zh`rlz jafnk}kan `nm }ha|fh}# `nm r`t}kj|c`t n`}|t`cc`nf|`flz rc`{ }hkz tacl kn |nkp|l v`{z# }hln zlculz `tl z}t|j}|tlm d{

z|jh caj`c zajk`c e`j}atz. ]hkz `rrta`jh h`z dlln r|} kn flnlt`c eatg d{ Jh`tclz ]`{cat?

]hl flnlt`c el`}|tl ae h|g`n ckel }h`} K v`n} }a luail kz k}z e|nm`gln}`cc{ mk`cafkj`c jh`t`j}lt. Vl dljagl e|cc h|g`n `fln}z# j`r`dcl ae |nmltz}`nmknf a|tzlculz# `nm hlnjl ae mlffnknf `n kmln}k}{ }hta|fh a|t `jp|kzk}kan ae tkjhh|g`n c`nf|`flz ae lxrtlzzkan. Eat r|trazlz ae }hkz mkzj|zzkan# K v`n} }a }ìl–c`nf|`fl‗ kn }hl dta`m zlnzl# jaultknf na} anc{ }hl vatmz vl zrlì d|} `cza a}hlt gamlz ae lxrtlzzkan vhltld{ vl mlffnl a|tzlculz# knjc|mknf }hl –c`nf|`flz‗ ae `t}#ae flz}|tl# ae caul# `nm }hl ckil. D|} vl `tl knm|j}lm kn}a }hlzl lxjh`nflz vk}ha}hltz. Na anl `jp|ktlz }hl c`nf|`flz nllmlm eat zlce'mlffnk}kan an }hlkt avn. Vl`tl kn}tam|jlm }a }hlg }hta|fh lxjh`nflz vk}h a}hltz vha g`}}lt }a |z ‚ vh`}Flatfl Hltdlt} Gl`m j`cclm –zkfnkffj`n} a}hltz.‗ (]`{cat 0;;0# :4‚::+

]`{cat gln}kanz Gl`m# d|} }hl rlmkftll eat }hkz v`{ ae }hkniknf knjc|mlz ` haz} ae gòat rhkcazarhltz ae }hl nknl}lln}h `nm }vln}kl}hjln}|tklz etag Hlflc }a Hlkmlfflt `nm F`m`glt (`nm gatl tljln}c{ Da|tmkl|+. @} k}z gaz} flnlt`c clulc }hl }hlzkz jannlj}knf ` zajk`c janjlr'}kan ae }hl rltzan vk}h c`nf|`fl j`n dl z}`}lm `z eaccavz? }ha|fh} kz

zh`rlm d{ c`nf|`fl9 c`nf|`fl kz ` zajk`c `t}ke`j}# da}h kn }hl zlnzl }h`}gl`nknf kz ffxlm anc{ }hta|fh zajk`c r`}}ltnz `nm }hl hkz}at{ ae |zl d|} `czakn }hl zlnzl }h`} gl`nknf kz ` e|nj}kan ae anfaknf kn}lt`j}kan vk}h a}hltz9}hltleatl }ha|fh}# `nm hlnjl zlce'tlffllj}kan `nm o|mfgln}# kz e|nm`gln}`cc{ zajk`c kn k}z janz}k}|}kan.

K vkcc tl}|tn kn ` gagln} }a }hl fftz} rtlgkzl. Janjltnknf }hl zajk`cn`}|tl ae gl`nknf# }h`} uklv lgltflz gaz} jcl`tc{ (}ha|fh jlt}`knc{ na}atkfkn`cc{+ vk}h Vk}}flnz}lkn# vha `tf|lz }h`} r|tl az}lnzkan |zknf `}agkz}kj zlg`n}kj lclgln}z ja|cm na} z|jjllm kn ffxknf tleltlnjl vk}ha|}` haz} ae zh`tlm januln}kanz `ganf c`nf|`fl |zltz. Knmllm# vatmz `canlj`nna} dl`t gl`nknfz# d|} g|z} e|nj}kan vk}hkn zln}lnjlz vhkjh }hlg'zlculz f`kn }hlkt gl`nknf }hta|fh ` tkjh# `nm zajk`cc{ `njhatlm# c`nf|`flf`gl (Vk}}flnz}lkn 0;<89 eat mkzj|zzkan zll J|{rltz 4220# 0:8‚0:; `nm]`{cat 0;;0# 6= ‚68+. ]hl `tf|gln}# kn g|jh }hl z`gl eatg# h`z dllntlz}`}lm d{ Tkjh`tm Tat}{.6

D|} }hltl kz na tl`c jan}taultz{ `} }hkz clulc# eat na anl dlcklulz }h`}`fln}z knmkukm|`cc{ knuln}# a|} ae vhacl jca}h# ` zl} ae cknf|kz}kj z}t|j}|tlz

vk}h vhkjh }hl{ j`n rtaolj} gl`nknfz an}a }hl vatcm. Lclgln}z ae a|t

6 Zll Tat}{ 0;8;. Eat ` mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz razk}kan# zll Hlig`n 0;;<# jhz. :‚= . An }hl cknf|kz}kjjagranln}z ae }hl zlce'janjlr}# zll `cza U{fa}zi{ 0;:20;689 je. `cza Dt|nlt 0;8:`# 0;85.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce 46



vatcm ln}lt a|t janzjka|znlzz vk}h }`fz an }hlg# za }a zrlì# at `} cl`z} j`nf`kn }hlkt n`gl }`fz dlj`|zl ae `n lc`dat`}l zajk`c rt`j}kjl }h`} ffxlz }hl

rtajlm|tlz ae n`gknf. Na# }hl jan}taultzk`c `zrlj}z ae }hl `daul `tf|gln} vkcc ckl# fftz}# vk}h }hl fftz} rtlgkzl# }hln vk}h }hl jattlj} kn}ltrtl}`}kan ae }hl janjc|zkan.

]hl jan}taultzk`c kml` mtkuknf }hkz `tf|gln} kz }hl uklv }h`} }ha|fh} kzna}hknf d|} ` z{z}lg ae zlg`n}kj lclgln}z# ` z{z}lg ae zkfnz. Janzjka|znlzz`ga|n}z }a }hl arlt`}kan ae }hkz ft`gg`}kj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm zkfn z{z}lg `nmkz fkuln zh`rl `nm z}t|j}|tl d{ cknf|kz}kj g`}tkjlz.8 Z|jh ` jc`kg `da|} }hlc`nf|`fl ae }ha|fh} kz jan}taultzk`c kn }h`} k} `zz|glz }h`} }hkniknf j`nna}}ìl rc`jl lxjlr} kn }hl eatg fkuln d{ zlg`n}kj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm z{z}lgz.

Uklvz ae }hkz zat} `tl jagrclx `nm z|d}cl `nm j`nna} dl e|cc{ lxrckj`}lmhltl. D|} vl g|z} `f`kn mkz}knf|kzh fcad`c# `dz}t`j} tlc`}kan`c gamlcz etaggatl caj`c gljh`nkzgz jannlj}knf zlce'mlffnk}kan vk}h r`t}kj|c`t c`nf|`flz}t|j}|tlz. Ke }hl }`ji vl `tl }ìknf kz }hl flnlt`c Vk}}flnz}lknk n anl }h`}}ha|fh} tlffllj}z ` r|dckjc{ janz}t|j}lm zlg`n}kjz# }hln na gamlc ae ckdlt`c`|}anag{ rtlzln}c{ an afl lt vkcc dl kn olar`tm{. ]hl tl`zanz vkcc r`t`cclc}hl ckdlt`c tlzranzl }a }hl flnlt`c gl}`rh{zkj`c jc`kg mkzj|zzlm `dauljanjltnknf dlknf'kn'}hl'vatcm. D|} ke vl `tl gìknf }hl gatl caj`cklm

jc`kg }h`} jafnk}kul gljh`nkzgz tlffl

lj} r`t}kj|c`t c`nf|`flz# luln zrljkff

jj|c}|t cc{ caj`cklm mk`clj} r`}}ltnz# vl }hln hùl ` gatl jh`cclnfknf jc`kg`f`knz} }hazl gamlcz ae `|}anag{ }h`} `zz|gl `dkck}klz }a `dz}t`j} etagz|jh janjtl}l jannlj}kanz m|tknf zlce'tlffllj}kan.

Havlult# k} kz `cza kgrat}`n} na} }a tlke{ r`t}kj|c`t c`nf|`flz `z ke }hl{ janz}k}|}l# kn ` h`tm'vktlm e`zhkan# }ha|fh} rtajlzzlz }hlgzlculz.Tlglgdlt# c`nf|`fl r`}}ltnz `tl g`ccl`dcl `nm z|dolj} }a nlfa}k`}kan`nm# }a ` c`tfl mlftll# }t`nzc`}kan. Vl zha|cm na} eatfl} }hl cknf|kz}‛zclzzan }h`} –` c`nf|`fl kz o|z} ` mk`clj} vk}h `n `tg{.‗ Vl zha|cm caai#

eat lx`grcl# }a }hl zajk`c m{n`gkjz ae g|c}k'cknf|kz}kj jagg|nk}klz vhltlg`kn}`knknf dk'cknf|`c `dkck}klz knuaculz hacmknf an }a zrljkffj cknf|kz}kj`cc{ fta|nmlm janjlr}z `nm u`c|lz vhkcl nùkf`}knf `ganf }hl jagrclxk}klz ae `c}ltn`}kul zlg`n}kj z}t|j}|tlz.; ]hl e`j} }h`} zagl janjlr}z `tl anc{ at dlz} lxrtlzzlm kn anl c`nf|`fl malz na} eatlz}`cc }hl razzkdkck}{ ae janzkm'ltknf }h`} janjlr} etag ` caj`}kan vk}hkn }h } c`nf|`fl at etag }hlrltzrlj}kul ae `na}hlt jcazlc{ tlc`}lm anl. ]h`} kz# luln ke `cc zljanm'atmlt

8 ]hl z}`tilz} ultzkan ae }hkz `rrta`jh j`n dl ea|nm kn }hl zlgka}kjz ae Rlktjl (`} cl`z} `z zagl kn}ltrtl}hkg+. Zll# l.f.# Jac`rkl}ta 0;8;. Eat mkzj|zzkan ae ` zkgkc`t rakn}# zll Dlcc 0;;:# 0<8‚056.

; Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll I{gckji` 0;;<# 8;‚;:. @cza# zll }hl mlzjtkr}kan ae –glz}ka janjka|znlzz‗ vhltlg|c}k'c`}lt`c `nm janfflkj}knf za|tjlz ae kmln}k}{ `nm u`c|l g|z} dl nlfa}k`}lm eat }hazl ckuknf kn–datmlt ‗ jagg|nk}klz (kn lult{ zlnzl ae }h`} vatm+# ea|nm kn }hl vtk}knfz ae Fcatk` @n`cmÿ` (0;86+.




tlffllj}kan v`z zaglhav z}t|j}|tlm `nmat janz}k}|}lm d{ (zajk`cc{ z}t|j'}|tlm+ c`nf|`fl# k} kz nlult}hlclzz razzkdcl }a tlffllj} an `n{ anl knz}`njl ae

z|jh z}t|j}|tlz kn ` rkljlgl`c g`nnlt.Hltl `f`kn vl ffnm ` ckgk}lm zlnzk}kuk}{ }a }hl u`tkl}klz ae h|g`n

lxrltklnjl `nm z}{clz ae zlce'kmln}kffj`}kan. Eat vhkcl knz}`njlz ae cknf|kz'}kj`cc{ ml}ltgknlm }ha|fh} j`n dl caj`}lm# ` flnlt`c }hlzkz `da|} hav zajk`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm cknf|kz}kj januln}kanz ml}ltgknkz}kj`cc{ zh`rl `cc}ha|fh} kfnatlz }hazl ckel hkz}atklz }h`} hùl z|jjlzze|cc{ nlfa}k`}lm `jtazzcknf|kz}kj da|nm`tklz `nm g`kn}`kn `n kmln}k}{ }h`} }t`mlz anl iknm ae c`nf|`fl f`gl eat `na}hlt. ]hl `dkck}{ }a kmln}ke{ `nm tlzkz} }hazl z}{clzae o|mfgln} lgdlmmlm kn ` c`nf|`fl nllm na} dl |nkultz c at luln|dkp|k}a|z }a dl vat}h rta}lj}knf vhln nllmlm. Ckdlt`}kan ae}ln }ìlz }hleatg ae |njaultknf }hl hkmmln janz}t`kn}z ae cknf|kz}kj rt`j}kjlz ‚ zllknf#eat lx`grcl# hav |zl ae }hl flnltkj –hl‗ g`ziz `n{ n|gdlt ae ravlt hklt`tjhklz ‚ kn ` v`{ }h`} rtlz|rrazlz }hl `dkck}{ }a }|tn `n l{l knv`tm}a }hazl cknf|kz}kj rt`j}kjlz }hlgzlculz. Vh`} mlelnmltz ae `|}anag{'d`zlm}hlatklz g|z} g`kn}`kn# havlult# kz }hl razk}kan }h`} }hkz `dkck}{ j`n dlmlzjtkdlm flnlt`cc{ lna|fh za }h`} k}z rtaga}kan at rta}lj}kan malz na}g`tfkn`ckl rar|c`}kanz vha ma na} atf`nkl }hlkt zlnzl ae zlce kn }hkz

g`nnlt. (]hkz vkcc dl }hl zrljkffj z|dolj} ae jh`r}lt ; dlcav.+D|} z`{knf `cc }hkz kz na} }a kgrc{ }h`} zlce'`c}lt`}kan kn }hlzl v`{z kz

`cv`{z razzkdcl. Z}lrrknf a|}zkml ` cknf|kz}kj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm g`}tkx ae u`c|l`nm gl`nknf kn atmlt }a janzkmlt jtk}kj`cc{ anl‛z jaggk}gln} }a }h`}g`}tkx# gkfh} dl razzkdcl eat zagl kn zagl v`{z. @nm eat }hkz tl`zan# }hlz}tanf zajk`c zlce }hlzkz }h`} kgrcklz }hkz kz nlult razzkdcl zha|cm dl tlolj}lm.D|} }hkz malz na} kgrc{ }hl jattlzranmknf uklv ‚ mlelnmlm d{ g`n{ ckdlt`cz ‚ }h`} z|jh tlffllj}kul zlr`t`}kan kz `cv`{z razzkdcl `nm hlnjl zha|cmdl ulnlt`}lm kn }hl mlzkfn `nm o|z}kffj`}kan ae zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz. ]hl

gkmmcl fta|nm dl}vlln }hlzl }va razk}kanz kz }hl }hlatl}kj`c caj`}kanK v`n} }a mlelnm kn vh`} eaccavz.

]hkz gl`nz# }ha|fh# }h`} vl hùl nav gaulm zagl mkz}`njl `v`{ etag}hl r|tl gl}`rh{zkjz ae }hl zajk c zlce uklv `nm hùl rtajllmlm }a }hl `tl` ae r|tl jan}knflnj{. Kn }hl nlx} zlj}kan# }hln# vl vkcc janzkmlt }hazl ultzkanzae }hl zajk`c zlce }hlzkz }h`} hùl `n |n`racafl}kj`cc{ jan}knfln} jh`t`j}lt#d`zlm an }hlatklz etag rz{jhacaf{ `nm }hl a}hlt zajk`c zjklnjlz.02 ]hl uklvz}a dl janzkmltlm nav ma na} da`z} ae an}acafkj`c nljlzzk}{ ‚ rlarcl z|tlc{

ja|cm hùl dlln a}hltvkzl‚

d|} t`}hlt }t`ml kn }hl j|ttlnj{ ae `j}|`c e`j}.

02 Eat `n lxjlccln} mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz kzz|l |zknf zajk`c zjkln}kffj g`}ltk`c (lzrljk`cc{ tlf`tmknf mlulcar'gln}`c rz{jhacaf{+ zll Jtk}}lnmln 0;;4.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce 4;



k k . } h l z a j k ` c z l c e } h l z k z ` n m

h | g ` n r z { j h a c a f {

Clùknf `zkml }hl uklv }h`} h|g`n zlculz `tl lzzln}k`cc{ zajk`c kn }hlkt mlffnknf janmk}kanz# vl j`n nav }|tn }a }hl tlc`}lm d|} mkfl ltln} kml` }h`}# `z ` g`}}lt ae e`j} (g`n{# gaz}# at `cc+ rlarcl `tl# }a u`t{knf mlftllz#mllrc{ jannlj}lm }a lx}ltn`c e`j}atz kn }hlkt zlce'kmln}kffj`}kanz# jafnk}kulz}t|j}|tlz# u`c|lz# `nm }hl ckil. ]h`} kz# `z ` g`}}lt ae jan}knfln} e`j}#zlculz `tl zajk`c. Nav# `z }hl ckz} kn }hl l`tcklt zln}lnjl zhavz# }hltl `tlzlult`c razzkdkck}klz }a dl janzkmltlm hltl. Knmllm# rz{jhacafkz}z flnlt`cc{

va|cm dc`njh `} }hl kml` }h`} }hltl kz ` r`t}kj|c`t zlce eat lult{ rltzan }h`}g`{ at g`{ na} dl –zajk`c‗ }a zagl mlftll. ]hltl `tl# gaz} va|cm z`{#u`tka|z zlce'z{z}lgz }h`} rtlmagkn`}l kn u`tka|z jan}lx}z# z|jh `z }hlinavknf zlce# }hl tlglgdltlm (`nm tlglgdltknf+ zlce# }hl ellcknf zlce#}hl zajk`c zlce# `nm za an.00 ]a janzkmlt }hl v`{z kn vhkjh zlculz `tl }azagl mlftll –zajk`c#‗ }hln# vl hùl }a }ìl }hknfz ` z}lr `} ` }kgl.

Ektz}# vl ja|cm z`{ }h`} h|g`n dlknfz lxrltklnjl }hlgzlculz anc{ kntlc`}kan }a jlt}`kn a}hltz (z{gdackj`cc{ at `j}|`cc{+9 zljanm }hl jafnk}kul

rtajlzzlz (knjc|mknf }hl |zl ae c`nf|`fl+ d{ vhkjh rlarcl mlckdlt`}l `nm

jhaazl `tl mlffn`dcl anc{ kn}ltrltzan`cc{9 }hktm# }hl z}t|j}|tl ae h|g`nlga}kan `nm ` fl lj} jan} knz ` jt|jk`c kn}ltrltzan`c jagranln}9 ffn`cc{# a|t damklz # vhkjh `tl r`t} ae a|t zlculz# `tl mlffnlm kn kttlm|jkdc{ zajk c v`{z. @cchùl tljlkulm `}}ln}kan kn }hl ck}lt`}|tl# `nm `z vl vkcc zll# l`jh ae }hlzlrazzkdkck}klz h`z mkfl ltln} t`gkffj`}kanz eat }hl rtazrlj}z ae `|}anag{'d`zlm`rrta`jhlz }a o|z}kjl.

Zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf `nm zlce'janjlr}

]a hùl ` zlce'janjlr} kz }a hùl `n lxrltklnjl ae anlzlce `z }hl adolj}ae tlffllj}kan `z vlcc `z }a hùldl ` gljh`nkzg ae `flnj{ `nm }ha|fh}.

@rrta`jhlz }a zlce'janjlr}kan kn }hl rz{jhacafkj`c ck}lt`}|tl ae tlclu`njlhltl j`n dl |zle|cc{ }t`jlm }a }hl vati ae Vkcck g O`glz# vha mkz}knf|kzhlmdl}vlln }hl –K'zlce ‗ (}hl gljh`nkzg ae z|dolj}kuk}{ `nm `flnj{+ `nm }hl–Gl'zlce ‗ (}hl zl} ae jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz }h`} `tl ù`kc`dcl }a zlce'tlffllj}kan `nmlx}ltn`c adzltu`}kan d{ a}hltz+9 hl tlelttlm }a }hlzl `z }hl –zlce'`z'inavlt ‗`nm }hl –zlce'`z'inavn.‗

04

00 Zll# eat lx`grcl# Nlkzzlt 0;88 `nm }hl lzz`{z kn @zhgatl `nm O|zzkg 0;;6.04 ]hl Gl'zlce kz jagrazlm e|t}hlt ae }hl g`}ltk`c zlce (anl‛z dam{ `nm razzlzzkanz+# }hl zajk`c zlce

(jh`t j}ltkz}kjz tljafnklm d{ a}hltz+# `nm }hl zrktk}|`c zlce (anl‛z gln}`c ckel+. ]hlzl `tl `tt`nflm# O`glz jc`kglm# kn ` hklt`tjhkj`c g`}tkx# vk}h }hl zrktk}|`c zlce `} }hl hkfhlz} clulc. Zll O`glz 08;2. Eat

:2 ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



]hlatklz ae }hl zlce }h`} lgrh`zklm }hl zajk`c janz}k}|}kan ae rltzanzf`knlm e|t}hlt rtagknlnjl kn }hl vati ae Flatfl Hltdlt} Gl`m# J. H.

Jaacl{ `nm }hl –z{gdackj kn}lt`j}kankz}‗ zjhaac ae zajkacaf{ `nm rz{jha'caf{.0: An }hlzl uklvz# }hl zlce mlulcarz }hta|fh ` rtajlzz ae tl`j}kan }a `nmkn}ltn`ck`}kan ae a}hltz‛ `j}kanz }av`tm anlzlce# fkuknf tkzl }a vh`} Jaacl{ j`cclm }hl –caaiknf fc`zz zlce.‗ Gl`m z|gg`tklm }hl uklv }hkz v`{? – Vl`rrl`t `z zlculz kn a|t janm|j} knzae`t `z vl a|tzlculz }ìl }hl `}}k}|ml }h`}a}hltz }ìl }av`tm |z. Vl }ìl }hl tacl ae vh`} g`{ dl j`cclm }hl ‘flnlt'`cklm‛ a}hlt. @nm kn maknf }hkz vl `rrl`t `z zajk`c adolj}z# `z zlculz.‗

0=

]hlzl rtajlzzlz ae kn}ltn`ck`}kan `tl glmk`}lm kn ` jt|jk`c v`{# an }hlzlgamlcz# d{ c`nf|`fl `nm }hl rtajlzz ae mlulcarknf cknf|kz}kj zikccz.

G|jh vati an }hl rz{jhacaf{ ae }hl zlce# havlult# h`z jln}ltlm an }hl–Gl'zlce ‗ ‚ }hl zlce `z inavn. @cza# g|jh ae }hkz vati kn zajk`c rz{jhacaf{ lp|`}lz zlce'janjlr}kan vk}h –zlce'`rrt`kz`c‗ `nm gl`z|tlz }hl v`{z kn

vhkjh knmkukm|`cz t`}l }hlgzlculz `nm jagl }a janjc|zkanz `da|} }hlkt avn tlc`}kul `dkck}klz kn mkfl ltln} jan}lx}z. ]hlzl knulz}kf`}kanz dl`t anp|lz}kanz ae zlce'lz}llg# vhkjh gkfh} dl }klm }a p|lz}kanz ae `|}anag{ d|}kn }hl rtlzln} jan}lx} j`n dl zkmlcknlm.0<

Ae r`t}kj|c`t tlclu`njl hltl kz vati manl kn jannlj}kan vk}h rlarcl‛z

–zlce'zjhlg`}`#‗ vhkjh `tl jafnk}kul flnlt`ck`}kanz `da|} }hl zlce#mltkulm etag r`z} lxrltklnjl# }h`} atf`nkl `nm f|kml }hl rtajlzzknf ae zlce'tlc }lm kneatg`}kan jan}`knlm kn }hl knmkukm|`c‛z zajk`c lxrltklnjl.05

]hl zajk`c `nm kn}ltrltzan`c lclgln}z kn zlce'zjhlg`}` `tl r`t}kj|c`tc{ |nmltzjatlm kn vati knulz}kf`}knf }hl jagr`t`}kul mlftll }a vhkjhglgdltz ae u`tka|z fta|rz |}kckl tlc`}kan`c janjlr}z kn }hlkt zjhlg` eat zlce. K} h`z dlln z|fflz}lm# eat lx`grcl# }h`} (zagl+ vagln `nm glgdltzae zagl l`z} @zk`n j|c}|tlz hùl ` gatl hkfhc{ tlc`}kan`c zlnzl ae zlce `zgl`z|tlm kn }hkz g`nnlt. ]h`} kz# z|dolj}z etag z|jh fta|rz rkji a|}

mkzj|zzkan ae }hl hkz}atkj`c mlulcargln} ae }hlatklz ae }hl zlce zll Z|z`n H`t}lt ( –Hkz}atkj`c Taa}zae Jan}lgrat`t{ Kzz|lz Knuacuknf Zlce'Janjlr}#‗ kn Dt`jiln 0;;5# 0‚:89 zll `cza Fltfln 0;60# 0‚04.Eat ` r`t`cclc mkzj|zzkan }h`} tleltz }a Vk}}flnz}lkn‛z kml`z ae }hl zlce# zll J|{rltz 4220# 0:<‚0:6. @cza#K vkcc mkzj|zz c`}lt (kn Jh`r}ltz = `nm 6+ Mùkm Ulcclg`n‛z uklv ae }hl zlce }h`} tlc`}lz }a }hkzmkz}knj}kan? zll Ulcclg`n 422= .

0: Zll# l.f.# Gl`m 0;:= . Eat mkzj|zzkan ae Gl`m `nm Jaacl{# zll D|tik}} 0;;0# 48‚<= .0= P|a}lm kn Z|z`n H`t}lt# –Hkz}atkj`c Taa}z ae Jan}lgrat`t{ Kzz|lz Knuacuknf Zlce'Janjlr}#‗ kn

Dt`jiln 0;;5# = .0< Eat `n aultuklv ae tljln} }hlatklz ae zlce'janjlr}# zll Tazz 0;;4. @na}hlt cknl ae knp|kt{ lx`gknlz }hl

–zajk`c zlce'janjlr}‗ kn vhkjh zlce'janjlr} `nm zlce'lz}llg kz gl z|tlm kn zajk`c zl}}knfz (at kn tl j}kan

}a kn}ltrltzan`c kn}lt`j}kan+. Zll# l.f.# ]hag`z O. Dltnm} `nm Cl`h D|tf{#–Zajk`c Zlce'Janjlr}

‗knDt`jiln 0;;5# 060‚42;.

05 H`lc G`ti|z# –]hl Zlce kn ]ha|fh} `nm Glgat{#‗ kn G`ti|z `nm Vlfnlt 0;82# 5= . U`tka|zgamlcz ae }hl zlce'zjhlg` hùl dlln mlulcarlm# etag g|c}k'mkglnzkan`c gamlcz }a hklt`tjhkj`c anlz.Eat `n aultuklv# zll Tazz 0;;4# 0‚=;.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce :0



}ltgz vhkjh tlelt }a tlc`}kanzhkrz (ga}hlt# etklnm# d|zknlzz g`n`flt+}a ` ftl`}lt mlftll }h`n `c}ltn`}kul z|dolj} raacz (Vlz}ltn g`clz# eat

lx`grcl+# knmkj`}knf }h`} z|jh tlc`}kan`c janjlr}z ajj|r{ ` rc`jl kn }hlzlce'zjhlg` vhkjh kz jcazlt }a }hl –jatl‗ eat z|jh rlarcl.06

Z|jh vati kz u`tklm `nm g|c}k'e`jl}lm. Havlult# k} g`{ dl rtlg`}|tl}a janjc|ml etag k} }h`} glgdltz ae r`t}kj|c`t fta|rz hùl ` zlnzl ae zlce vhkjh kz zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm kn ` zlnzl vhkjh kz knjagr`}kdcl vk}h ` j`r`jk}{ eat `|}anag{. Eat ft`n}knf }h`} z|dolj}z ae}ln kmln}ke{ }hlgzlculz`z ajj|r{knf ` jlt}`kn kn}ltrltzan`c tacl at `z hacmknf ` rc`jl kn ` tlc`}kan'zhkr# k} kz nlult}hlclzz razzkdcl }h`} z|jh z|dolj}z g`{ ae}ln tl}`kn }hlj`r`jk}{ }a tlffllj} an }hazl ult{ tlc`}kanzhkrz vhln j`cclm |ran }a ma za.Gatl kgrat}`n}c{# }hl gl}hamz |zlm }a janz}t|j} ` z|dolj}‛z zlce'zjhlg`# kn}hl rz{jhacafkj`c jan}lx}# `tl na} z|jkln}c{ zlnzk}kul }a }hl mkfl ltlnjldl}vlln lzzln}k c# kmln}k}{'jtl`}knf# `zrlj}z ae }hl rltzan `nm gltlc{ mllr`nm kgrat}`n} rltzan`c jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz. Vl g|z} dl `v`tl ae }hl mkz}knj}kandl}vlln# kn Fatman @ccrat}‛z vatmz# – vh`} `tl g`}}ltz ae kgrat}`njl }a }hlknmkukm|`c `nm vh`} `tl ‥ gltlc{ g`}}ltz ae e`j} }a hkg Yat hltW‗ (@ccrat}0;58`# 45+. @cza# z|jh knulz}kf`}kanz g|z} dl zlnzk}kul }a }hl mk`jhtankj`nm m{n`gkj n`}|tl ae zlce'kmln}k}{. ]hl kml` ae `n kn}ltn`cklm –a}hlt ‗

jagrtkzknf ` jagranln} ae }hl zlce'janjlr} clùlz p|k}l knml}ltgkn`}l vhltl }hl eaj|z ae z|jh `n a}hlt cklz? kn }hl j`tlfkult# anl‛z jhkcmhaamrc`{g`}lz# anl‛z j|ttln} kn}kg`}lz# }hl glgdltz ae anl‛z flnmlt# t`jl# jc`zz#l}j.08 Z|jh knml}ltgkn`j{ clùlz arln }hl (rz{jhacafkj`c+ razzkdkck}{ ae zhke}knf kmln}kffj`}kanz# vhltl tlffllj}kul p|lz}kanknf ae r`t}kj|c`t jannlj'}kanz jaglz `da|} vhkcl gauknf an }a a}hlt tlc`}kanz.

]hkz kz na} }a z`{ }h`} tlffllj}kul zlce'`rrt`kz`c vkcc dl ` |nkultz`c j`r`jk}{ at ` |nkultz`c u`c|l. K `g z|fflz}knf anc{ }hl j`|}ka|z janjc|zkan }h`} lulneat }hl }hata|fhc{ zajk`c zlce'zjhlg`} mkzj|zzlm kn }hkz ck}lt`}|tl# }hl j`r`jk}{

eat rkljlgl`c zlce'tlffllj}kan h`z na} dlln t|clm a|}. ]h`} kz# vhkcl gamlczae }hl zlce'janjlr} zhav hav zajk`c tlc`}kanz `nm e`j}atz fff|tl kgrat}`n}c{ kn }hl janz}t|j}kan `nm anfaknf arlt`}kan ae z|jh z}t|j}|tlz# k} tlg`knz|njcl`t vhl}hlt }hlzl e`j}atz `tl z|jh }h`} }hl{ j`nna} dl dta|fh} |nmlt tlffllj}kul zjt|}kn{ d{ }hl `fln}z }hlgzlculz. Vl vkcc tl}|tn }a }hkz rakn}. Eat nav# cl} |z rtlzz an kn a|t knulz}kf`}kan ae a}hlt zajk`c jagranln}z ae zlculz.

06 Zll G`ti|z `nm Ik}`{`g` 0;;0# 44= ‚4<:. ]hlzl lxrltkgln}`c tlz|c}z jattlzranm ta|fhc{ }a janjc|zkanz

mt`vn d{ `n}htaracafkz}z z|jh `z Jckfl

atm Fllt} vha lgrh`zkl }hl g`nnlt kn vhkjh u`tka|z nan' Vlz}ltn j|c}|tlz |}kckl lzzln}k`cc{ nan'knmkukm|`cklm janjlr}z eat zlce (Fllt} 0;6:# jh. = +.08 Eat lx`grcl# Nllt` D`mhv`t p|lz}kanz }hl jaggan `zz|gr}kan `ganf jagg|nk} tk`n }hkniltz

}h`} }hl rtknjkr`c adolj} ae kmln}kffj`}kan vkcc dl vk}h }hl rack}kj`c `zrlj}z ae anl‛z jagg|nk}{ (`z jagg|nk}`tk`n rack}kjz `zz|glz+. Zll D`mhv`t 0;;5.




]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae jafnk}kan

@z K gln}kanlm# }hl tlzl`tjh o|z} mkzj|zzlm an zlce'janjlr}kan ml`czzrljkffj`cc{ vk}h }hl zlce `z }hl adolj} ae kn}ltn`c tlffllj}kan ‚ }hl –Gl'zlce.‗

Havlult# mlelnmltz ae }hl zajk`c zlce }hlzkz g`{ vlcc knzkz} }h`} }hl na}kan}h`} vl `tl janz}k}|}lm d{ a|t lx}ltn`c tlc`}kanz h`z gatl }a ma vk}h a|t z|dolj}kuk}{ `nm `flnj{# }hl –K'zlce.‗

0; Knmllm# g`n{ `n}k'knmkukm|`ckz}jtk}kp|lz ae `|}anag{ razk} }h`} h|g`n }ha|fh} ‚ jafnk}kan `nm ` fl lj}`z vlcc `z glgat{# o|mfgln} `nm tlffllj}kan ‚ h`z ` e|nm`gln}`cc{ kn}lt'rltzan`c z}t|j}|tl# eat g`n{ at `cc rlarcl.42

Anl knffl|ln}k`c `rrta`jh }a gamlcknf }hl gln}`c razk}z }h`} gl`nknf `nm }ha|fh} zha|cm na} dl |nmltz}aam `z |nmlt}ìln kn at d{ ` zknfcl gknm(at lgdamklm gknm+. T`}hlt gl`nknfz `tl ml}ltgknlm d{ v`{ ae janz}k}|'}kul tlc`}kanz }a lx}ltn`c rhlnagln`# lx}ltn`c }a }hl e|nj}kanknf ae ` zknfcl }hkniknf dlknf. An }hkz uklv# }ha|fh}z rlt zl `tl razzkdcl anc{

vhln ` }hknilt kz lgdlmmlm kn }hl zr`}ka'}lgrat`c vatcm kn }hl tkfh} v`{. ]hl janjlr} –jh`kt ‗ kz na} zkgrc{ knzkml }hl hl`m ae }hl rltzan|zknf `nm |nmltz}`nmknf }hl vatm9 t`}hlt k} h`z gl`nknf anc{ kn tlc`}kan}a a}hlt `zrlj}z ae }hl vatcm. (]hl jc`zzkj z}`}lgln} ae }hkz uklv j`n dl

ea|nm kn R|}n`g# 0;6<9 eat `n aultuklv ae }hl kzz|lz# zll C`| 4224.+ @ –zajk`c‗ ultzkan ae }hkz }hlzkz jc`kgz }h`} gl`nknfz e|nj}kan anc{ kntlc`}kan }a ` z{z}lg ae c`nf|`fl |zl vhkjh kz zajk`cc{ atmltlm `nm mlrlnmln}an r`}}ltnz ae `j}kuk}{ `nm tlc`}kanzhkrz kn }hl rltzan‛z lnuktangln}.

Tlc`}lmc{# zagl rhkcazarhltz z}tlzz }hl v`{ }ha|fh} k}zlce# }hl `j}kuk}{ ae tlffllj}kan# jafk}`}kan# `nm mljkzkan# }ìlz rc`jl kn ` zajk`c nl}vati vhltla}hlt rlarcl# knz}k}|}kanz# zr`jlz# `nm rt`j}kjlz na} anc{ (knz}t|gln}`cc{+

0; ]hkz mkz}knj}kan t`kzlz }hl p|lz}kan ae vhl}hlt }hl –zlce ‗ kz e|nm`gln}`cc{ ` –}hknf ‗ (vh`}lult k}z

gl}`rh{zkj`c z}`}|z+ at ` rtajlzz. Eat `n `n`c{zkz ae }h`} p|lz}kan (vhkjh jc`kgz }hl p|lz}kan j`n dlùakmlm t`}hlt }h`n `nzvltlm+# zll Fltfln 0;60# 0‚04.42 Anl tlzl`tjh rtaft`g kn rz{jhacaf{ }h`} mktlj}c{ razk}z ` zajk`c gamlc ae jafnk}kan kz Zajk c Cl`tnknf

]hlat{ (D`nm|t` 0;85+. @jjatmknf }a }hkz uklv# h|g`n jafnk}kan kz glmk`}lm }hta|fh rtajlzzlz ae z{gdack }kan `nm ukj`tka|z cl`tnknf ‚ j`cclm –gamlcknf ‗ ‚ vhkjh arlt`}l d{ ukt}|l ae jcazlkn}lt j}kan vk}h jlt} kn a}hltz jtl`}knf jafnk}kul z}t|j}|tlz vhkjh lgdam{ }hazl kn}lt`j}kanz `nm

vhkjh eatg `nm f|kml }ha|fh} (D`nm|t` 0;85# =8+. Jafnk}kul z}t|j}|tlz `tl gacmlm# }hta|fhgamlcknf `nm ukj`tka|z cl`tnknf# kn ` g`nnlt vhkjh }hln zh`rlz `nm z}t|j}|tlz c`}lt jafnk}kul luln}z`nm hlnjl dlhùkat (D`nm|t` 0;84+. Havlult# zajk`c cl`tnknf }hlatkz}z `cza mlzjtkdl }hl `fln}‛zj`r`jk}{ }a |}kckl u`tka|z jafnk}kul `nm ` fl lj}kul }aacz kn atmlt }a tlffllj} |ran# tlf|c`}l# `nm mktlj} hlt avn dlhùkat. @z D`nm|t` r|}z k}# –gìknf jhakjlz kz `kmlm d{ tlffllj}kul jafnk}kul `j}kuk}{# }hta|fh

vhkjh zlce'knffl|lnjl kz c`tflc{ lxltjkzlm. Rlarcl lxlt} zagl knffl|lnjl ault vh`} }hl{ ma d{ }hl

`c}ltn`}kulz }hl{ janzkmlt# hav }hl{ eatlzll `nm vlkfh }hl janzlp|lnjlz# `nm hav }hl{ `rrt`kzl }hlkt j`r`dkck}klz }a lxlj|}l z|jjlzze|cc{ }hl razzkdkck}klz }hl{ `tl ln}lt} knknf ‗ (D`nm|t` 0;85# :;+.]hltleatl# `c}ha|fh ` rltzan‛z rltzrlj}kul `nm u`c|lz `tl zh`rlm kn ` g`nnlt }h`} knuaculz anfaknf kn}ltrltzan`c m{n`gkjz# }hl `fln} g`kn}`knz }hl `dkck}{ }a lu`c|`}l `nm `n`c{l }hl }ha|fh}z# u`c|lz#mkzrazk}kanz# `nm }hl ckil }h`} `tl }hl tlz|c} ae }hazl jannlj}kanz# `jjatmknf }a }hlzl }hlatklz.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce ::



` fl lj} }ha|fh} d|} hlcr janz}k}|}l k}. Mùkm _kggltg`n `tf|lz# kn e`j}#}h`} lx}ltn`ckzg `da|} gln}`c jan}ln} ae }hl zat} mlzjtkdlm h`z mktlj}

kgrckj`}kanz eat }hlatklz ae `|}anag{# kn }h`} anl j`nna} dl ` gln}`clx}ltn`ckz} `nm hacm ` }hata|fhc{ kn}ltn`ckz} janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{. Ke gln}`c jan}ln} tlp|ktlz }h`} anl dl tlc`}lm kn zagl v`{ at a}hlt }a adolj}z`nm rhlnagln` lx}ltn`c }a }hl zlce (kn }hl rtlzln} `nm }hl r`z}+ }hln k} kzjanjlr}|`cc{ kgrazzkdcl eat ` rltzan vk}ha|} `n{ r`z} `} `cc }a dl `|}ana'ga|z9 `nm }hazl vha }hkni hkz}atkj`c tlc`}kanz `tl kttlclu`n} }a `|}anag{ g|z}# }hln# tlolj} }hkz iknm ae lx}ltn`ckzg.40

]hkz kz ` jagrclx kzz|l }h`} jcl`tc{ dl`tz an zagl kzz|lz a|}zkml ae a|t janjltnz# d|} eat nav vl nllm anc{ z`{ }h`} lx}ltn`ckzg `da|} gln}`c

jan}ln} kgrcklz anc{ }h`} tlc`}kanz kn flnlt`c g|z} hacm }a rhlnagln` a|}zkml }hl rltzan (j|ttln}c{ at kn }hl r`z}+# tlc`}kanz eat lx`grcl vk}h }hlc`nf|`fl'knmlrlnmln} vatcm at j`|z`c tlc`}kanz vk}h }hl knk}k`c `j} ae n`gknf }h`} ffxlz }hl tleltlnjl ae }ltgz# `nm za an.44 Gln}`c lx}ltn`ckzggltlc{ z}`}lz }hl flnlt`c rtarazk}kan }h`} gln}`c z}`}lz (dlcklez# eat lx`grcl+ g|z} dl tlc`}lm }a }hl vatcm kn jlt}`kn v`{z eat }hlg }a hùl}hl jan}ln} }hl{ hùl (`canf vk}h zagl ult{ ffnl'ft`knlm zrljkffj`}kanz`da|} }hl iknmz ae tlc`}kanz }h`} g|z} hacm eat u`tka|z }{rlz ae c`nf|`fl

|zl+. K} kz nl|}t`c `da|} vhl}hlt hùknf }hazl }ha|fh}z (at dlknf kn vh`}lult z}`}lz }hazl lx}ltn`c tlc`}kanz `tl nljlzz`t{ eat+ kz ae `n{ kn}ltlz}}a }hl `fln}. @z _kggltg`n janjc|mlz kn hkz `n`c{zkz ae }hkz kzz|l# ke anl hacmz }a tad|z} lx}ltn`ckzg `da|} }hl gln}`c# vhltl hùknf }ha|fh}z`} `cc kgrcklz hùknf jlt}`kn tlc`}kanz }a }hl vatcm a|}zkml }hl knmkukm|`c‛zhl`m# anl g|z} tlolj} vhaclz`cl kn}ltn`ckzg `da|} rt`j}kj`c tl`zan vhltldlknf ` e|cc{ j`r`dcl `fln} tlp|ktlz na r`t}kj|c`t tlc`}kanz vk}h }hl lx}ltn`cr`z} at rtlzln} `} `cc. ]hl uklv ae `|}anag{ vl vkcc zil}jh kn c`}lt zlj}kanzmluk`}lz zkfnkffj`n}c{ etag z|jh ` uklv. A|t anc{ janjc|zkan hltl# }ha|fh#

kz }h`} gln}`c lx}ltn`ckzg ae }hl zat} }h`} zllgz za knffl|ln}k`c kn }hlrhkcazarh{ ae gknm `nm c`nf|`fl kz `jjlr}`dcl eat }hl iknm ae lj|glnk'j`ckzg `da|} }hl zlce vl `tl rtarazknf kn flnlt`c `nm }hl hkz}atkj`c jan'jlr}kan ae `|}anag{ K vkcc zil}jh kn r`t}kj|c`t.

@ fl lj} `nm lga}kan

@na}hlt v`{ kn vhkjh k} h`z dlln jc`kglm }h`} h|g`nz `tl e|nm`gln}`cc{ zajk`c janjltnz }hl z}t|j}|tl ae lga}kan at ` fl lj}. Nàgk Zjhlg`n jc`kgz#

40 Zll _kggltg`n 0;;;. Glcl jc`kgz }hl }va p|lz}kanz `tl jagrcl}lc{ knmlrlnmln}? Glcl 0;;<# 0=6.44 ]hlzl u`f|lc{ mlzjtkdlm lx`grclz `tl gl`n} }a rakn} }a u`tka|z razk}kanz kn }hl rhkcazarh{ ae

c`nf|`fl z|jh `z }hl j`|z`c }hlat{ ae n`gknf. Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll Lu`nz 0;84 `nm C`| 4224.

:= ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



eat lx`grcl# }h`} jlt}`kn ` fl lj}kul z}`}lz# `nm g`n{ gln}`c z}`}lz kn flnlt`c}h`} r`t}k`cc{ mlffnl knmkukm|`cz# j`n anc{ dl zrljkfflm kn zajk`c }ltgz. ]a dl

–kn caul‗ kz }a dl kn caul – vk}h zaglanl#‗ zhl vtk}lz (Zjhlg`n 0;8:# 4:4+.4:Zknjl z|jh gln}`c z}`}lz hùl `z }hlkt adolj} lx}ltn`c rhlnagln`# zlculz `tllzzln}k`cc{ zajk`c.

K} kz kgrat}`n} }a mkz}knf|kzh# havlult# }hl tlc`}kan`c `zrlj}z ae }hl z}`}lz ae a|t zlculz ‚ a|t lga}kanz `nm mlzktlz# eat lx`grcl ‚ `nm}hl tlc`}kan`c `zrlj}z ae }hl zlce rlt zl . Ol`n Ftkgzh`v# eat lx`grcl# h`zjtk}kjklm Zjhlg`n d{ rakn}knf a|} }h`} vhkcl lga}kanz `tl kn}lnzkan`cz}`}lz `nm hùl a}hltz `z }hlkt adolj}z# ` rltzan`ck}{ vha cazlz }hl `dkck}{ }a mkz}knf|kzh }hl caulm anl‛z rltzan`ck}{ etag hlt avn kz z|fl ltknf etag` r`}hacaf{ (Ftkgzh`v 0;85# 054‚085+. K} `cza g|z} dl tlglgdltlm}h`} lga}kanz `tl zagl}kglz }t`nzk}at{# lzrljk`cc{ vhln uklvlm etag}hl rakn} ae uklv ae `n ln}ktl ckel. @c}ha|fh g`n{ rlarcl jhltkzh }hlkt lga}kan`c jannlj}kanz vk}h a}hltz }a z|jh `n lx}ln} }h`} }hl{ lxrltklnjl}hlkt kmln}k}klz `z kn}ltjannlj}lm vk}h }hlg ‚ }hlkt jhkcmtln at r`tln}zeat lx`grcl ‚ z|jh tlc`}kanzhkrz `tl zlcmag ckel'canf (a|t r`tln}z g`{ mkl dleatl vl ma `nm vl lxkz} rtkat }a a|t jhkcmtln jagknf }a dl+. @nmeat g`n{ rlarcl# z|jh jannlj}kanz zhke} `} u`tka|z rakn}z kn }hl ckel

j{jcl. ]hkz kz na} }a `tf|l }h`} ` ckel ae zhke}knf lga}kan`c jannlj}kanz#`nm hlnjl# rlth`rz# zhke}knf kmln}k}klz# kz ` z|rltkat at luln gknkg`cc{ ffla|tkzhknf ckel9 }hl jc`kg hltl kz }h`} eat g`n{ rlarcl# lga}kan`c jan'nlj}kanz ma na} eatg }hl lzzln}k`c jagranln}z ae }hlkt kmln}k}{ eat }hlln}ktl}{ ae }hlkt ckulz. Za vhkcl `} zagl fkuln }kgl eat zagl rlarcl lga}kan`cjannlj}kanz dlzrlì ae tlc`}kan`c kmln}k}{# z|jh kn}ltjannlj}kanz `tl na} `nknu`tk`dcl e`j} `da|} h|g`nz flnlt`cc{. (]hkz kzz|l kz }ìln |r `f`kn knjh`r}lt 8 |nmlt }hl t|dtkj ae tlc`}kan`c uklvz ae `|}anag{.+

Z`}{` Gah`n}{ jaggln}z an Zjhlg`n‛z vati `z r`t} ae }hl mlulcar'

gln} ae ` jafnk}kul `jja|n} ae lga}kanz.4= Gah`n}{ ‛z jc`kg tlclu`n} hltlkz }h`}

Y`W nljlzz`t{ r`t} ae Y}hl lga}kan‛zW eatg `nm zh`rl kz ml}ltgknlm d{ }hl nan'knmkukm|`c zajk`c gl`nknfz }h`} }hl }hlatklz `nm `jja|n}z z|rrc{. K} va|cm dl e`czl}a z`{ }h`} }hkz lga}kan kz }hl knmkukm|`c‛z avn –knnlt ‗ razzlzzkan `nm }h`} zhl`canl h`z –rtkukclflm `jjlzz‗ }a k}z gl`nknf at zkfnkffj`njl. T`}hlt# a|t lga}kanzrtaukml lukmlnjl ae }hl lx}ln} }a vhkjh luln a|t mllrlz} rltzan c lxrltklnjlz `tlzajk`cc{ janz}t|j}lm# glmk`}lm d{ ukzkanz `nm u`c|lz }h`} `tl –rack}kj`c‗ kn n`}|tl#

}h`} tlelt a|}v`tm }a }hl vatcm dl{anm }hl knmkukm|`c.

4<

4: P|a}lm kn Ftkgzh`v 0;85# 056. Zll `cza Zjhlg`n 0;;:. 4= Je. `cza N|zzd`|g 422:.4< Gah`n}{ 422= # :;= # p|a}knf etag Zjhlg`n 0;8:.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce :<



]h`} kz }a z`{# a|t lga}kanz `tl vh`} }hl{ `tl dlj`|zl ae }hl gl`nknfzarlt`}kul kn }hl dlcklez }h`} janz}k}|}l }hlg# `nm z|jh dlcklez `tl zajk`cc{

z}t|j}|tlm. ]hkz jagdknlz ` jafnk}kul }hlat{ ae lga}kanz vk}h `n lx}ltn`c'kz} }hlat{ ae gl`nknf }a z|rrat} }hl uklv }h`} lga}kanz ae g`n{ zat}z hùl}hl z}t|j}|tl }hl{ hùl anc{ `z ` e|nj}kan ae }hl zajk`c z}t|j}|tl kn vhkjh}hl{ arlt`}l `nm hlnjl j`nna} e|nj}kan zkgrc{ `} `n knmkukm|`c clulc.Nlult}hlclzz# `z vl z`km# k} kz jcl`t }h`} hùknf `n lga}kan# ckil vknnknf `n `v`tm# gkfh} hùl u ckmk}{ anc{ kn tlc`}kan }a a}hlt zajk`c e`j}atz. D|} }hkzmalz na} f`knz`{ }h`} k} kz g{ (knmkukm|`c+ lga}kan `nm g{ `v`tm.

Kn c`}lt mkzj|zzkanz vl vkcc janzkmlt `nm knmllm `jjlr} }hl kml` }h`} }hlu`c|l `nm gl`nknf ae ckulz tlp|ktl knlckgkn`dcl tleltlnjl }a zkfnkffj`n}a}hltz. D{ lx}lnzkan# k} vkcc dl nljlzz`t{ }a tlolj} knmkukm|`ckz} gamlcz ae }hl zlce }h`} c`dlc jcazl lga}kan`c }klz `z zlr`t`dcl `zrlj}z ae }hl rltzan`ck}{ }h`} j`n zkgrc{ dl zhlm |ran tlffllj}kan# `z ke ` r`tln}‛z jannlj}kan }a hlt jhkcmtln kz zagl}hknf zhl ja|cm o|z} `d`nman vk}ha|} ftl`} jaz}. Vh`} Khùl janjc|mlm hltl# havlult# kz }h`} flnlt`c gamlcz ae }hl zlce }h`} gìlr`t}kj|c`t lga}kan`c }klz }a a}hltz `n lzzln}k`c# janz}k}|}kul lclgln} ae }hlzlce fa }aa e`t `nm `tl cle} |n`dcl }a mkfl ltln}k`}l r`}hacafkj`c jannlj}kanzdl}vlln zlce `nm a}hlt `nm z|jh jcazl jannlj}kanz `z o|z} mlzjtkdlm.

]a jan}kn|l a|t knulz}kf`}kan# havlult# k} vkcc dl nljlzz`t{ }a lx`gknluklvz ae }hl zlce }h`} rc`jl a|t lgdamkgln} `} }hl jln}lt ae }hl `n`c{zkz. Kna|t aultuklv za e`t# vl hùl gkttatlm }hl }t`mk}kan ae }hkniknf `da|}}hl zlce kn }hl gòat j|ttln}z ae Vlz}ltn rhkcazarh{ d{ mavnrc`{knf }hltacl }h`} a|t lgdamkgln} `nm rh{zkj`ck}{ rc`{ kn gacmknf a|t zlce'janjlr}. Knmllm# `jjatmknf }a zagl }hlatkz}z# zllknf a|tzlculz `z e|nm`'gln} cc{ lgdamklm jtl`}|tlz gìlz gatl `rr`tln} }hl v`{z kn vhkjh vl`tl zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm.

]hl zajk`c dam{

K} g`{ za|nm knk}k`cc{ r`t`maxkj`c }a z`{ }h`} a|t lgdamkgln} g`tiz |z `zzajk`c dlknfz kn ` mllr `nm zkfnkffj`n} v`{. @e}lt `cc# a|t rh{zkj`c knmkukm'|`}kan zllgz }a g`nkelz} }hl zlr`t`}lnlzz ae a|t lxkz}lnjl kn ` t`}hlt aduka|z g`nnlt. @nm kn g|jh `n`c{zkz ae }hl p|lz}kan ae ckdlt`c `|}anag{#ult{ ck}}cl gln}kan kz g`ml ae a|t damklz# lzrljk`cc{ tlf`tmknf }hl zajk`cn`}|tl ae }hl zlce.

Mt`vknf r`t}kj|c`tc{ an }hl vati ae Gltcl`|'Ran}{# zlult`c vtk}ltz hùllgrh`zklm }hl v`{ }h`} }hl z}t|j}|tlz ae h|g`n damklz ‚ }hl tlc`}kandl}vlln hl`m# `tgz# clfz# }atza# etan} `nm d`ji# `nm za an ‚ e|nm`gln}`cc{ atkln}z }ha|fh} `nm gln}`c ckel. Gltcl`|'Ran}{ mtlv }hl jannlj}kan




dl}vlln }hl dam{ ‛z gaulgln} eatv`tm kn zr`jl `nm }hl janz}`n} zlnzlae –K j`n‗ }h`} z}t|j}|tlz rt`j}kj`c tlffllj}kan.45 ]hl zlnzl }h`} vl `tl

`cv`{z rakzlm }a `j} kz r`t} ae a|t tlffllj}kul lxrltklnjl ae a|tzlculz `nm `zz|jh zhavz hav dlknf lgdamklm (`nm za `dcl }a gaul kn zr`jl+ z}t|j}|tlza|t zlnzl ae zlce.

Elgknkz} vtk}ltz z|jh `z Ktkz [a|nf zhav hav damkc{ jagrat}gln} `nmgaulgln} tlffllj} na} anc{ }ha|fh} flnlt`cc{ d|} r`t}kj|c`t gamlz ae gauknf# zk}}knf# `nm z}`nmknf }h`} tlffllj} zajk`c lxrlj}`}kanz `nm tlc`}kanz([a|nf 0;;2j+. Kn r`t}kj|c`t# [a|nf lx`gknlz gamlz ae elg`cl damkc{ eatgz (kn }hl jan}lx} ae Vlz}ltn zajkl}{+ }h`} zhav }hl kn}ltn`ck`}kanae }hl }ltgz ae zajk`c zlce'janjlr}kan. [a|nf }t`jlz jlt}`kn z}ltla}{rkj`c

elgknknl gaulgln}z z|jh `z tlc`}kulc{ jcazlm raz}|tl# mlckj`}l `tggaulgln}z# `nm hlzk}`n} ga}kan }h`} knmkj }l ` gaml ae zlce'rtlzln} }kan}h`} gkttatz ` zlnzl ae zlce'rta}lj}kan `nm u|cnlt`dkck}{. Z|jh ` zlnzl ae zlce#zhl `tf|lz# tlffllj}z `n kn}ltn`ck`}kan ae elgknknl taclz `nm lxrlj}`}kanz.

Vhkcl zagl ae hlt lx`grclz g`{ dl m`}lm ‚ luln hlt }k}cl# –]htavknf Ckil ` Fktc#‗ t`niclz vhln anl janzkmltz elg`cl `}hcl}lz ‚ }hl flnlt`crakn} tlg`knz? gamlz ae }ha|fh} `nm ellcknf `tl z}t|j}|tlm d{ damkc{ jagrat}gln}# z}t|j}|tl# `nm gaulgln}. Z|jh gaulgln}z `tl kn}ltn`c'

klm h`dk}z tlffl

lj}kul ae zajk`c tlc`}kanz `nm lxrlj}`}kanz# z|jh `z gln‛zgatl arln raz}|tl `nm vagln‛z gatl jcazlm `nm rta}lj}kul dl`tknf9

zlculz `tl# kn r`t} `} cl`z}# lgdamklm gamlz ae dlknf kn }hl vatcm# za zlculz`tl zajk`c kn tlffllj}knf }hlzl tlc`}kanz `nm lxrlj}`}kanz. (@n `c}ltn`}kuljanjc|zkan kz }hkz? }hl zlce'janjlr} tlffllj}z g`nnltz ae }hkniknf `nm ellc'knf }h`} `tl kn }|tn zh`rlm d{ a|t lgdamkgln}9 knzae`t `z }hl c`}}lt g`nkelz}z kn}ltn`cklm zajk`c e`j}atz# }hl zlce'janjlr} vkcc tlffllj} }hl lfl lj}zae }hazl e`j}atz.+

Kn }hlzl v`{z a|t damklz `tl g`tilm `z lxlgrckffj`}kanz ae zajk`c

j`}lfatklz }h`}# kn }|tn# zh`rl a|t }ha|fh} `nm tlffllj}kan. Vh`} kz kgrat'}`n} eat a|t rtaolj} hltl kz na} za g|jh vhl}hlt }hlzl `jja|n}z ae }hlzajk`c n`}|tl ae damklz `tl mlelnzkdcl kn flnlt`c at kn ml}`kc ‚ }ha|fh K `gjlt}`knc{ z{gr`}hl}kj }a }hlkt dta`m a|}cknlz ‚ d|} vhl}hlt `jjlr}knf }hlg va|cm eatjl |z }a t`mkj`cc{ zhke} a|t |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl rltzanetag ` rack}kj`c rakn} ae uklv. Kn r`t}kj|c`t# }hl p|lz}kan vkcc dl vhl}hlt zllknf lgdamklm rltzanz `z zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm kn }hlzl v`{z knm|jlz ` jh`nfl kn }hl v`{ vl g|z} }hkni `da|} }hl tlzrlj} avlm }a rltzanz# }hl

45 Gltcl`|'Ran}{ 4224. Gatl tljln}c{# Cìafl `nm Oahnzan hùl `n`c{lm }hl gl}`rhatz }h`} z}t|j}|tl}ha|fh} `nm }hlkt janjlr}|`c `nm rhlnaglnacafkj`c }klz }a }hl z}t|j}|tl ae damklz (–|r‗ kz |zlm }agl`n –knjtl`zl‗ eat lx`grcl+ (Cìafl `nm Oahnzan 0;;;+.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce :6



rta}lj}kanz ` fl atmlm }hlg# at }hl kn}ltlz}z }h`} rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz `nmknz}k}|}kanz `kg }a rta}lj} an }hlkt dlh`ce.

K vkcc mlc`{ `nzvltknf }hazl p|lz}kanz mktlj}c{ eat nav. D|} K ma v`n} }agìl zagl adzltu`}kanz janjltnknf }hl |rzha} ae }hlzl `n`c{zlz hltl.Anl j`n `jjlr} }hl uklv }h`} da}h a|t zlce'janjlr} `nm a|t gaml ae zlce'rtlzln}`}kan `tl zajk`cc{ eatglm kn c`tflc{ }hl v`{z `cc|mlm }a kn }hlzluklvz# d|} `cza lgrh`zkl }hl lx}tlgl u`tk`dkck}{ ae }hl lfl lj} `nm zh`rlae }hl zajk`c m{n`gkjz kn p|lz}kan. Knmllm# }hltl `tl zlult`c clulcz ae u`tk`dkck}{ }h`} a|fh} }a dl mkz}knf|kzhlm hltl. Ektz}# }hltl kz }hl p|lz}kanae vhl}hlt `cc# gaz}# at zagl rlarcl j`n dl mlzjtkdlm kn }hlzl zrljkffj

v`{z `} `cc# vhl}hlt }hl gamlcz ae damkc{ rtlzln}`}kan at rhlnaglnacaf{ j`n dl `rrcklm janzkz}ln}c{ luln }a glgdltz ae }hl kmln}k}{ fta|rzdlknf janzkmltlm. ]hl rakn} ae }hlzl }hlatkz}z g`{ vlcc anc{ dl }h`}zknjl zagl (rlth`rz g`n{ at gaz} + ma tlffllj} }hlzl gamlcz ae }hl lgdamklmzajk`c zlce `nm }h`} }t`mk}kan`c gamlcz ae }hl rack}kj`c rltzan nlfclj} }hlkgrat}`njl ae }hlzl e`j}atz# }hln }t`mk}kan`c gamlcz `tl mlelj}kul.

]h`} rakn} kz vlcc }ìln# d|} `na}hlt g`nnlt kn vhkjh z|jh gamlcz ae }hl rltzan `mgk} ae u`tk`}kan h`z a}hlt kgrckj`}kanz. ]h`} kz# rlarcl j`nu`t{ kn }hl v`{ }hl{ }hlgzlculz v`n} }hl zajk`c lclgln}z ae }hlkt kmln}k}{

kn}ltrtl}lm . Rlarcl g`{ vlcc g`nkelz}# kn }hlkt damkc{ }{rl# jagrat}gln}#gaulgln}z# `nm gamlz ae lxrltklnjl# }hl zajk c m{n`gkjz ae }hlkt vatcm. D|} }hl p|lz}kan nlult}hlclzz `tkzlz vhl}hlt }hl mlzjtkr}kanz ae }hlg }h`} `}}lgr} }a j`r}|tl }hazl zajk`c lclgln}z j`n dl fkuln `z flnlt`c`jja|n}z ae }hl zlce `r`t} etag }hlkt avn lxrtlzzkanz ae }h`} v`{ ae dlknf . K} kzanl }hknf }a fkul ` jagrclx `nm z|d}cl `jja|n} ae }hl v`{ (z`{+ g{ dam{ tlffllj}z zajk`c lxrlj}`}kanz `nm jc`zzkffj`}kanz janjltnknf dlknf ` g`cl9d|} k} kz `na}hlt }h`} }hkz kz }hl v`{ K vkcc dl tlrtlzln}lm kn rack}kj`crtknjkrclz (`nm rackjklz `tkzknf etag }hlg+ knmlrlnmln} ae g{ avn

`t}kj|c`}kan at kn}ltrtl}`}kan ae }h`} zajk`c zlce.Gatlault# }hl mlzjtkr}kan ae }hl zajk`c lclgln}z `} vati kn }hl e|nj}kan

`nm janz}t|j}kan ae }hl zlce clùlz arln }hl p|lz}kan ae vh`} g|z} dl manl}a rta}lj}# zlj|tl# at tlzkz} }hl arlt`}kan ae }hazl zajk`c m{n`gkjz. @z vl vkccmkzj|zz kn jh`r}lt 8# jc`kgknf }h`} jlt}`kn zajk`c tlc`}kanz# z`{# `tl janz}k}'|}kul ae }hl zlce (at `|}anag{+ `nm }hln janjc|mknf etag }h`} }h`} z|jhzajk`c tlc`}kanz g|z} dl rta}lj}lm kn atmlt }a z|rrat} ` rltzan `nmat hlt `|}anag{# g`{ vlcc cl`m }a |n`jjlr}`dcl janjc|zkanz. Kn }hkz jan}lx} vlj`n z`{ }hkz? `n`c{zkz ae }hl v`{z }h`} zajk`c tlc`}kanz (z|jh `z }hazl knuaculmkn zrlìknf ` jlt}`kn c`nf|`fl# r`t}kjkr`}knf kn j|c}|t`c rt`j}kjlz# `nm za an+janz}t|j} }hl zlce clùlz arln }hl p|lz}kan ae vhl}hlt z|rrat} ae }hazltlc`}kanz `tl nljlzz`t{ }a tlzrlj} at `mu`njl }hl kn}ltlz}z ae }hazl zlculz.




[a|nf ‛z `n`c{zkz# eat lx`grcl# z|fflz}z zrljkffj`cc{ }h`} vl zha|cm na}?|nmltz}`nmknf }hl za|tjl ae vagln `nm gln‛z damkc{ jagrat}gln} (`nm

}hl tacl }hkz rc`{z kn }hl zlce'janjlr}+ `z }hl r`}tk`tjh`c zajk`c lnuktangln}}hl{ ckul kn g`{ vlcc kgrc{ }h`} vl zha|cm tlzkz} `nm tleatg }h`} ult{ lnuktangln}.

]hkz jagrcl}lz ` dtkle z|tul{ ae }hl v`{z anl ja|cm jc`kg }h`} ` rltzan‛zrz{jhacafkj`c gìl'|r kz e|nm`gln}`cc{ kn}ltrltzan`c. K gìl na jc`kgz ae jagrtlhlnzkulnlzz hltl# d|} K harl }h`} luln }hkz zlclj}kul aultuklv h`zdlln zlnzk}kul }a }hl vkml `tt`{ ae jan}knfln} zajk`c zlce jc`kgz. Havlult#K }|tn nav }a }hl uklv }h`} k} kz `} }hl clulc ae u`c|lz }h`} }hl zajk`c zlce }t|c{ lgltflz.

k k k . } h l z a j k ` c z l c e ` n m u ` c | l j a g g k } g l n } z

Kn jh`r}lt 5 vl vkcc lnf`fl kn ` ml}`kclm mkzj|zzkan ae }hl tlzranzl d{ ckdlt`c }hkniltz }a }hl jh`cclnfl ae }hl zajk`c zlce }hlzkz# d|} hltl cl} |z zl}}hl z}`fl d{ c`{knf a|} zagl ae }hl jagranln}z `nm kgrckj`}kanz ae }h`}}hlzkz `z k} janjltnz u`c|lz `nm gat`c jaggk}gln}z. ]hltl `tl }vakgrat}`n}c{ mkz}knj} cknlz ae jtk}kp|l jln}ltknf an ckdlt`ckzg `nm u`c|lz.

]hl fftz} janjltnz }hl zajk`c janz}k}|}kan ae }hl rltzan `nm }hl knmkuk'm|`ckz}kj u`c|lz rtlz|rrazlm d{ `|}anag{'d`zlm janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl.]hl zljanm janjltnz `j}|`c zajk`c janzlp|lnjlz ae ckdlt`c tlfkglz# vhltl k}kz jc`kglm }h`} ckdlt`c knz}k}|}kanz hùl j`|zlm# `nm vkcc jan}kn|l }a j`|zl#zajk`c `}agkzg# zlr`t`}kan# `nm flnlt`c g`c`kzl# m|l }a ckdlt`ckzg‛z knmk'ukm|`ckz} u c|l z}t|j}|tl.46 ]hlzl }va cknlz ae }ha|fh} tl jlt}`knc{ tlc`}lm#`z vl vkcc zll# d|} janjlr}|`cc{ }hl{ `tl p|k}l mkfl ltln}# `nm }hl iknmzae tlzranzl }hl{ j`cc eat vkcc tlffllj} }hazl mkfl ltlnjlz.

Cl} glff

tz} jaggln} an }hl zljanm ae }hlzl }va jh`cclnflz. @jjatmknf }a zajkacafkj`c `n`c{zlz ae (gatl at clzz+ ckdlt`c zajkl}klz ckil }hl \nk}lmZ}`}lz# }hl knmkukm|`ckz}kj u`c|lz }h`} }lnm }a magkn`}l kn }hl j|c}|tl ‚ }hlkgrat}`njl ae knmkukm|`c tkfh}z }a `zzajk`}l vk}h vhaglult anl vkzhlz#knjc|mknf etllmag }a zlult `zzajk`}kanz# }hl tkfh} }a rtarlt}{# `nm etllmagetag flnlt`c zajk`c `nm rack}kj`c kn}lteltlnjl vk}h rltzan`c mljkzkanz ‚ hùlh`m }hl lfl lj} ae rtam|jknf ` hkfhc{ gadkcl zajkl}{# vhltl jagg|nk}klzhùl mvknmclm# e`gkc{ jannlj}kanz `tl clzz z}`dcl# `nm flnlt`c zajk`c jan'nlj}lmnlzz h`z dljagl ffl|km (R|}n`g 4222+. Gaz} rakn}lmc{# }hl ult{

janmk}kanz ae gl`nknfe|cnlzz }h`} rlarcl va|cm ckz} }a j`r}|tl }hl –gat`c

46 Eat mkzj|zzkan zll I{gckji` 0;8;# 50‚549 zll `cza Dlcc h# G`mzln l} `c . 0;8<# D tdlt 0;;<# Dlknlt 0;;6#jh. 0# `nm R|}n`g 4222.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce :;



jahltlnjl‗ ae }hlkt ckulz ‚ lnoa{knf `nm j|c}ku`}knf tlc`}kanzhkrz# lnf`fknf kn canf'z}`nmknf `nm e|cffccknf e`gkck`c `nm zajk`c taclz# `nm }hl ckil ‚ `tl

mkgknkzhlm d{ }hl z}t|ffcl }a janeatg }a z}`nm`tmz ae z|jjlzz zl} d{ }hltlkfnknf r|dckj u`c|lz ae }hl ckdlt`c# knmkukm|`ckz}# zajkl}{ kn vhkjh }hl{ ckul`nm vati. @z Dlcc`h `nm hkz ja'`|}hatz r|} k}# –}hl etllmag }a dl cle} `canlkz ` etllmag }h`} kgrcklz dlknf `canl‗ (Dlcc`h# G`mzln l} `c . 0;8<# 4:+.

Ke }hlzl adzltu`}kanz `tl datnl a|} (`nm K clùl }h`} p|lz}kan arlnhltl+# eat }hlg }a dl r`tc`{lm kn}a ` jtk}kp|l ae `|}anag{'d`zlm jan'jlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl# ` jannlj}kan g|z} dl lz}`dckzhlm dl}vlln }hl gamlc ae `|}anag{ c{knf dlhknm }hl rta}lj}kan ae knmkukm|`c tkfh}z kn }hl ckdlt`czajkl}{ kn p|lz}kan `nm }hl zajk`c lfl lj}z ln|glt`}lm. G{ avn uklv kz }h`}

vh`} kz gatl mktlj}c{ jannlj}lm }a }hl knz}`dkck}{ ae jagg|nk}klz# nlkfh'dathaamz# g`ttk`flz (at tag`n}kj r`t}nltzhkrz+# e`gkcklz# `nm }hl ckil `tl}hl ljanagkj rtlzz|tlz rlarcl e`jl `z }hl{ r|tz|l rtaelzzkan`c at lgrca{'gln} arrat}|nk}klz. ]hl e`j} }h`} gauknf <22 gkclz etag g{ hagl kzlxrlj}lm ae gl vhln K }ìl ` rtaelzzkan`c razk}kan# `nm }hl razzkdkck}{ ae cazknf }h`} razk}kan `nm hùknf }a tlrl`} }h`} gaul }a luln ftl`}lt mkz}`njlz etag g{ –hagl#‗ hùl }hl gaz} mktlj} kgr`j} an g{ `dkck}{ }a j|c}ku`}l `nm rta}lj} jagg|n`c tlc`}kanz vhkjh janz}k}|}l vh`} kz

u`c|`dcl eat g{ ckel. @nm }hkz zl} ae arrat}|nk}klz `nm rtlzz|tlz kztlc`}lm }a }hl rtarlt}{ z{z}lg arlt`}kul na} anc{ kn g{ mktlj} ukjknk}{ d|} kn }hl fcad`c g`til}rc`jl }h`} (}hta|fh faultngln}`c rackjklz+ zl}z}hl z}`fl eat }hazl caj`c e`j}atz }a e`cc kn}a rc`jl. D|} luln ke vl `jjlr}}hlzl zajkacafkj`c zrlj|c`}kanz (`nm z|tlc{ zagl g`{ adolj} }a }hlg+# }hljannlj}kan dl}vlln `|}anag{'d`zlm ckdlt`ckzg `nm }hl iknmz ae rtarlt}{ z{z}lgz }h`} fkul tkzl }a }hkz r`}}ltn kz# `} dlz}# }ln|a|z. Knmllm# `cc ae }hl –cle}'ckdlt`cz‗ vtk}knf }am`{ vhaclhl`t}lmc{ mljt{ }hazl ult{ rtarlt}{ z{z}lgz an }hl d`zkz ae ckdlt`c rtknjkrclz.48

D|} z|tlc{ }hl jh`tfl }h`} ` r|dckj |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl u c|l ae knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ g`{ hùl ` mlcl}ltka|z lfl lj} an u`c|lm tlc`}kanz

vk}h a}hltz g|z} dl }ìln zltka|zc{# luln ke k} j`nna} dl `mlp|`}lc{ `mo|mkj`}lm kn ` rhkcazarhkj`c mkzj|zzkan. (K} kz# è}lt `cc# ` jagrclx zajka'cafkj`c kzz|l.+ Vh`} kz ` gatl }ta|dcknf jh`cclnfl# havlult# kz }hl uklv }h`} }hltl kz ` mktlj} jannlj}kan dl}vlln }hl rta}lj}kan ae knmkukm|`c`|}anag{ k}zlce# knmlrlnmln} ae rtarlt}{ tkfh}z jannlj}lm }a k}# `nm }hliknmz ae u`c|l jaggk}gln}z }h`} `tl z|rrat}lm at z|rrtlzzlm kn zajkl}{. ]alz}`dckzh z|jh ` jannlj}kan# ` janjlr}|`c dtkmfl g|z} dl janz}t|j}lmdl}vlln }hl gl}`rh{zkj`c at rz{jhacafkj`c rtaffcl ae rltzanz rtlz|rrazlm

48 G{ avn `}}lgr} }a zrlcc a|} z|jh `n lf`ck}`tk`n uklv j`n dl ea|nm kn Jhtkz}g`n 0;;= .

=2 ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



kn janjlr}kanz ae `|}anag{ arlt`}kul kn rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz `nm }hl iknmzae u`c|lz }h`} `tl rta}lj}lm at# gatl kgrat}`n}c{# kfnatlm# kn ` tlfkgl

ckuknf |nmlt }hlg. ]h`} dtkmfl kz ae}ln d|kc} an }hl jc`kg }h`} zknjlknmkukm|`c kmln}k}klz `tl kn}ltvauln kn zajk`c tlc`}kanz# `nm u`c|l jaggk}'gln}z eatg ` jln}t`c lclgln} kn anl‛z kmln}k}{# }hln ` rltzan‛z u`c|ljaggk}gln}z `tl }hlgzlculz za kn}ltvauln. Jattlzranmknfc{# knzae`t `z ` rack}kj`c atmlt rta}lj}z anc{# at jhklffl{# u`c|lz hlcm d{ knmkukm|`cz knzlr`t`}kan etag zajk`c }klz# at ke }h`} atmlt lnja|t`flz z|jh zlr`t`}kan#}hln }h`} tlfkgl kz z|dolj} }a }hl jh`tfl ae `zz|gknf n`ttav rltzan`ck}{ `nm u`c|l rtaffclz kn k}z jk}klnz.

D|} zlult`c jt|jk`c mkz}knj}kanz hùl }a dl g`ml kn atmlt }a vtlz}cl vk}h}hkz jh`cclnfl. Ektz}# vl g|z} zlr`t`}l jc`kgz `da|} }hl n`}|tl ae rlarcl‛zu`c|lz etag }hazl janjltnknf }hlkt ga}ku`}kanz . K} kz anl }hknf }a z`{ }h`}a|t mllrlz} kml`cz janjltn# kttlm|jkdc{# zajk`c tlc`}kanz# {l} `na}hlt }a z`{ }h`} anc{ ke mktlj} tleltlnjl }a }hazl tlc`}kanz `tl g`ml kn }hl rtknjkrclzrta}lj}knf at rtaga}knf a|t kn}ltlz}z vkcc vl hùl ` tl`zan }a zll }hazlrtknjkrclz `z clfk}kg`}l# at }a adl{ }hlg vhln }hl{ janfflkj} vk}h a|t a}hlt kn}ltlz}z# at }hl ckil. Cl} |z janzkmlt }hlzl zlr`t`}l kzz|lz kn }|tn.

Ga}ku`}kan

@n kn}ltlz}knf cknl ae `tf|gln} tlc`}knf }a }hkz kzz|l# `nm anl na} ae}lnmktlj}c{ `mmtlzzlm# kz }h`} vhkjh tlc`}lz ` jc`kg `da|} janz}k}|}kul zajk`ckmln}k}klz `nm ga}ku`}kanz tlp|ktlm }a z|rrat} `nm janeatg }a }hl mkj}`}lzae mkz}tkd|}kul o|z}kjl. @jjatmknf }a Z`nmlc# eat lx`grcl# kn mkz}tkd|}kulrtknjkrclz }h`} mlg`nm }h`} jk}klnz z`jtkffjl zagl ae }hlkt faamz lk}hlt }ag`xkgkl }hl r|dckj faam kn `jjatm`njl vk}h ` |}kck}`tk`n rtknjkrcl at }az`}kze{ ` gatl lf`ck}`tk`n tlp|ktlgln} z|jh `z T`vcz‛z mkfl ltlnjl rtknjkrcl#

}hl gamlc ae }hl jk}kln j`nna} `zz|gl ` }a}`c zlr`t`}kan dl}vlln zlce `nmzajkl}{. Rltzanz vha c`ji ln}ktlc{ `n{ kmln}kffj`}kan vk}h }hl jagg|nk}{ ae ja'jk}klnz ellc |zlm d{ z}`}l rackjklz }h`} `zi }hlg }a z`jtkffjl }hlkt avn(zlr`t }lc{ kmln}kfflm+ r|tz|k}z kn }hl zltukjl ae ` zajk`c j`|zl. Ke `n{ z|jhrtknjkrcl kz }a ùakm zkgrc{ |zknf z|jh rltzanz `z gl`nz# hl vtk}lz# z|jhtlmkz}tkd|}kan –j`n anc{ dl razzkdcl |nmlt jktj|gz}`njlz vhltl }hl z|dolj}ae razzlzzkan kz ` ‘ vl‛ t`}hlt }h`n `n ‘K‛# vhkjh jktj|gz}`njlz kgrc{ kn }|tn}hl lxkz}lnjl ae ` jagg|nk}{ kn }hl janz}k}|}kul zlnzl‗ (Z`nmlc 0;84# 82+.

]hl jc`kg z|jh `n `tf|gln} mlrlnmz |ran kz }h`} kmln}k}{ vk}h anl‛zja'jk}klnz rc`{z ` e|nm`gln}`c ga}ku`}kan`c tacl kn r`t}kjkr`}knf kn zajk`c

rackjklz }h`} mlg`nm zagl mlftll ae z`jtkffjl ae anl‛z avn knmkukm|`cc{ mlffnlm faam eat }hl zajkl}{ `z ` vhacl.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce =0



Nav anl gaml ae tlzranzl }a }hlzl zat}z ae jc`kgz kz }a `n`c{l gatlmllrc{ }h`n Z`nmlc malz }hl z}t|j}|tl ae avnltzhkr }a zhav }h`} tlmkz}tkd'

|}kul rackjklz }h`} tlp|ktl }t`nzeltz ae vl`c}h etag zagl }a a}hltz (at }aa}hlt zajk`c j`|zlz+ nllm na} ukac`}l vh`} jk}klnz zll `z –}hlkt avn‗ kn ` mllr# kmln}k}{'tlc`}lm zlnzl. ]hl eatjl ae Z`nmlc‛z `tf|gln} }t`mlz# eat lx`grcl# an }hl dc|ttknf ae ` mkz}knj}kan }h`} K hùl `tf|lm lczlvhltl kzjln}t c }a }hl |nmltz}`nmknf ae avnltzhkr# dl}vlln –razzlzzknf ‗ (`nmjan}taccknf+ `n `zzl} `nm tljlkuknf knjagl etag k} `z ` tlz|c} ae ` g`til}'atkln}lm lxjh`nfl. ]hl c`}}lt kz zagl}kglz tlelttlm }a `z tljlkuknf }hl–et|k}z‗ ae }hl `zzl}# `z ke k} kz ` n`}|t`c lx}lnzkan ae vh`} K hùl kn g{ razzlzzkan# ckil }hl et|k} an g{ }tll vhazl razzlzzkan `nm lnoa{gln} kz

vk}hkn g{ ft`zr. D|} }hkz kz }a gkz|nmltz}`nm }hl jagrclx n`}|tl ae da}havnltzhkr `nm g`til} lxjh`nflz (vhkjh }hlgzlculz `tl anc{ razzkdcl etag

vk}hkn `n lz}`dckzhlm zl} ae rtarlt}{ t|clz+9 eat }hlzl –et|k}z‗ `tl }hl tlz|c}na} anc{ ae vh`}lult lfl at} K gkfh} r|} eatv`tm kn flnlt`}knf }hlg (ke lfl at}an g{ r`t} kz knuaculm `} `cc+ d|} }hl jhakjlz `nm arrat}|nk}klz e`jlm d{ a}hltz kn g{ z|tta|nmknf `tl` `nm }hl u`tka|z t|clz ae kn}lt`j}kan `nm }t`ml|nmlt vhkjh vl ckul }h`} }afl}hlt rtam|jl }hl rtkjl z}t|j}|tl }h`} flnlt`}lzg{ –knjagl.‗ T|clz }h`} `}}lgr} }a ja|n}lt`j} z|jh ` rhlnaglnan nllm

na} dl mlzjtkdlm `z }ìknf –g{

‗`zzl}z etag gl (zll Jhtkz}g`n 0;;:+.D|} }hl gatl z}tkiknf r`t} ae Z`nmlc‛z `n`c{zkz kz }h`} janz}k}|}kul

kmln}kffj`}kan vk}h ` jagg|nk}{ kz tlp|ktlm ga}ku`}kan`cc{ eat }hl r|trazlae flnlt`}knf zajk`c rackjklz }h`} knuacul jk}klnz‛ z`jtkffjl# vhkjh ukt}|`cc{ `cc z|jh rackjklz ma. ]h`} kz# }hl tlc`}kan dl}vlln knmkukm|`c jk}klnz `nm}hl jagg|nk}{ g|z} dl ` –janz}k}|}kul‗ anl ke mkz}tkd|}kul zjhlglz ae `n{ zat} `tl }a hùl clfk}kg`j{# ke }hl{ `tl }a jannlj} vk}h `j}|`c rlarcl ‛zga}ku`}kanz. Nav anl gkfh} p|lz}kan vhl}hlt ` ga}ku`}kan }a jaarlt`}l knzajk`c rackjklz ae }hkz zat} tlp|ktlz kmln}kffj`}kan kn }hl janz}k}|}kul zlnzl vk}h

anl‛z jagg|nk}{. Ga}ku`}kan j`n dl z}`dcl `nm flnlt`c ke r`t}kjkr`n}z zh`tl` jaggan gat`c uklv# `nm }h`} uklv h`z dlln –kn}ltn`cklm‗ kn}a }hlkt ga}ku`}kan`c z{z}lg ‚ ke }hl{ `tl januknjlm (d{ }t`mk}kan# |rdtknfknf# at zkgrc{ faam `tf|gln} `} }hl rack}kj`c clulc+ ae k}z o|z}kffj`}kan. Hùknf anl‛zkmln}k}{ janz}k}|}lm d{ }hl u`c|l z{z}lg kn p|lz}kan kz anl v`{ eat ga}ku`'}kanz }a dl lz}`dckzhlm# d|} k} kz na} }hl anc{ v`{. Anl j`n tljafnkl na mllrkmln}k}{ vk}h }hl ault`cc u`c|l z{z}lg }h`} z}t|j}|tlz anl‛z jagg|nk}{# kn}hl mllr zlce'janz}k}|}knf zlnzl ae kmln}k}{# d|} nlult}hlclzz dl janzkz}ln}c{ gaulm }a tlzrlj} k}z mkj}`}lz.

Nlult}hlclzz# }hkz cknl ae `tf|gln} c`{z mavn ` jh`cclnfl }a `|}anag{'d`zlm janjlr}kanz ae zajk`c o|z}kjl? vh`} kz `zz|glm d{ z|jh janjlr}kanz`da|} }hl v`{z }h`} jk}klnz tlc`}l }a }hlkt zajkl}{# kmln}ke{ vk}h k}# at




zh`tl k}z magkn`n} u`c|lz# `nm vh`} malz }hkz `zz|gr}kan kgrc{ `da|}}hl zajk`c lclgln}z ae }hl kmln}k}klz ae }hazl jk}klnz1 Gatl rakn}lmc{# j`n

` janjlr}kan ae knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ `} }hl hl`t} ae rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz ae }hkz zat} `zz|gl na zajk`c lclgln}z ae kmln}k}{ ke }hl tlfkglz faultnlm d{ }hazl rtknjkrclz `tl }a lz}`dckzh clfk}kg`j{1 Vh`} vl vkcc zll# lzrljk`cc{ knjh`r}ltz 5# ;# `nm 02# kz }h`} janjlr}kanz ae `|}anag{ }h`} `rrc{ }aknmkukm|`cz vk}ha|} (janjlr}|`c+ tlp|ktlgln}z eat r`t}kj|c`t zajk`c tlc`}kanzj`n nlult}hlclzz `jjlr} }h`} g`n{ at gaz} jk}klnz ma kmln}ke{ vk}h zajk`clclgln}z ae }hlkt ckel kn ` mllr janz}k}|}kul g`nnlt.

Nav# razzkdc{ ` gatl ravlte|c ultzkan ae }hl ga}ku`}kan p|lz}kan `tkzlz

etag janzkmltknf }hl tlc`}kan dl}vlln }hl janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan (`nmk}z `cclflm zajk`c janz}k}|ln}z+ `nm }hl u`c|l ae `|}anag{ k}zlce. Ke zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kan kz gltlc{ }hl `dz}t`j} `dkck}{ }a tlffllj} |ran `nm tlukzl `n{ `nm `cc ae a|t jaggk}gln}z# vk}h na mktlj} tleltlnjl }a `n{ zlce'janz}k}|}knf jannlj}kanz kn }hl lxrckj`}kan ae }hl `dkck}{ }a za tlffllj}#}hln k} vkcc dl |njcl`t hav zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kan kn }hkz zlnzl kz ` u`c|l }h`}`n{anl va|cm hùl tl`zan }a rtaga}l (zll I{gckji` 0;8;# =6‚<4+. Vh`}gkfh} dl jc`kglm (`z ckdlt`c }hlatkz}z z|jh `z T`# I{gckji`# V`cc# `nma}hltz hùl manl+4; kz }h`} lnoa{knf `|}anag{ `z r`t} ae anl‛z r|tz|k} ae

}hl faam kz k}zlce `n adolj}kul# e|nm`gln}`c u`c|l# `n kml`c eatgknf r`t} ae ` rltelj}kankz} janjlr}kan ae o|z}kjl (anl vhkjh kz na} gl`n} }a dl nl|}t`c`ganf tku`c janjlr}kanz+. Havlult# `z vl vkcc mkzj|zz kn ftl`}lt ml}`kcdlcav# `|}anag{ `z }hl `dkck}{ }a p|lz}kan `nm tlukzl anl‛z jaggk}gln}z knflnlt`c kz zkgrc{ na} ` |nkultz`c u`c|l eat `cc rlarcl. ]hl zrljk`c jh`cclnfleat ` u`c|l'nl|}t`c# rtajlm|t`ckz} janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ (ae }hl zat}mlulcarlm hltl+ vkcc dl }a gìl ` jannlj}kan dl}vlln dlknf `|}anaga|zkn }hkz zlnzl `nm u`c|knf `|}anag{ }a `n lx}ln} tlp|ktlm d{ }hl z}tkj}|tlz ae zajk`c o|z}kjl. G{ uklv vkcc dl }h`} r`t}kjkr`}kan kn mlgajt`}kj rtajlzzlz

k}zlce rtlz|rrazlz `nm rtaga}lz u`c|knf `|}anag{ kn }hkz (rtajlm|t`czlnzl+ vk}ha|} `zz|gknf ffxlm jannlj}kanz dl}vlln zlculz `nm `zrlj}z ae }hlkt zajk`c z|tta|nmknfz (d|} jlt}`knc{ `ccavknf z|jh razzkdcl jannlj}kanz+.

K} kz nav jcl`t# havlult# }h`} vl hùl zckm etag }hl kzz|l ae ga}ku`}kanz }a}hl p|lz}kan ae u`c|lz. Cl} |z nav jan}kn|l }hl mkzj|zzkan kn }h`} c`nf|`fl.

U`c|lz

@ ravlte|c v`{ }a jannlj} gatl at clzz gl}`rh{zkj`c jc`kgz `da|} }hllgdlmmlmnlzz ae lxkz}lnjl `nm jc`kgz `da|} u`c|l jaggk}gln}z kz }a

4; I{gckji` 0;8;9 T` 0;859 V`cc# 0;;8.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce =:



`tf|l }h`} z|jh jan}lx}|`cklm rltzanz va|cm z|fl lt ` zrljk`c zat} ae rz{jhacafkj`c m`g`fl vltl }hl{ |n`dcl }a r|tz|l }hl u`c|lz }a vhkjh

}hlkt zajk`c kmln}k}klz fkul tkzl (at ke }hlkt zajkl}{ ‛z rtknjkrclz mkm na}tljafnkl }hl jan}lx}|`cklm n`}|tl ae }hazl u`c|lz+ (Dlcc 0;;:+. ]hkzfkulz tkzl# }hln# }a }hl gatl flnlt`c eatg ae }hl jc`kg }h`} zajk`c z}t|j}|tlz}h`} z}tlzz anc{ knmkukm|`cklm jaggk}gln}# `nm r|} ftl`} vlkfh} an}hl arrat}|nk}klz }a zlult z|jh jaggk}gln}z (vhkcl fkuknf tlc`}kulc{ ck}}cl vlkfh} }a g`kn}`knknf }hlg+ }lnm }a rtam|jl }hl m`g`fknf `c}lt'`}kanz kn ckel jaggk}gln}z o|z} mlzjtkdlm. ]hl z}tlzz an g|c}krc{knf arrat}|nk}klz eat jh`nfl# vhkjh rtknjkrclz ae knmkukm|`c tkfh}z `nm a}hlt `|}anag{'d`zlm natgz rtaukml# }htl`}lnz }hkz rz{jhkj m`g`fl luln vk}h'a|} `j}|`c jh`nflz ae }hkz zat}.

Z`nmlc# eat lx`grcl# z}tlzzlz }hl kml` }h`} kmln}k}{'eatgknf u`c|lz`cv`{z }ìl taa} kn }hl hkz}atkj`c `nm j|c}|t`c zl}}knf vk}hkn vhkjh rlarclmlulcar. ]hl zajk`c lgdlmmlmnlzz ae }hlzl u`c|lz jaggk}gln}z gìl}hl zlce vha kz }hlkt z|dolj} lzzln}k`cc{ zajk`c# `nm kgrcklz }h`} `n{ jan'jlr}kan ae }hl zlce `z `n knmlrlnmln} jhaazlt ae u`c|lz kz gkz}ìln. Hlkcc|z}t`}lz }hkz jc`kg vk}h ` mlzjtkr}kan ae }hl mkclgg` }h`} Tadlt} L. Clle`jlm o|z} dleatl }hl z}`t} ae }hl \Z Jkukc V`t. @c}ha|fh Cll arrazlm

zljlzzkan# hl tl`cklm }h`} hkz (|njhazln+ adckf`}kan }a hkz n`}kul z}`}lae Uktfknk` a|}vlkfhlm hkz janukj}kanz `da|} ca{`c}{ }a }hl \nkan `nm}hl gkck}`t{. Z`nmlc jc`kgz }h`} vl j`nna} gìl zlnzl ae Cll‛z mkclgg`#nat ae a|t z{gr`}h{ vk}h hkz jan|nmt|g# ke vl janzkmlt adckf`}kanz`z dknmknf anc{ knzae`t `z }hl{ `tl jhazln d{ `n |nlnj|gdltlm zlce (Z`nmlc 0;;5# 0<‚05+.

D|} `n kgrat}`n} }hknf }a na}l kn }hkz z}at{ kz }h`} `c}ha|fh Cll ea|nmu`tka|z `zrlj}z ae hkz zk}|`}kan `nm jh`t`j}lt }a dl dknmknf# |njhazln}ha|fh }hl{ vltl# k} v`z nlult}hlclzz }hl j`zl }h`} hl elc} jagrlcclm }a

tl ffl lj} |ran }hlzl e`j}atz `nm tlc`}kanz kn atmlt }a jagl }a ` zl}}clm razk}kan.]h`} hl `ttkulm `} }hl uklv }h`} hkz |njhazln jannlj}kanz }a hkz haglz}`}l vltl ae ftl`}lt kgrat}`njl }h`n hkz jhazln adckf`}kanz }a }hl gkck}`t{ (eat lx`grcl+ anc{ è}lt m|l tl ffl lj}kan an }hazl }klz knmkj`}lz }h`} jagrl}ln}tlffllj}kan v`z ` nljlzz`t{ janmk}kan eat }hl `|}hln}kjk}{ ae hkz mljkzkan. ]hkzkz na} }a rtlz|rrazl }h`} }hkz rtajlzz ae knnlt lnmatzlgln} g|z} ajj|t `jjatmknf }a |nkultz`c `nm ea|nm`}kan`c j`nanz ae tl`zan at }hl gat`c c`v.Anl j`n jlt}`knc{ `zz|gl }h`} }hl tlffllj}kul rtajlzz# vhkcl rlth`rz z}t|j'}|tlm d{ }hl gknkg`c mlg`nmz ae t`}kan`c jafnk}kan# arlt`}lz d{ v`{ ae janjlr}z `nm u`c|lz }h`} }hlgzlculz `tl hkz}atkj`cc{ zk}|`}lm. @z vl vkcc zll#`|}anag{ kz na} ` }t`nzjlnmln} u`c|l# za }hl tlffllj}kan k} rtlz|rrazlznllm na} dl }t`nz'hkz}atkj`cc{ fta|nmlm. D|} tlffllj}kul janzkmlt`}kan ae

== ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



u`c|lz kz p|k}l janzkz}ln} vk}h }hl uklv }h`} z|jh u`c|lz `tl |njhazlnd`jifta|nm janmk}kanz ae a|t flnlt`c kml`cz `nm rltzrlj}kulz.:2

@ jt|jk`c lclgln} kn }hkz rkj}|tl kz }h`} }hl u`c|lz }h`} eatg }hl ga}ku`'}kan c ea|nm`}kan eat }hazl vhazl kmln}k}klz }hl{ hlcr }a eatg `tl `dz}t`j}#ffl|km# `nm z|dolj} }a luacuknf |nmltz}`nmknfz janjltnknf }hlkt r`t}kj|c`tz.Kn zhat}# luln ke zh`tlm u`c|lz janz}k}|}l kmln}k}klz# }hazl u`c|lz `tl jan'}kn|`cc{ z|dolj} }a kn}ltrtl}`}kan. @nm }va }hknfz `tl rkua}`c janjltnknf }hazl kn}ltrtl}`}kanz? }hl{ `tl `cv`{z z|dolj} }a tluklv# `nm }hl{ `tl eatglman }hl d`zkz ae mkzj|zzkan d{ r`t}kjkr`n}z vha `tl }hlgzlculz t`}kan`c#`|}hln}kj zlculz.

@z M`nklc Dlcc r|}z k}# }hl zh`tlm u`c|lz }h`} eatg }hl kmln}k}klz ae ja'jk}klnz (ae vh`} Tadlt} Dlcc`h h`z c`dlclm –jagg|nk}klz ae glgat{ ‗+lgltfl etag ` –}t`mk}kan.‗ @ –}t`mk}kan‗ `z Dlcc mlffnlz k}# –kz d`zlm an }hl|nmltz}`nmknf }h`} gat`c rtknjkrclz `nm ukt}|a|z lxlgrc`tz etag hkz}at{ g|z} dl kn}ltrtl}lm }a dl `rrcklm# }a dl |zle|c kn r`t}kj|c`t zk}|`}kanz vk}hnaulc el`}|tlz ‥ ` hkz}atkj cc{ lx}lnmlm# zajk`cc{ lgdlmmlm `tf|gln}`da|} }hl faam ae }hl jagg|nk}{ vhazl kmln}k}{ k} zlliz }a mlffnl‗ (Dlcc0;;:# 045+. D|} Dlcc `nm a}hlt jagg|nk}`tk`nz g|z} rc`jl janmk}kanz anda}h }hl r`t}kjkr`n}z ae }hkz –`tf|gln}‗ `nm }hl z}`nm`tmz vk}h vhkjh k} kz

janm|j}lm. Eatlgaz} `ganf }hazl janmk}kanz vkcc dl }hl `|}hln}kjk}{ ae }hluakjlz kn }hl janultz`}kan ‚ na anl kz c{knf# g`nkr|c`}lm d{ |nmlth`nmlmkn}ltlz}z# knjagrl}ln} `z ` mlckdlt`}at# at aduka|zc{ gkz}ìln ‚ ` iknm ae `|}hln}kjk}{ }h`} vkcc ult{ g|jh gkttat }hl janmk}kanz ae `|}anag{ }h`}

vkcc dl mlelnmlm hltl.]hl z}at{ ae Cll tlgknmz |z }h`} luln vhln jhakjl ajj|tz `f`knz} `

d`jifta|nm ae knhltk}lm u`c|lz# z|jh jhakjlz knuacul ` tlffllj}kul kn}ltrtl'}`}kan ae }hl gl`nknfz ae }hazl u`c|lz `nm }hlkt kgrckj`}kanz eat }hl rtlzln}mljkzkan. @nm z|jh kn}ltrtl}`}kan j`n dl mkz}at}lm kn `n{ n|gdlt ae v`{z ‚

}hl rltzan ja|cm dl gkz}ìln `da|} }hl e`j}z# }hkniknf nltua|zc{ `nm vk}ha|} janjln}t`}kan# t`}kan`ckknf ` nan'jafnk}kul mtkul# at `j}knf an`n{ n|gdlt ae tlffllj}kan'knhkdk}knf gljh`nkzgz. Anjl vl zll }hkz# vl

:2 Vl ja|cm jan}t`z} Cll# eat lx`grcl# vk}h `na}hlt janelmlt`}l ‚ j`cc hkg –Mùkz‗ ‚ vha |ntlffllj}kulc{ jh`tflm eat}h kn }hl z}t|ffcl `f`knz} –nat}hltn `fftlzzkan‗ vk}ha|} lult }|tnknf ` tlffllj}kul l{l}av`tm }hl u`c|l ea|nm`}kanz `nm knmllm }hl kn}ltn`c jan}t`mkj}kanz knhltln} kn }hl }t`mk}kan eat

vhkjh hl v`z fffh}knf. ]hltl kz `n `kt ae `|}hln}kjk}{ }a Cll‛z u c|l jaggk}gln} }h`} zllgz c`jiknf knMùkz# z}lggknf zrljkffj`cc{ etag }hl eatglt ‛z `j}z ae tlffllj}kan `nm kn}ltn`c lnmatzlgln}.

]ha|fh }hkz jc`kg nllmz g|jh mkzj|zzkan `nm e|t}hlt z|rrat}# k} lfl

lj}kulc{ tlzkz}z }hl janjc|zkanzae# eat lx`grcl# @c`zm`kt G`jKn}{tl vha jc`kgz }h`} j`nanz ae t`}kan`ck}{ `tl }aa kn}lt}vknlm vk}hz|dz}`n}kul kml`cz ae o|z}kjl kn `n{ hkz}atkj`c rltkam }a janzkmlt }hl eatglt `z ` }aac }a lu`c|`}l }hlc`}}lt. Zll G`jKn}{tl 0;88. Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hl janfflkj} dl}vlln }hkz uklv `nm H`dltg`z‛z jc`kg eat |nkultz`c natgz ae t`}kan`c mkzja|tzl# zll Ilcc{ 0;;2.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce =<



g|z} }hln tl`ckl }h`} anc{ |nmlt janmk}kanz vhltl z|jh e`j}atz `tl `dzln}# vhln }hl zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan }h`} ` u`c|l jaggk}gln} knuaculz kz janm|j}lm

kn ` nan'mkz}at}lm e`zhkan# vkcc }hl tlz|c}knf mljkzkanz dl `|}hln}kj tlffllj'}kanz ae }hl rltzan. @nm }hl z`gl hacmz eat kn}ltrltzan`c# jagg|nk}{'vkmlmkzj|zzkanz ae zh`tlm u c|lz? anc{ ke `cc ae }hl uakjlz `tl zknjltl `nmgknkg`cc{ t`}kan`c (kn zagl zlnzl }a dl vatilm a|}+ vkcc }hl tlz|c}z ae }hlmkzj|zzkan dl ` }t|l tlffllj}kan ae }hl jagg|nk}{ ‛z dlcklez.

Knmllm# k} kz z|trtkzknf }a na}kjl }h`} }hl z`gl }hlatklz vhkjh `zz|gl}hl kgrazzkdkck}{ ae ml}`jhlm zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf kfnatl }hl knluk}`dclckgk}`}kanz }h`} knelj} `n{ zh`tlm |nmltz}`nmknfz ae r|dckj u`c|lz. Zh`tlm|nmltz}`nmknfz# ckil `cc a}hlt rhlnagln`# lxkz} kn }kgl# `nm `tl z|dolj}}a }hl ffl|km tlffllj}kanz ae jh`nfknf kn}ltrtl}ltz. @nm }hazl kn}ltrtl}`}kanz#ckil }hl zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kanz mkzj|zzlm `daul# `tl ae}ln lxrtlzzlm kn gl}`'rhatkj`c# kgrtlzzkankz}kj# `nm flnlt`cc{ `dz}t`j} }ltgz (` rakn} vl vkccmkzj|zz kn }hl nlx} jh`r}lt+. Hlnjl# }hl rtajlzz ae |nmltz}`nmknf }hl zh`tlmu`c|lz ae ` jagg|nk}{ vkcc dl anfaknf# knjagrcl}l# `nm nljlzzk}`}l }hlr`t}kjkr`}kan ae knmlrlnmln}# `|}hln}kj uakjlz. ]hl `|}anag{ ae }hazlr`t}kjkr`n}z# }hln# vkcc jan}kn|l }a dl ae rtlzzknf kgrat}`njl.

Vh`} kz nllmlm# havlult# }a gìl zlnzl ae }hl rt`j}kjl ae zajk`c zlce'

kn}ltrtl}`}kan o|z} mlzjtkdlm kz `n `jja|n} ae tl ffl lj}kan }h`} an }hl anl h`nmlnf`flz kn `n kn}ltrtl}kul lxrckj`}kan ae anl‛z jaggk}gln}z `nm u`c|lz d|}

vhkjh# an }hl a}hlt# malz na} tlp|ktl }hl rltzan }a jagrcl}lc{ zhlm hlt zikn# `z k} vltl# `nm `zi vhl}hlt }hl z{z}lg ae gl`nknf vk}hkn vhkjh zhl

va|cm lnf`fl kn }h`} ult{ tlffllj}kan kz vat}hvhkcl. ]hl jc kg }h`} }hl c`}}lt#kn k}z z}`tilz} eatg# kz `n |n`jjlr}`dcl mlg`nm }a rc`jl an `cc rlarcl `z ` e|nm`gln}`c u`c|l kn ` o|z} zajkl}{ malz na} eatljcazl }hl razzkdkck}{ ae tlffllj}kan `c}afl}hlt# `nm knmllm }hl iknm ae tlffllj}kan tlp|ktlm kn }hl zajk`cmk`caf|l }h`} g|z} }ìl rc`jl eat rlarcl‛z e|nm`gln}`c jaggk}gln}z }a

f`kn r|tjh`zl kn }hlkt avn jagg|n`c ckel. Kn u`tka|z rc`jlz kn vh`} eaccavzK vkcc `}}lgr} }a zil}jh z|jh ` uklv ae tlffllj}kan.

k u . f l n l t ` c j a n j c | z k a n z

]hl r|trazl ae }hkz jh`r}lt v`z kn flnlt`c }a rc`jl an }hl }`dcl }hl g|c}krcljc`kgz }a }hl lfl lj} }h`} zlculz `tl e|nm`gln}`cc{ zajk`c# }a mkz}knf|kzh `ganf }hlg# `nm }a kmln}ke{ }hl r`t}kj|c`t jh`cclnflz }hl{ razl }a knmkukm|`ckz}

janjlr}kanz ae `|}anag{ `nm janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl d|kc} |ran z|jh ` janjlr}kan. @z }hl mkzj|zzkan rtajllmz# k} vkcc dl nljlzz`t{ }a }ìl ` gatljtk}kj`c caai `} }hlzl razk}kanz# d|} eat nav vl `tl anc{ janjltnlm }a kmln}ke{ }hl r`t}kj|c`t jh`cclnflz }a }hl }t`mk}kan`c knmkukm|`ckzg ae ckdlt`c }hlat{.




K hùl dlln tlelttknf }a –ckdlt`ckzg‗ `nm ckdlt`c }hlatklz# d|}# `z Kgln}kanlm# }hl `rrta`jh }a o|z}kjl }a dl zil}jhlm kn vh`} eaccavz g`{

na} tlffllj} `cc ae }hl d`zkj jaggk}gln}z ae }t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`ckzg# luln knk}z tljln} f|kzlz. D|} K hùl }tklm }a lu`c|`}l }hl u`tka|z `rrta`jhlz }a }hlzajk`c gamlc ae }hl zlce kn ckfh} ae }hl jh`cclnfl }hl{ gkfh} razl eat `|}anag{'d`zlm janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl `nm eat uklvknf }hl `|}anaga|zrltzan# kn zagl eatg# `z }hl d`zkj z|dolj} ae o|z}kjl. Zrljkffj`cc{# }hlj`r`jk}{ }a tlffllj} an anlzlce `nm anl‛z e|nm`gln}`c jaggk}gln}z# jan'zkmlt`}kan `nm r|dckj mkzj|zzkan ae vhkjh kz }hl z}|fl ae rack}kjz kn ` mlgajt`}kj tlfkgl# v`z }hl rtkg`t{ eaj|z ae }hl rtlzln} lx`gkn`}kan# `z}h`} kz }hl lclgln} ae `|}anag{ gaz} `} tkzi kn janetan}`}kanz vk}h zajk`c

gamlcz ae }hl rltzan. K hùl }tklm }a z|fflz} kn ` rtlckgkn`t{ g`nnlt }h`}zagl zat} ae jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan an }hl zlce `nm k}z jaggk}gln}z kz na}ln}ktlc{ t|clm kgrazzkdcl at rtadclg`}kj kn ckfh} ae }hlzl zajk`c `rrta`jhlz}a zlculz# }ha|fh `mgk}}lmc{ g|jh tlcklm an rtagkzzat{ na}lz }h`} vkccdl hanatlm gatl e|cc{ anc{ kn c`}lt jh`r}ltz.

Eat nav# vl zha|cm na}l }h`} g`n{ ae }hl zajk`c janjlr}kanz ae zlce#zlce'janjlr}# rltzan`ck}{# lgdamkgln}# `nm u`c|lz }h`} vl janzkmltlm

vkcc dl }ìln an da`tm hltl. K }hkni k} kz ` jcl`t gkz}ìl }a uklv }hl z|dolj}

ae o|z}kjl }a dl rltzanz mlff

nlm vk}ha|} tleltlnjl }a }hlkt jannlj}kanz }aa}hlt knmkukm|`cz# fta|rz# }t`mk}kanz# `nm hkz}atklz. Knmllm# }hl jhkle m`nflt ae `|}anag{'d`zlm janjlr}kanz ae mlgajt`j{ kz }a mlnkft`}lz|jh tlc`}kan`c lclgln}z ae zlculz. K harl vl hùl `} cl`z} kmln}kfflmzagl janjlr}|`c g`}ltk`c }h`} j`n dl r|} }a |zl `z vl mkzj|zz }hl n`}|tl`nm kgrat}`njl ae }hazl tlc`}kan`c lclgln}z.

]hl zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce =6



j h ` r } l t :

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj}

Vl hùl nav zlln hav }hazl vha zll }hl zlce `z lzzln}k`cc{ zajk`c v`n} }ar|} `zkml }`ci ae ` t`}kan`c `|}anaga|z rltzan kn janzkmlt`}kanz ae

o|z}kjl `nm rack}kjz. Kn a}hlt jktjclz k} kz `cza z}tanfc{ z|fflz}lm }h`} }hljanjlr}kan ae }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan g|z} dl `d`nmanlm# d|} eat tl`zanz

vhkjh `tl kn zh`tr jan}t`z} }a }hl rltzrlj}kulz o|z} mkzj|zzlm. Kn za'j`cclmraz}'gamltn at raz}'z}t|j}|t`ckz} `rrta`jhlz }a jtk}kp|l `nm }hlat{ ‚

vhkjh `tl h`tmc{ ` zknfcl `rrta`jh d|} t`}hlt ` e`gkc{ vk}h jagganlclgln}z ‚ }hl kml` ae ` z}`dcl z|dolj} vha j`n jtk}kj`cc{ `rrt`kzllclgln}z ae hltzlce `nm hlt u`c|lz `nm vhazl o|mfgln} ffxlz }hl o|z}kffj`'}kan ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl kz }ha|fh} }a dl `n a|}gamlm `nm |c}kg`}lc{ |n`jjlr}`dcl rkj}|tl ae da}h rltzanz `nm }hlatklz. Kn zagl v`{z# }hkz

`rrta`jh kz `} }hl e`t}hlz} tlgaul etag }hl jagg|nk}`tk`n uklvz o|z}zil}jhlm# ke z|jh jan}kn|` `tl o|mflm d{ ukt}|l ae hav –}hkji ‗ at –}hkn‗ ` janjlr}kan ae rltzanz kz `ccavlm. Eat vhkcl }hl zajk`c janjlr}kanz ae }hl zlce z|tul{lm |tflm ` –}hkjilt ‗ janjlr}kan# `jjatmknf }a vhkjh h|g`n}hkniknf kz e|nm`gln}`cc{ zajk`c kn z}t|j}|tl `nm z|dz}`n}kul gat`c jaggk}'gln}z eatg `n kttlm|jkdcl jagranln} ae }hazl z}t|j}|tlz# raz}'gamltn uklvz|tfl |z }a gaul }a }hl arrazk}l racl# vhltl }hl na}kan ae ` zknf|c`t |nkfflm z|dolj} ae `n{ zat}# havlult }hkn }hl janjlr}kan# kz `d`nmanlm.

]hl rakn} ae }hkz jh`r}lt kz }a ult{ dtklffl{ z|tul{ zagl rtagknln}

}hlglz kn vh`} kz j`cclm raz}'gamltn }ha|fh}# r`t}kj|c`tc{ `da|} }hl zlce `nm }hl razzkdkck}klz ae zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf# vhkjh vkcc dl ae r`t}kj|c`t tlclu`njl }a gamlcz ae `|}anag{. ]hl janjc|zkan vl vkcc tl`jh# kn illrknf

vk}h }hl ffllxkdkck}{ `da|} janjlr}kanz ae }hl zlce }h`} vl v`n} }a g`kn}`knhltl# kz }h`} g`n{ uklvz mlulcarlm |nmlt }hl d`nnlt ae raz}'gamltnkzg`da|} }hl zlce ‚ kn r`t}kj|c`t }hl –mljln}ltknf ‗ ae }hl zlce z}tlzzlm d{ g`n{ ‚

vkcc na} mkz}|td }hl gamlc ae zlcehaam mlulcarlm kn }hl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ }a eaccav.

Dleatl fl}}knf }a }hazl }`ziz# havlult# k} vkcc dl nljlzz`t{ }a atkln}a|tzlculz }av`tm }hl flnlt`c kml`z }h`} gìl |r ` raz}'gamltn `rrta`jh

=8



}a gl`nknf# c`nf|`fl# `nm }hlat{.0 Eaccavknf }hkz# vl vkcc lx`gknl }hljc`kg }h`} }hl zlce –u`nkzhlz‗ vhln jlt}`kn gamltnkz} `t}kjclz ae e`k}h `tl

p|lz}kanlm# d|} K vkcc `tf|l kn zlj}kan KKK }h`} luln ke z|jh ` jc`kg kz`jjlr}`dcl (`nm }hltl `tl ultzkanz ae k} }h`} `tl na}+# }hl tacl }h`} tlffllj}kulmlckdlt }kan rc`{z kn zajk`c tlc`}kanz ae }hl zat} `mu`njlm d{ zagl }hlatkz}zae }hkz kci kz nlult}hlclzz kgrat}`n}. @nm }h`} janjc|zkan kz `cc K v`n}}a tl}`kn kn atmlt }a janz}t|j} }hl lj|glnkj`c janjlr}kan ae zlce `nm zlce'faultngln} K vkcc z|dzlp|ln}c{ mlulcar.

k . } h l r a z } ' g a m l t n j h ` c c l n f l

]hl raz}'gamltn }|tn j`n dl zlln `z hùknf }va zlr`t`dcl z}t`nmz# da}hjattlzranmknf }a ` tlolj}kan ae jattlzranmknf gamltnkz} `t}kjclz ae e`k}h.4 Kn anl# }hl gamltnkz} kml` }h`} }hltl `tl ault'`tjhknf# ke na}|nkultz`c# rtknjkrclz ae tl`zan `rrc{knf }a `cc t`}kan`c `fln}z `z z|jh(knmlrlnmln} ae r`t}kj|c`tz janjltnknf }hazl z|dolj}z+ kz tlolj}lm. Vh`}kz mkzjtlmk}lm# an z|jh uklvz# kz }hl kml` }h`} gat`ck}{ kz |nkultz`c `nm j`ndl zrljkfflm vk}ha|} tleltlnjl }a jan}knflnjklz ae rltzan`ck}{# hkz}atkj`crazk}kan# at arlt`}kul m{n`gkjz ae ravlt. ]hkz uklv kz –raz}'gamltn‗ kn

}hl zlnzl c`km a|} d{ Ol`n'Et`næakz C{a}`tm kn }h`} k} rtajllmz d`zlm an}hl tlolj}kan ae }hl –gl}`n`tt`}kulz‗ ae |nkultz`c rtknjkrclz# vhl}hlt }hlzldl }hl hkz}atkja'}lclacafkj`c }hlatklz ae Hlflc `nm G`tx at }hl j`}lfatkj`ckgrlt`}kul ae I`n} (C{a}`tm 0;;6+.

An }hl a}hlt h`nm# raz}'gamltn }hlat{ j`z}z z|zrkjkan an }hl kml` ae ` z}`dcl z|dolj} at zlce arlt`}knf dlhknm `j}kan# }ha|fh}# `nm o|mfgln}.:

@jjatmknfc{# ` jcazl lx`gkn`}kan ae }hl m{n`gkjz ae rltzan`c tlffllj}kan#kn zagl j`zlz kneatglm d{ rz{jha`n`c{}kj `jja|n}z ae h|g`n ga}ku`}kan`nm }ha|fh}# tlul`cz kn }hl z|dolj} ` mkzoakn}lm `nm |nz}`dcl ga}cl{ ae ga}kulz# kmln}kffj`}kanz# v`{z ae }hkniknf# `nm gamlz ae dlhùkat. Knmllm#fkuln }hkz mkzoakn}lm rkj}|tl ae rltzan`c tlffllj}kan# `}}ln}kan kz }|tnlm }a }hlravlt m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz kn vhkjh rlarcl‛z zlce'kg`flz ‚ }hlkt janjlr}kan ae zlx|`c mlzktl# janeatgk}{ }a }hl c`v# at tl`zan `nm z`nk}{ ‚ `tl|c}kg`}lc{ janz}t|j}lm. ]hl ln}ktl `tjhk}lj}|tl ae J`t}lzk`n z|dolj}kuk}{#

0 K jault zagl ae }hkz z`gl fta|nm kn Jhtkz}g`n 4224d# jh. 6.4

Eat lx`grcl# zll Ktkz G`tkan [a|nf ‛z mkzj|zzkan ae }hl u`tka|z cknlz ae jtk}kp|l ae –}hl gl}`rh{zkjzae rtlzlnjl‗ kn [a|nf 0;;2d# :2:‚:2<. Eat `n aultuklv ae raz}'gamltn }hlglz# zll Vhk}l 0;;0.

: ]hkz cknl ae }ha|fh} mt`vz knzrkt`}kan etag Nkl}zjhl‛z jc`kg }h`} }hltl kz na –malt dlhknm }hl mllm9‗

zll Nkl}zjhl 0886422:.

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} =;



vhltl }hl jafnk}kul tlffllj}kanz ae }hl gln}`c zlce j`n dl |nmltz}aam `zarlt`}knf `r`t} etag }hl lx}ltn`c rh{zkj`ck}{ ae dam{ `nm vatcm# kz }hltld{

`d`nmanlm.=

@z vl hùl na}lm# }hl }t`mk}kan`c janjlr}kan ae }hl `|}anaga|z rltzankz anl ae `n `fln} `dcl }a t`}kan`cc{ z|dolj} `zrlj}z ae hltzlce }a tlffllj}kan#{klcmknf ` tlck`dcl uklv ae hltzlce# `nm }hln `c}lt hltzlce kn ckfh} ae rtknjkrclz `nm u`c|lz. ]hl raz}'gamltn tlolj}kan ae }hkz rkj}|tl ae }hlrltzan c{knf dlhknm z|jh ` gamlc kz ` vhaclz`cl anl. ]hl `zz|gr}kan ae }hl lzzln}k`c t`}kan`ck}{ ae }hl }hkniknf z|dolj}# eat lx`grcl# kz |nmltj|}d{ `n lgrh`zkz an |njanzjka|z (`nm nan't`}kan`c+ mtkulz `nm tlc`}kanz.]hl `zz|gr}kan ae }hl jln}t`ck}{ ae }hl gln}`c `nm }hl tlc`}kul |nkg'

rat}`njl ae }hl rh{zkj`c }a janjlr}kanz ae }hl zlce# kz tlolj}lm d{ }hlatkz}z vha knzkz} an }hl e|nm`gln}`cc{ rh{zkj`c# lgdamklm# n`}|tl ae lxrltklnjl`nm tlffllj}kan.< ]hl }t`mk}kan`c rkj}|tl ae }hl j`r`jk}{ eat r|tl tl`zan`nm |nglmk`}lm zlce'tlffllj}kan kz tlolj}lm eat rtadclg`}kj`cc{ janjlkuknf ae }ha|fh} `r`t} etag }hl rc`{ ae gl`nknfz `nm z{gdackj z{z}lgz

vhkjh zh`rl a|t lxrltklnjl ae k}# z{z}lgz vhazl –gln}`c‗ jagranln}(}hl |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hlzl gl`nknfz+ j`nna} dl zlr`t`}lm etag }hl–lx}ltn`c‗ rh{zkj`c jagranln}. ]ha|fh} kz c`nf|`fl# `nm cknf|kz}kj gl`n'knf kz z}t|j}|tlm kn v`{z mlrlnmln} an tlffllj}kul `z vlcc `z rh{zkj`c#zajk`c# `nm rack}kj`c `j}kuk}{.5

@ zkgkc`t rakn} kz g`ml kn }hl vati ae O|ck` Itkz}lu` vha lgrh`zklz }hlffl|kmk}{ ae gl`nknf `nm }hl jagrclxk}{ ae cknf|kz}kj |z`fl. Eat Itkz}lu`#c`nf|`fl kz na} zkgrc{ z}t|j}|tlm d{ ` zl} ae }t`nzr`tln} t|clz ae gl`nknf `nm |zl9 k} kz ` –rtajlzz‗ knuacuknf `n kn}ltrc`{ ae gl`nknf# rz{jhacafkj`clxrltklnjl# `nm jagg|nkj`}kan. K} kz rtam|jlm }hta|fh }hl rc`{ ae }hlck}lt c `nm fff|t }kul# tlrtlzln} }kan`c `nm g|zkj c# `zrlj}z ae zrlljh.6

Cknf|kz}kj lclgln}z z|jh `z gl}`rhat# fff|t`}kul }tarlz# z|fflz}kul `zzajk'

`}kanz# `nm }ltgz vk}h zhke}knf janna}`}kan `cc `mm }a }hl kn}ltjh`nfl ae kml`z `ganf c`nf|`fl |zltz. ]hl januln}kanz faultnknf }hl gl`nknf ae z|jh lclgln}z `tl arln'lnmlm# z|dolj} }a nlfa}k`}kan `nm jh`nfl# `nm#gaz} kgrat}`n}c{# `tl ` e|nj}kan ae }hl jagrclxk}klz ae zajk`c m{n`gkjzknhltln} kn }hl m{n`gkjz ae j}|`c jagg|nkj`}kan `nm }hl knz}k}|}kan c `nmzajk`c zl}}knfz z}t|j}|tknf }h`} kn}ltjh`nfl. Kn gatl zrljkffj }ltgz# il{ j`}lfatklz kn }hl tlffllj}kul |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl zlce ‚ z`nk}{# tl`zan# f|kc}#

= Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hl mlulcargln} ae }hkz J`t}lzk`n clf`j{ (`nm r`t`cclc z}t`knz+# zll ]`{cat 0;;0 `nm

Zjhnllvknm 0;;8.< Zll lzrljk`cc{ Gltcl`|'Ran}{ 42249 eat raz}'gamltn ultzkanz ae }hkz lgrh`zkz# zll# l.f.# D|}clt 0;;:

`nm Ftaz 0;;= .5 Eat mkzj|zzkan zll L`fcl}an 0;8:# 0::fl . 6 P|a}lm kn [a|nf 0;;2d# :2= 9 zll `cza Itkz}lu` 0;85.

<2 ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



tlzranzkdkck}{# mlzktl# zlx|`ck}{ ‚ g|z} dl |nmltz}aam `z arlt`}knf knzkml}hkz hkz}atkj`cc{ |neacmknf m{n`gkj ae zajk`c tlc`}kanz. @nm vhltl }hltl `tl

zajk`c tlc`}kanz }hltl kz ravlt `} vati kn }hl zh`rl `nm mktlj}kan ae }hazltlc`}kanz. Za }hl zlce kz janz}t|j}lm a|} ae }hl ravlt m{n`gkjz ae rtlzln}`nm r`z} zajk`c z}t|j}|tlz# kn r`t}kj|c`t knz}k}|}kan`c z}t|j}|tlz vhazl jan'jlr}|`c clfk}kg`}kan `tkzlz etag `nm kn }|tn tlzh`rlz }h`} m{n`gkj ae ravlt `nm gl`nknf (inavclmflravlt+.8

@na}hlt z}t`nm ae raz}'gamltn }ha|fh} }h`} vkcc dl ae tlclu`njl hltl kz}h`} vhkjh }ìlz rz{jha`n`c{zkz `z e|nm`gln}`c kn |nmltz}`nmknf rltzan'`ck}{ `nm gl`nknf. O`jp|lz C`j`n h`z manl gatl }h`n `n{ }hlatkz} }ajagdknl }hl mlulcargln}`c `rrta`jh }a rltzan`ck}{ afl ltlm d{ Etl|mk`n

rz{jha`n`c{zkz vk}h }hl raz}'z}t|j}|t`ckz} uklv ae c`nf|`fl (`z lnmclzz rc`{ ae zkfnkffltz+ }a janz}t|j} ` }hlat{ ae }hl mlzktknf `nm tlffllj}knf zlce. Eat C`j`n# }hl zlce lgltflz zkg|c}`nla|zc{ vk}h }hl `jp|kzk}kan ae c`nf|`fl

vhkjh `ccavz }hl jhkcm‛z `jjlzzkan }a vh`} hl j`ccz }hl –Z{gdackj Atmlt.‗]hkz rtajlzz kz glmk`}lm `} jt|jk`c rakn}z d{ tljafnk}kan ae a}hltz `nm# kn}hl kgrat}`n} jln}t`c z}lr# ae anlzlce }hta|fh rltjlr}kan kn ` gkttat d{

vhkjh anl zllz }hl lx}ltn`c (`nm knjagrcl}l+ tl`ck}{ ae anl‛z rh{zkj`ck}{ `nmzkg|c}`nla|zc{ ft`zrz }hl rltzrlj}ku`c n`}|tl ae `cc (knjc|mknf zlce'+ rltjlr'}kan. Gatlault# }hkz rtajlzz kz kn}lt}vknlm vk}h }hl tlc`}kan`c m{n`gkjzae ga}hlt `nm jhkcm# vhltl }hl jhkcm lxrltklnjlz }hl rtkg`c –c`ji ‗ tlz|c}knf etag zlult`njl vk}h }hl ga}hlt (`n knluk}`dcl `nm }t`|g`}kj ajj|ttlnjl+

vhkjh j`n anc{ dl tlzaculm }hta|fh f`knknf ` rc`jl kn }hl z{gdackj atmlt `nm `jjlr}knf }hl (cknf|kz}kj lp|ku`cln} ae+ }hl rc`jl ae }hl e`}hlt. ]hkztlrc`{knf ae }hl Almkr`c janfflkj} (eat C`j`n# ` m{n`gkj }h`} kz }hl z`gl eat da{z `nm fktcz+ g`nkelz}z ` rz{jhkj rtajlzz }h`} rtaukmlz }hl `tjhk}lj}|tl ae }hl zlce# vhazl jagranln}z nlult zhlm }hl }t`jlz ae }hkz m{n`gkj.;

Za c`nf|`fl janz}k}|}lz }hl zlce# na} gltlc{ kn z}t|j}|tknf }ha|fh} `nm

atf`nkknf tlffl

lj}kan d|} kn eatg|c`}knf }hl ult{ z|dolj}kuk}{ }h`} lnf`flz}hlzl arlt`}kanz. ]hkz rtajlzz ae janz}k}|}kan# ae `mar}knf cknf|kz}kj eatgzeat anlzlce `nm `z anlzlce# tlz|c}z etag }hl kn}ltrltzan c m{n`gkjz ae r`tln}z`nm jhkcm. ]hlzl m{n`gkjz# kn }|tn# tlrckj`}l }hl ravlt z}t|j}|tl ae }hlZ{gdackj Atmlt g`nkelz}lm d{ }hl rh`cc|z# vhkjh eat C`j`n (kn ` e`ga|z

8 Zll Ea|j`|c} 0;5<# 0;;2`# 0;;2d. K} j`n dl na}lm }h`} }hltl kz ` jlt}`kn u`jkcc`}kan kn }hkz ck}lt`}|tljanjltnknf }hl lrkz}lgacafkj`c z}`}|z ae }hl jc`kgz dlknf g`ml }hlgzlculz. Eat raz}'gamltn vtk}ltz`tl e`ga|z eat tlolj}knf `n{ gl}`rh{zkj`c d`zkz eat }hlkt avn jc`kgz# za }h`}# }ìln }hkz v`{# k} g`{ `rrl`t }hltl kz g|jh }h`} kz –gatl at clzz lgrktkj`c‗ kn }hlzl uklvz. (Eat jaggln}# zll Vhk}l 0;;0# 48.+

D|} }hl lgrktkjkzg }h`} g`{ dl rtlzln} kz `} ` e`t tlgaul etag }hl zjkln}kffj gl}hamacaf{ ae gamltnkz} lrkz}lgacaf{# eat k} kz `n –lgrktkjkzg‗ (dl}}lt tlelttlm }a `z ` rhkcazarh{ ae jan}knflnj{ rlth`rz+ }h`} kz kne|zlm `} lult{ z}`fl vk}h ` rtajlzz ae }hkji kn}ltrtl}`}kan.

; Zll flnlt`cc{ C`j`n 0;66# lzr. jh. 0.

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} <0



`gdkf|k}{+ zllgz }a tlrtlzln} da}h }hl e`}hlt ‛z rlnkz `nm }hl `gatrha|zz{gdack`}kan ae `cc }hknfz `|}hatk}`}kul.

Na} `cc raz}'gamltn }hkniltz kgrat} lclgln}z ae Etl|mk`n }hlat{.Knmllm# anl rtagknln} lx`grcl kz C{a}`tm‛z eat}htkfh} tlolj}kan ae `n{ z|jh gl}`n`tt`}kul.02 @cc z|jh ault'`tjhknf }hlatklz ae hkz}at{# }hl zlce#zajkl}{# at natg`}kuk}{ g`nkelz} }hl h{raz}`}k`}kan ae gl`nknfz `z ` ffxlmtlc`}kan ae vatm }a vatcm at `z t|cl'da|nm r`}}ltnz ae c`nf|`fl |zl.]hlatl}kj`c jc`kgz ae `n{ zat} vhkjh r|trat} }a |nkultz`c zkfnkffj`njldlckl }hl |c}kg`}lc{ caj`c `nm da|nmlm n`}|tl ae c`nf|`fl. ]hlzl da|nm`'tklz# z|rrtlzzlm kn }hl e`czlc{ flnlt`c z}t|j}|tl ae gl}`n`tt`}kulz# `tl da}hcknf|kz}kj `nm rack}kj`c (knmllm }hl }va j`nna} dl zlr`t`}lm+.

k k . } h l u ` n k z h k n f z | d o l j }

Tl}|tnknf }a }hl raz}|c }l ae ` mljln}ltlm zlce# anl j`n mkzjltn }vazlr`t`dcl cknlz ae `n`c{zkz |zlm }a `t}kj|c`}l }hkz uklv# anl ga}ku`}lm d{ rz{jha`n`c{}kj `rrta`jhlz }a mlulcargln} `nm }hl a}hlt eaj|zknf an }hlm{n`gkjz ae ravlt vk}hkn vhkjh zlce'kg`flz `tl eatglm. ]hl fftz} lgltflzkn }hl vati ae C`j`n `nm raz}'gamltn elgknkz}z z|jh `z Itkz}lu` `nm

D|}clt# vhkcl }hl c`}}lt kz zlln gaz} jcl`tc{ kn Ea|j`|c}. Vl mkzj|zzlmC`j`n dtklffl{ `daul. O|ck` Itkz}lu` tlukzlz C`j`n‛z uklvz an rz{jhacafkj`cmlulcargln}# afl ltknf# `ganf a}hlt }hknfz# `n `c}ltn`}kul `jja|n} ae }hlrtl'Almkr`c z}`flz ae z|jh mlulcargln} vhltl tlrtlzln}`}kan ae }hl–a}hlt ‗ rc`{z ` tacl kn }hl rtkg`t{ mlg`tj`}kan ae }hl dam{ `nm zlce. Knmkzj|zzknf }hl mlulcargln}`c rtajlzz kn }hl eatg`}kan ae kmln}k}{# Itkz}lu` tlrc`jlz Etl|m‛z ukzkan ae kmln}kffj`}kan vk}h }hl ga}hlt `nm kn}t|zkand{ }hl e`}hlt (kn C`j`n# }hl kn}t|zkan ae }hl rh`cckj –Z{gdackj Atmlt ‗ `}}hl rakn} ae }hl mlulcargln} ae c`nf|`fl+ vk}h `n kmln}kffj`}kan vk}h }hlga}hlt ‚e`}hlt janfcaglt`}l# ` zlxclzz# flnmltclzz |nk} kn}a vhkjh ` –}hktmr`t}{ ‗ kn}t|mlz# vha kz rlth`rz }hl e`}hlt# rlth`rz `n a|}zkml fff|tl. Vhkcleat Itkz}lu` }hl Almkr`c rh`zl ae mlulcargln} kz jt|jk`c }a lxrc`knknf }hlkn}ltn`ck`}kan ae r`}tk`tjh`c t|clz `nm mkzja|tzl# k} kz }a }hl rtl'Almkr`crtajlzzlz ae mlulcargln} }h`} zhl tlmktlj}z `}}ln}kan# kn r`t}kj|c`t `z ` gl`nz ae |nmltz}`nmknf }hl `dkmknf mkz|nk}{ ae }hl z|dolj}.00

02 ]hkz kz lxrckj`}lm kn C{a}`tm 0;;6. @na}hlt cknl ae `n`c{zkz kn }hkz vati# havlult# z}tlzzlz }hlmlz}`dkck }kan ae lrkz}lgkj ea|nm`}kanz dta|fh} an d{ nlv kneatg`}kan }ljhnacafklz z|jh `z

jagr|}lt'`kmlm jagg|nkj`}kan. ]hkz }hlgl kz `cza lgrh`zklm kn Fltfln 0;;0.00 @ jan}t`z} j`n dl na}lm dl}vlln Etl|mk`nC`j`nk`n rz{jha`n`c{zkz `nm adolj}'tlc`}kanz }hlat{

janjltnknf }hl jln}t`ck}{ ae }hl Almkr`c rh`zl kn }hl janz}t|j}kan ae kmln}k}{. Eat mkzj|zzkan# zllClc`nm 0;8;.




@z na}lm l`tcklt# Itkz}lu` zllz }hl z|dolj} `z }hl lgdamkgln} ae ` –p|lz}kan`dcl z|dolj}'kn'rtajlzz#‗ nlult e|cc{ mlffnlm `nm jan}`knknf lcl'

gln}z na} tlm|jkdcl }a z}tkj} zlg`n}kj zrljkff

j`}kan. Zhl mkz}knf|kzhlzdl}vlln }hl tl`cg ae }hl –zlgka}kj‗ `nm }h`} ae }hl –z{gdackj.‗ ]hl c`}}lt jattlzranmz }a C`j`n‛z –Z{gdackj Atmlt ‗ `nm g`nkelz}z }hl rh`cckj# t|cl'da|nm# atmlt ae zajkl}{ `nm c`v# kn}ltn`cklm d{ }hl z|dolj} `nm eatgknf ` janz}k}|}kul lclgln} ae janzjklnjl `nm rltzan`ck}{. Zl} `f`knz} }hkz kz }hlzlgka}kj? }hl knz}knj}|`c tl`cg ae }hl g`}ltn`c jannlj}kan }h`} lxkz}z rtkat }a `nm knmlrlnmln} ae z}t|j}|tlm tlrtlzln}`}kan`c at cknf|kz}kj z{z}lgz. ]hlzlgka}kj kz }hl |njanzjka|z lclgln} ae z|dolj}kuk}{ }h`} jktjclz `ta|nm`nm |nmltnl`}h }hl arlt`}kan ae z}t|j}|tlm zlg`n}kjz `nm vhkjh jattl'

zranmz }a }hl elgknknl (`nm hlnjl tlrtlzzlm+ jagranln}z ae z|dolj}kuk}{.]hkz lclgln} ae }hl z|dolj} ae}ln lgltflz }hta|fh `t}kz}kj rt`j}kjlz `nm`c}ltn`}kul gamlz ae lxrtlzzkan.

]hazl `lz}hl}kj rt`j}kjlz }h`} jan}t`z} vk}h# `nm hlnjl dtknf kn}ap|lz}kan# }hl cknl`t# jcazlm# t|cl'da|nm z}t|j}|tl ae c`nf|`fl lgdam{# eat Itkz}lu`# }hl zlgka}kj lclgln} ae }hl |njanzjka|z }h`} c|tiz vk}hkn lult{ z|dolj}'kn'rtajlzz. @u`n}'f`tml `t} kn r`t}kj|c t (lzrljk cc{ }h`} vhkjhzkg|c}`nla|zc{ |zlz `nm |nmltj|}z z}t|j}|tlm tlrtlzln}`}kan`c `nmcknf|kz}kj eatgz+ `ccavz }hl nan'z{gdackj tl`cg# }hl tl`cg ae }hl rtl'Almkr`c `nm hlnjl nan't|cl'z}t|j}|tlm lclgln}z ae z|dolj}kuk}{# }a zhknl`canf }hl lmflz ae z}t|j}|tlm mkzja|tzl. ]hl –elgknknl‗ eat Itkz}lu` n`glz }h`} lcckr}kj`c eatg ae nlf`}kul lxrtlzzkan vhkjh lgltflz kn }hlkn}ltz}kjlz ae eatg`c zrlljh. ]hkz `c}ltn`}kul kz zagl}kglz c`dlclm –hltl}kj`cl}hkjz‗ at –hltl}hkjz.‗

04

]hkz uklv cl`mz }a ` ukzkan ae }hl zlce `z e|nm`gln}`cc{ mkz|nkfflm#kttlm|jkdc{ jagrclx `nm hlnjl –mljln}ltlm‗? da}h tlffllj}kul `flnj{ `nmz}`dcl jln}ltz ae `j}kan `tl rc`jlm kn p|lz}kan. @u`n}'f`tml `t} `nm }hl

|}kck`}kan ae lx}t`'cknf|kz}kj gamlz ae lxrtlzzkan# gamlz vhkjhff

nm }hlkt za|tjl kn }hl nan'janzjka|z zlgka}kj atmlt# g`nkelz} }hl v`{ kn vhkjh }hl`zz|gr}kan ae `n –`|}hat ‗ ae `j}kanz `nm tlrtlzln}`}kanz kz `n kcc|zkan#`cdlk} ` |zle|c anl. Vhkcl k} g`{ dl knmkzrlnz`dcl }a `zz|gl ` zknf|c`t `flnj{ kn da}h zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf `nm kn}ltrltzan`c kn}lt`j}kan# }h`} jan'jlr}kan ae `flnj{ `z |nkfflm `nm kmln}kff`dcl j`n anc{ dl tlrtlzln}lm kn }hlmkzj|tzkul tl`cg ae }hl z{gdackj ‚ }hl tl`cg ae t`}kan`c }ha|fh} `nmcknf|kz}kj rtljkzkan ‚ `nm hlnjl kz |nmltj|} d{ }hl tljafnk}kan ae ` nan't`}kan`c `nm e|nm`gln}`cc{ knlfl dcl tl`cg ae lxrltklnjl `nm lxrtlzzkan. Za

zknjl zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf g|z} dl eatg|c }lm kn cknf|kz}kj eatgz# `nm

04 Zll Itkz}lu` 0;85# 08<. ]hkz kz vh`} Mk`n` Gl{ltz }ltgz –mkzzkmln} zrlljh‗? zll Gl{ltz 0;;= .

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} <:



z{z}lg`}kj cknf|kz}kj z}t|j}|tlz `tl `cv`{z knjagrcl}l lxrtlzzkanz ae gln}`cckel `nm damkc{ lxrltklnjl ‚ }h`} kz# }hl z{gdackj atmlt kz `cv`{z kn}lt}vknlm

vk}h d|} j`nna} e|cc{ j`r}|tl }hl zlgka}kj‚

}hln zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf kze|nm`gln}`cc{ knjagrcl}l. Hlnjl# }hl z|dolj} (}hl adolj} ae z|jh |nmlt'z}`nmknf+ kz mkz|nkfflm `nm k}zlce knjagrcl}l.

A}hlt vtk}ltz hùl `ttkulm `} ` rkj}|tl ae }hl zlce `z mkz|nkfflm uk` ta|}lz }h } ma na} tlc{ za hlùkc{ an rz{jha`n`c{}kj lxrc`n`}kanz ae gln}`c mlulcargln}. Eat knz}`njl# zlult`c elgknkz} vtk}ltz vha tlolj}h|g`nkz} janjlr}kanz ae kmln}k}{ `tl ga}ku`}lm d{ ` mllr v`tknlzz ae `n{ j`}lfatk`}kanz rlt zl (ae vhkjh }hl |nkfflm z|dolj}# at }hl |nkultz`crkj}|tl ae ` zl}}clm h|g`n n`}|tl# `tl rtkgl lx`grclz+. Z|jh j`}lfatklz#

`z vl hùl na}lm l`tcklt# g`nkelz} ` janz}t`kn} an }hl ffl|kmk}{ `nm rc`{ ae c`nf|`fl `nm |c}kg`}lc{ tlz} an ` mkzjtlmk}lm gl}`rh{zkjz.0: O|mk}h D|}clt#eat lx`grcl# e`ga|zc{ `tf|lz }h`} `cc j`}lfatklz (–z|dolj}#‗ – vag`n‗+zha|cm dl zlln `z knhltln}c{ |nz}`dcl `nm z|dolj} }a mljanz}t|j}kan.]hltleatl# knzae`t `z vagln g|z} dl mlcknl`}lm `r`t} etag }hl kcc|zat{ nl|}t`c zlce ae ckdlt`c gamltnkzg# }hl j`}lfat{ ae flnmlt g|z} dl |nmlt'z}aam rtaukzkan`cc{. Eat D|}clt# flnmlt kz rlteatg`}kul# }hl g`nkelz}`}kanae `n lgdamklm# tlrl`}lm# `nm jtl`}kul `j} ae lxrtlzzkuk}{ vk}hkn jan}lx}zae ffl|km `nm jan}lz}`dcl gl`nknfz (zll D|}clt 0;;2+. (K vkcc tl}|tn }aD|}clt ‛z uklvz dlcav.+

Z}kcc e|t}hlt etag }hl t|dtkj ae Etl|mk`n }hlatl}kj`c ea|nm`}kanz `tl}hazl raz}'gamltn }hkniltz }h`} eaj|z an }hl zajk`c z}t|j}|tl ae gl`nknfz`z }hl za|tjl ae }hl mkzjtlmk}knf ae }hl h|g`nkz}kj kml`c. Anl ravlte|c}hlgl kn Ea|j`|c}‛z vati# eat lx`grcl# kz }hl }tl`}gln} ae }hl z|dolj} `zjanz}k}|}lm d{ }hl janffl|lnjl ae ulj}atz ae ravlt vk}hkn vhkjh k} mlulc'arz. ]hl zlce j`nna} dl zlln `z ` z}`dcl zl} ae j`r`jk}klz d|} t`}hlt `z ` gltlrtaolj}kan vhazl rltzrlj}kul# `flnj{# `nm u`c|lz `tl }hl tlz|c} ae jagrclx

m{n`gkjz ae natg`ckknf ravlt vhkjh# }hta|fh c`nf|`fl# knz}k}|}kanz# o|tkmkj`c rt`j}kjlz# `nm r`}}ltnz ae kn}ltrltzan`c kn}lt`j}kanz# arlt`}l }azh`rl }hl rltzan `} lult{ }|tn. Ravlt na} anc{ janz}t`knz ` zlce# k}janz}k}|}lz k}. @nm zknjl }hl m{n`gkjz ae ravlt `tl ffl|km `nm jh`nfknf#}hl zlce kz ffl|km `nm jh`nfknf `nm na} `dcl (tlffllj}kulc{ at a}hltvkzl+ }aml}`jh etag }hazl m{n`gkjz `nm tl`j} knmlrlnmln}c{ ae }hlg (Ea|j`|c}0;;2`# 0;;2d+.

Ea|j`|c} ae}ln knzkz}z# havlult# }h`} k} kz na} }hl mkzkn}lft`}kan ae }hl zlce# rlt zl # }h`} hl kz mlzjtkdknf# `z ke }hltl v`z anjl (at ja|cm hùl dlln+ ` z}`dcl

ln}k}{ }h`} arlt`}lm kn `n knmlrlnmln} `nm t`}kan`c g`nnlt d|} vhkjh h`z

0: Zll eat lx`grcl Ec`x 0;;: `nm E|zz 0;8;.

<= ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



dlln mkz}at}lm d{ tljln} ravlt m{n`gkjz.0= T`}hlt# k} kz }hl mkzja|tzlz }h`}el`}|tl }hl |nkfflm z|dolj} `z `n knmlrlnmln} `nm t`}kan`c gljh`nkzg

}h`} `tl }hl adolj} ae hkz `n`c{zkz. Gatl kgrat}`n}c{# }hl m{n`gkjz ae ravlt }h`} z|tta|nm }hl rltzan kn `n{ fkuln `fl zha|cm na} dl zlln`z ` –tlrtlzzkul‗ eatjl }h`} z}|c}kfflz `n a}hltvkzl ckdlt`}lm janzjka|znlzz#d|} t`}hlt `z ` r`}}ltn vhkjh janz}k}|}lz }h`} z|dolj}kuk}{.0< Eat Ea|j`|c}#u`tka|z rtajlzzlz luaculm }h`} g`nkelz} gamlz ae –adolj}ke{knf ‗ }hlz|dolj} ‚ janz}t|j}knf mkzja|tzlz }h`} jtl`}lm }hl gamltn |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl rltzan `z z|dolj}. Anl ae }hlzl gamlz kz vh`} h`z dlln j`cclm–z|dolj}kffj`}kan‗ (z|ol}kzzlgln} + `nm janjltnz –}hl v`{ ` h|g`n dlknf }|tnz hkg' at hltzlce kn}a ` z|dolj}‗ (Ea|j`|c} 0;8= # 00+. Kn }hlzl tlc`}kulc{

`j}kul eatgz ae zlce'eatg`}kan# zajk`c m{n`gkjz `nm tlc`}kanz ae ravlt rtaukml }hl lclgln}z vk}h vhkjh rltzanz jagl }a arlt`}l `nm |nmltz}`nm}hlgzlculz.

K} kz |njcl`t# havlult# lx`j}c{ hav }hl ml}lj}kan ae r`z} m{n`gkjz `z }hlza|tjl ae j|ttln} z|dolj}kuk}{ tlz|c}z kn }hl –ml`}h‗ ae }hl z|dolj}# }h`} kz# kn}hl mkz`rrl`t`njl ae ` z}`dcl `flnj{ `jja|n}`dcl eat `j}kanz `nm o|mfgln}z.Ae ja|tzl r`t} ae }hl Ea|j`|cmk n rtaolj} kz }a z|dolj} `n{ z|jh z}`dkck}{ }a` janz}`n} kn}lttaf`}kan janjltnknf }hl flnl`caf{ ae k}z z}t|j}|tl# }atlrl`}lmc{ `zi hav knz}k}|}kan`c `nm zajk`c rt`j}kjlz natg`ckl k}z e|nj}kan'knf kn ` v`{ |nml}lj}lm kn k}z ta|}knl arlt`}kan. Vh`} }hkz uklv jaglzmavn }a# }hln# kz `na}hlt ultzkan ae }hl jc`kg }h`} rltzanz `tl na} }t`nz'r`tln} }a }hlgzlculz ‚ }h`} na rltzan‛z rz{jhl j`n dl janzkmltlm `ctl`m{ e|cc{ c`|nmltlm d{ t`}kan`c zlce'`rrt`kz`c ‚ `nm hlnjl }hl z}t|j}|tl ae ` zlce kz z|dolj} }a janz}`n} tljanzkmlt`}kan `nm kn}ltrtl}`}kan.

Etag }hlzl }va `nfclz }hln ‚ etag }h`} ae knmkukm|`c mlulcargln}}hta|fh rz{jhacafkj`c rtajlzzlz `nm etag }h`} ae }hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`cravlt ‚ }hlzl }hlatkz}z `ttkul `} }hl uklv }h`} zlculz j`nna} dl zlln `z

z}`dcl# |nkfflm# `nm zlce'}t`nzr`tln} z}t|j}|tlz# d|} g|z} dl |nmltz}aam `zjanz}`n}c{ z|dolj} }a mljanz}t|j}kul kn}lttaf`}kan. Vl vkcc mkzj|zz dlcav `n kgrat}`n} kgrckj`}kan ae }hl uklv }h`} janjlr}kanz ae mlzktl `nm

0= Eat Ea|j`|c}# ` zhke} h`z ajj|ttlm etag zl`tjhknf eat ` (gl}`rh{zkj`c+ gamlc ae }hl zlce `jjatmknf }a vhkjh p|lz}kanz ae zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kan# etllmag `nm# gatl r`t}kj|c`tc{# }hl `dkck}{ ae zlculz }a–rlnl}t`}l }hl z|dz}`njl ae }hknfz `nm fkul k} gl`nknf ‗ `tl t`kzlm# }a `ziknf `da|} vh`} e|nj}kan}`ci ae zlce zltulz kn jan}lgrat t{ mkzja|tzl. Hl vtk}lz# –YhWav# |nmlt vh`} janmk}kanz# `nm kn vh }eatgz j`n zagl}hknf ckil ` z|dolj} `rrl`t kn }hl atmlt ae mkzja|tzl1 Vh`} rc`jl j`n k} ajj|r{ kn l`jh}{rl ae mkzja|tzl# vh`} e|nj}kanz j`n k} `zz|gl# `nm d{ adl{knf vh`} t|clz1 Kn zhat}# k} kz ` g`}}lt ae

mlrtkuknf }hl z|dolj} (at k}z z|dz}k}|}l+ ae k}z tacl `z atkfkn`}at# `nm ae `n`c{knf }hl z|dolj} `z ` u`tk`dcl `nm jagrclx e|nj}kan ae mkzja|tzl‗ (Ea|j`|c} 0;8= # 008+.

0< Eat `n lx`grcl ae hav }a vtlz}cl vk}h }hl r`t`maxkj`c p|lz}kan ae hav ravlt da}h ckgk}z `nmjanz}k}|}lz }hl z|dolj}# zll D|}clt 0;;6.

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} <<



z|dolj}kuk}{ g|z} dl }hl adolj} ae tlj|ttln} tljanzkmlt`}kan. Ektz}# havlult# vl zha|cm gìl jcl`t lx`j}c{ vh`} }hlzl jc`kgz `da|} }hl knz}`dkck}{ ae

z|dolj}kuk}{# }hl mljln}ltknf ae `flnj{# `nm za an tl`cc{ `ga|n} }a.

Zlce'tl ffl lj}kan vk}ha|} ` zlce1

Jcl`tc{# }hln# }hlzl cknlz ae raz}'gamltn }ha|fh} j`z} ma|d} an }hl kml` ae ` jatl zlce# ` ffxlm `nm |nkfflm zl} ae dlcklez# u`c|lz# j`r`jk}klz# at v`{z ae }hkniknf }h`} mlffnl }hl rltzan (kn zlce'}t`nzr`tln} v`{z+ `r`t} etag }hlzajk`c zl}}knfz zhl lnja|n}ltz `nm vhkjh zhl |zlz kn }hazl lnja|n}ltz. D|}

}a zll vhl}hlt }hkz kgrcklz }h`} ` janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ }h`} zllz zlce'tlffllj}kan `z ` jt|jk`c lclgln} g|z} `cza dl `d`nmanlm# cl} |z caai gatljcazlc{ `} }hl mlulcargln} ae }hl tljln} uklvz ae O|mk}h D|}clt an }hlp|lz}kan ae }hl zlce. Maknf za vkcc rtaukml zagl kn}ltlz}knf clzzanz `da|}}hl kgrckj`}kanz ae }hlzl kml`z# zagl ae vhkjh cl`m jktj|k}a|zc{ d`ji }a ` razk}kan vl v`n} }a g`kn}`kn.

@z K gln}kanlm l`tcklt# O|mk}h D|}clt h`z na}`dc{ mlulcarlm ` cknl ae `n`c{zkz }h`} mljanz}t|j}z }hl janjlr}kan ae ` z}`dcl# }t`nzr`tln} zlce.Havlult# kn tljln} vati# zhl h`z `cza `}}lgr}lm }a eatg|c`}l ` janjlr}kan

ae }hl z|dolj} vhkjh `} }hl z`gl }kgl knjatrat`}lz }hl knzkfh}z ae Ea|j`|c}`nm a}hltz janjltnknf }hl v`{ kn vhkjh ravlt m{n`gkjz janz}t|j} }hlz|dolj} d|} `cza ffnmz ` v`{ ae |nmltz}`nmknf hav vl `tl `fln}z nlult'}hlclzz# }h`} }hl ravlt m{n`gkjz kn p|lz}kan# vhkcl lxlt}lm –etag }hla|}zkml‗ `z k} vltl# nlult}hlclzz z}t|j}|tl |z `z `fln}z `nm `z ra}ln}k`cc{ tlzranzkdcl eat luln}z `nm `j}kanz (D|}clt 0;;6# 422<+.05

]ìknf kn}a `jja|n} @c}h|zzlt ‛z uklv ae }hl v`{ zajk`c `|}hatk}{ kzlxltjkzlm kn }hl eatg|c`}kan ae }hl z|dolj}‛z zlnzl ae hltzlce (}ha|fh vk}ha|}

hkz `zz|gr}kan ae |nkff

lm z}`}l ravlt `z }hl za|tjl ae }hkz `|}hatk}{+#D|}clt janz}t|j}z ` zrlj|c`}kul gamlc ae }hl mlulcargln} ae }hl z|dolj}.Hlt janz}t|j}kan `cza gìlz |zl ae rz{jha`n`c{}kj `jja|n}z ae }hl g`nnlt kn vhkjh }t`|g`}kj zlr`t`}kan etag }hl za|tjl ae caul (vhkjh kz `cza }hlza|tjl ae magkn`}knf ravlt+ jtl`}lz ` z|dolj} }hta|fh ` iknm ae z|dolj}kan(}a }hl j`tlfkultz+?

05 K} kz kgrat}`n} }a rakn} a|} }h`} –}hl z|dolj}‗ eat D|}clt kz na} }hl z`gl `z }hl rltzan at }hl knmkukm|`c.]hl z|dolj} tleltz }a }h`} vhkjh kz –mlzkfn`}lm `z ` cknf|kz}kj j`}lfat{ ‗ (0;;6# 02+. ]h`} kz# k} kz }hl

rz{jhkj z}t|j}|tl arlt`}knf kn `n knmkukm|`c vhkjh kz eatglm d{ mkzja|tzl. @z K va|cm r|} k} (rlth`rzkn ` v`{ D|}clt gkfh} na} lgdt`jl+? }hl z|dolj} kz }hl lgdamklm rz{jhacafkj`c zjhlg` vhazlarlt`}kan knuaculz janjlr}z }h`} arlt`}l `nm f`kn gl`nknf etag }hl janjlr}|`c m{n`gkjz ae }hlzajk`c gkckl| kn vhkjh }hl rltzan mlulcarz `nm ckulz.




]hta|fh }h`} nl|ta}kj tlrl}k}kan }hl z|dolj} r|tz|lz k}z avn mkzzac|}kan# k}z avn|ntùlcknf# ` r|tz|k} }h`} g`tiz `n `flnj{# d|} na} }hl z|dolj} ‛ z `flnj{ ‚ t`}hlt }hl`flnj{ ae ` mlzktl }h`} `kgz `} }hl mkzzac|}kan ae }hl z|dolj}# vhltl }hl z|dolj}z}`nmz `z ` d`t }a }h`} mlzktl. (D|}clt 0;;6# ;+

]hl r`t`maxkj`c m{n`gkj `} vati hltl rtam|jlz# an D|}clt ‛z `jja|n}# ` mllr `gdku clnjl? –Hav j`n k} dl }h`} }hl z|dolj}# }ìln }a dl }hljanmk}kan eat `nm }hl knz}t|gln} ae `flnj{# kz `} }hl z`gl }kgl }hl lfl lj}ae z|datmkn`}kan# |nmltz}aam `z }hl mlrtku`}kan ae `flnj{1‗ (0;;6# 02+.Knzae`t `z ` z|dolj} kz eatglm d{ hlt z|datmkn`}kan ‚ hlt rc`jl kn ` m{n`gkj ae ravlt }h`} kz kgrazlm lx}ltn`cc{ d{ |nn`glm `nm |njan}tac'c`dcl eatjlz ‚ }hl z|dolj} eatgz ` r`zzkan`}l `}}`jhgln} (d{ v`{ ae hlt

janjlr}kan ae hltzlce+ }a }h`} z|datmkn`}kan. ]hkz kz }hl r`t`maxkj`c n`}|tlae z|dolj} eatg`}kan eat D|}clt.06

Kn }hkz gamlc# D|}clt kz }t{knf }a ùakm }hl `jja|n} ae }hl zlce kn }hlckdlt`c h|g`nkz} }t`mk}kan vhltl k} kz `zz|glm }h`} `flnj{ kz `cv`{z e|cc{ eatglm `nm z}`nmz kn arrazk}kan }a ravlt. [l}# }hl z|rrazlm `c}ltn`}kul#}h`} ravlt arlt`}lz `} `cc rakn}z }a janz}t|j} `nm z}t|j}|tl (`nm hlnjl–jan}tac‗+ `flnj{# kgrcklz ` –e`}`ckzg‗ `da|} }hl razzkdkck}{ ae tlzkz}`njl}h`} zhl `cza v`n}z }a ùakm (zll D|}clt 0;;6# 06+. @z ` tlz|c}# D|}clt

janz}t|j}z ` rkj}|tl ae }hl `fln} vhkjh h`z j`r`jk}klz eat tlffl

lj}kan `nmzlce'`v`tlnlzz# d|} anc{ }a ` ckgk}lm lx}ln}# `z eatjlz }h`} `tl da}h zajk`c `nm|njanzjka|z arlt`}l }a eatg }hl lclgln}z ae }h`} zlce `nm hlnjl tlg`knzaglvh`} adzj|tlm etag (kn}tazrlj}kul+ uklv.

Zlculz (z|dolj}z+ mlulcar d{ v`{ ae ravlt m{n`gkjz gamlclm anHlflc‛z g`z}lt ‚zcùl mk`clj}kj# an D|}clt ‛z uklv. Vh`} lgltflz kz ` tlffllj}kul rz{jhkj e|nj}kan }h`} j`n }ìl k}zlce (at `n `zrlj} ae k}zlce+ `zk}z adolj}. ]hl tlffllj}knf zlce kz `z g|jh ` rtam|j} ae }hl ravlt kn}ltrc`{ `z }hl adolj} ae tlffllj}kan (mlzktl# z`{+ d|} }h`} m{n`gkj kz hkmmln etag

uklv# `z k} vltl?

YJWanzjka|znlzz kz nav mkukmlm kn}a }va r`t}z# }hl –lzzln}k`c‗ `nm }hl –|njh`nfl'`dcl#‗ an }hl anl h`nm# `nm }hl –knlzzln}k`c‗ `nm –jh`nfl`dcl#‗ an }hl a}hlt. ]hl

v`}jhknf zlce# mlffnlm `z ` iknm ae vk}nlzzknf `nm zjatnknf # mkfl ltln}k`}lz k}zlce etag

06 D|}clt 0;;6. @c}ha|fh K `g na} ault}c{ r|tz|knf jtk}kj`c cknlz ae tlzranzl hltl# K gkfh} gln}kan }h`}r t} ae }hl –r`t`max ‗ }h`} lgltflz kn }hkz `jja|n} z}lgz etag }hl t`}hlt caazl |zl ae il{ }ltgz# z|jh `z–ravlt ‗ `nm –z|datmkn`}kan.‗ ]a z`{ }h`} ` z|dolj} kz eatglm d{ }hl m{n`gkjz ae ravlt kgrcklz }h`}}hltl kz `n ln}k}{ |ran vhkjh }h`} ravlt lxlt}z k}zlce. D|} k} kz `zz|glm hltl }h`} }hl rz{jhkj zjhlg`

}h`} eatgz }hl z|dolj} kz janz}t|j}lm d{ }h`} ravlt. ]hkz knuaculz ` r`t`max anc{ ke vl `zz|gl }hltl kzzagl}hknf ckil ` zlce at z|dolj} `ctl`m{ kn rc`jl |ran vhkjh ravlt kz lxlt}lm. D|} ke vl mtar }h`}c`nf|`fl# `nm gltlc{ }`ci `da|} }hl zajk`c `nm rz{jhacafkj`c knffl|lnjlz }h`} dl`t an ` rltzan‛zmlulcargln}# na r`t`max `tkzlz.

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} <6



}hl zlce vk}nlzzlm `z rltrl}|`cc{ e`ccknf kn}a jan}t`mkj}kan. ]hkz v`}jhknf dljaglz` v`{ ae tl lz}`dckzhknf }hl ukz|`c mkz}`njl dl}vlln ` z|dolj} `caae etag }hl zjlnl

`nm }hl z|dolj} kn jan}t`mkj}kan. Kn }hkz j`zl# havlult# }hl vk}nlzzknf `nm zjatnknf zlce j`nna} mln{ }h`} }hl jan}t`mkj}at{ zlce kz k}z avn zlce9 k} inavz }h`} }hljan}t`mkj}at{ zlce kz k}zlce # d|} kn atmlt }a zhatl |r `n kmln}k}{ ault `nm `f`knz} k}#k} tlnmltz }hkz jan}t`mkj}at{ zlce kn `n knlzzln}k`c r`t} ae k}zlce. K} }h|z r`t}z vk}h k}zlce kn atmlt }a r|tke{ k}zlce ae jan}t`mkj}kan. (D|}clt 0;;6# =5+

]hl `}}`jhgln} }a }hkz zlce (`z }hl adolj} ae tlffllj}kan+ kz –r`zzkan`}l#‗ eat D|}clt `nm `ga|n}z }a }hl – vkcc‗ ae }hl z|dolj}.08

Eat D|}clt }hl z|dolj} malz na} eatg d{ v`{ ae kn}ln}kan`c rtajlzzlz }h`}}hl rltzan ln`j}z |ran hltzlce# `z ` eatg ae gln}`c `j}kuk}{. ]hlzl rtajlzzlz

ajj|t }hta|fh tlrl}k}kan# rlteatg`njl ae damkc{ `nm rz{jhkj arlt`}kanz}h`} }ìl an ` jlt}`kn eatg# |nmltz}aam `z mkzj|tzkul r`}}ltnz# r`}}ltnz }h`}Ea|j`|c} j`ccz ` –tlfkgl ae }t|}h‗ (D|}clt 422<# 44‚4:+. ]hkz kgrcklz }h`}}hl eatg`}kan ae }hl z|dolj} knuaculz `n –kno|t{ ‗ kn }h`} anl‛z kmln}k}{ kzjanz}t|j}lm d{ v`{ ae `n kgrazk}kan ae ravlt (tlrl`}lm `nm tlk}lt`}lm d{ anl‛z avn `j}kuk}{ `nm kn}lt`j}kan vk}h }hazl ravlt m{n`gkjz+. D|} D|}clt malz na} jc`kg }h`} kmln}k}{ }hln g|z} tl'ln`j} }h`} kno|t{ rltrl}| cc{ d|}t`}hlt }h`} z}t`}lfklz ae tlzkz}`njl }a magkn`n} zajk`c natgz# anlz vhazl

mkzj|tzkul z}t|j}|tl eatg|c`}lz }hl }ltgz ae }hl zlce'janjlr}# vkcc ae}lnknuacul `n |nzl}}cknf ae }hl r`zzkan`}l `}}`jhgln} }a z|dolj}kan vk}ha|} vhkjh z|dolj} eatg`}kan j`nna} z|jjllm (0;;6# 02<+

Kn c`}lt vati# D|}clt d|kcmz an }hkz |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl janz}t|j}kan ae }hl zlcez|dolj} }a janetan} }hl kzz|l ae hav `n `fln} ja|cm dl }ha|fh} }adl# at }hkni ae hltzlce `z# ` tlzranzkdcl dlknf# lzrljk`cc{ fkuln }hl lx}ltn`cm{n`gkjz (fta|nmlm kn }hl zajk`c jagrclxk}klz ae ravlt tlc`}kanz+ }h`}z}t|j}|tl }ha|fh} `nm tlffllj}kan (D|}clt 422<+. Zhl na}lz# eaccavknf

@matna# }h`} gat`c o|mfgln}z `tl janmk}kanlm d{ }hl hkz}atkj`c janmk}kanz

}h`} fkul tkzl }a }hlg# `nm zhl }hltleatl v`tnz `f`knz} }hl kgrazk}kan ae gat`c |nkultz`ck}{ ae }hl eatg }h`} mlffnlz glgdltzhkr kn mlckdlt`}kulrt`j}kjlz kn v`{z }h`} `tl lxjc|zkan`t{ (D|}clt 422<# 6+. D|} luln }hl iknmae gat`c o|mfgln} }h`} kz zlnzk}kul }a k}z avn hkz}atkj`c janmk}kanz vkccrtlz|rrazl `n –K‗ vhkjh kz }hl zl`} ae z|jh o|mfgln}# `cdlk} anl }h`} j`nna}z}`nm `r`t} etag }hl zajk`c janmk}kanz ae k}z lgltflnjl (`z zil}jhlm l`tcklt+.]hl p|lz}kan dljaglz# }hln# vh`} uklv ae z|jh `n –K‗ j`n dl fkuln ‚ ` uklv ae }hl z|dolj} kn gat`c `nm hlnjl rack}kj`c mkzja|tzl ‚ }h`} j`n dl tlzran'zkdcl vhkcl |nmltz}`nmknf k}zlce `z z}t|j}|tlm d{ ` zajka'hkz}atkj`c jan}lx}.

08 Zhl vtk}lz? –zlce'janzjka|znlzz kz }hl eatg }hl vkcc }ìlz vhln k} kz rtluln}lm etag zkgrcl lxrtlzzkan`z ` mllm‗ (0;;6# 65+




]hkz knuaculz# zhl jc`kgz# hùknf }a fkul `n `jja|n} ae a|tzlculz vhkcl `} }hlz`gl }kgl `jinavclmfknf (at `} cl`z} dlknf zlnzk}kul }a+ }hl v`{z }h`} zajk`c

janmk}kanz z}t|j}|tl }hl tlffllj}kanz }h`} |nmltckl z|jh `n `jja|n}.Ae ja|tzl# }hkz `j} at rtajlzz ae `jja|n}knf eat g{zlce kz cv`{z lnglzhlmkn ravlt tlc`}kanz9 k} kz kn tlzranzl }a `n `mmtlzz# tlj`ccknf @c}h|zzlt ‛z`n`c{zkz ae }hl e|nj}kan ae kn}ltrlcc`}kan. Za }hl r`t`max kmln}kfflm l`tcklt#

vhltl }hl janjlr} ae g{zlce kz zagl}hknf K mkzjault `nm rtlzln}# kz }hl tlz|c}ae ravlt lxlt}lm an gl etag lx}ltn`c za|tjlz. Gatlault# }a dl –tlzran'zkdcl‗ (–tlzranzl'`dcl‗ at –`dcl }a tlzranm‗+ kz }a tl`j} }a }hl ult{ eatjlz

vhkjh lxlt} }hkz ravlt an g{ zlce etag }hl a|}zkml. ]hkz `jja|n}# }hln# kzd|kc} kn }hl zltukjl ae ` uklv ae tlzranzkdkck}{ `nm `flnj{ }h`} tlolj}z }hl

razzkdkck}{ ae zlce'}t`nzr`tlnj{ `nm an}acafkj`cc{ ffxlm jln}ltz ae `flnj{?0;–}hl ult{ }ltgz d{ vhkjh vl fkul `n `jja|n}# d{ vhkjh vl gìl a|tzlculzkn}lcckfkdcl }a a|tzlculz `nm }a a}hltz# `tl na} ae a|t gìknf. ]hl{ `tl zajk`ckn jh`t`j}lt# `nm }hl{ lz}`dckzh zajk`c natgz# ` mag`kn ae |netllmag `nmz|dz}k}|}`dkck}{ vk}hkn vhkjh a|t ‘zknf|c`t ‛ z}atklz `tl }acm‗ (D|}clt 422<#40+. D|} }hkz jan}t`z}z vk}h }hl zajk`c janz}k}|}kan ae }hl zlce mlzjtkdlm kn }hlrtluka|z jh`r}lt# eat }hlzl natg`}kul mkzja|tzlz `tl na} –` z}t|j}|t`ckz}}a}`ck}{ nat ` }t`nzjlnmln}`c at p|`zk'}t`nzjlnmln}`c knu`tk`dkck}{ ‗ (D|}clt 422<# 4= +# d{ vhkjh kz gl`n} (`z K tl`m hlt+ ` jcazlm z{z}lg vk}h mlffnk}kul#r|dckj# `nm }t`nzr`tln} gl`nknfz. ]hl natg`}kuk}{ `} vati kn }hlzl mkz'j|tzkul ravlt m{n`gkjz kz ffl|km `nm `gatrha|z ({l} ravlte|c+# `z }hl{

vati# eat D|}clt# `} }hl clulc ae }hl |njanzjka|z `nm kn tlc`}kan }a mlzktl# na}gltlc{ jafnk}kul rtarazk}kanz }h`} j`n dl ft`zrlm `nm lu`c|`}lm kn }hlkt ln}ktl}{ (D|}clt 422<# :<fl .+.

Fkuknf `n `jja|n} ae anlzlce# eat D|}clt ‚ zagl}hknf `} }hl hl`t} ae l}hkj`c tlzranzkdkck}{ an hlt uklv ‚ knuaculz janz}t|j}knf ` n`tt`}kul ae anlzlce kn tlzranzl }a (`nm kn m{n`gkj tlc`}kanz vk}h+ kn}lttaf`}knf

a}hltz `nm lnglzhlm kn ` natg`}kul mkzja|tzl na} ae anl‛z avn gìknf.Z|jh n`tt`}kulz# gatlault# j`n nlult e|cc{ rtam|jl ` jagrcl}l `nmj`nankj`c tlrtlzln}`}kan `nm hlnjl knuacul zlult`c –ulx`}kanz#‗ vhkjhknjc|ml }hl rtlzlnjl ae ` nan'n`tt`}kuk`dcl lxraz|tl }h`} lz}`dckzhlzanl‛z zknf|c`tk}{ (|nkp|lnlzz }h`} j`nna} dl j`r}|tlm d{ }hl flnlt`c}ltgz ae ` z}at{+# `nm ` hkz}at{ }h`} lz}`dckzhlz anl ‛z r`t}k`c ar`jk}{ }aanlzlce (D|}clt 422<# :;+.42

0; @na}hlt jtk}kj`c na}l ja|cm dl knzlt}lm hltl? z|fflz}knf }h`} }hltl kz `n –ar`jk}{ ‗ kn a|t zlce'tlffllj}kanz

at }h`} zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf kz knjagrcl}l at kn`jj|t`}l kgrcklz }h`} }hltl kz ` }t|l zlce è}lt `cc# n`glc{ }h`} vhkjh kz na} `mlp|`}lc{ j`r}|tlm d{ a|t kn}ltn`c tlffllj}kanz (`z rakn}lm a|} `daul+.

42 Ljhaknf ` }hlgl vl vkcc }ìl |r kn jh`r}lt = # D|}clt z|fflz}z hav n`tt`}knf a|tzlculz `cv`{z jaglzkn tlzranzl }a }hl `mmtlzz ae `na}hlt# vhl}hlt }hl u`clnjl ae }h`} lnja|n}lt kz razk}kul at nlf`}kul

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} <;



Knmllm# zhl `tf|lz }h`} }hkz ar`jk}{ }a a|tzlculz j`n `j}|`cc{ fta|nm`n l}hkj`c jaggk}gln} }a a}hltz. ]hl ckgk}z }a zlce'inavclmfl j`n# zhl

z|fflz}z# ga}ku`}l tljafnk}kan kn a}hltz ae }h`} ult{ ckgk}# zr|ttknf anl‛zh|gkck}{ `nm –eatfkulnlzz‗ ae a}hltz eat na} e|cc{ inavknf vh`} anl

j`nna} inav anlzlce? }hl jagrcl}l ml}`kcz ae }hl natg`}kul za|tjlz ae anl‛z avn kmln}k}{ (D|}clt 422<# =4‚=:+.40 ]hltl kz `cv`{z ` –rtl'hkz}at{ ‗}a }hl zlce vhkjh `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kan `}}lgr}z# d|} `cv`{z |nz|j'jlzze|cc{# }a j`r}|tl. Zlce'janz}k}|}knf n`tt`}kan ae }hkz zat} kz `cv`{z ` iknmae ffj}kan# d|} k} kz anl }h`} janz}k}|}lz a|t –zlculz‗ `cc }hl z`gl. @flnj{ `nm tlzranzkdkck}{ `tkzlz etag }hkz zajk`cc{ `nm tlc`}kan`cc{ e`jkck}`}lmzlce'janz}t|j}kan# `cdlk} `n `flnj{ }h`} kz zhatn ae }hl rtlz|gr}kanz ae

zlce'}t`nzr`tlnj{ `nm (an}acafkj`c+ z}`dkck}{.Nav K `g na} janjltnlm hltl vk}h }hl ml}`kcz ae }hl razk}kul `jja|n} ae

l}hkj`c tlzranzkdkck}{ D|}clt janz}t|j}z9 nat `g K lnf`fknf kn jtk}kj`c`rrt`kz`c ae hlt uklvz.44 T`}hlt# K v`n} }a na}l }h`} z|jh ` uklv ae }hlz|dolj} j`n dl `jjlr}lm d{ `n `jja|n} ae `|}anag{ }h`} tlp|ktlz zlce'tlffllj}kan# `z canf `z }hl mlzjtkr}kan ae z|jh tlffllj}kan malz na} rtlz|rrazl` rtl'lxkz}knf –gl‗ `z }hl adolj} ae z|jh kn}tazrlj}kan vhkjh kz e|cc{ `nm`jj|t`}lc{ j`r}|tlm d{ k}. ]hltl `tl mkfl ltlnjlz# havlult# dl}vlln }hl`jja|n} ae `|}anaga|z `flnj{ fkuln kn vh`} eaccavz `nm a}hlt jc`kgz`nm jaggk}gln}z ` }hlatkz} ckil D|}clt va|cm hacm# eat lx`grcl janjltnknf }hl tacl ae t`}kan`ck}{ (`nm tl`zan'fkuknf flnlt`cc{+ kn }hl tlffllj}kan }h`}

(D|}clt 422<# 00+. ]hltl kz `cv`{z `n kgrcklm (at `j}|`c+ `|mklnjl eat z|jh ` n`tt`}kan `nm }hl fa`c vkcc ae}ln dl anl ae rltz|`zkan# ke anc{ }a rltz|`ml }hl a}hlt }h`} }hl uakjl ae }hkz –K‗ kz fln|knl. ]hkzrtajlzz ae zlce'n`tt`}kan kz na} d`zlm an ` rtl'lxkz}knf j`|z`c z}t|j}|tl vl j`n j`cc ` –zlce ‗ d|} kz ` rtljanmk}kan eat tlzranzkdkck}{ eat `j}kanz `nm a|}jaglz (luln ke }hkz zlce'n`tt`}kan kz kn }hl eatg ae flz}|tlz# damkc{ gaulgln}z ‚ –` nam‗ ‚ at zrlljh+ (D|}clt 422<# 04‚0:+.

40 @ }hlgl zkgkc`t }a }hkz vkcc dl ljhalm kn jh`r}lt ; vhln k} kz `tf|lm }h`} tljafnk}kan ae zajk`ckmln}k}klz g|z} dl d`zlm an `n arlnnlzz }a }hl janz}`n} razzkdkck}{ ae tlukzkan eat }hl j`}lfatklz

lxrtlzzknf }hazl kmln}k}klz.44 Anl `mmk}kan`c jtk}kj`c na}l? anl gkfh} rakn} a|} }hl v`{z kn vhkjh D|}clt tleltz }a }hl –ukaclnjl‗

`nm –}t`|g` ‗ ae }hl ckgk}z ae a|t `dkck}{ }a n`tt`}l a|tzlculz `nm }hl kgrazk}kan ae }hl a}hlt kn }h`}rtajlzz ae n`tt`}kan. ]hlzl }ltgz `tl gl`nknfe|c# anl gkfh} jc`kg# anc{ ke }hltl kz ` ukj}kg }a }h`}ukaclnjl# }t`|g`# at kgrazk}kan `ctl`m{ kn rc`jl. D|} }hl jc`kg hltl kz }h`} }hl rtajlzz ae zajk`cc{ glmk`}lm n`tt`}kan mlzjtkdlm hltl janz}t|j}z }hl zlce vha va|cm dl ` j`nmkm`}l eat z|jh ukj}kgk }kan.]hkz tlc`}lz }a ` zljanm rakn}? D|}clt ‛z `jja|n} ae tlzranzkdkck}{ zllgz }a gìl na jcl`t mkz}knj}kan(`nm g`{ na} `ccav z|jh ` mkz}knj}kan+ dl}vlln ult{ mkfl ltln} iknmz ae kgrazk}kan d{ lx}ltn`c zajk`cravltz. Tl`c ukaclnjl kz mkfl ltln} etag `gatrha|z kgrazk}kan d{ }hl ravlt m{n`gkjz ae zajk`cmkzja|tzl kn flnlt`c# `nm }hkz mkfl ltlnjl kz rtljkzlc{ d`zlm an }hl e`j} }h`} g{ kmln}k}{ kz jt|zhlm `nmkno|tlm kn }hl fftz} j`zl d|} z}t|j}|tlm `nm eatglm kn }hl zljanm. Hlt anc{ flz}|tl }av`tm }hkz kzz|l kz}a j`cc eat |z }a –mlukzl natgz }a `mo|mkj`}l `ganf eatgz ae kgrknflgln}# mkz}knf|kzhknf dl}vlln k}z

knluk}`dcl `nm knz|rlt`dcl mkglnzkan ‥ `nm k}z zajk`cc{ jan}knfln} `nm tlultzkdcl janmk}kanz‗ (D|}clt 422<# 026+. D|} }hl mkz}knj}kanz dl}vlln iknmz ae kgrknflgln} `nm kno|t{ j`n dl mt`vn anc{ d{ raz}|c`}knf }hl lclgln}z ae zlce `nm rltzanhaam vhkjh `tl kgrckj`}lm kn }hlg9 vk}h z|jh ` ffl|kmgamlc ae }hl c`}}lt z|jh mkz}knj}kanz g`{ na} dl ù`kc`dcl.




`|}anag{ `zz|glz. ]hl gatl ckgk}lm janjc|zkan K v`n} }a mt`v hltl kz }h`}}hkz raz}'Lnckfh}lngln} janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce kz anl }h`} }hl }hlat{ ae

`|}anag{ zil}jhlm kn vh`} eaccavz hltl j`n `} cl`z} dl `fnaz}kj `da|}.Gatlault# D|}clt kz p|k}l zlnzk}kul }a }hl zajk`c nllm }a rtlzln} anlzlce `z` zknf|c t ln}k}{# ` z}`dcl rltzan`ck}{ vk}h fftg jaggk}gln}z `nm ga}kulz#luln }ha|fh }hl tlffllj}kan }h`} f`}hltz }afl}hlt }hl zlnzl anl h`z ae }hazljaggk}gln}z `nm ga}kulz kz tkel vk}h ajjc|zkanz# mkz}at}kanz# `nm gkz'rc`jlm janjtl}lnlzz. D|} zajk`c kn}ltja|tzl mlg`nmz }hl janz}t|j}kan ae ` rtlzln}lm zlce nanl}hlclzz vhkjh# `z ` tlz|c}# dljaglz }hl –gl‗ }h`} kz hlcmtlzranzkdcl eat vh`} kz rtlzln}lm? – Vhln K }lcc }hl }t|}h `da|} g{zlce#K janz|c} na} anc{ g{ ‘zlce#‛ d|} }hl v`{ kn vhkjh }h`} zlce kz rtam|jlm `nm

rtam|jkdcl# }hl razk}kan etag vhkjh }hl mlg`nm }a }lcc }hl }t|}h rtajllmz#}hl lfl lj}z }h`} }lccknf }hl }t|}h vkcc hùl kn janzlp|lnjl# `z vlcc `z }hl rtkjl}h`} g|z} dl r`km‗ (D|}clt 422<# 0:4+.

Vh`} K vkcc jc`kg c`}lt kz }h`} }hl zajk`c m{n`gkjz tlp|ktlm d{ mlgajt`}kj j|c}|tl kgrazlz an |z ` nllm }a tlffllj} an a|t jaggk}gln}z`nm u`c|lz `nm }a fkul tl`zanz eat }hlg kn zajk`c mlckdlt`}kan. ]h`}tlffllj}kulnlzz g`{ janz}t|j} }hl zlce vhkjh kz `} }hl z`gl }kgl }hlz|dolj} ae }hl tlffllj}kan# d|} `|}anag{ j`n dl e`zhkanlm kn ` v`{ }h`} `jjlr}z }h`} rkj}|tl (at `} cl`z} kz arln }a k}+. Knmllm# `z D|}clt hltzlce z`{z? – @c}ha|fh zlce'inavclmfl kz z|tlc{ ckgk}lm# }h`} kz na} ` tl`zan }a }|tn `f`knz} k} `z ` rtaolj}‗ (D|}clt 422<# =5+

k k k . ` t l ' l g l t f l n j l a e m l c k d l t ` } k a n 1

@z K hùl z}tlzzlm# ` jaggan }hlgl ae raz}'gamltn }ha|fh} kz }hl tlolj}kanae mkzj|tzkul zrlljh `z }hl zacl glmk|g ae lxrtlzzkan# tlffllj}kan# at inav'

clmfl. @ z}tanfc{ z|fflz}kul j`zl eat }hkz kz g`ml vk}h tleltlnjl }a ral}kj`clxrtlzzkan vhkjh# kgg|nl }a r`t`rht`zl kn}a rtarazk}kan`c eatg# nlult'}hlclzz janul{z ravlte|c jan}ln}. Vh`} Itkz}lu` tleltz }a `z }hl z{gdka}kj(vhl}hlt at na} anl `jjlr}z }hl rc`jl zhl `jjatmz }hkz kn }hl |njanzjka|z+tleltz }a }h`} `zrlj} ae c`nf|`fl vhkjh janul{z ellcknf `nm }ha|fh} d|}

vhkjh kz na} `n`c{`dcl uk` zrljkffj t|clz ae gl`nknf `nm tleltlnjl. ]hl eatgae ral}kj`c lxrtlzzkan `z vlcc ‚ }hl th{}hg# za|nm# g|zkj`ck}{# `nm zlnz|'`ck}{ ae z{gdackj eatgz ‚ j`ttklz gl`nknf }h`} kz na} vlcc mkzrazlm }atlm|j}kan at r`t`rht`zl. Janzkmlt `cgaz} `n{ ravlte|c ral}kj r`zz`fl

`nm `zi hav }hl za|nmz `nm th{}hgz ae }hl c`nf|`fl kttlm|jkdc{ janul{ g|jh ae }hl gl`nknf. Anl g|z} lk}hlt z|d}t`j} `cc }h`} kz gl}`rhatkj`c#fff|t`}kul# `nm –zlnz|`c‗ kn }hl cknf|kz}kj |nkultzl etag }hl tl`cg ae }hl

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} 50



gl`nknfe|c# at anl g|z} `mgk} }hl kgrat}`njl ae }hazl nan'mkzj|tzkulgamlz ae lxrtlzzkan.4:

]hl rakn} kz gatl flnlt`c vhln anl janzkmltz gl}`rhat9 eat nan'ck}lt`clxrtlzzkulnlzz kz rltu`zkul kn `cc `tl`z ae }ha|fh} `nm lxrtlzzkan(zll Cìafl `nm Oahnzan 0;82+. Nav }hltl kz ` jagrclx `nm hl`c}h{ mld`}l `da|} }hl zlg`n}kj e|nj}kan ae gl}`rhat# vk}h Tkjh`tm Tat}{#eaccavknf Mùkmzan# `tf|knf }h`} gl}`rhatz j`tt{ na zlg`n}kj u`c|l d|}e|nj}kan gltlc{ `z flz}|tlz# az}lnzkul `j}z }h`} rakn} }a }hl gl`nknfe|c'nlzz ae zagl rhlnaglnan d|} ma na} lgdam{ z}`dcl gl`nknfz }hlgzlculz(Tat}{ 0;8;# 054‚064+. A}hltz tlolj} }hkz uklv# `tf|knf }h`} zln}lnjlzjan}`knknf gl}`rhatkj`c lxrtlzzkan j`n (}ha|fh nllm na} dl+ }t|}h'

e|nj}kan`c `nm z|dolj} }a mld`}l# }hltld{ knmkj`}knf }hl zlg`n}kj u`c|lzknhltln} kn z|jh c`nf|`fl.

Havlult }h`} mld`}l }|tnz a|}# }hltl kz cle} }hl rtadclg ae ml}ltgknknf }hlmk fl ltlnjl dl}vlln za'j`cclm ck}lt`c zrlljh `nm gl}`rhatkj`c lxrtlzzkan. Hav ja|cm zlg`n}kj at gl}`'cknf|kz}kj t|clz dl eatg|c`}lm }h`} mkz}knf|kzh }hlzl}va eatgz ae lxrtlzzkan vk}ha|}# kn `n `m haj at p|lz}kan'dlffknf g`nnlt#rtlz|rrazknf anl at `na}hlt }hlat{ ae gl}`rhat k}zlce1 Janzkmltknf }hlrltu`zkulnlzz ae lxrtlzzkanz }h`} `tf|`dc{ ma na} –ck}lt`cc{ ‗ lxrtlzz vh`}}hlkt vatmz knmkj`}l# k} vkcc dl ult{ mkj|c} }a z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ ml}ltgknl

vh`} zl}z zagl c`nf|`fl `zkml `z na} }t|}h'e|nj}kan`c# zlg`n}kj`cc{ z}`dcl#at mkzj|tzkul# `nm hlnjl na} gl`nknfe|c.

D|} knml}ltgkn`j{ kn c`nf|`fl j`n anc{ dl }aclt`}lm }a jlt}`kn mlftllz`nm kn jlt}`kn jan}lx}z. Gamlz ae zlce'tlffllj}kan gkfh} knmllm `ccav knjc|'zkan ae zlg`n}kj`cc{ u`tk dcl z{gdack`}kan? K g`{ z`{ }a# `nm ae# g{zlce }h`}g{ `}}`jhgln} }a ` gaml ae ckel# z`{# r`t}c{ mltkulz etag ` jlt}`kn ol nl z`kz p|ak . D|} }h`} knml}ltgkn`j{ dljaglz rtadclg`}kj vhln K g|z} janul{ }hkzadzltu`}kan# at `n{ kneatg`}kan tlclu`n} }a k}# }a a}hltz kn jan}lx}z vhltl

g|}|`c |nmltz}`nmknf `nm jagg|nkj`}kan `tl kgrat}`n}. @z H`dltg`zh`z z`km `da|} raz}'z}t|j}|t`ckz} `jja|n}z ae c`nf|`fl# k} kz |njcl`t an }hazlgamlcz hav }hl tlrtam|j}kan ae zajk`c ckel kn flnlt`c# `nm cl`tnknf rt`j}kjlzkn r`t}kj|c`t# ja|cm ajj|t ke z|jh `jja|n}z `jj|t`}lc{ j`r}|tlm }hl n`}|tl ae gl`nknf (H`dltg`z 0;;<+.4= Kn gamlz ae kn}ltrltzan`c jagg|nkj`}kan#`nm }hkz knjc|mlz `cc zajk`c ckel `nm rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz `z vlcc `z kn}t`' `nmkn}lt'j|c}|t c jagg|nkj`}kanz# jlt}`kn rtlz|rrazk}kanz `da|} da}h }hlzlg`n}kj z}`dkck}{ ae }hl c`nf|`fl |zlm `nm }hl zknjltk}{# t`}kan`ck}{# `nm

4: @z vl hùl gln}kanlm# }hkz iknm ae `rrta`jh kz ae}ln r`t} ae uklvz knzrktlm d{ Hlkmlfflt. Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll Mtl{e|zz 0;;0 `nm H`|flc`nm 0;84.

4= Eat mkzj|zzkan zll Vhk}l 0;;0.




`|}hln}kjk}{ ae }hl zrlìltz kn p|lz}kan# g|z} |nmltckl }hazl kn}lt`j}kanz eat `n{ gl`nknfe|c tlzranzlz }a dl g`ml.

@ zkgkc`t rakn} lgltflz `cza etag }hl raz}'gamltn knzkz}lnjl anjan}kn|`c tlkn}lttaf`}kan ae magkn`n} gl`nknfz# knjc|mknf janjlr}kanzae zlce `nm a}hlt. Ke z|jh janz}`n} tljanzkmlt`}kan g|z} }ìl rc`jl `ganf rltzanz# }hln }hl r`t}kjkr`n}z kn }hazl mkzj|zzkanz g|z} `zz|gl# `} cl`z}rtaukzkan`cc{# }hl zknjltk}{# `|}hln}kjk}{# `nm d`zkj t`}kan`ck}{ ae }hlkt kn}ltcaj|}atz# `z vlcc `z }hlgzlculz. ]hkz g|z} dl za ke }hl a|}jaglz ae z|jh mkzj|zzkanz `tl }a hùl `n{ natg`}kul r|tjh`zl eat }hl r`t}kjkr`n}z.Eat }hl gaz} r`t}# eat lx`grcl# raz}'gamltn }hlatkz}z vtk}l `z ke }hlkt `|mklnjl malz na} `zz|gl ` jagrcl}l c`ji ae z}`dkck}{ `nm `flnj{ an }hlkt

r`t}. Tlj`cc hav Itkz}lu` mlzjtkdlm }hl `}}tkd|}kan ae `flnj{ `z ` |zle|ckcc|zkan? k} kz kcc|zat{ (rlth`rz+ `} anl clulc# d|} lzzln}k`c ‚ gatl }h`ngltlc{ |zle|c ‚ kn }hl kn}ltrltzan`c kn}ltrc`{ `ganf gamltn `nm raz}'gamltn elccav }tùlcltz.

]hl kgrckj`}kanz eat }hl kn}ltrltzan`c m{n`gkjz ae `flnj{ vkcc dllxrcatlm kn c`}lt jh`r}ltz. @ rakn} }a lgrh`zkl hltl kz }h`} knzae`t `zgl`nknfz `z vlcc `z `flnj{ k}zlce `tl janz}`n}c{ z|dolj} }a kn}lttaf`}kan`nm tlukzkan kn }hl raz}'gamltn rkj}|tl# z|jh tluklv g|z} dl lnf`flm knd{ knmkukm|`cz vhazl kmln}k}{ `nm gknkg`c t`}kan`ck}{ vkcc dl `zz|glm }adl z}`dcl m|tknf }h`} rtajlzz ae lnf`flgln}. Vhkcl jlt}`knc{ }hl zlce'tlffllxkul z}t|j}|tl ae raz}'gamltn }hlat{ h`z dlln vlcc na}lm ‚ vhltl na}anc{ }hl }hlatklz d|} }hl }hlatkz}z kn p|lz}kan `tl z|dolj} }a }hl mlffl`'}kan`t{ `jja|n} ae gl`nknf }hl{ }hlgzlculz lnmatzl ‚ vh`} h`z na} dllnna}lm z|jkln}c{ kz }hl mlftll }a vhkjh mkzj|zzkan# jtk}kp|l# `nm luln }hlmlulcargln} ae flnl`cafklz janjltnknf magkn`n} gl`nknfz# kz ` zajk`c#kn}ltrltzan`c rtajlzz. ]hkz g|z} dl ` rtajlzz vhazl r`t}kjkr`n}z `tl `dcl}a rc`jl }hl mkzkn}lft`}lm n`}|tl ae }hlkt avn kmln}k}klz zaglhav `} d`{#

rlth`rz }hta|fh }hl ktankj mkz}`njknf mkzj|zzlm d{ Tat}{ (0;8;+#at }hta|fh }hl r|tlc{ z}t`}lfkj |zl ae }hl }tarlz ae h|g`nkzg eat }hl r|trazlz ae rack}kj`c z}t|ffcl `nm u`c|l `t}kj|c`}kan# `z a}hltz hùlz|fflz}lm (zll# l.f.# D|}clt 0;;<+.

K va|cm rtlzz }hl rakn} e|t}hlt# n`glc{ }h`} anc{ t`tlc{ ma }hl `|}hatzae }lx}z mlelnmknf }hl et`fkck}{ ae kmln}k}{ `nm }hl ffl|kmk}{ ae gl`nknf }hlgzlculz mkzrc`{ `n{}hknf d|} ` eat}htkfh}c{ t`}kan`c# mkzj|tzkul# `|}hln'}kj# `nm zknjltl rltzan` kn }hl rtlzln}`}kanz ae }hlkt uklvz. @nm `r`t}etag `j`mlgkj vtk}knf# `j}|`c rack}kj`c `nm zajk`c lnf`flgln} g|z} dl

r`t} ae }hl nlfa}k`}kan ae kmln}k}klz }h`} }hl tlolj}kan ae gamltnkzg k}zlce j`ccz eat}h? kn tlolj}knf `n |njh`nfknf ea|nm`}kan`ckz} gl}`rh{zkjz `nm`cc }h`} tlz}z |ran k}# vl nlult}hlclzz g|z} jan}kn|l mkzj|zzkanz `nm

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} 5:



kn}lt`j}kanz vk}h `j}|`c a}hltz vhazl uklvrakn} `nm zlce'tlrat}z vl vkcc(knmllm g|z}+ }ìl zltka|zc{# `nm `z zagl}hknf a}hlt }h`n z{z}lg`}kj`cc{

mlc|mlm rc`{z ae mkfl

ltlnjl. ]a uklv a|t jagr`nkanz `nm jagt`mlz kn `n{ a}hlt v`{ ‚ }a janzkmlt }hlg `z gltlc{ }hl janfflkj}lm m|rlz ae |njanzjka|zravlt m{n`gkjz# vk}ha|} ` jln}lt ae `flnj{ at ` tlck`dcl tlffllj}kulj`r`jk}{ ‚ kz }a }tl`} }hlg (`nm a|tzlculz+ `z `j}atz kn ` rc`{# }a dlml`c} vk}h `z adz}`jclz `nm d`ttkltz t`}hlt }h`n rltzanz vhazl uklvrakn}zg`}}lt jt|jk`cc{ }a |z.4<

]hkz# }hln# rakn}z }a }hl tlc`}kanzhkr dl}vlln kn}ltrltzan`c m{n`gkjz`nm }hl zackmkffj`}kan ae ` caj|z ae zlce. ]h`} kz# rt`j}kjlz ae fkuknf tl`zanz`nm hacmknf `fln}z `jja|n}`dcl# da}h eat }hlkt `j}kanz `nm }hlkt vatmz#

zlj|tl ` caj`}kan eat ` jaggk}}lm –zlce ‗ kn zagl v`{ at `na}hlt (`z vl z`v kn a|t lx`gkn`}kan ae D|}clt+. Luln ke vl `mgk} }h`} }hl gl`nknfz d{

vhkjh }hl jan}ln}z ae }h`} zlce `tl lxrtlzzlm g`{ dl ffl|km# zha} }hta|fh vk}h `gdkf|k}{# kgg|nl }a }t|}h'e|nj}kan`c `n`c{zkz# `nm tkmmln vk}h }hllfl lj}z ae zajk`c ravlt# }hl kn}ltrltzan`c lxjh`nflz knuaculm kn zknjltljagg|nkj`}kan ffx ` r|dckj gl`nknf an}a }hl r`t}kjkr`n}‛z lxrtlzzkanz ae hltzlce. @ –zlce ‗ kz jtl`}lm# `z k} vltl# a|} ae z|jh lxjh`nflz# luln ke }hldlcklez at jaggk}gln}z at u`c|lz }h`} `tl za jtl`}lm mkm na} lxkz} kn ` r|tleatg (e|cc{ }t`nzr`tln} }a }hl rltzan hltzlce+ rtkat }a }h`} lxrtlzzkan(dlj`|zl `zrlj}z ae }hlg vltl |njanzjka|z eat lx`grcl+. Vl j`n# eat `tf|gln}‛z zìl# }hln# `jjlr} at dl `fnaz}kj `da|} g|jh ae }hl cknlz ae }ha|fh} dta|fh} a|} hltl d|} z}kcc `tf|l# `z H`dltg`z malz# }h`} }hlm{n`gkjz ae jagg|nkj`}kan `nm mlckdlt`}kan ffx }hl c`nf|`fl `nm jan'mk}kanz ae u`ckmk}{ ae zlce'lxrtlzzkanz.

D|} K zha|cm `mm# o|z} `z }hkz `tf|gln} eaj|zlz an }hl kn}ltrltzan`clclgln} ae zlce'janz}t|j}kan# }hltl kz `n kn}lt'}lgrat`c lclgln} `z vlcc? o|z}`z kn}ltrltzan c kn}lt`j}kanz zltul }a zlj|tl ` zl} ae jaggk}gln}z `nm u c|lz

`z r`t} ae ` rltzan‛z zlce'janjlr}# glgat{ `nm rc`nnknf ma za `cza. Ae ja|tzl# `z tlffllj}kanz an rltzan`c kmln}k}{ hùl zhavn# glgat{ `canl

j`nna} ml}ltgknl }hl lxkz}lnjl ae ` zlce ault }kgl# zknjl ml}ltgknknf vhl}hlt glgatklz `tl u`ckm tlp|ktlz ml}ltgknknf kmln}k}{# d|} glgatklzma rtaukml ` zlnzl ae anlzlce ault }kgl# luln ke z}tkj} gl}`rh{zkj`c kmln}k}{ j`nna} dl za ml}ltgknlm. Kn jh`r}lt < dlcav K vkcc lx`gknl }hkz `zrlj} ae zlcehaam kn g|jh gatl ml}`kc.

4< ]hkz kz na} }a mln{ Ktkz [a|nf ‛z jc`kg }h`} `c}ltn`}kul# nan'mkzj|tzkul gamlz ae lxrtlzzkan g|z} dl

`ccavlm kn zagl eatg kn r|dckj mkzja|tzl kn atmlt eat mkfl ltlnjlz kn jagg|nkj`}kul z}{clz }a dl`jjaggam`}lm ([a|nf 0;;2d+. G{ jc`kg kz na}# `} }hkz rakn} `} cl`z}# }h`} lxrtlzzkan g|z} }ìl an`n{ r`t}kj|c`t eatg# anc{ }h`} k} dl zknjltl# `|}hln}kj# `nm gknkg`cc{ t`}kan`c }a e|nj}kan `mlp|`}lc{ kn kn}ltrltzan`c lxjh`nfl.




G{ ault`cc jc`kg kn }hkz mkzj|zzkan h`z dlln }h`} vl j`n# eat }hl zìl ae `tf|gln}# `jjlr} g`n{ ae }hl flnlt`c jc`kgz mkzj|zzlm kn }hkz jh`r}lt.

Eat lx`grcl# }hl uklv ae }hl (gamlc ae }hl+ zlce }h`} e|nj}kanz kn }hljanjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ mlulcarlm hltl j`n `jjlr} }h`} gl`nknf `nm}hl cknf|kz}kj lxrtlzzkanz }h`} z}t|j}|tl `nm janul{ k} g`{ dl gatl u`tk`dcl`nm |nz}`dcl }h`n }t`mk}kan`c gamlcz ae mkzj|tzkul (}t|}h'e|nj}kan`c+ rta'razk}kan`c c`nf|`fl `zz|gl. Ral}kj`c zrlljh# th{}hgz# `nm zlnz|`c p|`ck}klzae vatmz# `nm }hl flz}|tlz `nm damkc{ `zrlj}z ae lxrtlzzkan janul{ gl`nknf d|} `tl na} }hlgzlculz z|dolj} }a cafkj`c `n`c{zkz vk}hkn }t|}h'e|nj}kan`czlg`n}kjz. Havlult# vhkcl gl}`rhatkj`c lxrtlzzkan fff|tlz kttlm|jkdc{ kn jagg|nkj`}kan# k} j`nna} dl jagrcl}lc{ kgg|nl }a `cc kn}ltrltzan`cc{

ultkff`dcl t|clz ae gl`nknf# zknjl jagg|nkj`}kan vk}h a}hltz `nm }hlultkffj`}kan (kn zagl zlnzl+ ae jc`kgz nljlzzk}`}l z|jh r|dckj t|clz.Zljanm# vl j`n `jjlr} }h`} g`n{ `zrlj}z ae ` rltzan‛z ga}ku`}kanz# dlcklez#`nm }hl gl`nknfz ae hlt janzjka|z }ha|fh}z `tl kn`jjlzzkdcl }a hlt jan'zjka|z tlffllj}kanz9 `nm lclgln}z ae }hazl gl`nknfz `tl ffxlm d{ }hl |n`t}k'j|c`}lm |nmltzkmlz ae }hl }ltgknacaf{ zhl |zlz (}h`} kz# }hl –a}hlt ‗ ae }h`}}ltgknacaf{ vhazl mkfl ltlnjl ml}ltgknlz k}z gl`nknf+. Il{ janjlr}|`ck`'}kanz knuaculm kn hlt tlffllj}kanz g`{ vlcc dl janz}k}|}lm d{ zajk`c rtajlzzlz}h`} `tl# kn }|tn# z}t|j}|tlm d{ tlc`}kanz ae ravlt.

[l}# `jjlr}knf `cc }h`}# vl j`n z}kcc jc`kg }h`} ` –zlce ‗ `tkzlz a|} ae }hlr|dckj# kn}ltrltzan`c kn}lt`j}kanz }h`} zknjltl jagg|nkj`}kan knuaculz.

Vl jaggk} a|tzlculz }a ffxlm gl`nknfz luln ke }hl gl`nknfz ae a|t kn}ltn`c tlffllj}kanz `tl tkel vk}h ffl|kmk}{ `nm `gdkf|k}{# da}h janzjka|z`nm |njanzjka|z. Mlzrk}l }hl e`j} }h`} raz}'gamltnkzg ae }hkz zat} kzae}ln |zlm }a ol}}kzan }`ci ae zlce'faultngln} (`nm hlnjl `|}anag{+ `z ` natg`}kulc{ jahltln} gamlc ae }hl rack}kj`c z|dolj}# k} vkcc dl g{ jc`kghltl }h`} nanl ae }hlzl cknlz ae }ha|fh} razlz ` zltka|z }htl`} }a `

janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ }h`} `ccavz }h`} }hl zlce ae zlce'faultngln}g`{ dl `z ffl|km# ar`p|l# `nm `gatrha|zc{ z}t|j}|tlm `z }hlzl cknlz ae }ha|fh} z|fflz} k} kz. ]hl rtaae ae }h`} jc`kg# havlult# cklz kn r|mmknf {l}}a dl g`ml# ` }`zi }ìln |r kn r`t} KK dlcav.

]hl raz}'gamltn z|dolj} 5<



j h ` r } l t =

]hl n`tt`}kul zlce

Kn jh`r}lt 4 vl mkzj|zzlm ukzkanz ae }hl zlce }h`} lgrh`zklm }hl zajk`clclgln}z tlclu`n} }a k}z janz}k}|}kan. Hltl vl }ìl |r ` }hlgl }h`} jannlj}zat}hafan`cc{ }a }h`} ukzkan# }hl janjlr}kan ae zlculz `z na}hknf d|} ` zlp|lnjl ae lxrltklnjlz# `j}z# }t`k}z# `nm o|mfgln}z }h`} hùl ` r`t}kj|c`t eatg. ]hkz uklv `jjlr}z }hl razzkdkck}{ }h`} }hl dlcklez# `}}k}|mlz# at mkzra'zk}kanz }h`} `tl r`t} ae }hl zlce `tl zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm# d|} janjc|mlz }h`}

vh`} gìlz ` jacclj}kan ae dlcklez# `}}k}|mlz# at mkzrazk}kanz (caj`}lm kn ` zknfcl dkacafkj`c dam{+ ` zlce kz }h`} }hl zl} kz z}t|j}|tlm kn jlt}`kn v`{# knr`t}kj|c`t kn ` n`tt`}kul eatg.

K v`n} }a lx`gknl }hkz uklv kn atmlt }a `zzlzz k}z |zle|cnlzz kn }hl jan}lx}ae ` rack}kj`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce. Vh`} vl vkcc zll kz }h`} k}z |zle|cnlzz

`tkzlz na} za g|jh etag }hl n`}|tl ae n`tt`}kul ‚ }hl r`t}kj|c`t z}t|j}|tl}h`} mlffnlz n`tt`}kuk}{ `nm hlnjl r|trat}lmc{ mkz}knf|kzhlz za'j`cclmzlculz etag nan'zlculz ‚ d|} etag }hl `dkck}{ }a eatg n`tt`}kulz (vh`}lult }hazl `tl+. ]h`} kz# }hl tlffllj}kul j`r`jk}{ }a kn}ltrtl} }hl lclgln}z ae anl‛z ckel (lxrltklnjlz# dlcklez# `j}z+ kn}a ` |nkp|l `nm jahltln} z}t|j}|tlkz vh`} gìlz }hl rltzan vha zhl kz# na} nljlzz`tkc{ }hl e`j} }h`} }hazljan}ln}z hùl }hl zh`rl ae ` faam z}at{.

k . d ` j i f t a | n m

Kn ` vkml `tt`{ ae fflcmz kn tljln} {l`tz# }hl jc`kg }h`} zlculz (at rltzan`ck}klz#at rltzanz+ ja|n} `z ` zknfcl ln}k}{ anc{ ke }hl lclgln}z }h`} janz}k}|}l}hlg `tl zh`rlm kn }hl eatg ae ` n`tt`}kul h`z f`knlm lnatga|z rar|c`tk}{.Kn rhkcazarhkj`c `nm zajk`c zjkln}kffj tlzl`tjh ‚ an }hlatklz ae }hl zlce# }hlrltzan# }hl janmk}kanz }h`} gìl eat ` zknfcl (`z arrazlm }a g|c}krcl+rltzan`ck}{ ‚ }hl jc`kg kz g`ml }h`} }a dl ` zknfcl z|jh ln}k}{ (zlce# rltzan#rltzan`ck}{+ }hl r`t}kj|c`t –jan}ln}z‗ ae }h`} ln}k}{ g|z} dl zh`rlm kn }hleatg ae ` n`tt`}kul. ]hl kml` kz }h`} zlculz# rltzanz# rltzan`ck}klz# `nm za an

55



jan}`kn lclgln}z z|jh `z lxrltklnjlz# `j}z# `nm damkc{ jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz. Z|jhjacclj}kanz `tl zagl}kglz za mkzjannlj}lm }h`} vl va|cm na} z`{ }h`} `

zknfcl rltzan at rltzan`ck}{ ajj|rklz ` r`t}kj|c`t dam{# d|} t`}hlt zlult`cz|jh ln}k}klz ma za. ]h`} dlknf za# vl nllm jtk}ltk` eat ml}ltgknknf ` clulcae |nk}{ at jan}kn|k}{ }h`} g`tiz ` zknfcl z|jh ln}k}{. ]hl jtk}ltk` an afl lt hltl kz }h`} ae n`tt`}kul |nk}{? }hl lxrltklnjlz `nm j}kanz ae ` dam{ ja|n} `z}h`} ae ` zknfcl zlce anc{ vhln }hl{ j`n dl fta|rlm kn}a n`tt`}kul eatg.A}hltvkzl# }hltl `tl zlult`c zlculz (at z|jjlzzkul zlculz+ ajj|r{knf ` dam{.]hkz tlp|ktlgln} e|nj}kanz kn `jja|n}z ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{ ault }kgl#kn uklvz ae vh`} mkfl ltln}k`}lz anl rltzan`ck}{ etag `na}hlt (kn j`zlz ae za'j`cclm g|c}krcl'rltzan`ck}{ mkzatmlt# eat lx`grcl+# `nm kn rz{jhacafkj`c

gamlcz ae }hl zlce'janjlr}# `ganf a}hlt `tl`z. Vl `tl }a kg`fknl hltl }h`} }hl –lclgln}z‗ K `g mlzjtkdknf (lxrltklnjlz#

`j}kanz# damkc{ }t`k}z+ j`n dl janzkmltlm tlffllj}kulc{ d{ ` janzjka|znlzzajj|r{knf }hl dam{ kn p|lz}kan.0 ]hl kgrckj`}kan ae }hlzl }hlatklz vl `tlmkzj|zzknf kz }h`} ` z|dolj} tlffllj}knf an glgatklz `nm lxrltklnjlz kn ` v`{ }h`} malz na} mkzrc`{ n`tt`}kuk}{ va|cm e`kc }hl }lz} ae dlknf ` zknfcl# |nkp|l#rltzan`ck}{.

D|} }hkz t`kzlz }hl p|lz}kan }h`} vkcc dl }hl eaj|z ae gaz} ae a|t mkzj|zzkan kn }hkz jh`r}lt# n`glc{ vh`} }hkz tlp|ktlgln} ae n`tt`}kuk}{ `ga|n}z }a `z ` zlr`t`}l jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ae dlknf ` z|dolj} ae lxrltklnjlzae `n{ zat}# `nm vhl}hlt k} `mmz `n{}hknf z|dz}`n}kul }a }hl janmk}kanzae rltzanhaam ault `nm `daul }hl tlp|ktlgln} }h`} }hl z|dolj} tlffllj}`nm kn}ltrtl} –hlt avn‗ lxrltklnjlz. K vkcc `tf|l hltl kn e`j} }h`} }hljanjlr} ae n`tt`}kuk}{ kn }hlzl jan}lx}z g|z} dl |nr`jilm# `nm }h`} kng`n{ ae }hl v`{z kn vhkjh }hkz kml` j`n dl |nmltz}aam (v`{z ae}ln na}zrljkffj`cc{ t|clm a|} d{ }hl }hlatkz}z kn p|lz}kan+# k} kz kgrc`|zkdcl }a z`{ }h`} }hl z|dolj}kul z}t|j}|tl ae }hl lxrltklnjlz ae ` rltzan (zlce# rltzan'

`ck}{# `nm za eat}h+ g|z} dl ae n`tt`}kul eatg eat }hazl lxrltklnjlz }aja`clzjl kn}a ` |nk}{.Dleatl dlfknnknf# vl zha|cm }ìl na}l ae }hl v`{z kn vhkjh }hl

n`tt`}kul janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce e|nj}kanz kn u`tka|z }hlatl}kj`c `tln`z.Kn rhkcazarh{# tleltlnjl }a }hl n`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tl ae ckulz at rltzan ck}klz`rrl`tz kn ` u`tkl}{ ae zl}}knfz? }hlatklz ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{# uklvz `da|}}hl n`}|tl ae zlculz at }hl |nk}{ ae janzjka|znlzz# `nm zajk`c `nm rack}kj`c

0 ]hkz z}t`nfl }`ci ae janzjka|znlzzlz ajj|r{knf damklz kz |neat}|n`}l# `nm kz na} gl`n} }a j`tt{

gl}`rh{zkj`c kgrckj`}kanz (}h`} gln}`c ln}k}klz `tl –kn‗ rh{zkj`c anlz eat lx`grcl+. D|} k} kz eatjlm an|z eat }hl gagln} }a ùakm ult{ jc|ni{ mkzo|nj}kanz# z|jh `z –tlffllj}kan an lxrltklnjlz# `j}kanz# `nmdamkc{ }t`k}z }ìlz rc jl `} }kgl d{ n lgdamklm ln}k}{ vha g`{ at g`{ na} dl ` zknfcl zlce# rltzan# at rltzan`ck}{.‗

]hl n`tt`}kul zlce 56



}hlatklz zrljke{knf }hl jagg|nk}`tk`n at zajk`cc{ lgdlmmlm janmk}kanzae rltzanhaam.4 Kn }hlzl jan}lx}z# `nm kn ` u`tkl}{ ae v`{z# }hl uklv kz

rtafl

ltlm }h`} zagl}hknf j`cclm–

n`tt`}kuk}{ ‗

kz `n kmln}kff

`dcl jh`t`j}lt'kz}kj ae }hl zlp|lnjl ae glgatklz# tlffllj}kanz# `j}kanz# gln}`c luln}z# at a}hlt z|jh e`j}atz }h`} g`tiz }hlg a|} `z |nkfflm `nm knmkukm|`cklm.N`tt`}kuk}{ kz gl`n} }a hlcr lxrc`kn vh`} k} gl`nz }a dl ` |nkp|l#knmkukm|`cklm z|dolj} ae lxrltklnjlz# `z arrazlm }a ` mkzzajk`}lm# mkzjan'nlj}lm zltklz ae (rlth`rz r`t}k c+ zlculz.

@ zkgkc`t kml` j`n dl ea|nm kn `jja|n}z ae }hl zlce at zlce'janjlr} `zrtlzln}lm kn rz{jhacaf{ `nm }hl zajk`c zjklnjlz. Eat lx`grcl# zagl }hlatklzae zlce'janjlr} |zl n`tt`}kuk}{ `z ` gamlc eat }hl e`j}atz }h`} ml}ltgknl

vhl}hlt glgatklz# zlce'tlrat}z# `nm lxrltklnjlz ckl vk}hkn }hl jatl ae }hl rltzan‛z zlnzl ae zlce.: Kn ml`cknf vk}h za'j`cclm g|c}krcl'rltzan`ck}{ mkzatmlt# rz{jhacafkz}z hùl jc`kglm }h`} }hl kgrtlzzkanz# glgatklz# rlt'zan`ck}{ }t`k}z# `nm }hl ckil }h`} ` z|dolj} lxrltklnjlz ja|n} `z ` zknfclrltzan`ck}{ (vk}hkn }hl rltzan+ vhln }hlzl lxrltklnjlz ff} kn}a `n kmln}kff'`dcl n`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tl (zll Ec`n`f`n 0;;5 `nm H`jiknf 0;;<9 eat flnlt`cmkzj|zzkan zll T`mmln 0;;5+. Rz{jha`n`c{}kj }hlatkz}z hùl `cza |zlm }hlgamlc ae n`tt`}kul |nk}{ kn }hlt`rl|}kj zl}}knfz z ` }lgrc`}l }hta|fh vhkjh}a janz}t|j} ` vatiknf janjlr}kan ae ` rltzan‛z (rlth`rz z|rrtlzzlm+ jatllfa (Etllg`n 0;;:9 Zjhèlt 0;809 `nm Zrlnjl 0;8= +.

Kn g`n{ ae }hlzl jan}lx}z# havlult# knz|jkln} `}}ln}kan kz fkuln }a}hl jagrclxk}{ `nm u`tk`dkck}{ ae }hl kml` ae ` n`tt`}kul. @nm vk}ha|}j`tle|c `n`c{zkz ae }hkz janjlr}# n`tt`}kul }hlatklz vkcc dl `} dlz} knjag'rcl}l `nm `} vatz} kgrc`|zkdcl an }hlkt e`jl. @z K vkcc rakn} a|} kn vh`}eaccavz# }hl kml` ae n`tt`}kuk}{ fkulz tkzl }a g`n{ kn}ltrtl}`}kanz# zlult`c ae

vhkjh va|cm dl |nvlcjagl kn }hl }hlatl}kj`c jan}lx}z kn p|lz}kan.Knmllm# K v`n} }a `tf|l }h`} |nmlt gaz} kn}ltrtl}`}kanz ae }hl kml` ae

n`tt`}kuk}{ j|cclm etag cknf|kz}kjz# ck}lt`t{ }hlat{# `nm rhkcazarh{# }hljanmk}kan ae n`tt`}kuk}{ eat }hl |nk}{ ae zlculz# rltzanz# `nm rltzan`ck}klzkz lk}hlt kgrc`|zkdcl at a}kazl.= G{ r|trazl vkcc dl }a |nr`ji }hl janjlr}

4 @}iknz 42289 Mlnnl}} 0;88# 0;8;9 Ec`n`f`n 0;;59 G`jKn}{tl 0;809 Zjhljh}g`n 0;;59 ]`{cat 0;;09 `nmUlcclg`n 422<. Eat ` }tl`}gln} ae n`tt`}kuk}{ `nm }hl zlce vk}h vhkjh g{ }tl`}gln} h`z g|jh knjaggan# zll Facmkl 422:.

: Zll# eat lx`grcl# Dt|nlt 0;8:d9 Jahclt 0;849 `nm I`f`n 0;8;9 eat `n aultuklv ae ck}lt`}|tl an }hl zlce'janjlr} flnlt`cc{# zll Tazz 0;;4.

= ]hlzl p|lz}kanz `tl na} kn}lnmlm `z ` e|cc'ffllmflm jtk}kjkzg ae `n{ ae }hl uklvz K mlzjtkdl9 knmllm# K ma

na} lxrckj`}l `n{ ae }hlzl uklvz kn lna|fh ml}`kc }a jtk}kjkl }hlg clfk}kg`}lc{. T`}hlt# g{ kn}ln}kanz`tl gatl flnlt`c `nm etklnmcklt# kn }h`} K v`n} }a knzkz}# `z ` nljlzz`t{ lx}lnzkan ae }hazl uklvz# }h`} }hljanmk}kan ae n`tt`}kuk}{ g|z} dl |nr`jilm `nm }h`} g`n{ ae k}z }{rkj`c gl`nknfz `tl kn`mlp|`}l }a }hl}hlatl}kj`c rtaolj}z kn p|lz}kan.




ae n`tt`}kuk}{ }h`} vkcc gìl zlnzl ae }hl |nk}{ ae zlculz d|} vkcc# gatlkgrat}`n}c{# `km |z kn }hl uklv ae `|}anag{ mlulcarlm dlcav.

k k . } h l n ` t t ` } k u k } { j a n m k } k a n

Vh`} malz k} gl`n }a z`{ }h`} n`tt`}kul |nk}{ kz zagl}hknf ault `nm `daultlffllj}kul (zlce'+kn}ltrtl}`}kan `nm }h`} }hkz |nk}{ rc`|zkdc{ rkjiz a|} ` |nkp|l ln}k}{ (` zlce# ` rltzan# ` rltzan`ck}{+1 ]a hlcr `nzvlt }h`} p|lz'}kan cl} |z caai `} }hl v`{ kn vhkjh }hl jc`kg }h`} n`tt`}kuk}{ mlffnlzrltzanhaam kn zagl v`{ ajj|tz kn n|glta|z eatgz kn u`tka|z zl}}knfz.<

G`t{` Zjhljh}g`n# eat lx`grcl# h`z mlulcarlm ` }hlat{ ae rltzan`ckmln}k}{ kn vhkjh zhl `tf|lz }h`} }hl |nke{knf lclgln} ae ` (zknfcl+rltzan‛z ckel kz }hl n`tt`}kul eatg ae lxrltklnjl (Zjhljh}g`n 0;;5+. Zhl|zlz }hkz adzltu`}kan `z ` v`{ ae janz}t|j}knf ` }hlat{ ae kmln}k}{ }h`}`nzvltz }hl –jh`t`j}ltk`}kan p|lz}kan‗ ‚ }hl p|lz}kan ae vh`} jh`t`j}lt'klz ` rltzan ault }kgl ‚ t`}hlt }h`n }hl –tlkmln}kffj`}kan p|lz}kan‗ ‚ }hlp|lz}kan ae hav }a tlkmln}ke{ ` rltzan ault }kgl (`tf|knf }h`} }hl eatglt p|lz}kan zrlìz gatl mktlj}c{ }a }hl janjltnz }h`} vl lxrlj} rltzan`ckmln}k}{ }a `nzvlt# z|jh `z z|tuku`c# gat`c tlzranzkdkck}{# zlce'kn}ltlz}lm

janjltn# `nm jagrlnz`}kan+. Rltzanz j`n dl mkz}knf|kzhlm etag gltlc{ janzjka|z# zln}kln} knmkukm|`cz dlj`|zl ae }hl n`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tl ae }hlkt lxrltklnjlz. Zjhljh}g`n vtk}lz }h`} –knmkukm|`cz janz}k}|}l }hlgzlculz `zrltzanz d{ jagknf }a }hkni ae }hlgzlculz `z rltzkz}knf z|dolj}z vha hùlh`m lxrltklnjl kn }hl r`z} `nm vkcc jan}kn|l }a hùl lxrltklnjl kn }hle|}|tl# }ìknf jlt}`kn lxrltklnjlz `z }hlktz ‥ YRltzanzW vlùl z}atklz ae }hlkt ckulz‗ (Zjhljh}g`n 0;;5# ;= +. D{ v`{ ae lx`grcl# zhl jan}t`z}z ` –rltzan‗ kn hlt zlnzl vk}h ` D|mmhkz} vha h`z `jhklulm ` z`}atk'ckilmkzzac|}kan ae }hl zlce# vhltl l`jh rltzan }kgl zckjl tljafnklz k}zlce `z `

zlr`t`}l lxkz}lnjl# vk}ha|} tlf`tm }a e|}|tl at r`z}. Vh`} kz c`jiknf knz|jh ` j`zl kz ` cknl`t jannlj}kan `ganf }hl luln}z lxrltklnjlm d{ }hlz|dolj}# ` jannlj}kan }h`} janeatgz }a }hl z}t|j}|tl ae e`gkck`t n`tt`}kulz.5

< ]hl jc`kg K `g mkzj|zzknf jaglz kn ` u`tkl}{ ae eatgz# `} }kglz janjltnknf }hl n`}|tl ae –rltzanz#‗–zlculz#‗ –knmkukm|`cz#‗ –ckulz#‗ at –rltzan`ck}klz.‗ Zknjl K v`n} }a r`kn} vk}h }hkz dta`m jtk}kj`c dt|zh#K vkcc |zl }hlzl }ltgz kn}ltjh`nfl`dc{ }a tlelt }a }hl `tt`{ ae }hlatklz kn p|lz}kan.

5 Zjhljh}g`n 0;;5# 022‚020# jk}knf Mltli R t ff} `z ` za|tjl ae }hl D|mmhkz} lx`grcl. K} g`{ na} dl jcl t

hav }h`} `tf|gln} kz gl`n} }a vati# havlult# zknjl vl `tl }a kg`fknl `n knmkukm|`c vha na canflt g`kn}`knz ` jan}kn|a|z janzjka|znlzz kn atmlt }a zhav }h`} n`tt`}kuk}{ kz nljlzz`t{ eat rltzanhaam.D|} }hkz `tf|gln} malz na} lz}`dckzh }h } n`tt`}kuk}{ kz `n{}hknf ault `nm `daul jan}kn|a|zjanzjka|znlzz.

]hl n`tt`}kul zlce 5;



Eat Zjhljh}g`n# ` n`tt`}kul h`z }hl –eatg `nm }hl cafkj ae ` z}at{ ‥

vhltl ‘z}at{ ‛ kz |nmltz}aam z januln}kan`c# cknl`t n`tt`}kul‗ (Zjhljh}g`n

0;;5# ;5+. Zhl p|a}lz Oltagl Dt|nlt }a lc`dat`}l?– @ n`tt`}kul kz jagrazlmae ` |nkp|l zlp|lnjl ae luln}z# gln}`c z}`}lz# h`rrlnknfz knuacuknf h|g`n

dlknfz `z jh`t`j}ltz at `j}atz. ]hlzl `tl k}z janz}k}|ln}z ‥ ]hlkt gl`nknf kz fkuln d{ }hlkt rc`jl kn }hl ault`cc janfff|t`}kan ae }hl zlp|lnjl `z `

vhacl ‚ k}z rca} at e`d|c` ‗ (Dt|nlt 0;;2# =:‚== +.Kn zrlccknf a|} vh`} zhl gl`nz d{ n`tt`}kuk}{ kn hlt }hlat{# Zjhljh}g`n

jcl`tc{ tlcklz an }hl kml` ae jc`zzkj`c# cknl`t# z}atklz# }ha|fh zhl rakn}z a|}}h`} z|jh n`tt`}kulz j`n }ìl g`n{ eatgz. Nlult}hlclzz# }hl eatg }h`} z|jhn`tt`}kulz }ìl g|z} dl zajk`cc{ tljafnk`dcl kn ` j|c}|tl eat }hlzl zlp|lnjlz

}a ja|n} `z ` |nk}{? –]a dl kmln}k}{'mlffnknf `n knmkukm|`c‛z zlce'n`tt`}kulg|z} janeatg kn jlt}`kn jt|jk`c tlzrlj}z }a }hl n`tt`}kul a}hltz }lcc ae hkzckel‗ (Zjhljh}g`n 0;;5# ;5+. Zhl jc kgz# }ha|fh# }h`} }a }hl lx}ln} }h`} nan' z}`nm`tm n`tt`}kulz atf`nkl ` rltzan‛z ckel# }h`} knmkukm|`c‛z –rltzanhaam‗

kz }hltleatl nan'z}`nm`tm (tlc`}kul }a ` j|c}|tl+?

@ e`gkc{ ae gaz}c{ aultc`rrknf n`tt`}kul eatgz `nm }hl rt`j}kjlz }h`} fa vk}h}hlg ja|n}# eat a|t r|trazlz# `z z}`nm`tm ckel z}atklz# `nm za `z }hl iknm ae n`tt`}kulz }h`} |nrtadclg`}kj`cc{ janz}k}|}l ` rltzan kn a|t zlnzl ae }hl vatm.N`tt`}kul z}{clz a|}zkml }hkz e`gkc{ at fta|r vhkjh tl}`kn jlt}`kn ae k}z gaz} d`zkjel`}|tlz `cza janz}k}|}l rltzanz# d|} rltzanz |nckil |z. Vhln ` zlce'janjlr}kandljaglz vkcmc{ mkfl ltln} kn eatg etag }hazl z}`nm`tm kn a|t j|c}|tl ‚ eat lx`grcl#` zlce'janjlr}kan }h`} kz na} luln kn n`tt`}kul eatg ‚ }hl n`tt`}kul zlce'janz}k}|}kanuklv malz na} janzkmlt k} kmln}k}{ janz}k}|}knf `} `cc# nat }hazl vha atf`nkl }hlkt lxrltklnjl }hkz v`{ `z rltzanz. (0;= ‚0;<+

Zjhljh}g`n `cza `mmz janz}t`kn}z an }hl iknm ae n`tt`}kulz }h`} ja|n} `zrltzan'janz}k}|}knf? `n `t}kj|c`}kan janz}t`kn} ‚ ` rltzan g|z} dl `dcl }a fkul`n lxrc`n`}kan ae hlt `j}z d{ ukt}|l ae r`z} at rtlzln} `j}kanz at }t`k}z ‚ `nm `

tl`ck}{ janz}t`kn}# tlp|ktknf }h`} }hl n`tt`}kul na} jan}`kn lftlfka|z e`j}|`c at kn}ltrtl}kul lttatz. Za eat Zjhljh}g`n ` rltzan j`n dl jh`t`j}ltklm `z lxkz}knf |nkp|lc{ ault }kgl anc{ vhln (`ganf a}hlt }hknfz+ }hl lxrltklnjlz `nmglgatklz ae }hl z|dolj} `tl n`tt`}kul kn eatg. ]hkz gl`nz }h`} }hl mkzjtl}llxrltklnjlz hùl ` cknl`t# j|c}|t`cc{ tljafnk`dcl eatg kn vhkjh l`jh –luln}‗

kn }hl zlp|lnjl f`knz k}z gl`nknf kn tleltlnjl }a }hl a}hlt luln}z# `nm z|jhzlp|lnjlz ja|cm dl `t}kj|c`}lm d{ }hl z|dolj} vk}ha|} |nm|l lttatz ae e`j}.6

6 K |zl Zjhljh}g`n hltl (`z vk}h }hl a}hlt }hkniltz K mkzj|zz+ `z ` o|grknf'afl rakn} }a jt{z}`cckl hav

}hl janmk}kan ae n`tt`}kuk}{ e|nj}kanz kn }hlatklz ae }hl rltzan# `nm K ja|jh g{ tlzranzl kn jtk}kj`c}anlz# d|} }hl uklv K lnm |r vk}h hltl malz na} mlr`t} zkfnkffj`n}c{ etag vh`} Zjhljh}g`n falz an }az`{ `da|} n`tt`}kuk}{ kn }hl lnm. Za g{ }tl`}gln} ae hlt vati hltl zha|cm na} dl } iln z ` jtk}kjkzg kn`n{ mktlj} zlnzl.




Rz{jhacafkz}z Ilnnl}h `nm G`t{ Fltfln janz}t|j} ` }hlat{ ae }hl zlce'janjlr} }h`} `cza jt|jk`cc{ knuaculz n`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tlz (Fltfln `nm Fltfln

0;;6# 050‚08= +. ]hl{ tlolj} gljh`nkz}kj `nm z{njhtankj `jja|n}z ae }hlzlce'janjlr}# zknjl }hlzl kfnatl (kn }hl eatglt j`zl+ }hl knmkukm|`c‛z `dkck}{ }a zh`rl hlt avn anfaknf zlce'janjlr}kan nm (kn }hl c`}}lt+ }hl knmkukm|`c‛zzlce'|nmltz}`nmknf `z ` hkz}atkj`cc{ lgltfln} dlknf. @z ` tlrc`jlgln}# }hl{ `mar} `n `jja|n} |}kckknf }hl kml` ae ` –zlce'n`tt`}kul#‗ vhkjh }hl{ mlffnl`z –}hl knmkukm|`c‛z `jja|n} ae }hl tlc`}kanzhkrz `ganf zlce'tlclu`n}luln}z `jtazz }kgl. Kn mlulcarknf ` zlce'n`tt`}kul }hl knmkukm|`c `}}lgr}z}a lz}`dckzh jahltln} jannlj}kanz `ganf ckel luln}z‗ (054+.

]hl lzzln}k`c `zrlj} ae n`tt`}kul eatg# eat Fltfln `nm Fltfln# kz –mktlj'

}kan`ck}{ ‗ `ganf luln}z# kn vhkjh }hl{ j`n dl zlln }a gaul ault }kgl kn `natmltc{ v`{ }av`tm jlt}`kn lnmz.8 Eaccavknf Nat}htar Et{l# }hl{ mlzjtkdl}hl ea|t d`zkj eatgz ae n`tt`}kul? jaglm{# tag`njl# }t`flm{# `nm ktan{z`}ktl (Et{l 0;<6+. @} ` gatl `dz}t`j} clulc# }hlzl eatgz (lxjlr} z`}ktl+knuacul –zhke}z kn }hl lu`c|`}kul jh`t`j}lt ae luln}z ault }kgl‗ (Fltfln`nm Fltfln 0;;6# 05<+. Jagdknknf }hkz adzltu`}kan vk}h z|dmkukzkanzEt{l z|rrcklz# }hl{ jc`kg }h`} }hl d`zkj eatgz ae n`tt`}kul zlp|lnjlz `tl}hl –z}`dkck}{ n`tt`}kul‗ (kn vhkjh }hl z|dolj} tlg`knz lu`c|`}kulc{

|njh`nflm+ `nm–

rtaftlzzkultlftlzzkul‗

n`tt`}kulz (knuacuknf lu`c|`}kulzhke}z kn razk}kul at nlf`}kul mktlj}kanz+. N`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tlz j`n dl g`rrlmd{ |zknf }hlzl mkglnzkanz9 eat knz}`njl# –}t`fkj‗ z}t|j}|tlz knuacul ` zlultltlftlzzkul lu`c|`}kul zhke}.

Eat Fltfln `nm Fltfln# n`tt`}kulz `tl na} adolj}kulc{ mlffnlm zlp|lnjlz}h`} z}t|j}|tl ` rltzan‛z ckel9 t`}hlt# }hl{ `tl vhacc{ janz}t|j}lm d{ }hlrltzan hltzlce. ]h`} kz# }hl{ `tl na} rtl'janz}k}|}lm eatgz }ìln etag }hl

vatcm ae `t}# }ha|fh k} kz jcl`t }h`} rlarcl `tl ` fl lj}lm d{ n`tt`}kul eatgzrtlzln} kn }hlkt j|c}|tl (Fltfln `nm Fltfln 0;;6# 058+. @ iknm ae –mt`g`}kj

lnf`flgln}‗ kz knuaculm kn janz}t|j}knf ` zlce'n`tt`}kul# an }hlkt uklv# vhkjh knuaculz }hl j`r`jk}{ }a jtl`}l ellcknfz ae mt`g` at lga}kan }h`} kn}|tn `c}lt at `jjlclt }l }hl lu`c|`}kul –zcarl‗ ae }hl luln} zlp|lnjl gìknf |r }hl mt`g`}kj z}t|j}|tl. Z|jh lnf`flgln} `nm }hl n`tt`}kul eatgz at zlce'janjlr}kanz k} rtam|jlz `cza arlt`}l kn ` rltzan‛z m`kc{ ckel d{ hlcrknf }ae`jkck}`}l zajk`c kn}lt`j}kan. A}hltz inav vh`} }a lxrlj} ae |z `z }hl{ tlelt }a}hl n`tt`}kul eatgz a|t `j}kanz `nm jh`t`j}ltz z|fflz} }a }hlg. ]hlzl zajk`ce|nj}kanz# havlult# mlckgk} }hl t`nfl ae n`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tlz ù`kc`dcl }a }hl

8 Kn eaa}na}l 02 }hl{ jc`kg e|t}hlt }h`} g`}|tl n`tt`}kul tlp|ktlz }hl lc`dat`}kan ae ` jln}lt at jatlzk}|`}kan9 zhke}z kn zlp|ln}k`c luln}z }h|z jc`tke{# lx}lnm# at gamke{ nlv `zrlj}z ae }hl jln}t`c }hlgl.Je. @rrcldll 0;68.




rltzan. ]hl nljlzzk}klz ae tlrl`}lm zajk`c kn}lt`j}kan# eat lx`grcl# tlp|ktl ` z}`dkck}{ n`tt`}kul# vhkcl rtaftlzzkul n`tt`}kulz `km anl‛z zlnzl (`nm }hl

rtlmkj}`dkck}{ eat a}hltz+ ae anl‛z zlce'kgrtaulgln}. E|t}hlt# }hl zajk`clclgln} kgrcklz }h`} zlce'janz}t|j}kan kz# kn r`t}# ` mk`cafkj t`}hlt }h`n `

ganacafkj rtajlzz.An }hkz `jja|n} ae }hl zlce# }hln# ` zlce kz ` h|g`n dlknf vhazl –zlce'

tlclu`n} luln}z‗ }ìl an ` n`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tl9 }hkz gl`nz }h`} }hl{ `tlatmltlm kn ` v`{ }h`} kz jahltln} }a }hl z|dolj} `nm z|tta|nmknf a}hltz`nm }h`} g`nkelz}z kmln}kff`dcl lu`c|`}kul zhke}z etag faam }a d`m. ]hkzja|n}z `z ` n`tt`}kul vhln z|jh zlp|lnjlz j`n e|nj}kan kn zajk`c zl}}knfz }a`ccav jagg|nkj`}kan `nm jagrtlhlnzkdcl kn}lt`j}kan.

@ jaggan kml` kn }hlzl `jja|n}z kz }h`} ` n`tt`}kul kz ` zlp|lnjl ae luln}z at lxrltklnjlz atmltlm kn z|jh ` v`{ }h`} }hl{ `tl zajk`cc{ tljaf'nklm `z z|jh# `nm l`jh lclgln} ae }hl zlp|lnjl f`knz k}z gl`nknf kntlc`}kan }a }hl a}hltz. D|} }hl `|}hatz `cza tlc{ ` ftl`} ml`c an }hl rtl'}hlatl}kj |nmltz}`nmknf vl `cc hùl ae vh`} ` –z}at{ ‗ kz. ]hl{ ae}ln |zl }hljanjlr} ae –n`tt`}kul‗ }a tlelt }a }hl z}`nm`tm cknl`t eatgz# vhkcl na}knf knr`zzknf }h`} }hltl `tl jlt}`knc{ nan'z}`nm`tm lx`grclz ae n`tt`}kul. Za eat }hlzl `nm }hl zlult`c a}hlt tlc`}lm uklvz }h`} |}kckl ` janmk}kan ae n`tt`}kuk}{ kn }hkz v`{# ` e|cclt `jja|n} kz nllmlm# ae vh`} kz gl`n} d{ jc`kgknf }h`}# `z ` nljlzz`t{ janmk}kan ae }hl |nk}{ ae }hl zlce# ` tlffllj}knf#zlce'kn}ltrtl}knf# rz{jhacafkj`cc{ jan}kn|a|z knmkukm|`c g|z} |nmltz}`nmhlt lxrltklnjlz (`nm dl |nmltz}aam d{ a}hltz+ `z hùknf ` n`tt`}kulz}t|j}|tl. Kn r|tz|knf }hkz rtaolj} hltl# K vkcc fftz} caai dtklffl{ `} zagl

v`{z }h`} ` zlp|lnjl ae luln}z (at gatl flnlt`cc{ –lclgln}z‗+ gkfh} dljannlj}lm }a gìl k} ` –n`tt`}kul‗ kn atmlt }a z|fflz} }h`} kn gaz} z|jh`jja|n}z ae }h`} na}kan }hl jc`kg o|z} na}lm# }h`} }hl lclgln}z ae ` zknfclzlce ‛z ckel g|z} dl kn n`tt`}kul eatg# kz na} rc`|zkdcl. @e}lt }hkz fta|nm kz

jcl`tlm# vl vkcc }hln caai eat ` nan'jktj|c`t# nan'lgr}{ `jja|n} ae –n`tt`}kul‗ }h`} vkcc mkz}knf|kzh rc`|zkdc{ }hazl ckulz at rltzan`ck}klz }h`}gll} }hl janmk}kan etag }hazl }h`} ma na}.

k k k . v h ` } g ` i l z ` n l u l n } z l p | l n j l ` n ` t t ` } k u l 1

]hltl kz uac|gkna|z vati kn ck}lt`t{ }hlat{# cknf|kz}kjz# `nm `n}htaracaf{ zl}}knf a|} }hl z}t|j}|t`c janmk}kanz ae n`tt`}kulz. Z|jh `n`c{zlz `tl lzrl'jk`cc{ rtagknln} kn z}t|j}|t`ckz} cknf|kz}kjz `nm n`tt`}kul zlgka}kjz.; G|jh

; Zll Et{l 0;<69 Ftlkg`z 0;869 ]amatau 0;669 je. `cza D`t}hlz 0;84 `nm Tkjal|t 0;85# uac. KK9 eat flnlt`cmkzj|zzkan zll Rtknjl 0;;<.




ae }hkz vati kz tlclu`n} hltl# }ha|fh kn c`tfl r`t} k} rtaukmlz }hlatl}kj`c`n`c{zkz ae vh`} `tl `ctl`m{ }ìln }a dl n`tt`}kulz ‚ g{}hz# naulcz# clflnmz#

eaci}`clz‚

t`}hlt }h`n rtaukmknf nljlzz`t{ janmk}kanz ae n`tt`}kuk}{ kn ` v`{ }h`} va|cm mkz}knf|kzh z|jh z}t|j}|tlz etag nan'n`tt`}kul zlp|lnjlz(zll Clk}jh 0;85+. K vkcc }t{ kn vh`} eaccavz }a j|} `jtazz }hl u`tka|z }hlatklzae n`tt`}kul `} ` clulc ae `dz}t`j}kan }h`} janul{z }hl e|cc t`nfl ae razzkdkck}klzeat z|jh gamlcz. Vh`} kz nllmlm eat }hl janmk}kan ae n`tt`}kuk}{ }a rkji a|}|nkp|l z}t|j}|tlz `tl janmk}kanz }h`} mkz}knf|kzh t`nmag'luln} zlp|lnjlz(at vh`}lult nan'n`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tl vl kg`fknl+ etag z}atklz. ]a jc`tke{ }hl kzz|l# cl} |z fftz} janzkmlt }htll iknmz ae tlc`}kanz hacmknf `ganf luln}z(at mlzjtkr}kanz ae luln}z+02 }h`} va|cm jh`t`j}ltkl `n luln} jagdkn`}kan

`z ` n`tt`}kul? tlc`}kanz ae j`|z`ck}{ # e|nj}kan at }lclacaf{ # `nm }hlgl .J`|z`c n`tt`}kul jannlj}kanz lxlgrcke{ }hl jc`zzkj`c# cknl`t z}atklz vk}h vhkjh vl `tl `cc e`gkck`t. Zlp|lnjlz ae luln}z |neacm kn ` j`|z`c atmltknf kn vhkjh l`tcklt luln}z lxrc`kn c`}lt anlz. @tkz}a}cl‛z kml` }h`} luln}z kn ` rca}(g|}haz + eaccav anl `na}hlt –d{ nljlzzk}{ at rtad`dkck}{ ‗ lxlgrckfflz }hkzkml`.00 D|} j`|z`c jannlj}kuk}{ kz na} ` rc`|zkdcl flnlt`c janmk}kan ae `ccn`tt`}kulz. Luln clùknf `zkml tljln} gamltn (na} }a gln}kan raz}'gamltn+ffj}kan# g`n{ jc`zzkj`c `nm }t`mk}kan`c z}atklz knjc|ml luln}z }h`} `tl zlr`'t`}lm kn }kgl `nm rc`jl. Kn g`n{ z}atklz `nm naulcz# eat lx`grcl# luln}

zlp|lnjlz `tl }acm kn r`t`cclc eatg# tlc`}lm anc{ ult{ mkz}`n}c{# ke `} `cc# d{ j`|z`c jannlj}kanz.04 Kn a}hlt z}atklz# gòat luln}z ajj|t `jjkmln}`cc{ at t`nmagc{9 `c}ha|fh }hl{ dlfkn j`|z`c zlp|lnjlz ae zkfnkffj`njl }a }hl z}at{#}hl{ ma na} }hlgzlculz ajj|t `z ` tlz|c} ae l`tcklt n`tt`}lm luln}z# luln ke vljanzkmlt }hl fftz} luln} tlrat}lm kn }hl z}at{ `z }hl rc`|zkdcl dlfknnknf ae }h`} j`|z`c jh`kn.0: Jcl`tc{# na} `cc luln}z kn ` n`tt`}kul eatg ` jagrcl}lj`|z`c jh`kn.

D|} luln ke j`|z`c jannlj}lmnlzz vltl ` rc`|zkdcl janmk}kan ae n`tt`}kul

z}t|j}|tl# k} va|cm na} `mlp|`}lc{ jh`t`j}ltkl ` nljlzz`t{ janmk}kan eat }hl|nk}{ ae }hl zlce . Eat }hl lxrltklnjlz ae ` ckel ma na} e`cc kn}a nl`} j`|z`c

02 Eat zkgrckjk}{ ae lxrazk}kan# K ma na} mkz}knf|kzh dl}vlln tleltlnjl }a e`j}atz at luln}z }hlgzlculz`nm }a }hl tlrtlzln}`}kanz ‚ }lx}z# mkzja|tzlz# zkfnkffj`}kanz# gln}`c tlrtlzln}`}kanz ‚ ae }hazl luln}z.

Vl vkcc zll# havlult# }h`} }hl `zz|glm mkz}knj}kan dl}vlln n`tt`}kuk}{ `rrcklm }a luln}z `nmn`tt`}kuk}{ `rrcklm }a mkzja|tzl (`da|} luln}z+ kz h`tmc{ `n knnajln} anl.

00 Eat mkzj|zzkan ae @tkz}a}cl‛z uklv kn }hkz jan}lx}# zll Ulcclg`n 422:# 0‚4.04 Kn Vkcck`g E`|cinlt ‛z @dz`cag# @dz`cag# eat lx`grcl# luln}z }ìl rc`jl kn }hl (tlc`}kul+ rtlzln} }h`}

r`t`cclc# d|} ma na} `cc j`|z`cc{ kn}lt`j} vk}h# luln}z }h`} }aai rc`jl kn }hl mkz}`n} r`z}.0:

Janzkmlt Rta|z}‛z n`tt`}at G`tjlc kn Tlglgdt`njl ae ]hknfz R`z} (Â c` Tljhltjhl m| ]lgrz Rltm|+# vhazl glgatklz `nm tlffllj}kanz gìl |r }hl ln}ktl naulc d|} `tl }hlgzlculz j`|zlm d{ }hl `jjkmln}`cajj|ttlnjl ae l`}knf ` rkljl ae g`mlclknl jìl at z}lrrknf an ` rùknf z}anl. Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }kgl`nm rltzrlj}kul kn Rta|z}# zll Tkjal|t 0;85# uac. KK# 0:2‚0<4.

]hl n`tt`}kul zlce 6:



jh`knz (at ma za anc{ }tkuk`cc{ ‚ zll dlcav+9 `nm g`n{ ae }hl gaz} jln}t`clclgln}z ae ` rltzan‛z kmln}k}{ `tl na} j`|zlm d{ a}hlt lclgln}z ae }hl zlce at

d{ rtluka|zc{ lxrltklnjlm luln}z. G`n{ zlp|lnjlz ae ` rltzan‛z ckelrtajllm p|k}l knmlrlnmln}c{ ae l`jh a}hlt9 rc`nz `nm rtaolj}z kn anl

`tl` ae lxrltklnjl tlg`kn p|k}l zlr`t`}l (kn }kgl `z vlcc `z zr`jl+ etaga}hlt rc`nz `nm rtaolj}z. Ae ja|tzl# k} kz }t|l kn ` }tkuk`c zlnzl }h`} `ccluln}z ae `n knmkukm|`c‛z ckel `tl j`|z`cc{ jannlj}lm? }hl knmkukm|`c hltzlce#`z ` dam{# kz rh{zkj`cc{ jannlj}lm }a }hlg `cc. D|} }hkz e`j} kz j`r}|tlmd{ }hl tlp|ktlgln} }h`} rltzan'janz}k}|}knf luln}z `cc dl lxrltklnjlm d{ }hl z`gl rh{zkj`c z|dolj}# gìknf a}kazl }hl jc`kg }h`} }hazl luln}z g|z}dl jannlj}lm kn ` n`tt`}kul e`zhkan. Gatlault# }hl lclgln}z ae ` rltzan‛z

ckel jagrtkzl anc{ ` z|dzl} ae }hl j`|z`cc{ cknilm luln}z kn vhkjh zhl(hlt dam{+ kz rh{zkj`cc{ ` r`t}. ]hl{ ma na} knjc|ml }hl }tkuk`c (d|} j`|z`cc{ jannlj}lm+ luln}z ckil }hl gaulgln} ae ` h`kt an hlt hl`m# nat }hl knffnk}ln|gdlt ae ajj|ttlnjlz }h`} rtl'm`}l `nm raz}'m`}l hlt rh{zkj`c lxkz}lnjl.Zlce'kn}ltrtl}kul `j}kuk}{# vhkjh eatgz }hl jatl ae }hl zlce kn n`tt`}kul}hlatklz# kz zlclj}kul `nm r`t}k`c# clùknf a|} ae `jja|n} gaz} ae }hl j`|z`czlp|lnjlz kn vhkjh vl fff|tl.0=

@cza# `z knmkj`}lm `daul# g`n{ ae }hl luln}z }h`} dljagl jt|jk`c r`t}zae a|t ckel hkz}atklz `tl na} r`t} ae ` j`|z`c jh`kn ae vhkjh vl `tl `n}l'jlmln}c{ `v`tl. Vl lxrltklnjl }t`flmklz at d|tz}z ae faam eat}|nl }h`}ja|cm na} dl eatlzlln `nm vhkjh vltl na} rc`nnlm. @e}lt }hl e`j} vl g`{ jagl }a kn}ltn`ckl }hlzl luln}z nm gìl }hlg ` r`t} ae }hl jagranln}z ae a|t ckel# d|} }hlkt ajj|ttlnjl k}zlce kz# etag a|t rakn} ae uklv# t`nmag. ]hkzgl`nz }h`} na} `cc luln}z kn ` ckel `tl r`t} ae ` j`|z`c r`}}ltn g`ml |r ae a}hlt luln}z kn ` ckel. Hlnjl# }hl n`tt`}kuk}{ }h`} kz gl`n} }a jagrtkzl ckelhkz}atklz j`nna} dl jagrtkzlm ae ` zknfcl# j`|z`cc{ jannlj}lm# jh`kn ae luln}z.0<

]hl zljanm razzkdcl jannlj}kan `ganf luln}z }h`} gìlz }hlg n`tt`'}kulz kz ` –e|nj}kan`c‗ at –}lclacafkj`c‗ jannlj}kan# vhltl luln}z `tllxrc`knlm d{ }hlkt jan}tkd|}kan }a c`}lt j|cgkn`}knf lxrltklnjlz at luln}z

0= @n kn}ltlz}knf p|lz}kan `tkzlz hltl vhl}hlt }hl luln}z }h`} }t|c{ ma gìl |r ` rltzan‛z ckel z}at{ g|z} `cc ajj|t vhkcl zhl kz `ckul. K} g`{ dl z|fflz}lm# p|k}l rc`|zkdc{# }h`} dlknf ` e`ga|z `nmr|dckzhlm ral} kz lzzln}k c }a }hl ckel z}at{ ae Lgkc{ Mkjilnzan eat lx`grcl# d|} }hlzl luln}z h`rrlnlmè}lt hlt ml`}h.

0< Kn mkzj|zzknf ` zhat} z}at{ d{ A. Hlnt{ vhltl }htll |njannlj}lm cknlz ae rca} `j}kan `tl mlzjtkdlmknmlrlnmln}c{ ae l`jh a}hlt# ]hag`z Clk}jh jc`kgz }h`} –zknjl }hl jannlj}kan `ganf }hl }htll r`t}z

Yae }hl z}at{W kz }hlg`}kj t`}hlt }h`n j`|z`c# `nm }hl z}atklz kn }hlkt jagrazk}l eatg mkzrc`{ }hlg`}kjrakn}z `da|} e`}l `nm zajk`c jckgdknf t`}hlt }h`n }hl }lclacaf{ ae ` zknfcl `j}kan# nanl ae }hlknmkukm|`c zlj}kanz kz }t|c{ knmlrlnmln} ‥ anc{ }hl jano|nj}kan ae }hl }htll lrkzamlz gìlz }hlgtl}tazrlj}kulc{ }lcc`dcl d{ lnmavknf }hlg vk}h }hlg`}kj |nk}{ ‗ (Clk}jh 0;85# =6‚=8+.




(zll# l.f.# Ftlkg`z 0;8:+. ]hkz kz rkjilm a|} d{ }hl kml` ae }hl –p|lz}‗

zagl}kglz gln}kanlm kn jlt}`kn }hlatklz ae }hl zlce (zll# l.f.# G`jKn}{tl

0;;6+. Ekj}kan`c n`tt`}kulz }lnm flnlt`cc{ }a gll} }hkz janmk}kan (}ha|fh }hlnaulcz ae O`glz Oa{jl# @c`kn Taddl'Ftkccl}# `nm F`dtklc F`tjk` G`tp|l#`ganf a}hltz# gkfh} rtaukml ja|n}lt'lx`grclz+. Eat }hl gaz} r`t}# `cc z|jhz}atklz hùl ` –rakn}#‗ ` mlna|lgln} }a vhkjh `cc mlzjtkdlm luln}z cl`m.

Havlult# luln `z ` tlp|ktlgln} eat n`tt`}kuk}{ k}zlce# }hkz janmk}kan g|z}dl p|lz}kanlm. @z ]hag`z Clk}jh r|}z k}# –]hl }lclacafkj`c rtknjkrcl vkccfkul anc{ ckgk}lm hlcr kn `nzvltknf }hkz p|lz}kan Yae vh`} ` z}at{ kzW# kn r`t}dlj`|zl k} j`nna} `cv`{z mkz}knf|kzh dl}vlln }lcc`dcl z}atklz `nm `c}ltn`}kulultzkanz ae }hazl z}atklz vhkjh `tl kn`mlp|`}l luln }ha|fh }hl{ rtaolj} }hl

z`gl }lclacaf{# kn r`t} dlj`|zl k} j`nna} `jja|n} eat }hl zrljkffj`cc{ `n}k'}lclacafkj`c }lnmlnj{ ae n`tt`}kulz ckil Rkjivkji R`rltz ‗ (Clk}jh 0;85# 5:+.

@cza# zagl z}atklz ma na} hùl lnmknfz `} `cc? janzkmlt za`r arlt`z.D|} luln ke vl `jjlr} }hl uklv }h`} luln}z kn z}atklz `tl |nkfflm d{ ` }lcaz

}av`tm vhkjh }hl{ `kg# ma ckulz hùl z|jh ` }lcaz }h`} lxrc`knz `cc ae }hlkt ff}e|c gl`nmltknfz1 Rlth`rz zagl ma ‚ lxlgrckfflm d{ }hl rltzan vha z`{z#–]hkz kz vh`} K v`z datn }a ma.‗ D|} jcl`tc{ g`n{ ma na} hùl z|jh }lcaz# `}cl`z} na} `n{ zknfcl j|cgkn`}knf r|trazl. Kn jtl`}kul tlkn}ltrtl}`}kanz ae a|t avn lxkz}lnjl at }h`} ae a}hltz# anl j`n jlt}`knc{ raz}|c`}l ` u`tkl}{ ae t`kzanz m ‛ ï}tl # at ffn`c r|trazlz }a vhkjh `cc a|t }t`knknf `nm lxrltklnjlzknlxat`dc{ cl`m. D|} }hlzl `tl (gaz}c{+ }hl z}|fl ae e`njke|c dkaft`rhklzt`}hlt }h`n rc`|zkdcl z}t|j}|t`c `jja|n}z ae lult{m`{ ckulz. @cza# rlarclflnlt`cc{ |nmlt}ìl ln}ktlc{ zlr`t`dcl rtaolj}z `nm fa`cz# vhkjh# }ha|fhl`jh h`z `n kn}ltn`c atf`nkknf `kg# e`kc }a kn}ltjannlj} kn ` ft`nm zjhlgl.]hl luln}z }h`} j|cgkn`}lm kn g{ }l`jhknf `} ` |nkultzk}{# eat knz}`njl# `tlkn ` e|nj}kan`c zlp|lnjl mkfl ltln} etag }hazl vhkjh cl`m }a g{ vatiknf kng{ f`tmln (knmllm# }hl c`}}lt `tl lxrltklnjlm `z ` mkz}knj} `c}ltn`}kul }a }hl

eatglt+. Zlr`t`dcl r|trazkul z}t`nmz g|z} jcl`tc{ dl janzkz}ln} vk}h l`jha}hlt eat a|t ckulz }a dl }aclt`dcl `nm jahltln}# }ha|fh }h`} janmk}kan kz za vlì `z }a dl z`}kzfflm d{ }hata|fhc{ mkzzajk`}lm rltzanz (at fta|rz ae rltzanz+. Ae ja|tzl# k} gkfh} dl z`km }h`} ` rltzan‛z lxrltklnjlz g|z} cl`m }a`n{ anl ae ` u`tkl}{ ae lnmz# za canf `z l`jh zltulz zagl e|nj}kan`c tacl at a}hlt# d|} |nclzz k} kz zrljkfflm hav g`n{ z|jh fa`cz j`n dl r|tz|lm# }hljanmk}kan ae n`tt`}kuk}{# za janz}t|lm# vkcc dl }tkuk`cc{ gl} d{ `cc knmkukm|`cz#na g`}}lt vh`} clulc ae |nk}{ at jahltlnjl }hlkt ckulz g`nkelz}.

Jlt}`knc{# }lclacaf{ j`n dl g`rrlm an}a g`n{ zlp|lnjlz ae luln}z `z `

et`glvati vk}hkn vhkjh }a lu`c|`}l }hl zlp|lnjl# ga}ku`}knf }hl p|lz}kanae vhl}hlt }hl `j}kanz hùl clm }a `n{}hknf gl`nknfe|c kn }hl lnm. D|} }hkz|zl ae }lclacaf{ kz rc`|zkdcl kn rkjiknf a|} `} dlz} anc{ ffl a|tkzhknf ckulz# anlz

]hl n`tt`}kul zlce 6<



}h`} hùl z|jjllmlm `jjatmknf }a }hkz natg`}kul aultc`{.05 D|} `z ` flnlt`cjh`t`j}ltk`}kan ae ` ckel‛z lxrltklnjlz at luln}z `z z|jh# anl }h`} kz gl`n} }a

zlr`t`}l }hl |nkff

lm zlp|lnjlz etag }hl mkzzajk`}kul anlz (zlculz etag nan'zlculz+# }hkz janmk}kan vkcc na} z|jjllm.Ekn cc{# vl }|tn }a }hl kml` }h`} –}hlg`}kj‗ |nk}{ `ganf mlzjtkdlm luln}z

ml}ltgknlz }hlkt n`tt`}kuk}{. Kn g`n{ v`{z# }hkz kz }hl gaz} rc`|zkdcl `z ` jh`t`j}ltk`}kan ae n`tt`}kulz }hlgzlculz# ke anc{ dlj`|zl k} kz }hl gaz}ffllxkdcl. N`tt`}kulz dtknf }afl}hlt mlzjtkr}kanz `nm tlrtlzln}`}kanz }h`}`tl jannlj}lm |nmlt zagl# rlth`rz p|k}l flnlt`c `nm z|fflz}kul# kml`.Naulcz `nm z}atklz rat}t`{knf luln}z }h`} nlk}hlt cl`m }a zagl zknfclr|trazl nat j`|z`cc{ kn}lt`j} kn ` cknl`t e`zhkan jagl }a gknm. @} zagl

clulc# havlult# }hl{ `cc rtlzln} }hazl luln}z kn ` v`{ }h`} kz z|fflz}kul ae ` flnlt`c kml`# u`c|l# at gat`c. Za# vhkcl g`n{ n`tt`}kulz g`{ c`ji ` cknl`t#j`|z c# z}at{ cknl# }hl{ nlult}hlclzz `tl gl`nknfe|c tlc`}kul }a `n ault`tjhknf }hlg`}kj z}t|j}|tl.06

]hkz j`n dl |nmltz}aam `z ` hltglnl|}kj `jja|n} ae n`tt`}kul# kn }h`}l`jh luln} kn }hl zlp|lnjl f`knz k}z gl`nknf kn tleltlnjl }a k}z (}hlg`}kj+jannlj}kan }a }hl a}hltz# `nm k} kz }hkz `jja|n} }h`} jaglz jcazl }a zagl ae }hl uklvz ae }hl n`tt`}kul }hlatkz}z mkzj|zzlm l`tcklt (Zjhljh}g`n# eat lx`grcl+. @n lzzln}k c lclgln} ae n`tt`}kul kz }h`} }hl atmltknf ae mlzjtkdlm luln}z g`}}ltz jt|jk`cc{ }a }hl gl`nknf ae `n{ ae }hazl luln}z.]hkz nllm na} dl ` j`|z`c atmltknf# `z vl hùl zlln# d|} k} j`n dl jc`kglm}h`} kn ` n`tt`}kul zlp|lnjl l`jh glgdlt ae }hl zlp|lnjl kz gl`nknfe|canc{ dlj`|zl ae k}z rc`jl kn tlc`}kan }a }hl a}hltz. D|} k} kz `cza kgrat}`n} }azll hav dta`mc{ }hkz janmk}kan j`n dl janz}t|lm. Eat `n{ kml` j`n rtaukml ` gl`nknfe|c zjhlg` vk}hkn vhkjh luln} zlp|lnjlz j`n dl |nmltz}aam.]hlg`}kj |nk}{ j`n dl lz}`dckzhlm eat o|z} `da|} `n{ zl} ae mkz}`n} `nm|njannlj}lm luln}z.08

Mùkm Ulcclg`n h`z lx`gknlm n`tt`}kuk}{ `z `n lxrc`n`}at{ }aac kn ` v`{ }h`} kz tlclu`n} hltl. An hkz uklv# vh`} fkulz ` n`tt`}kul k}z r`t}kj|c`t

05 Ikg @}iknz mlulcarz ` jagrclx }hlat{ ae }hl zlce }h`} tlcklz hlùkc{ an n`tt`}kul (@}iknz 4228+. Kn }hllnm# }hl uklv K mlulcar hltl kz kn flnlt`c `jjatm vk}h @}iknz‛z# d|} `z }hl rakn} hltl kcc|z}t`}lz# K v`n}}a tlzkz} hlt uklv }h`} –n`tt`}kul kmln}k}{ rtlz|rrazlz `n l}hkj`c `kg? }hl mlzktl }a ckul vlcc# vk}h# `nmeat a}hltz# kn o|z} knz}k}|}kanz‗ (kdkm .# :+.

06 G`ti ]|tnlt mkzj|zzlz }hl flnlt`c |zl ae –r`t`dcl‗ }a rat}t`{ luln}z at |nmltz}`nm lxrltklnjlz. Zll]|tnlt 0;;5. R`t`dclz `tl |nmltz}`nm`dcl# havlult# anc{ `z tlrtlzln}`}kanz ae luln}z vhazl gl`nknf kz fkuln kn }hl r`t`dcl‛z }hlgl at gat`c.

08 @ n|gdlt ae naulcz `nm ffcgz hùl z}t|j}|tlz vhkjh z|fflz} }hlg`}kj jannlj}kanz `ganf j`|z`cc{

|njannlj}lm rca} zlp|lnjlz. ]hl Rackzh mktlj}at It{z}ae Iklzcavzik# eat lx`grcl# kn ffcgz z|jh `z]hl Ma|dcl Ckel ae Ultankp|l # Dc|l # Vhk}l # `nm Tlm # gìlz g|jh |zl ae }hkz }ljhnkp|l# vhltljh`t`j}ltz‛ ckulz jtazz knjkmln}`cc{ `nm kn v`{z }h`} }hl jh`t`j}ltz `tl na} luln `v`tl ae# d|} kn ` g`nnlt z}tanfc{ z|fflz}kul ae ` u`tkl}{ ae }hlglz.




z}t|j}|tl kz }h`} }hl jannlj}kan dl}vlln lclgln}z kn ` n`tt`}kul jattl'zranmz }a }hl n`}|t`c ldd `nm fflav ae lga}kan`c lxrlj}`}kan# }lnzkan# `nmtlzac|}kan# g|jh ae vhkjh g`{ dl h`tm vktlm (at n`}|t`cc{ zlclj}lm+ kn|z (Ulcclg`n 422:+. Kn jan}t`z} }a }hazl }hlatkz}z vha hùl z|fflz}lm }h`}n`tt`}kul atf`nk`}kan ae lclgln}z rtaukmlz ` jafnk}kul zjtkr} }h`}eaj|zlz `}}ln}kan `nm }`rz kn}a a|t lxrlj}`}kanz `da|} tlc`}lm luln}z(Zh`ni 0;;29 mkzj|zzlm kn Ulcclg`n 422:# 6‚8+# Ulcclg`n jc`kgz }h`}n`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tlz man‛} o|z} }lcc |z vh`} }a }hkni# }hl{ }lcc |z vh`} }a ellc .Hl jc`kgz }h`} –` mlzjtkr}kan ae luln}z p|`ckfflz `z ` z}at{ kn ukt}|l ae k}z ravlt }a knk}k`}l `nm tlzacul `n lga}kan`c j`mlnjl kn }hl `|mklnjl‗

(Ulcclg`n 422:# 08+ Gatlault# an Ulcclg`n‛z uklv n`tt`}kulz g|z} `cv`{z

hùl at kgrc{ `n lnmknf ? –Y`W n`tt`}kul g|z} gaul eatv`tm na} anc{ kn }hlzlnzl ae }lccknf anl luln} è}lt `na}hlt d|} `cza kn }hl zlnzl ae `rrta`jhknf at `} cl`z} zllgknf }a `rrta`jh zagl janjc|zkan }a }hazl luln}z# zagl}ltgkn|z# ffnkzh# at jcaz|tl‗ (Ulcclg`n 422:# 02+.

@z vl vkcc lc`dat`}l |ran dlcav# vhl}hlt at na} }hkz kz `n `mlp|`}l`jja|n} ae n`tt`}kulz rlt zl #0; k} kz na} jcl`t }h`} ckulz j`n `mlp|`}lc{ dlmlffnlm z ` zlp|lnjl }h`} kz cl`mknf }av`tm `n lnmknf. Ke vh`} kz gl`n} hltlkz }h`} }hltl g|z} dl zagl zknfcl kml` }h`} rtaukmlz }hl clnz }hta|fh vhkjh}hl lxrltklnjlz ae ` ckel j`n dl |nmltz}aam# }hln }hkz vkcc e`kc `z ` nljlzz`t{

janmk}kan ae }hl |nk}{ ae (g`n{+ ckulz. Eat jcl`tc{ gaz} ckulz ma na} hùl–}hlglz‗ kn }hkz zlnzl# at `n lnm }av`tm vhkjh `j}kanz `nm lxrltklnjlz `tlcl`mknf# o|z} `z gaz} ae |z ma na} `kg `} ` zknfcl }lcaz d{ ukt}|l ae vhkjh `cca|t `j}kanz `tl |nmltz}aam. Ckulz ckulm –kn p|kl} mlzrlt`}kan‗ gkfh} dlz}t|j}|tlm d{ `n arln zl`tjhknf at gltlc{ p|a}kmk`n jarknf t`}hlt }h`n d{ lnmlùatz }h`} `kg }av`tm ` janjc|zkan. Rtaolj}z `nm rc`nz hùl }hkz}hlg`}kj z}t|j}|tl# d|} k} kz |njcl`t }h`} }hl ckulz ae zlculz ma.

Knmllm# `z K gln}kanlm# g`n{ e`j}atz }h`} jt|jk`cc{ mlffnl }hl r`}h ae a|t

ckulz vltl |nrc`nnlm `nm t`nmag# gìknf na zlnzl `} `cc lxjlr} kn }h`} vltlzranmlm }a }hlg `nm d|kc} a|t z|dzlp|ln} ckel `ta|nm }hlg. Ckulz g`{ hùl }hlglz (rc|t`c+ ‚ atf`nkknf kml`z }hta|fh vhkjh jlt}`kn rtaolj}z `nmrltkamz j`n dl |nmltz}aam ‚ d|} elv ckulz hùl anl zknfcl }hlgl. Janzkmlt#eat lx`grcl# }hazl rlarcl vha hùl z|fl ltlm zlultl kno|t{ m|l }a ` z|mmln`jjkmln}. ]hl kno|t{ `c}ltz }hlg rh{zkj`cc{ `nm rltg`nln}c{. ]hl tlzranzl}hl{ g|z} gìl kz –K g|z} zaglhav jagl }a ftkrz vk}h }hkz‗ d|} na}(}{rkj`cc{+ –}hkz gìlz zlnzl `z r`t} ae g{ ckel.‗ [l}# }hltl `tl n|glta|z

0; Anl vatt{ }h`} gkfh} dl t`kzlm `da|} vhl}hlt k} kz janjltnz z}atklz vk}ha|} lnmz# z|jh `z zltk`cz at za`r arlt`z. Ulcclg`n‛z tlzranzl kz }h`} vl g|z} mkz}knf|kzh dl}vlln n`tt`}kulz (vhkjh ma hùl at kgrc{ lnmknfz+ `nm flntlz vhkjh |}kckl }hlg (Ulcclg`n 422:# 08‚0;+.




j`zlz vhltl z|jh `n luln} `nm k}z janzlp|lnjlz dljagl mlffnknf janmk}kanzae }hl rltzan‛z ckel# lzrljk`cc{ vhln }hl rh{zkj`c jh`nfl }h`} tlz|c}z kz

lx}tlgl `nm rltg`nln}.Gatlault# kn }hl j`zl ae ` zknfcl z|dolj} ae lxrltklnjlz# }hltl kz `cv`{z`n –kn}ltrtl}lt ‗ ù`kc`dcl }a gìl `z g|jh zlnzl `z razzkdcl ae }hl luln}z zhllxrltklnjlz. ]h`} kn}ltrtl}lt kz# ae ja|tzl# }hl rltzan hltzlce. Ke anl ft`n}z}h`} }hl knmkukm|`c kn p|lz}kan kz ` janzjka|z tlffllj}knf kn}ltrtl}lt ae lxrltklnjlz# }hln }hlg`}kj |nk}{ ae }hkz zat} vkcc dl `jhklulm vhlnlult }hl kn}ltrtl}knf z|dolj} j`n gìl gknkg`c zlnzl ae hlt lxrltklnjlz# vhltl–zlnzl‗ kz na} zrljkfflm kn `mu`njl. ]hl e|t}hlt knzkz}lnjl }h`} }hl lxrltk'lnjlz ae vhkjh zhl kz ` z|dolj} dl n`tt`}kul kn eatg `mmz na}hknf }a }hl

`n`c{zkz. @c}ha|fh `zzajk`}lm vk}h }hl n`tt`}kul j`gr# M`nklc Mlnnl}} jaglz

jcazl }a }hkz ult{ rakn} vhln hl }`ciz `da|} hav –zlculz‗ `tl jtl`}lm d{ }hl kn}ltrtl}kul arlt`}kanz ae a|t avn zlce'tlffllj}kanz# vhl}hlt at na} vh`}

vl `tl kn}ltrtl}knf kz z}t|j}|tlm zlnzkdc{ at na}? –K} malz zllg }h`} vl `tl`cc ukt}|aza naulckz}z# vha ffnm a|tzlculz lnf`flm kn `cc zat}z ae dlhùkat#gatl at clzz |nkfflm# d|} zagl}kglz mkz|nkfflm# `nm vl `cv`{z r|} }hldlz} ‘e`jlz‛ an ke vl j`n. Vl }t{ }a gìl `cc ae a|t g`}ltk`c jahltl kn}a ` zknfcl faam z}at{. @nm }h`} z}at{ kz a|t `|}adkaft`rh{ ‗ (Mlnnl}} 0;88#024;+. (Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll Ec`n`f`n 0;;5# 64‚6= .+

K} kz na} }h`} rlarcl ma na} }hkni kn n`tt`}kul eatg at }h`} }hl `dkck}{ }a |nmltz}`nm z}atklz kz na} `n kgrat}`n} zikcc kn }hl mlulcargln} ae ` rltzan (zll @rrcldll 0;68+. D|} vhln }hl kml` ae n`tt`}kuk}{ kz |nr`jilm#

vl zll }hl mllrlt janmk}kan c{knf dlnl`}h k}. Vh`} kz }t|c{ nljlzz`t{ eat ` |nkfflm ckel kn }hlzl }hlatklz kz }hl j`r`jk}{ eat tlffllj}kan an luln}z (anl‛zavn `nm }hazl ae a}hltz+ kn ` zrktk} }h`} `}}lgr}z }a tlnmlt }hl luln}zjahltln} vk}hkn }hl j`}lfatklz ae gl`nknf ù`kc`dcl }a }hl z|dolj}.

Nav a}hltz hùl dlln jtk}kj`c ae }hl n`tt`}kul `jja|n} ae rltzanz kn v`{z}h`} r`t`cclc }hl rakn}z K `g gìknf hltl# `nm anl knz}`njl falz e|t}hlt }h`n K v`n} }a fa. Zrljkffj`cc{# F`cln Z}t`vzan h`z `tf|lm }h`} vl zha|cmtlolj} na} anc{ }hl n`tt`}kul janjlr}kan ae rltzanhaam (`nmffla|tkzhknf+ d|}`cza `n{ mk`jhtankj uklv `jjatmknf }a vhkjh rltzanz at zlculz lxkz} ault }kgl.K vkcc tlzranm }a Z}t`vzan gatl e|cc{ kn }hl nlx} jh`r}lt# d|} cl} gl na}lhltl }hl g`kn }ht|z} ae hkz jc`kg `nm jaggln} |ran k} kn }hl jan}lx} ae a|t j|ttln} mkzj|zzkan.

]hl fkz} ae Z}t`vzan‛z `tf|gln} kz }hkz? Vhln janzkmltknf a|tzlculz kn

kn}tazrlj}kan# vl j`n }ìl }hl razk}kan ae vh`} hl j`ccz }hl –Mk`jhtankj‗ ‚anl vha fff|tlz hltzlce# janzkmltlm `z ` zlce# –`z zagl}hknf }h`} v`z }hltl kn




}hl (e|t}hlt+ r`z} `nm vkcc dl }hltl kn }hl (e|t}hlt+ e|}|tl.‗ @c}ltn`}kulc{#}hltl `tl –Lrkzamkjz‗ vha ma na} janzkmlt }hlgzlculz `z –zagl}hknf }h`}

v`z }hltl kn }hl (e|t}hlt+ r`z} `nm vkcc dl }hltl kn }hl (e|t}hlt+ e|}|tl‗

(Z}t`vzan 422= # =:2+. Z}t`vzan janzkmltz da}h }hl rz{jhacafkj`c jc`kg ‚

}h`} `cc h|g`n dlknfz `tl kn e`j} Mk`jhtankjz (knmllm# kn }hl ck}lt`}|tl hl kz`}}`jiknf# }hl{ `tl gatl }h`n }h`}# }hl{ ckul }hlkt ckulz `z ` n`tt`}kul+ ‚ `z

vlcc `z }hl l}hkj`c kml` }h`} }hl{ (vl+ zha|cm ma za. Gaz} ae hkz `n`c{zkz kz`kglm `} }hl l}hkj`c uklv# vhkjh hl mlnklz (hl vtk}lz? –k} va|cm dl ` ftl`}gkz}ìl }a }hkni }h`} }hl Lrkzamkj ckel kz da|nm }a dl clzz uk}`c at kn zagl

v`{ clzz lnf`flm# at clzz h|g`nl# at clzz h|g`nc{ e|cffcclm‗ (Z}t`vzan 422= #=:0++. Hkz ault`cc jc`kg# }ha|fh# kz }h`} }hl gltl razzkdkck}{ ae }hltl dlknf

–Lrkzamkjz‗ kn }hl vatcm ‚ `nm hl ja|n}z hkgzlce `ganf }hlg ‚ zhavz na}anc{ }h`} mk`jhtankj janjlr}kanz ae }hl zlce (`nm hlnjl n`tt`}kul janjlr'}kanz+ `tl na} rz{jhacafkj`cc{ nljlzz`t{ d|} `cza }h`} }hl{ `tl na} mlffnk}kulae h|g`n ffla|tkzhknf. ]hltl `tl rltelj}c{ faam ckulz ckulm vk}ha|} `}}ln}kan}a }hlkt mk`jhtankj z}t|j}|tl# hl `tf|lz.

Nav K `ftll vk}h Z}t`vzan }h`} }hl n`tt`}kul uklv ae zlculz# kn }hln`ttav zlnzl }h`} vl `cc ma at zha|cm ckul a|t ckulz `z j`nankj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm z}atklz# kz |n}ln`dcl. G{ tl`zanz `tl mkfl ltln}# }ha|fh jagrck'gln}`t{# }a hkz kn }h`} K jc`kg }h`} z}`nm`tm `jja|n}z ae z}atklz `tl z|jh

}h`} k} kz kgrc`|zkdcl at a}kazl }a jc`kg }h`} `cc ckulz hùl }h`} eatg# `nmknzae`t `z n`tt`}kuk}{ `jja|n}z kgrc{ }h`} ckulz `tl `cc z}atklz }hln K tlolj}}hl n`tt`}kuk}{ uklv. D|} K tlzkz} Z}t`vzan‛z z}tanflt jc`kg }h`} zlculz nllmna} dl |nmltz}aam `z }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm # –mk`jhtankj‗ kn hkz }ltgknacaf{.G{ `tf|gln} eat }hkz vkcc }|tn an }hl tacl ae glgat{ kn rt`j}kj`c tl`zanza g|z} dl r|} afl |n}kc }hl nlx} jh`r}lt# d|} }hl razk}kan K z}ìl a|} hltlkz zkgrc{ }h`} hl kz jattlj} }a tlolj} }hl (n`ttav+ n`tt`}kul uklv K hùldlln mkzj|zzknf d|} na} dlj`|zl ae }hl t`mkj`c# `}lgrat`c uklv ae }hl zlce

hl z|dz}k}|}lz eat k}.]hkz dtkle mkzj|zzkan ae }hl razzkdcl janmk}kanz ae n`tt`}kuk}{ v`z gl`n}}a zhav hav# kn }hl z}`nm`tm v`{z }h`} n`tt`}kuk}{ j`n dl |nmltz}aam#rtadclgz lgltfl kn `rrc{knf }h`} janjlr} }a }hl kml` ae ` |nkfflm zlce `z ` nljlzz`t{ janmk}kan ae }h`} |nk}{. Vh`} vl `tl cle} vk}h kz }h`} zlculz `tlknmkukm|`cz vha tlffllj} an lxrltklnjlz `nm luln}z kn ` v`{ }h`} fkulzgl`nknf }a }hlg. D|} gatl g|z} dl z`km# eat jcl`tc{ g`n{ ae }hl }hknfz}h`} K tlffllj} |ran `nm j`n gìl zlnzl ae knjc|ml }hl `j}z `nm luln}z ae a}hltz }h`} `tl lx}ltn`c }a g{ –zlce.‗ @c}ha|fh n`tt`}kul }hlatkz}z hùl

rakn}lm |z kn ` jlt}`kn mktlj}kan# vl g|z} fa e|t}hlt kn zrljke{knf vh`} kzgl`n} d{ }hkz janmk}kan.

]hl n`tt`}kul zlce 6;



k u . e c l z h k n f a | } ( a t g a u k n f d l { a n m +

} h l n ` t t ` } k u k } { j a n m k } k a n

@z }a|jhlm |ran l`tcklt# M`nklc Mlnnl}} h`z mlulcarlm ` razk}kan an }hln`}|tl ae }hl zlce }h`} g`{ dl hlcre|c hltl. An hkz uklv# }hl zlce kz na} `n`j}|`c ln}k}{# z|jh `z ` jln}t`c jan}taccknf gljh`nkzg kn a|t dt`kn at ` nan'rh{zkj`c za|c maknf a|t }hkniknf eat |z. K} kz `cza na} ` jatl zl} ae dlcklez# jaggk}gln}z# `nm kml`z (}ha|fh hl gkfh} dl vkccknf }a z`{ }hkzjagrtkzlz a|t zlce'janjlr}+. Ckil }hl kml` ae }hl jln}lt ae ftùk}{# }hl zlce kz ` iknm ae ffj}kan# `cdlk} ` p|k}l |zle|c anl# knmllm rlth`rz `n knmkzrln'z`dcl anl m|l }a }hl n`}|tl ae }ha|fh} `nm zajk`c kn}lt`j}kan. Zrljkffj`cc{#

}hl zlce kz ` ffj}kan`c jln}lt ae }hl rtajlzz ae janz}t|j}knf eat a|tzlculz }hlz}at{ ae a|t lxkz}lnjl# a|t `|}adkaft`rh{. Hl vtk}lz?

A|t e|nm`gln} c }`j}kj ae zlce'rta}lj}kan# zlce'jan}tac# `nm zlce'mlffnk}kan kzna} zrknnknf vldz at d|kcmknf m`gz# d|} }lccknf z}atklz# `nm gatl r`t}kj|c`tc{ janjaj}knf `nm jan}taccknf }hl z}at{ vl }lcc a}hltz ‚ `nm a|tzlculz ‚ `da|} vha vl`tl ‥ ]hlzl z}tknfz at z}tl`gz ae n`tt`}kul kzz|l eat}h `z ke etag ` zknfcl za|tjl ‚

na} o|z} kn }hl aduka|z rh{zkj`c zlnzl ae fflavknf etag o|z} anl ga|}h at anl rlnjkcat rln# d|} kn gatl z|d}cl zlnzl? }hlkt lfl lj} an `n{ |mklnjl kz }a lnja|t`fl }hlg}a (}t{ }a+ razk} ` |nkfflm `fln} vhazl vatmz }hl{ `tl# `da|} vhag }hl{ `tl? kn

zhat}# }a razk} ` jln}lt ae n`tt`}kul ftùk}{ . (Mlnnl}} 0;;4# =08+

]hl adolj} ae }hkz n`tt`}kul vlùknf# eat Mlnnl}}# kz }hl `j}kanz vl }ìl`nm a|t u`tka|z jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz# rh{zkj`c# rz{jhacafkj`c# `nm za an# `z vlcc `za|t `zzajk`}kanz `nm hkz}atklz. ]hl zlce# ffj}kan`c }ha|fh k} kz vhln janzkm'ltlm an}acafkj`cc{# kz }hl jln}lt ae }hl rtajlzz ae gìknf zlnzl ae }hazllclgln}z. – Vl }t{ }a gìl `cc a|t g`}ltk`c jahltl#‗ hl vtk}lz# –kn}a ` zknfclfaam z}at{ ‗ (Mlnnl}} 0;;4# 00= +.42

Mùkm Ulcclg`n `glnmz }hkz `jja|n} d{ jc`kgknf }h`} Mlnnl}} kz vtanf

}a }hkni }h`} ` z{z}lg ae kn}ltrtl}`}kan ae }hkz zat} kz na} tl`c . Ulcclg`n`tf|lz }h`} ` jln}t`c jan}taccknf z|dz{z}lg }h`} vlùlz z}atklz `da|} |z#jagrtkzlm da}h ae vh`} vl hùl manl (`nm vh`} vl `tl+ `nm vh`} vl vkccma# kz }hl caj|z ae a|t `flnj{. Rz{jhacafkj`cc{# hùknf dlcklez }h`} vl vkccma zagl}hknf j`n `j}|`cc{ dtknf k} `da|} }h`} vl ma k}# `z ` iknm ae lfl lj}kul

vkzhe|c }hkniknf.40 Zkgkc`tc{# }hl jln}t`c n`tt`}kul'flnlt`}knf e|nj}kan kn|z janz}t|j}knf a|t `|}adkaft`rhklz ‚ }hl zlce an }hkz `jja|n} ‚ flnlt`}lz

42 Kn j`zlz ae za'j`cclm g|c}krcl rltzan`ck}{ mkzatmlt (at –mkzzajk`}kul kmln}k}{ mkzatmlt ‗+ }hltl kz gatl

}h`n anl z|jh rtajlzz vlùknf z}atklz `nm hlnjl jagrtkzknf zlculz. Mlnnl}}‛z `jja|n} ae }hkzrhlnaglnan kz mlulcarlm kn Mlnnl}} 0;;4.

40 Ulcclg`n vatiz a|} }hkz kml` `z ` jln}t`c jagranln} kn hkz `jja|n} ae `|}anag{ `z vlcc `z etll vkcc.Zll Ulcclg`n 0;;4.




da}h }hl `jja|n} ae a|t `j}kanz `z vlcc `z }hl `j}kanz }hlgzlculz# `z vl(`z }hkniknf `nm `j}knf gljh`nkzgz+ gìl a|t e|}|tl `j}kanz jahltl kn a|t

`|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kulz d{ dtknfknf k} `da|} }h`} }hl{ ajj|t. ]hl eatjlae n`tt`}kul |nk}{ `ga|n}z }a `flnj{# eat Ulcclg`n. @z vl z`v `daul# havlult# ke d{ –n`tt`}kuk}{ ‗ hltl vl gl`n }h`} `jja|n}

ae lga}kan`c lxrlj}`}kan `nm tlzac|}kan }h`} mlzjtkdlz }hl |nke{knf rtknjk'rcl ae n`tt`}kul lxrc`n`}kanz # }hkz vkcc na} p|k}l ma `z `n `jja|n} ae zlculz# `}cl`z} na} vk}ha|} e|t}hlt `glnmgln} `nm lc`dat`}kan. Cl} |z z`{ gatl#}hln# `da|} vh`} n`tt`}kuk}{ `ga|n}z }a ke# `z vl hùl manl# vl r|} `zkmlz}`nm`tm `jja|n}z ae z}atklz kn }hl j`nankj`c zlnzl# d|} illr `ckul }hl kml` }h`} zlculz hùl }hl e|nj}kan ae janz}t|j}knf `jja|n}z ae a|t ckulz `nm

rltzanz. @z vl vkcc zll# havlult# }hkz e|nj}kan kz `z ìkn }a ck}lt`t{ jtk}kjkzg`z k} kz }a `|}hatzhkr.

@ flnlt`c jagrckj`}kan kn |}kckknf n`tt`}kuk}{ `z ` z}t|j}|t`c janmk}kan ae zlculz kz }h`} n`tt`}kulz j`nna} dl zrljkfflm knmlrlnmln}c{ ae ` jan}lx} ae mkzja|tzl # vhltl ` zl}}clm zlg`n}kjz kz arlt`}kul `nm }hltl lxkz}z `n `|mklnjlkn}ltrtl}knf }hl luln}z kn p|lz}kan. Clk}jh# eat lx`grcl# z|tul{z }hl u`tkl}{ ae v`{z }h`} n`tt`}kulz zha|cm dl jh`t`j}ltklm `nm janjc|mlz }h`} }hllzzlnjl ae z}atklz `tl }hlkt –}lcc`dkck}{#‗ }hl mlftll }a vhkjh }hl{ vkcc gìlzlnzl }a ` jlt}`kn iknm ae `|mklnjl. Clk}jh jc`kgz }h`} kn n`tt`}kul }hlat{

–}hl vhacl janjlr} ae z}at{ mlrlnmz an ` jan}lx} vhkjh knuaculz na} anc{ ` r`t}kj|c`t mkzj|tzkul gaml `nm zlclj}kan ae z}`}lz ae ` fl ktz d|} `cza }hlr`t}kj|c`t jktj|gz}`njlz faultnknf }hl z}at{}lccknf }t`nz`j}kan‗ (Clk}jh0;85# 4<+. Gatlault# n`tt`}kuk}{ knuaculz `n kn}ltrc`{ dl}vlln mkzja|tzl`nm `j}kul kn}ltrtl}`}kan d{ `n `|mklnjl? –]hl `|mklnjl‛z n`tt`}kuk}{ zha|cm dl `j}kul lna|fh }a tljault ` fkuln z}at{ `jjatmknf }a }hl j|lz }hlmkzja|tzl rtaukmlz d|} na} za `j}kul }h`} k} }t`nzftlzzlz }h`} mkzja|tzl ‛zf|km`njl‗ (Clk}jh 0;85# =2+. N`tt`}kul kz ` }t`nz`j}kan dl}vlln mkzj|tzkul

zlp|lnjlz `nm }hl janz}t|j}kul `j}kuk}klz ae `|mklnjlz. ]hkz }t`nz`j}kanknuaculz tlulc`}kan ae jan}knflnjklz# }t`mknf an lxrlj}`}kan `nm z`}kze`j'}kan# `nm kn}ltrtl}kul rtaolj}kanz (ffccknf kn gkzzknf kneatg`}kan# zknjl namkzja|tzl fkulz ` jagrcl}l `jja|n} ae luln}z+. Za n`tt`}kuk}{ kz da}h jan'z}t|j}lm `nm ft`zrlm d{ v`{ ae r|dckj c`nf|`flz `nm zh`tlm zajk`c gl`nknfz.

@n kml` zkgkc`t }a }hkz kz ljhalm kn }hl vati ae R`|c Tkjal|t (Tkjal|t 0;85+. Eat Tkjal|t# n`tt`}kul |nk}{ kz }hl z}t|j}|tl }h`} rtaukmlz ` dtkmfldl}vlln }hl r|tlc{ mlzjtkr}kul janjlr}kanz ae }hl zlce ea|nm kn g`n{ (`n`c{}kj+ }hlatklz ae gknm# kmln}k}{# `nm `j}kan# hl jc`kgz# `nm rtlzjtkr}kul

`jja|n}z ae `flnj{ `nm jh`t`j}lt. Havlult# ` r|tlc{ z}t|j}|t`c (`}lgrat`c`nm `hkz}atkj`c+ `jja|n} ae n`tt`}kul }h`} eaj|zlz zaclc{ an kn}ltn`c z{n}`j}kjtlc`}kanz ‚ vh`} Tkjal|t j`ccz }hl –cafkjk`}kan‗ ae n`tt`}kul ‚ e`kcz kn }hkz




jan}lx}# eat n`tt`}kul knluk}`dc{ mlrlnmz an tl`mltz‛ |nmltz}`nmknfz ae n`tt`}kul }t`mk}kanz. N`tt`}kuk}{# an Tkjal|t ‛z uklv# kz na} ` ffxlm zlg`n}kj

z}t|j}|tl d|} `n anfaknf rtajlzz ae janz}t|j}kan ae kn}ltrtl}`}kan tlffl

lx'kulc{ lnf`flm kn d{ ` rltzan kn jagg|nkj`}kan `nm kn}lt`j}kan vk}h a}hltz`nm lgdlmmlm kn ` r`t}kj|c`t hkz}atkj`c jan}lx}? –Zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf kz `nkn}ltrtl}`}kan9 kn}ltrtl}`}kan ae }hl zlce# kn }|tn# ffnmz kn }hl n`tt`}kul#`ganf a}hlt zkfnz `nm z{gdacz# ` rtkukclflm eatg ae glmk`}kan9 }hlc`}}lt dattavz etag hkz}at{ `z vlcc `z etag ffj}kan# gìknf ` ckel z}at{ ` ffj}kan`c hkz}at{ at# ke anl rtleltz# ` hkz}atkj`c ffj}kan# kn}ltvlùknf }hlhkz}atkaft`rhkj z}{cl ae dkaft`rhklz vk}h }hl naulckz}kj z}{cl ae kg`fkn`t{ `|}adkaft`rhklz.‗

44

Tkjal|t |}kcklz }hlzl adzltu`}kanz kn d|kcmknf ` }hlat{ ae rltzan`ckmln}k}{# anl }h`} mkz}knf|kzhlz dl}vlln kmln}k}{ `z z`glnlzz (kmlg+ `nmkmln}k}{ `z zlcehaam (krzl + (kn ` v`{ }h`} ljhalz Zjhlj}g`n‛z uklvz+. Vh`} ` }hlat{ ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{ g|z} ma# hl jc`kgz# kz }a lz}`dckzh ` d`zkz eat }hlrltg`nlnjl ae }hl rltzan ault }kgl. Anl ae }hl jln}t`c lclgln}z lz}`dckzh'knf z|jh ` d`zkz kz jh`t`j}lt # ` zl} ae c`z}knf mkzrazk}kanz d{ vhkjh ` rltzan kztljafnklm. D|} }hl zrljkffj`}kan ae jh`t`j}lt g|z} gìl tleltlnjl }a h`dk}z?z|jh h`dk}z j`nna} dl zlln `z ffxlm t|clz ae dlhùkat gljh`nkj`cc{ tl`j}knf }a lnuktangln}z d|} g|z} dl ` zl} ae mkzrazk}kanz }h`} gìl zlnzl kn ` fflav ae tl`j}kanz. ]hl gamlc ae z|jh ` zl} ae mkzrazk}kanz kz ` n`tt`}kul jh`t`j}lt#` rtknjkr`c `ta|nm vhkjh ` z}at{ kz }acm (Tkjal|t 0;;4# 00;‚44+.

Kn }hkz v`{# Tkjal|t ‛z }hlat{ ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{ tlz}z an ` janjlr}kanae n`tt`}kuk}{. D|} na}kjl }h`} n`tt`}kuk}{ hltl gltlc{ tleltz }a }hl r`}}ltnzae `j}kan `nm h`dk} }h`} gìl zlnzl ae ` rltzan‛z jh`t`j}lt# vhltl –zlnzl‗

kz fkuln d{ jaggan |nmltz}`nmknfz arlt`}kul kn }hl rltzan‛z zajk`czl}}knf. @f`kn# n`tt`}kuk}{ dljaglz ` rc`jlhacmlt eat vh`}lult atf`nkknf rtknjkrcl mlzjtkdlz }hl r`}}ltn ae lxrltklnjl `nm `j}kan rtam|jlm d{ }hl

rltzan `nm kn}ltrtl}lm d{ hlt vk}h }hl |zl ae zajk`cc{ rtam|jlm `nmlgdlmmlm t|clz ae gl`nknf. ]hl janjlr} ae n`tt`}kuk}{# }hln# j`n dl ol}}kzanlm kn eùat ae }hkz gatl n|`njlm mlzjtkr}at `nm# vh`} kz gatlkgrat}`n}# kn eùat ae ` ml}`kclm `n`c{zkz ae vh`} janz}k}|}lz zajk`cc{ glmk`}lm zlce'tlffllj}kan eat ` }{rkj`c rltzan.

44 Tkjal|t 0;;4# 00= n. @cza# eat Tkjal|t na r|tlc{ z}t|j}|t c `n c{zkz ae n`tt`}kul vkcc z|jl# dlj`|zl k} kzlzzln}k`c }a |nmltz}`nm }hl n`tt`}kulz ae rltzanz (`z vlcc `z ffj}kan`c n`tt`}kulz+ kn }ltgz ae }hl–jh`t`j}ltz‗ at –taclz‗ }h`} `tl }hlkt jln}lt. An }hl a}hlt h`nm# }hlatklz ae n tt`}kul }h`} jln}lt vhacc{

an jh`t`j}lt at tacl `tl }hlgzlculz knjagrcl}l vk}ha|} tleltlnjl }a hav ` jh`t`j}lt rtaffcl dljaglz` z}at{. Kn }hl lnm# `jja|n}z ae n`tt }kuk}{ g|z} gìl lzzln}k`c tleltlnjl }a hkz}atkj`cc{ lgdlmmlm}t`mk}kanz ae z}at{}lccknf. Zll Tkjal|t 0;;4# 0;‚449 eat mkzj|zzkan `nm `m`r} }kan ae Tkjal|t ‛z uklvz zll

@}iknz 4228.




Za# vh`} g|z} dl mktlj}c{ knulz}kf`}lm d{ }hlatkz}z ae }hl zlce `tl }hlu`tka|z mkglnzkanz ae –gìknf zlnzl‗ ae }hl r`t}kj|c`tk}klz ae ckulz.–N`tt`}kul

‗kz gltlc{ }hl n`gl ae vh`}lult tlz|c}z etag }hkz rtajlzz# d|}anl }h`} g|z} dl zhatn ae }hl janna}`}kan }h`} }hltl kz `n knmlrlnmln}

janmk}kan ae cknl`t at zlg`n}kj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm jannlj}lmnlzz }h`} lxrltk'lnjlz g|z} janeatg }a kn atmlt }a janz}k}|}l ` zlce. Vhkcl –}lcc`dkck}{ ‗knmkj`}lz }h`} }hl zlnzl g`ml ae ckel'luln} zlp|lnjlz g|z} dl zh`rlm d{ z|tta|nmknf z}`nm`tmz ae gl`nknfe|cnlzz# }hl rtajlzz ae kn}ltrtl}knf k}zlce

vkcc dl }hl `j}kuk}{ }h`} rltzanz ‚ `nm anc{ rltzanz ‚ j`n |nmlt}ìl. Gatlg|z} dl z`km# }hln# `da|} }hl j`r`jk}{ eat zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf `nm kn}ltrtl'}`}kan }h`} cklz dlnl`}h }hl r|trat}lm n`tt`}kuk}{ ae zlculz‛ lxrltklnjlz#

clùknf dlhknm }hl uklv }h`} }hl tlz|c} ae z|jh tlffllj}kan g|z} hùl zaglr`t}kj|c`t eatg at a}hlt.4:

Ke K `g jattlj} }h`} –}hlg`}kj |nk}{ ‗ `nm –}lcc`dkck}{ ‗ `tl }hl gaz}rc`|zkdcl mlzkmlt`}` eat n`tt`}kulz# }hl janmk}kan ae n`tt`}kuk}{ vkcc dl gl}

vhlnlult ` tlffllj}knf z|dolj} kz `dcl }a kn}ltrtl} }hl luln}z# glgatklz# `nmkgrtlzzkanz zhl lxrltklnjlz `nm gìl zagl zlnzl ae }hlzl `jjatmknf }azajk`cc{ glmk`}lm zlg`n}kj t|clz. @nm za n`tt`}kuk}{ kz mlffnlm kn }ltgzae }hl j`r`jk}{ eat zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan# vhltl }hl c`}}lt kz g`nkelz}lm

vhlnlult }hl janzjka|z# rz{jhacafkj`cc{ jannlj}lm rltzan`ck}{ j`n }|tnhlt `}}ln}kan }a }hl lxrltklnjlz ae vhkjh zhl kz }hl z|dolj} `nm ffnm }hlggl`nknfe|c.

@cza# vh`} kz jt|jk`c kz na} }h`} }hl zlp|lnjl at jacclj}kan ae jh`t`j}lt }t`k}z kz zkgrc{ jahltln} d|} t`}hlt }h`} k} j`n dl zlln d{ }hl rltzan `zjahltln} `z hlt avn. ]hkz c`z} `}}k}|ml# zllknf zagl}hknf –`z anl‛z avn‗ kz#K }hkni# rtkgk}kul? k} kz ` zlnzl ae ` zlp|lnjl ae luln}z# `j}kanz# `nm }t`k}z`z anlz K z|dolj}kulc{ eaccav }hta|fh# `z gìknf zlnzl (kn r`t} `} cl`z}+dlj`|zl K ckul }hta|fh }hlg# dlj`|zl K ckul }hta|fh }hlg.4=

Hlnjl }hl jtk}kj`c `n`c{zkz ae n`tt`}kuk}{ h`z ga}ku`}lm }hl uklv }h`}gl`nknfe|cnlzz vk}hkn `n lz}`dckzhlm jan}lx} kz }hl g`ti ae n`tt`}kul|nk}{# jacc`rzknf }hl janmk}kan ae }hlg`}kj |nk}{ kn}a }hl –}lcc`dkck}{ ‗tlelttlm }a d{ Clk}jh `nm# knmktlj}c{# d{ Tkjal|t. Vh`} n`tt`}kuk}{ `ga|n}z }a# }hln# kz vh`}lult tlz|c}z etag }hl j`r`jk}{ eat zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan glmk`}lm d{ zajk`cc{ lgdlmmlm t|clz ae gl`nknf.]hltleatl# vh`} |nkfflz ` zlce kz }hl j`r`jk}{ eat zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan d{

v`{ ae zajk`cc{ glmk`}lm natgz.

4: Eat ` cknl ae `n`c{zkz }h`} zh`tlz g|jh vk}h }hkz uklv# zll Iltd{ 0;;0.4= @z @}iknz h`z `tf|lm# zllknf zlculz `z }hl rtam|j} ae n`tt`}kul hlcrz zhav hav kmln}k}{ kz kttlm|jkdc{

fftz}'rltzan`c? zll @}iknz 422= .

]hl n`tt`}kul zlce 8:



–Zajk`c glmk`}kan‗ hltl arlt`}lz `} }va clulcz. ]hl fftz} kz }hl |zl ae jafnk}kul z}t|j}|tlz `nm zlg`n}kj t|clz }a eatg|c`}l }hl }ltgz kn vhkjh zlce'

tlffl

lj}kan }ìlz rc`jl. Vhln `n knmkukm|`c tlffl

lj}z an hlt rltzan`c jh`t`j'}ltkz}kjz# `j}kanz# glgatklz# `nm }hl ckil# zhl g|z} |zl janjlr}z fcl`nlmetag }hl c`nf|`fl(z+ zhl zrlìz `nm }hl z|d}cl}klz ae gl`nknf rtaukmlmd{ }hl zajk`c vatcm vk}hkn vhkjh }h`} c`nf|`fl kz mlulcarlm. Zljanm# }hlmlftll }a vhkjh }h`} zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan kz |nkfflm at gl`nknfe|c }|tnz an}hl mlftll ae |nmltz}`nmknf `jhklulm kn anl‛z kn}lt`j}kan vk}h `j}|`c `nmra}ln}k`c –kn}ltrtl}ltz‗ ae }h`} `jja|n}. @z K hùl `tf|lm# z}atklz `tl na}zl} a|} `r`t} etag ` jagg|nk}{ ae kn}ltrtl}ltz9 hlnjl }hl kn}ltn`cklmdkaft`rhklz }h`} |nke{ zlculz `tl zkgkc`tc{ na} knz|c`}lm etag z|jh ` jag'

g|nk}{. ]hkz rkjiz |r an janjc|zkanz vl tl`jhlm kn jh`r}lt 4 janjltnknf }hl zajk`c janz}k}|}kan ae }hl zlce.

Vh`} kz tlp|ktlm eat |nkfflm rltzanhaam kz }h`} }hl z|dolj} ae ` ckel kz ` tlffllj}knf z|dolj} vhazl zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kanz gìl lna|fh zlnzl ae }hazlluln}z }h`} ` janzkz}ln} jh`t`j}lt j`n dl zlln `} }hlkt jln}lt. D|} vh`} `tl }hl janz}t`knknf janmk}kanz ae zlce'kn}ltrtl}kul tlffllxkuk}{ nljlzz`t{ eat ` |nkfflm zlce at rltzan`ck}{# dl{anm vh`} h`z dlln z`km d{ n`tt`}kul }hlatkz}z}hlgzlculz1 Ektz}# }hl rtajlzz ae gìknf zlnzl ae a|t lxrltklnjlz kz gatlffllxkdcl }h`n }hl n`tt`}kul }hlatkz}z z|fflz}. Janz}t`kn}z an }hl –zlnzl'

gìknf ‗ }h`} kz knuaculm kn }hl tl`ck`}kan ae rlarcl‛z zlce'janjlr} `tladuka|zc{ zajk`cc{ tlc`}kul# d|} }hl{ `tl `cza knmkukm|`cc{ tlc`}kul? mtl`gz}atklz ae}ln gìl rltelj} n`tt`}kul zlnzl }a }hlkt z|dolj}z# luln ke }hl{ `tldatknfc{ mkzjannlj}lm }a }hl tlz} ae |z.

@cza# tlffllj}kan an }hl luln}z ae ` ckel h`z ` r`t}kj|c`t rhlnaglnacafkj cjh`t`j}lt# `nm r|trat}lm –lxrltklnjlz‗ }h`} ` rltzan j`nna} gìl e|cczlnzl ae vkcc dl anlz etag vhkjh zhl kz kn ` z}tanf zlnzl `ckln`}lm. ]h`}kz# tlffllj}kan |ran }hlg vkcc na} kzz|l kn }hl |z|`c ` fl lj}kul `nm kn}ln'

}kan`c tlzranzlz `rrtartk`}l }a `|}hln}kj zlce'tlffl

lj}kan‚

` zlnzl ae kn}ltn`cglgat{ vk}h `}}lnm`n} rtartkajlr}kul zlnz`}kanz9 ellcknfz ae tlftl}# rtkml#lgd`tt`zzgln}# `nm }hl ckil# vkcc dl c`jiknf. ]hl luln}z `nm lxrltklnjlz

vkcc `cza c`ji jlt}`kn ga}ku`}kan`c janjagk}`n}z ae `|}hln}kj fftz}'rltzanglgatklz# ga}ku`}kanz jannlj}lm vk}h tlzranzkdkck}{ at tlftl}# eat lx`grcl.]hl{ vkcc ellc lx}ltn`c `nm eatlkfn. @nm }hl{ vkcc na} gìl zlnzl `z r`t} ae ` jacclj}kan ae a}hlt lxrltklnjlz vk}h ` jaggan }hlgl (je. Z}t`vzan 0;;;9eat jaggln}`t{# zll Zhll}z'Oahnz}anl 0;;;+.

Ekn`cc{# zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan g|z} zltul }hl rt`fg`}kj r|trazl gln'

}kanlm d{ Fltfln `nm Fltfln `nm a}hltz. Vhkcl k} kz kgrat}`n} }a na}l}hl zlfgln}lm n`}|tl ae g|jh ae zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan (elv ae |z hùl vauln`n ault'`tjhknf gamlc ae a|t ln}ktl ckulz+# l`jh jagranln} ae }hkz




kn}ltrtl}`}kan g|z} zltul }hl r|trazlz ae kn}lt`j}knf vk}h# `nm lxrc`knknf a|tzlculz }a# z|tta|nmknf a}hltz. Rtaukmknf tl`zanz eat `j}kanz# lxrc`knknf

o|mfgln}z `nm mljkzkanz# vkcc |}kckl zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kanz kn v`{z }h`}`tl janz}t`knlm d{ natgz faultnknf }hl `mlp|`j{ ae z|jh tl`zanz `nmlxrc`n`}kanz. Vk}ha|} ` e|cc'dcavn }hlat{ ae `j}kan# anl h`z }a dllx}tlglc{ `dz}t`j} hltl ae ja|tzl# d|} }hl kgrat}`n} rakn} kz }h`} zlce'tlffllj}kul `j}kuk}{ zltulz }hl `mmk}kan`c r|trazl ae lxrc`knknf `j}kanz`nm mljkzkanz `nm hlnjl kz e|t}hlt janz}t`knlm d{ natgz arlt`}kul kn}hazl zl}}knfz.

Ae ja|tzl# ` e|cc }hlat{ ae zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan kz dl{anm }hl zjarl ae }hkz jh`r}lt9 vhln k} kz mlulcarlm k} vkcc hùl }a gìl g|jh |zl ae

rz{jhacafkj`c (`nm zajk`c'rz{jhacafkj`c+ }hlatklz ae }hl zlce. D|} |nr`ji'knf }hl n`tt`}kuk}{ janmk}kan kn }hl v`{ K hùl manl zha|cm tleaj|z}hlatl}kj`c `}}ln}kan an }hl rtajlzz ae zlce'tlffllj}kul gl`nknf gìknf#t`}hlt }h`n an k}z z}t|j}|tl at atf`nk`}kan.4< ]hl rtajlzz ae zlnzl'gìknf kz# `z }hl n`tt`}kul }hlatkz}z `}}lz}# `n lzzln}k`c lclgln} ae janz}t|j}knf }hl zlce'janjlr}. D|} }hltl kz jcl`tc{ ` g|c}k'mkglnzkan`c kn}ltrc`{ `ganf ` u`tkl}{ ae m{n`gkj lclgln}z }h`} eatg r`t}z ae }hkz rtajlzz# `nm }hlp|lz}kan ae vhl}hlt z|jh ` rtajlzz kz anl ae tl}tklu`c# kn}ltrtl}`}kan# at r|tl janz}t|j}kan kz cle} }a dl `nzvltlm d{ `n`c{zlz }h`} }ìl |r vhltl g{ jtk}kjkzgz clùl afl . Hltl# havlult# K harl `} cl`z} }a hùl gaulm }h`}`n`c{zkz kn ` gatl et|k}e|c mktlj}kan.

Ekn`cc{# }hl uklv ae zajk`cc{ glmk`}lm tlffllj}kan zil}jhlm hltl kz zrlcclma|} kn z}tkiknfc{ `}lgrat`c }ltgz# `z ke ` zlce kz zkgrc{ ` dlknf tlffllj}knf anhlt jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz kn ` }kgl'zckjl g`nnlt. D|} ae ja|tzl }hl rtajlzzlz ae kn}tazrlj}kul zlnzl'gìknf K hùl dlln mlzjtkdknf hùl `z }hlkt adolj}lxrltklnjlz# `j}kanz# ellcknfz# `nm o|mfgln}z }h`} `tl ft`zrlm }hta|fhglgat{# luln}z }h`} eatg ` jahltln} jacclj}kan kn }kgl. Kn }hl eaccavknf

jh`r}lt# }hln# K v`n} }a }|tn mktlj} `}}ln}kan }a }hlzl gljh`nkjz kn atmlt }azhav hav }hl rz{jhacafkj`c z}t|j}|tl ae tlglgdltknf hlcrz ffcc a|} }hlrkj}|tl ae }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlce.

4< Eat `n lx`grcl ae vati }h`} `}}lgr}z }a ffllzh a|} }hl rz{jhacafkj`c |nmltrknnknfz ae zlce' kn}lt'rtl}`}kan# zll ]|tnlt 0;;5. Havlult# ]|tnlt gìlz g|jh |zl ae }hl janjlr} ae n`tt`}kuk}{ vk}ha|}|nr`jiknf }hl na}kan kn }hl g`nnlt K |tfl hltl.

]hl n`tt`}kul zlce 8<



j h ` r } l t <

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce

Vl `cc v`ci d`jiv`tm kn}a }hl e|}|tlGàtk rtaultd

A|t mkzj|zzkanz ae u`tka|z `rrta`jhlz }a janjlr}kanz ae }hl zlce hùl }ìln` elv }|tnz nav. Vl na}lm hav }hl z}`nm`tm gamlc ae }hl zlce r`zzlm mavnetag }hl Lnckfh}lngln} }t`mk}kan ae rack}kj`c `nm gat`c rhkcazarh{ kzna}atka|zc{ knmkukm|`ckz}kj. K} v`z nljlzz`t{# }hln# }a janzkmlt v`{z }a tlukzl}h`} gamlc kn ckfh} ae }hl zajk`c janz}k}|ln}z ae zlcehaam }h`} |nmlnk`dc{ rc`{ ` tacl na} anc{ kn a|t zlce'janjlr}z d|} kn `n{ |zle|c janjlr}kan ae `flnj{ at `|}anag{. ]hkz gkttatz g|jh vati kn }hl rhkcazarhkj`c ck}lt'`}|tl }a tlukzl }t`mk}kan c gamlcz ae `flnj{ kn atmlt }a hkfhckfh} }hl anfaknf jannlj}kanz vl `cc hùl vk}h z|tta|nmknf zajk`c m{n`gkjz `nm vk}h r`t}kj'|c`t zkfnkffj`n} a}hltz# jannlj}kanz }h`} gacm a|t kmln}k}{ `nm zh`rl a|t u`c|lz. J|tka|zc{# havlult# g|jh clzz na}kjl h`z dlln }ìln ae }hl v`{z kn

vhkjh }h`} z}`nm`tm `jja|n} ae `|}anaga|z `flnj{ h`z zlultlm a|t jan'nlj}kanz }a a|t r`z} . An g`n{ z}`nm`tm gamlcz# t`}kan`c `flnj{ knuaculz }hlz|tul{ ae j|ttln} ar}kanz# mlzktlz# `nm dlcklez# `nm }hl j`r`jk}{ }a jhaazl }hlar}kg c r`}h eatv`tm. D|} ck}}cl kz z`km mktlj}c{ `da|} hav }hazl jhakjlz `tkzla|} ae `n anfaknf hkz}atkj`c n`tt`}kul# `jjlzz }a vhkjh kz f`knlm }hta|fh }hlravltz ae glgat{.0 ]hltleatl# K v`n} }a janzkmlt hav tlffllj}kul zlce'

0 ]hltl kz g|jh mkzj|zzkan ae glgat{ kn }hlatklz ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{ ae ja|tzl (l.f.# zll Zjhlj}g`n0;;5+. Kn mkzj|zzkanz ae rt`j}kj`c tl`zan# glgat{ kz }tl`}lm clzz ae}ln. @n lx`grcl }h`} malz janzkmlt glgat{ kn }h`} ck}lt`}|tl kz Ulcclg`n 0;;59 zll `cza G`tf`ck} 4224. ]hlatklz ae `|}anag{ }h`} knjc|mlmkzj|zzkan ae glgat{ knjc|ml Dt }g`n (lzrljk`cc{ kn Dt }g`n 4226#jh. 4+ `nm J|{rltz 4220. A|}zkmlae `n`c{}kj }hlatklz ae `flnj{ `nm rt`j}kj`c tl`zan }hltl kz# ae ja|tzl# ftl`}lt `}}ln}kan }a glgat{9 zll#l.f.# Tkja|lt 422= .

K zha|cm gìl jcl`t }h`} kn }hkz jh`r}lt K `g mkzj|zzknf rz{jhacafkj`c `nm rhkcazarhkj`c janmk}kanzae dlknf ` jan}kn|a|z z|dolj} at zlce z }h`} kz flnlt`cc{ lxrltklnjlm. ]hkz kz na} }hl z`gl `z fkuknf gl}`rh{zkj`c janmk}kanz eat }hl kmln}k}{# ault }kgl# ae rltzanz . Knmllm# }hl }t`mk}kan`c jtk}kjkzg ae glgat{ jtk}ltk` ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{ jattlzranmz }a }hl rakn} K gìl kn }hl }lx}# n`glc{ }h`} glgat{

j`nna} lz}`dckzh rltzan`c kmln}k}{ zknjl hùknf ultkmkj`c (`|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul+ glgatklz rtl' z|rrazlz z`glnlzz ae zlce.

85



janz}t|j}kan g|z} }ìl kn}a `jja|n} na} anc{ j|ttln} lclgln}z ae anl‛zrltzan d|} `zrlj}z ae a|t r`z}# `jjlzz }a vhkjh kz fkuln }a |z d{ glgat{. @z

vl vkcc zll# }hl r`t}kj|c`t v`{ }h`} glgat{ vatiz vkcc jagrckj`}l# }ha|fhharle|cc{ kn et|k}e|c v`{z# `n{ uklvz ae }hl zlce }h`} lgltfl `z |zle|c kn zajk c`nm rack}kj`c }hlat{.

Zrljkffj`cc{# K v`n} }a z|fflz} hav uklvknf glgat{ `nm tlglgdltknf kn}hl tkfh} ckfh} kcc|gkn`}lz ` gamlc ae `flnj{ }h`} zllz zlculz `z }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm# mk`jhtankj rtaolj}z t`}hlt }h`n ffxlm tlrazk}atklz ae kn}ltlz}z at gamlz ae kmln}k}{. ]hl rtajlm|tl hltl vkcc dl fftz} }a caai `} }hl rz{jha'cafkj`c z}t|j}|tl ae glgat{ `nm }a eaj|z an }hl iknm ae tlglgdltknf }h`}kz gaz} tlclu`n} }a a|t knp|kt{. ]hln# kn atmlt }a knulz}kf`}l }hl u`c|l ae

glgat{ kn }hl janz}t|j}kan ae }hl zlce'janjlr}# K v`n} }a knulz}kf`}l }hazlj`zlz vhltl glgat{ kz c`jiknf . ]hkz vkcc ln`dcl |z }a fl} jcl`tlt an }hlrtljkzl tlc`}kan dl}vlln tlglgdltknf nm anl‛z zlnzl ae zlce. @z vl vkcc zll#glgat{ kz tlc`}lm }a zlce'janjlr} d|} na} kn }hl gaz} z}t`kfh}eatv`tm v`{ }h`} gkfh} `} fftz} z|fflz} k}zlce. K vkcc }hln jcazl vk}h ` mkzj|zzkan ae }hlkgrckj`}kan }hlzl adzltu`}kanz hùl eat ` vati`dcl janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce.

k . ` | } a d k a f t ` r h k j ` c g l g a t { ]hltl `tl g`n{ rhlnagln` }h`} ja|n} `z glgat{# `nm vhkcl ` ml}`kclmz|tul{ ae }hl u`z} ck}lt`}|tl an }hl rz{jhacaf{ ae glgat{ kz na} el`zkdclhltl# vl zha|cm fl} jcl`t `da|} }hl rtljkzl iknm ae tlj`cc }h`} kz ae kn}ltlz}.(Eat `n aultuklv# zll Dtlvlt 0;859 Janv`{ 0;;29 `nm ]|cuknf 4222.+ ]htllc`tfl j`}lfatklz ae glgat{ `tl glgatklz `z zikccz # tljafnk}kan glgat{ # `nmlxrltkln}k`c glgat{ . J|}}knf `jtazz }hlzl fta|rz# }ha|fh# `tl iknmz ae glgat{ }h`} `tl lk}hlt lxrckjk} at kgrckjk}. Zikccz `tl }{rkj`cc{ kgrckjk}# kn

}h`} tlglgdltknf hav }a ma zagl}hknf ae}ln malz na} tlp|ktl janzjka|zjanzkmlt`}kan ae }h`} zikcc (kn e`j} lxrckjk}c{ }hkniknf `da|} hav }a rlteatg}hl `j} vkcc ae}ln mkzt|r} k}# `z g|zkjk`nz `nm `}hcl}lz j`n `}}lz}+. @c}ha|fh}hlzl `tl j`cclm zlg`n}kj glgatklz# zknjl }hl{ z}t|j}|tl a|t `dkck}klz }a j`tt{ a|} lult{m`{ `j}kanz `nm zrlljh# }hl{ `tl na} janffnlm }a cknf|kz}kj zikccz.

@cc g`nnlt ae damkc{ j`r`dkck}klz `tl tlglgdltlm kn }hkz v`{. @z K z`km# vl ma na} natg`cc{ hùl }a dtknf z|jh glgatklz kn}a jan'

zjka|znlzz eat }hlg }a arlt`}l. A}hlt }{rlz ae tlj`cc# havlult# knuaculdtknfknf }hknfz lxrckjk}c{ }a janzjka|znlzz. Vhkcl K vkcc lxrc`kn dlcav

}h`} }hkz –lxrckjk}nlzz‗ kz na} ` zkgrcl at jan}kn|a|z lxrltklnjl ae zlce'z|jkln} zjlnlz at n`tt`}kulz# }hl mkz}knf|kzhknf el`}|tl ae }hlzl glgatklzkz }h`} }hl{ jan}`kn lclgln}z vhkjh `tl dta|fh} }a janzjka|znlzz. Vk}ha|}

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce 86



z|jh janzjka|z jagranln}z# vl va|cm na} z`{ vl tlglgdlt }hl e`j} at luln} kn p|lz}kan.4

]hkz rakn}z }a `na}hlt tlclu`n} z|dmkukzkan? tlj`cc ae e`j}z `z z|jh `nmtlj`cc ae lxrltklnjlz ae vhkjh vl vltl }hl z|dolj}. ]hltl `tl }hknfz `da|}g{ ckel }h`} K tlglgdlt }h`} }hl{ h`rrlnlm ‚ g{ dkt}h eat lx`grcl ‚ d|}na} anlz K tlglgdlt `z }hl z|dolj} (K j`n‛} tlglgdlt dlknf datn+. A}hlt e`j}z ae ja|tzl man‛} knuacul gl `} `cc# `nm K tlglgdlt }hlg `z r`t} ae }hldta`m inavclmfl d`zl }h`} gìlz |r g{ lrkz}lgkj fflcm. K v`n} }a eaj|z an}hazl glgatklz vk}h `n lxrltkln}k`c jan}ln}# }ha|fh# `nm za }hazl }h`} `tl–rltzan`c‗ kn }hkz v`{# vhkcl illrknf kn gknm ae ja|tzl }h`} rltzan`cglgatklz g`{ at g`{ na} dl lxrckjk} kn }hl v`{ K‛g |zknf }h`} }ltg.

(Knmllm }hltl kz g|jh mkzj|zzkan `nm zagl jan}taultz{ `da|} hav }ajc`zzke{ glgatklz `z –rltzan`c‗ `} `cc.:+

Rltzan`c glgatklz j`n dl lx}lnmlm lxrltkln}k`c zlp|lnjlz at gltl–zn`rzha}z‗ ae luln}z at `j}kanz. ]hl c`}}lt `tl zknfcl lxrltklnjlz vhazlgl`nknf kz e|cc{ jan}`knlm kn }hl zn`rzha} at lrkzaml k}zlce. Zagl ae }hlzlg`{ jan}`kn tkjh jan}ln}# z|jh `z }hl tlj`cc ae ` zkfnkffj`n} luln}# at }hl{ j`n dl p|k}l zkgrcl# z|jh `z }hl glgat{ ae zllknf vh`} }kgl k} v`z }hl c`z}}kgl {a| caailm.

Ekn`cc{# }hltl `tl glgatklz }h`} `tl z}t|j}|tlm `z lx}lnmlm n`tt`}kulz#zlp|lnjlz ae lxrltklnjlz# `j}kanz# `nm luln}z }h`} ajj|ttlm ault }kgl `nm vhkjh r`t}c{ janz}k}|}l }hl z}at{ ae anl‛z ckel# `z vl mkzj|zzlm kn }hl rtluka|zjh`r}lt. ]hl zlfgln}z ae }h`} z}at{ }h`} vl ma at j`n lxrckjk}c{ j`cc }a gknm`tl }hl n`tt`}kul `|}adkaft`rhkj`c glgatklz vhkjh vkcc dl }hl adolj} ae a|t `n`c{zkz hltl. K} kz na} }h`} a}hlt zat}z ae tlj`cc `tl na} kgrat}`n} eat mkzj|zzkanz ae }hl zlce# d|} n`tt`}kul rltzan`c glgat{ kz r`t}kj|c`tc{ jt|jk`c#`z vl vkcc zll. ]hlzl `tl glgatklz }h`} j`n dl dta|fh} }a janzjka|znlzz }h`}`tl# kn r`t} `} cl`z}# lxrltkln}k`c `nm rltzan`c `nm lx}lnm ault ` zr`n ae }kgl

vhazl clnf}h `nm z}t|j}|tl kz lzzln}k`c eat }hlkt gl`nknf. G{ glgat{# eat lx`grcl# ae fl}}knf g{ fftz} `j`mlgkj oad kz jagrazlm ae lxrltklnjlz `nm`j}kanz }h`} lx}lnm ault `} cl`z} gan}hz ke na} {l`tz `nm vhazl dlfknnknf rakn} vkcc kn zagl v`{z dl `tdk}t`t{# mlrlnmknf an }hl mlffnknf janmk}kanzae }h`} luln}. ]h`} glgat{ j`nna} dl |nmltz}aam `z zkgrc{ ` zltklz ae mkzr`t`}l zn`rzha}z at e`j}z `da|} gl. Vh`} gìlz }hkz ` |nkp|l rltzan`cglgat{ kz }h`} k} kz jagrazlm ae }hazl jagrclx lclgln}z vhkjh K dtknf }a

4 @ zkgkc`t mkz}knj}kan kn }{rlz ae z}atlm glgat{ h`z dlln mt`vn dl}vlln –mljc`t`}kul‗ `nm –rtajl'm|t`c‗ kneatg`}kan. Eat mkzj|zzkan zll Iclkn l} `c . 422= # =54. Zll `cza vh`} Vacchlkg mlzjtkdlz `z–luln} glgat{ ‗ (Vacchlkg 0;8= # jh. = +.

: Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz kzz|l# zll# l.f.# D`tjc`{ `nm Zgk}h 0;;4.




gknm nav `nm vhkjh K lxrltklnjlm fftz}'h`nm l`tcklt. ]hkz mlzjtkr}kan ae glgat{ gìlz |zl ae ` mkz}knj}kan vhkjh vkcc dl kgrat}`n} kn vh`} eaccavz#

n`glc{ }hl mkz}knj}kan dl}vlln zkgrc{ inavknf K mkm at lxrltklnjlm zagl'}hknf `nm tlglgdltknf k}.K} kz na} razzkdcl hltl }a `mlp|`}lc{ z|tul{ }hl u`z} `tt`{ ae rz{jhacafkj`c

vati an glgat{# `c}ha|fh }hl z{z}lg`}kj z}|m{ ae `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`'}kul glgat{ ae }hl zat} }h`} vkcc janjltn |z hltl kz ae e`ktc{ tljln} ukn}`fl.U`tka|z `zrlj}z ae tlglgdltknf `tl z}|mklm kn }hkz ck}lt`}|tl# knjc|mknf p|lz}kanz ae `jj|t`j{ ae glgatklz `nm }hl razzkdcl rhlnaglnan ae z|f'flz}lm glgatklz.= Havlult# ae r`t}kj|c`t kn}ltlz} eat |z kz vh`} h`z jagl }adl }hl `jjlr}lm gamlc ae tlglgdltknf kn }hkz ck}lt`}|tl# `} cl`z} kn k}z dta`m

a|}cknlz. K} kz flnlt`cc{ `jjlr}lm nav }h`} n`tt`}kul glgat{ malz na}knuacul zkgrc{ ` r`zzkul lxrltklnjl ae ` z}t|j}|tlm rhlnaglnacafkj`czlp|lnjl }h`} kz zaglhav z}atlm kn a|t dt`knz vhkjh vl j`cc |r `nm# `z k}

vltl# – v`}jh.‗ Glgat{ kz na} zkgrc{ tl}tklu`c ae lnjamlm gagln}z vhazlz}t|j}|tl `nm gl`nknf `tl zl} `nm vhkjh a|t j|ttln} zlculz zkgrc{ `jjlzz kn}hlkt atkfkn`c eatg.< O|z} `z }hl atkfkn`c lnjamknf kn}a glgat{ kz na} zkgrc{ ` tljatmknf ae luln}z ìkn }a ffcgknf }hl zjlnl# }hl tl}tklu`c rtajlzz kz na} ` r`zzkul `rrtlhlnzkan ae z}t|j}|tlm g`}ltk`c. Kn da}h j`zlz }hl rtajlzz kz`j}kul ‚ }hl dt`kn `tt`nflz `nm lnjamlz g`}ltk`c kn ` jagrclx `nm nan'cknl`t g`nnlt ‚ `nm tljanz}t|j}kul ‚ }hl tlglgdltlm n`tt`}kul kz`zzlgdclm# `z k} vltl# `} }hl gagln} ae tlj`cc. ]hkz kz na} }a z`{ }h`} ` glgat{ –}t`jl‗ ‚ ` j`|z`c jh`kn ae zagl zat} dl`tknf kzagatrhkj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm lclgln}z ae }hl atkfkn`c lxrltklnjl ‚ kz na} knuaculm kn ultkmkj`cglgatklz. D|} k} kz jcl`t }h`} tlj`cc kz na} zkgrc{ r`zzkul z}at`fl nm tl}tklu`can }hl atmlt ae ` tlrc`{lm ffcg.

Vhln vl tlglgdlt vl janz}t|j} ` n`tt`}kul d`zlm an z}atlm m`}`# `z vlcc`z j|ttln} j|lz# jafnk}kul `nm ` fl lj}kul et`glz# `nm lx}ltn`c z}kg|ck# `cc `z

r`t} ae ` rtajlzz }a et`gl }hl el`}|tlz ae }hl luln}z dlknf tlglgdltlm kn}a ` jahltln} zlp|lnjl (ke# }h`} kz# vl v`n} }a }`ci `da|} }hl –e`j}z‗ ae }hlatkfkn`c luln}z knmlrlnmln} ae }hl c`}lt tlrtlzln}`}kan ae }hlg5+. @z M`nklcZjh`j}lt r|}z k}? – Vl nav inav lna|fh `da|} hav glgatklz `tl z}atlm`nm tl}tklulm }a mlgackzh Y}hl g{}h }h`}W glgatklz `tl r`zzkul at ck}lt`ctljatmknfz ae tl`ck}{ ‥ k} kz nav jcl`t }h`} vl ma na} z}atl o|mfgln}'etllzn`rzha}z ae a|t r`z} lxrltklnjlz d|} t`}hlt hacm an }a }hl gl`nknf# zlnzl#`nm lga}kanz }hlzl lxrltklnjlz rtaukmlm |z‗ (Zjh`j}lt 0;;6# < je. `czaD`t}cl}} 0;:49 Dtlvlt 0;85+.

= Eat ` tljln} aultuklv# zll ]|cuknf 4222. < Eat ` zkgkc`t rakn}# zll Zjhljh}g`n 0;;5# 04= .5 Zll H`jiknf 0;;<# jh. 8 eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz kzz|l.

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce 8;



]hlzl rakn}z j`n dl zlln tl`mkc{ d{ kg`fknknf }hl z}t|j}|tl `nm jan}ln}ae zkgrcl n`tt`}kul glgatklz. Tlj`cc ` tljln} zlp|lnjl ae luln}z9 kn –tlrc`{'

knf ‗

}hl zlp|lnjl# z`{ ae l`}knf mknnlt c`z} nkfh}# {a| vkcc clùl a|} g{tk`mml}`kcz etag }hl atkfkn`c lxrltklnjl }h`} jcl`tc{ vltl tljatmlm `z r`t} ae }hlzlnzatk`c `tt`{ ‚ }hl zglcc ae }hl eaam# }hl ellc ae }hl |}lnzkc kn {a|t h`nm ‚

d|} `tl na} j|ttln}c{ r`t} ae }hl glgat{. ]hkz kz dlj`|zl z|jh ml}`kcz `tlna}# vl j`n `zz|gl# tlclu`n} }a }hl `kgz ae j|ttln}c{ tlglgdltknf }hlluln}. D|} k} kz jcl`t {a| j`n tlj`cc zagl ae }hlzl ml}`kcz ke rtammlm ‚ rlth`rz{a| o|z} }ha|fh} `da|} }hl zglcc ae {a|t eaam c`z} nkfh} vhln k} v`zgln}kanlm ‚ d|} fkuln }h`} }hl zajk`c z}t|j}|tl ae }hl tlj`cc luln} mkm na}j`cc eat ` eaj|z an }h`} ml}`kc# k} v`z na} r`t} ae }hl glgat{.

Zkgkc`tc{# vl –ffcc kn‗ ml}`kcz kn}a ` j|ttln} glgat{ }h`} g`{ at g`{ na}hùl dlln r`t} ae }hl atkfkn`c lxrltklnjl. Vl g`{ na} hùl tljatmlm }hljacat ae }hl }`dcl |ran vhkjh vl `}l# d|} vhln vl tlglgdlt }hl zjlnl#z|jh ml}`kcz `tl ffcclm kn }a fkul }hl tlglgdltlm zlp|lnjl jahltlnjl `nmzlnzat{ mlnzk}{ (è}lt `cc# vh`} va|cm ` glgat{ ae l`}knf an ` jacatclzz }`dcldl ckil1+. Lclgln}z ae glgatklz `tl `mmlm `nm z|d}t`j}lm `z vl tljanz}k}|}l}hl lxrltklnjl vhkjh kz dlknf tlj`cclm.6 ]hkz zhavz }va }hknfz# } cl`z}?fftz}#glgat{ kz na}# `z K z`km# ` r`zzkul tlrc`{knf ae z}t|j}|tlm m`}`# `nm# zljanm#glgat{ z}t|j}|tl kz zh`rlm d{ }hl rt`fg`}kj `nm zajk`c e`j}atz }h`} zr|t }hlr`t}kj|c`t `j} ae tlglgdltknf. Vh{ vl tlglgdlt zagl}hknf kz e|nm`gln'}`cc{ kgrat}`n} eat vh`} vl tlglgdlt.

E|t}hlt lukmlnjl eat }hl tljanz}t|j}kul n`}|tl ae glgat{ jaglz etagtl`ckknf }h } vl ae}ln zhke} rltzrlj}kul kn tlglgdltknf. K} h`z dllnjcknkj`cc{ zhavn }h`} z|dolj}z ae}ln tlj`cc luln}z vhkjh }hl{ lxrltklnjlmetag ` }hktm'rltzan rakn} ae uklv# zhavknf }h`} }hl glgat{ kz jcl`tc{ ` tlz}t|j}|tlm ultzkan ae }hl atkfkn`c zjlnl (Dtlvlt 0;85? =49 zll `cza

Vacchlkg 0;8= # jh. = +.

]hkz tljanz}t|j}kul `jja|n} ae glgat{# zil}jhlm hltl kn ult{ dta`m}ltgz# h`z dljagl ` jagganrc`jl lclgln} kn rz{jhacafkj`c }hlatklz ae tlglgdltknf `nm tlj`cc. Rz{jhacafkz} G`t}kn Janv`{ rtaukmlz vh`} gkfh}dl |zle|c `z ` flnlt`c gamlc? `|}adkaft`rhkj`c glgat{ kz ` jagrclx kn}lt`j}kan `ganf zlult`c jafnk}kul rtajlzzlz `nm ` fl lj}kul e|nj}kanz#knjc|mknf flnlt`}kul tl}tklu`c ae lnjamlm rhlnagln`c tljatmz# hklt`tjhk'j`cc{ atf`nklm }hlg`}kj inavclmfl z}t|j}|tlz }h`} rtaukml jahltlnjl }az|jh rhlnagln`# `nm ` jagrclx zlce'zjhlg` }h`} kz da}h kgrazlm |ran `nm

6 ]hl naulcz `nm zjtllnrc`{z ae @c`kn Taddl'Ftkccl} afl lt `n lx`grcl ae rat}t`{knf luln}z `nm kg`flz knkzac`}lm# zn`rzha} e`zhkan. ]hl mkzatkln}`}kan }h`} tlz|c}z gìlz }hl rakn}# K }hkni. (Zll# eat lx`grcl#}hl naulc C` O`ca|zkl at }hl ffcg C`z} [l`t `} G`tklnd`m .+

;2 ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



`tkzlz a|} ae }h`} tl}tklu`c rtajlzz (Janv`{ l} `c . 0;;4+. Na}l hav ` fl lj} `nmlga}kan `tl `cza kn}tknzkj }a }hl rtajlzz# `z tlglgdltknf da}h j|lz `nm

mlrlnmz |ran ellcknf kn tlc`}kan }a tlj`cclm n`tt`}kulz. Gatlault# }hl ln}ktlrtajlzz kz lgdlmmlm kn zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm }`ziz# tlzranmknf }a tlp|lz}z at lxrlj} }kanz# f|kmlm d{ jahltlnjl z}`nm`tmz eat luln} zlp|lnjlz# nm za an.]hl rtajlzz kz `j}kul `nm janz}t|j}kul d|} janz}t`knlm d{ lnjamlm rhlnag'ln`c tljatmz# z}`nm`tmz ae jahltlnjl `nm rc`|zkdkck}{# `nm ` fl lj}kul tl`j}kanz.Gatl kgrat}`n}c{ eat |z# `nm ` rakn} }a vhkjh vl vkcc zaan tl}|tn# }hlrtajlzz da}h rtlz|rrazlz `nm rtam|jlz `n anfaknf zlnzl ae zlce# ` zlce'zjhlg`# vhkjh# an }hl anl h`nm gìlz }hl glgat{ `|}adkaft`rhkj`c ( rlt zl +`nm rtaukmlz z}`nm`tmz eat glgat{ ultkmkj`ck}{ (zll# l.f.# Dc|ji 422:9 Iclkn

l} `c. 422= +.]hl knmkukm|`ckz} }anl z}t|ji kn }hl `jja|n} o|z} zil}jhlm zha|cm na}

adzj|tl }hl kgrat}`n} e`j} }h`} tlglgdltknf kz ae}ln |nmlt}ìln `gkmz}kn}ltrltzan`c kn}lt`j}kanz `nm zajk`c lxrlj}`}kanz# e`j}atz vhkjh mktlj}c{ zh`rl }hl z}t|j}|tl `nm jan}ln} ae glgatklz (zll Eku|zh 0;;= 9 GjCl`n422<+.8 ]hlzl zajk`c e`j}atz zh`rl }hl janmk}kanz ae rc`|zkdkck}{ eat glga'tklz# }ha|fh ae ja|tzl ultkmkj`ck}{ j`nna} zkgrc{ dl tlm|jlm }a jtk}ltk` ae zajk`c `jjlr}`dkck}{. Knmllm# }hl kn}lt`j}kan dl}vlln zajk`c `nm kn}ltrltza'n`c e`j}atz `nm e`k}he|cnlzz }a `j}|`c r`z} luln}z kz `} }hl nlx|z ae jagrclx mld`}lz z|tta|nmknf za'j`cclm tljaultlm glgat{ z{nmtagl. (Eat mkzj|z'zkan zll H`jiknf 0;;<.+ Vl inav }h`} glgat{ kz na} e|cc{ uac|n}`t{ at zkgrc{ ` g`}}lt ae mljkzkan# `z }h`} va|cm e`kc }a mkz}knf|kzh k} etag `j}z ae kg`fkn`}kan.; [l}# }hl zrljkffj jagranln}z (kg`flz# zlp|lnjlz+ }h`} jan'z}k}|}l ` fkuln glgat{ }a zagl lx}ln} mlrlnm an }hl kn}ltrltzan`c zl}}knf

vhkjh zl}z }hl z}`nm`tm eat vhl}hlt tlrat}lm glgatklz gìl zlnzl. ]hlg`kn rakn} hltl kz }h`} glgat{ kz ` zajk`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm# `j}kul rtajlzz# `nkn}ltrtl}kul |nmltz}`nmknf ae anl‛z lxrltklnjlz vk}h `}}lnm`n} ` fl lj}kul

tlzranzlz `nm o|mfgln}z# atf`nklm d{ ` vatiknf zlce'zjhlg`.Kn }hkz mkzj|zzkan K `g c`tflc{ zikt}knf kzz|lz ae ultkmkj`ck}{ eat glgatklz.

]h`} p|lz}kan kz p|k}l jagrclx# ae ja|tzl# `z jtk}ltk` eat u`ckm tlglgdltknf knuacul kzz|lz ae zlce'tlzrlj} (janzkmlt`}kanz ae tlzrlj} g`{ fta|nm `nadckf`}kan }a }ìl jc`kgz ae tlglgdltknf zltka|zc{+ `z vlcc `z z}`nm`tmz ae

o|z}kfflm dlckle. K vkcc anc{ z`{ hltl }h`} u ckm glgat{ n`tt`}kulz g|z} `} cl`z}

8 K} kz `cza j`z} kn ` c`tflc{ gln}`ckz}kj tlfkz}lt# |nmltrc`{knf }hl v`{ a|t damklz tlglgdlt. ]hkz kz `

tlz|c} ae g{ eaj|z an lxrckjk} n`tt`}kul glgatklz. Eat `n `c}ltn`}kul `rrta`jh }a }hl zlce }h`} gkfh}`rrta`jh glgat{ etag ` mkfl ltln} `nfcl# zll Gl{ltz 422<.

; An glgat{ `nm }hl kg`fkn`}kan# zll Ulcclg`n 0;;5. Vhkcl glgat{ kz na} uac|n}`t{ kn }hkz zlnzl#}hltl g`{ nlult}hlclzz dl adckf`}kanz }a (}t{ }a+ tlglgdlt. Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll G`tf`ck} 4224.

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce ;0



janeatg }a j|ttln} e`j}z vhkjh `tl }hl j`|z`c rtafln{ ae atkfkn`c tlglg'dltlm luln}z. ]hkz kz ` ult{ vlì jtk}ltkan# ae ja|tzl# `z knn|glt`dcl j|ttln}

z}atklz `tl j`|z`cc{ janzkz}ln} vk}h vh`} vl gkfh} inav `da|} }hl r`z}. @nm }h`} kz }hl rakn}? vh`} jtl`}lz glgat{ kz gatl }h`n tlrat}knf zaglluln} at luln}z9 k} kz janz}t|j}knf `n kn}ltrtl}`}kan f|kmlm d{ ` zlnzl ae anlzlce `nm }hl zajk`c lxrlj}`}kanz `nm gl`nknfz }h`} zh`rl }hl z}`nm`tmzeat z|jh kn}ltrtl}`}kanz.

G|jh gatl ja|cm dl z`km `da|} }hl rz{jhacaf{ ae glgat{# ae ja|tzl.Cl} |z gaul an# havlult# }a dlfkn lxrcatknf e|t}hlt }hl tlc`}kanzhkrdl}vlln tlglgdltknf `nm }hl zlce'janjlr}. Anl v`{ }a `rrta`jh }h`}p|lz}kan kz }a `zi vh`} k} kz }h`} kz u`c|`dcl `da|} tlglgdltknf eat ` rltzan.

Ke vl caj }l }hl r`t}kj|c`t `nm |nkp|l u`c|l ae glgat{ vl gkfh} hanl kn an}hl v`{ }h`} glgat{ `nm zlce `tl tlc`}lm.

Ae ja|tzl# glgat{ h`z knz}t|gln}`c u`c|l kn rtaukmknf kneatg`}kan`da|} j|ttln} ar}kanz# j`|z`c zlp|lnjlz# `nm za an. Knmllm# kn ` v`{ `cccl`tnknf kz ` e|nj}kan ae glgat{ `nm za k} kz u`c|`dcl kn }hl v`{ inav'clmfl kz. D|} jcl`tc{ }hltl kz zagl}hknf kn}tknzkj`cc{ kgrat}`n} `da|}tlglgdltknf }h`} kz knmlrlnmln} ae }hlzl e|nj}kanz. Na} gltlc{ }hlrcl`z|tlz ae tlgknkzjknf ‚ }ha|fh g|jh tlglgdltknf kz r`kne|c `nm vl

va|cm na} z`{ }h`} gl`nz k} zha|cm dl lt`zlm eat }h`} tl`zan ‚ vh`} kz k}}h`} gìlz }hl j`r`jk}{ eat `nm rt`j}kjl ae tlglgdltknf a|t r`z}z u`c|`dcleat |z kn k}zlce1 Hav zha|cm vl |nmltz}`nm }hl nan'knz}t|gln}`c u`c|l ae rltzan`c glgatklz `nmat }hl janz}k}|}kul tacl k} rc`{z kn rhlnagln` }h`}`tl }hlgzlculz kn}tknzkj cc{ u`c|lm1 D{ lx}lnzkan# vh`} kgrckj`}kanz malz}hkz u`c|l hùl (vh`}lult k} }|tnz a|} }a dl+ eat rc`|zkdcl janjlr}kanz ae }hl zlce1

Anl z}t`kfh}eatv`tm `nzvlt }a }hkz p|lz}kan kz }hkz? tlglgdltknf kz da}hnljlzz`t{ eat `nm rtam|jlz a|t zlce'janjlr}. ]hl u`c|l ae tlglgdltknf

zkgrc{ knhltlz kn a|t u`c|`}kan ae a|tzlculz# at }a r|} k} clzz }lnmln}ka|zc{ (`nm }a gìl taag eat tlftl} `nm zh`gl+# glgat{ kz nljlzz`t{ eat hùknf ` zlce'janjlr}# za knzae`t `z hùknf ` zlce'janjlr} kz nan'knz}t|gln}`cc{ kgrat}`n}# glgat{ knhltk}z }h`} u`c|l. Havlult# `z vl vkcc zhat}c{ zll#}hknfz `tl na} za zkgrcl. Gatl g|z} dl z`km `da|} }hl z}t|j}|tl ae da}hglgat{ `nm }hl zlce'janjlr} kn atmlt }a ft`zr }hl gl`nknf `nm kgrat} ae }hkz h{ra}hlzkz. D|} }a fftz} fl} jcl`tlt an }hl u`c|l ae glgat{ `nm k}ztlc`}kan }a zlce# cl} |z }ìl ` zckfh}c{ mkfl ltln} }`ji? cl} |z jan}kn|l }hkzlx`gkn`}kan d{ caaiknf `} j`zlz vhltl glgat{ kz c`jiknf . Kn }hkz v`{ }hl

rtarazlm tlc`}kan dl}vlln glgat{ `nm zlce'janjlr} vkcc dl lxrcatlm `nmg`ml gatl jagrclx kn vh`} K harl `tl rtam|j}kul v`{z.




k k . ` g n l z k ` # g l g a t { # ` n m z l c u l z

A|t `}}lgr} }a f`kn knzkfh} kn}a }hl z}t|j}|tl `nm u`c|l ae glgat{ knuk}lzlx`gkn`}kan ae j`zlz vhltl k} h`z dlln caz}# `nm hlnjl ae `gnlzk` kn k}zu`tka|z eatgz. Cazz ae tlj`cc `dkck}{ ajj|tz kn ` u`tkl}{ ae v`{z `nm |nmlt mkfl ltln} janmk}kanz# knjc|mknf# rlth`rz gaz} e`gkck`tc{# glgat{ cazzlz m|l}a `fknf `nmat @chlkglt ‛z mkzl`zl. G`n{ z|fl ltltz ae `gnlzk` gkfh} `czac`ji u`tka|z a}hlt jafnk}kul zikccz }h`} tlnmlt }hlg clzz `dcl }a janjln}t`}l`nm tlffllj}# na} anc{ m|l }a glgat{ cazz z}tkj}c{ zrlìknf d|} etag kn`dkck}{ }a eaj|z at etag janz}`n} et|z}t`}kan at a}hlt janmk}kanz. Havlult# kn atmlt }a illr jcl t an }hl p|lz}kan ae }hl u`c|l ae glgat{ k}zlce# K v`n} }a eaj|z an

`gnlzk` r`}kln}z vha zllg }a hùl g`kn}`knlm ` t`nfl ae jafnk}kul `dkck}klztlclu`n} }a mljkzkan'gìknf `nm `j}kan d|} c`ji glgat{ j`r`dkck}klz rlt zl .

]hltl hùl dlln kgrat}`n} rz{jhacafkj`c z}|mklz ae glgat{ cazz }a vhkjh K vkcc }|tn kn ` gagln}. Ektz}# }ha|fh# cl} |z lx`gknl ` zl} ae j`zlzrtlzln}lm a|}zkml }hl jcknkj`c jan}lx}. Kn ` DDJ maj|gln}`t{ Ckuknf Vk}ha|} Glgat{ ` rtaffcl kz rtlzln}lm ae }htll knmkukm|`cz z|fl ltknf etag`n}ltaft`ml `gnlzk` }h`} tlz|c}lm etag mkzl`zl at kno|t{.02 @cc }htll hùlanc{ ckgk}lm zhat}'}ltg glgat{ `nm g|z} rtajllm uk` j|lz `nm tlgknmltz}a fl} }hta|fh zagl ae }hl gaz} d`zkj m`kc{ }`ziz. Kn `cc }htll j`zlz# }hlknmkukm|`cz `tl j`tlm eat d{ jcazl tlc`}kanz `nm j`n flnlt`cc{ d|} gknkg`cc{ e|nj}kan vk}h }hl `km ae z|jh j`tl. Mlddkl# eat lx`grcl# nllmz ` ckz} kn atmlt }a d`}hl `nm mtlzz hltzlce l`jh m`{. Zhl ja|cm na} tlj`cc tkml kn hlckjar}lt

vk}h hlt e`}hlt =< gkn|}lz è}lt k} ajj|ttlm. Z`cc{# vha z|fl ltlm etaglnjlrh`ck}kz `} `fl 8 ‚ zhl kz `da|} 4< kn }hl ffcg ‚ h`z caz} `cc `dkck}{ }aeatg `nm g`kn}`kn nlv glgatklz eat canflt }h`n `da|} 42 gkn|}lz. Zhlillrz ` mk`t{ `nm g|z} vtk}l mavn lult{}hknf }h`} h`rrlnz ae zkfnkffj`njlkn atmlt }a }ìl na}l ae k} c`}lt. ]hkz# `canf vk}h hlt r`tln}z‛ j`tl `nm }hl

hlcr ae a}hlt etklnmz# `ccavz hlt }a |nmlt}ìl u`tka|z natg`c }`ziz# z|jh `zuac|n}lltknf `} ` jagg|nk}{ jln}lt. Zhl ellcz janz}`n} et|z}t`}kan kn na}tlglgdltknf rtluka|z lxrltklnjlz `nm rc`nz# d|} zhl `cza c`|fhz `} hlt avneatfl}}knf. Zhl `cza kz `dcl }a jaggln} an a}hltz‛ tl`j}kanz }a hlt `nmzran}`nla|zc{ tlrat} }h`} hlt ckel kz |n|z|`c dlj`|zl ae hlt –glgat{ rtadclg.‗

00

02–Tl}taft`ml `gnlzk` ‗ tleltz }a }hl kn`dkck}{ }a tlj`cc luln}z kn anl‛z ckel rtkat }a }hl anzl} ae ` r`t}kj|c`t janmk}kan (vh`} gkfh} dl }ha|fh} ae `z cazz ae canf'}ltg glgat{+. – @n}ltaft`ml `gnlzk` ‗

tleltz }a }hl kn`dkck}{ }a tlglgdlt luln}z z|dzlp|ln} }a z|jh `n anzl} (cazz ae zhat}'}ltg glgat{+.00 G|jh gatl zha|cm dl z`km `da|} }hlzl j`zlz ae ja|tzl. Eat lx`grcl# }hlzl knmkukm|`cz tl}`kn ` zl} ae

zikccz# zlg`n}kj glgatklz# dam{'zjhlg`z `nm a}hlt lclgln}z ae ` zlnzl ae zlce. Eat mkzj|zzkan ae z|jhkzz|lz zll F`cc`fhlt 422<.

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce ;:



Kn v`}jhknf }hlzl knmkukm|`cz k} kz jcl`t }h`} }hlkt ckulz `tl mkj|c} `nmkgr`ktlm. D|} anl va|cm nlult z`{ }h`} }hl{ c`jilm ` zlnzl ae zlce .Kne`j}k}kz

jcl`t }h`} }hl{ `cc hùl ` p|k}l tad|z} |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hlgzlculz `z rltzanzz}t|ffcknf vk}h glgat{ kzz|lz. @z K z`km# kn g`n{ j`zlz ae glgat{ mkz'`dkck}{# r`}kln}z lxkz} kn z|jh ` z}`}l ae jane|zkan `nm vk}ha|} natg`c`dkck}klz }a janjln}t`}l }h`} k} va|cm dl h`tm }a z`{ }h`} }hl{ g`kn}`knlm ` jahltln} janjlr} ae zlce kn `n{ zlnzl. D|} k} kz `cza jcl`t }h`} kn a}hlt j`zlz

vhln r`}hacafklz `tl tlz}tkj}lm c`tflc{ }a glgat{ cazz `gnlzk`jz `tl `} cl`z}`dcl }a g`kn}`kn ` janjlr}kan ae }hlgzlculz kn }hl gknkg`c zlnzl ae inavknf vha }hl{ `tl# vh`} }hl{ v`n}# `nm ae}ln vh`} kz nllmlm }a fl}k}# luln ke }hl{ ae}ln j`nna} z`}kze{ }hlzl nllmz dlj`|zl ae }hlkt janmk}kan.

C`dat`}at{ lxrltkgln}z `cza z|fflz} }h`} ae}ln `gnlzk` knuaculz e`kc|tl ae tlj`cc `dkck}klz d|} na} z}at`fl j`r`jk}{# zknjl r`}kln}z j`n ae}ln tlj`cc luln}z

vhln z|jkln}c{ j|lm `} z|jjlzz t`}lz `rrta`jhknf natg`c clulcz# }ha|fh}lgrat`c atmltknf ae z|jh luln}z kz z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ kn`jj|t`}l. ]hkz z|fflz}z}h`} n`tt`}kul tljanz}t|j}kan ae z}atlm g`}ltk`c kz ` zlr`t`}l jafnk}kule|nj}kan kn }hl rtajlzz ae tlglgdltknf.04

A}hlt jcknkj`c tlzl`tjh an `gnlzk` z|fflz}z ` zkgkc`t janjc|zkan. Eat lx`grcl# Hktz} z}|mklm dt`kn'm`g`flm r`}kln}z vhazl jafnk}kul mlffjk}z

zllglm janff

nlm }a glgat{ `nm jc`kgz }h`} }hlkt |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hlg'zlculz kz tlg`ti`dc{ mlulcarlm (Hktz} 0;;= # 4<<+. Iclkn `nm hkz jaccl`f|lzzkgkc`tc{ `tf|l }h`} glgat{ knuaculz ` u`tkl}{ ae jafnk}kul e|nj}kanz `nm}hlzl j`n e`kc zlr`t`}lc{ `z vlcc `z }afl}hlt. D|} hl `tf|lz `cza }h`} –YlWuln knzlultl j`zlz ae lrkzamkj glgat{ cazz jaultknf ` rltzan‛z ln}ktl ckel ‥

knmkukm|`cz za ` kj}lm `rrl`t j`r`dcl ae `rrtljk`}knf }hl rtlzln} `nm`n}kjkr`}knf }hl e|}|tl‗ (Iclkn l} `c . 422= # =56+.

Hktz} `cza `tf|lz }h`} `gnlzk`jz c`ji }hl `dkck}{ }a r`t}kjkr`}l kn }hl zajk`cm{n`gkjz }h`} kn r`t} janz}k}|}l tlglgdltknf (jacclj}kul tlj`cc+. Glgat{

jan}tkd|}lz# hl jc`kgz# }a }hl zajk`c janz}t|j}kan ae }hl zlce. Hl z}tlzzlz }h`}zajk`c kn}lt`j}kan kz e|nm`gln}`c da}h }a tlglgdltknf (kn}ltn`ckknf }hazllx}ltn`cc{ flnlt`}lm j|lz etag a}hltz `nm }hl lnuktangln} }h`} zlj|tl ` glgat{# eat lx`grcl+ `nm }a mlulcargln} ae }hl zlce. Zlce'tlrtlzln}`}kan `z

vlcc `z zlce' rtlzln}`}kan kz z}t|j}|tlm d{ zajk`c lxrlj}`}kanz `nm m{n`gkjz. @gnlzk`jz zhav }hl jclù`fl dl}vlln }hlzl }va rhlnagln` vhln }hl{ tlrtlzln} }hlgzlculz kn v`{z }h`} j`nna} dl z|z}`knlm d{ }hlkt j|ttln}rtlzln}`}kan (z|jh `z }hl tl}taft`ml `gnlzk`j vha vatl }htll'rkljl z|k}z

04 Hktz} janjc|mlz }h`} –Y`Wgnlzk` kz na} ` jagrcl}l dtlìmavn kn glgat{ e|nj}kanknf. Jlt}`knzrljkffj `nm jktj|gzjtkdlm `zrlj}z ae glgat{ `tl rtlzltulm‗ (Hktz} 0;;= # 45:+.

;= ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



d|} ilr} mlzjtkdknf hkgzlce `z ` vatiknf c|gdlto`ji# zagl}hknf hl h`mn‛}manl eat zlult`c mlj`mlz+.

Vh`} }hlzl j`zlz zhav kz }h`} }hl knk}k`cc{ rc`|zkdcl `nzvlt }a a|t jln}t`cp|lz}kan ‚ }h`} `|}adkaft`rhkj`c glgat{ kz u`c|`dcl dlj`|zl k}z e|nj}kanr`t}k`cc{ janz}k}|}lz a|t zlce'janjlr} ‚ j`nna} dl g`kn}`knlm kn k}z gaz}z}t`kfh}eatv`tm eatg. Knzae`t `z }hl `gnlzk`jz kn p|lz}kan ma hùl ` janjlr}ae zlce# }hln `|}adkaft`rhkj`c glgat{ kz na} z}tkj}c{ zrlìknf nljlzz`t{ eat z|jh ` zlnzl. ]hl j`zlz kn p|lz}kan zhav gatl rakn}lmc{ rlth`rz }h`} k} kz}hl kml` ae ` zlce'janjlr} }h`} kz gatl jagrclx }h`n vl fftz} `zz|glm. Eat

vhkcl }hlzl `gnlzk`jz g`kn}`kn `n kml` ae }hlgzlculz kn anl zlnzl# }hl{ jcl`tc{ c ji ` janjlr}kan ae }hlgzlculz `z }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm dlknfz vhazl

ckel lxrltklnjlz `tl n`tt`}kulc{ z}t|j}|tlm. Kn Hktz}‛z mkzj|zzkan ae `gnlz'k`jz# eat lx`grcl# hl jc`kgz }h`} –`gnlzkjz‛ Yzkj W n`tt`}kulz ae raz}'anzl}luln}z tlzlgdcl rc`kn# |nr`}}ltnlm jca}hz. ]hl{ ma na} hùl }hl }lx}|tl}h`} r`t}kj|c`t `nm janjtl}l tlglgdt`njlz fkul }a ` n`tt`}kul‗ (Hktz} 0;;= #460+. D|} hl kz p|kji }a z}tlzz }h`} jcazl z}|m{ ae z|jh z|dolj}z knmkj`}lz }h`}

vl g|z} fa dl{anm `n{ zkgrcl kml` ae zlce'janjlr} }a |nmltz}`nm }hltlc`}kan dl}vlln glgat{ `nm zlce. Eat }hlzl r`}kln}z na} anc{ zhav `

vatiknf zlce'janjlr} d|} `tl `cza# hl `tf|lz# j`r`dcl ae jh`nfl kn }h`}zlce'janjlr}. Anl r`}kln} hl mlzjtkdlz vln} etag lxrtlzzknf ` janffmln}ml}ltgkn`}kan }h`} hkz glgat{ janmk}kan vkcc dl }tl`}`dcl }a (luln}|`cc{+ ` tlzkfnlm z}akjkzg `da|} ckuknf vk}h hkz mkzl`zl.

\ctkj Nlkzzlt z|fflz}z `z g`n{ `z fful zlr`t`}l na}kanz ae –zlce ‗ }h`}zha|cm dl mkz}knf|kzhlm kn rz{jhacafkj`c z}|mklz ae rltzanz `nm }hlkt kml` ae }hlgzlculz. ]hlzl knjc|ml z|jh z}t|j}|tlz `z }hl rtku`}l zlce9 }hl ljacafkj`c(lgdamklm+ zlce9 }hl kn}ltrltzan`c zlce9 }hl janjlr}|`c zlce9 `nm }hl }lgra't`cc{ lx}lnmlm zlce (Nlkzzlt 0;88+. ]hl `gnlzk`jz o|z} mlzjtkdlm h`m ` janjlr} ae }hlgzlculz kn zagl ae }hlzl zlnzlz d|} na} a}hltz. ]hl{ hùl `

janjlr}|`c zlce# eat lx`grcl# kn }h`} }hl{ j`n eatg ` vatiknf kml` ae }hlkt jln}t`c jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz. D|} vh`} }hl{ zrljkffj`cc{ c`ji kz vh`} Nlkzzlt j`ccz}hl –}lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm zlce ‗ ‚ }hl |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hlgzlculz ault }kgl`nm `z }hl z|dolj} ae anfaknf rc`nz `nm tlglgdltlm `j}kanz `nm z}`}lz(Nlkzzlt 0;889 zll `cza D`|glkz}lt 0;;8+.0: ]hltleatl# glgat{ kz nljlzz`t{ eat a|t zlce'janjlr} kn }hkz mk`jhtankj# }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm zlnzl.0=

0: ]hl{ g`{ `cza c`ji at `} cl`z} hùl anc{ ` janz}tkj}lm ultzkan ae vh`} hl j`ccz }hl kn}ltrltzan`c zlce#zknjl }hlkt tlc }kanz vk}h a}hltz `tl hkfhc{ tlz}tkj}lm m|l }a }hlkt kn`dkck}{ }a zh tl tlglgdltlm luln}z.

0= Facmkl jaglz }a ` ult{ zkgkc`t janjc|zkan kn hkz `n`c{zkz ae n`tt`}kul }hkniknf# glgat{# `nm }hljanz}t|j}kan ae }hl zlce'janjlr} (zll Facmkl 422:+.

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce ;<



]hkz janjc|zkan g`{ z}tkil g`n{ `z d`n`c# zknjl k} gltlc{ rakn}z }a }hltlc`}kanzhkr dl}vlln glgat{ `nm rltzan`c kmln}k}{ (zll R`t ff} 0;8= +. D|} K

`g na} tlelttknf }a }hl gl}`rh{zkj`c p|lz}kan ae vh`} `jja|n}z eat }hlz`glnlzz ae ` rltzan ault }kgl# d|} t`}hlt }a }hl tlc`}kanzhkr dl}vlln`|}adkaft`rhkj`c tlglgdltknf `nm anl‛z zlnzl ae anlzlce `z `n `fln}.0<

Gatlault# }hlatkz}z ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{ (vk}h zagl lxjlr}kanz+ hùl`zz|glm ` t`}hlt |nk'mkglnzkan`c gamlc ae glgat{. (]hlatkz}z vha mkz'j|zz }hl jc`zzkj glgat{ jtk}ltkan ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{# eat lx`grcl# ae}ln zllglgat{ `z gltlc{ ` jannlj}at `ganf rz{jhacafkj`c z}`}lz# ìkn }a `n}kjk'r`}kan? zll# l.f.# R`t ff} 0;8= .+ Kn }hl uklv K v`n} }a mlulcar hltl# }hljanz}t|j}kul n`}|tl ae `|}adkaft`rhkj`c tlj`cc# `z vlcc `z k}z zajk`c `nm

` fl lj}kul jagranln}z# rc`{ ` jln}t`c tacl. Vh`} }hkz zhavz# }hln# kz }h`} `|}adkaft`rhkj`c glgat{ rtaukmlz anl

vk}h }hl d`zkz ae anl‛z }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm zlce'janjlr} `nm }h`} }hl tacl k}rc`{z kn }hkz rtajlzz kz na} zkgrc{ r`zzkul tlj`cc ae kn}`j} tlrtlzln}`}kanz d|}`j}kul janz}t|j}kan ae zlce'n`tt`}kulz. Vh`} `gnlzk`jz c`ji kz }hl `dkck}{ }aeatg|c`}l tlrtlzln}`}kanz kn}a janzjka|z `nm atf`nklm gln}`c janz}t|j'}kanz (luln vhln }hl{ `tl ` fl lj}lm d{ }hl ` fl lj}kul at a}hlt ga}ku`}kan`ckgrckj`}kanz ae }hazl r`z} lxrltklnjlz+. ]hl u`c|l ae glgat{ }h`} `tkzlzetag }hkz |nmltz}`nmknf ae k}z e|nj}kan kz# `z K gln}kanlm# k}z tacl kn }hljanz}t|j}kan kn }hkz zlnzl ae }hl zlce# zagl}hknf kgrat}`n} eat k}z avnzìl.05

Havlult# `z vl mkzj|zzlm kn }hl c`z} jh`r}lt# janz}t|j}kan ae }hl zlce `zn`tt`}kul kz na} zkgrc{ }hl }lccknf ae anl‛z rltzan`c z}at{ vhkjh kz `ctl`m{ kn}hl eatg ae ` }`cl at j`nankj`c n`tt`}kul. K} kz `n anfaknf rtajlzz ae zajk`cc{ glmk`}lm zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan. Zkgkc`tc{# tlglgdltknf kz na} zkgrc{ j`ccknf |r ` ffxlm# n`tt`}kulc{ z}t|j}|tlm# zlp|lnjl ae tlrtlzln}`}kanz at lrkzamlz9 k}kz `n `j}kul janz}t|j}kan ae ` u`ckm zlp|lnjl a|} ae d`z`c m`}` eatglm kn ckfh}

ae z}`nm`tmz ae jahltlnjl# vhkjh knjc|ml natg`}kul z}`nm`tmz. ]hltleatl#kmln}k}{# `z }hkz kz rtam|jlm `nm ffcclm a|} d{ glgat{# kz na} zkgrc{ ` zl}zlp|lnjl at `tt`{ ae jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz# d|} knuaculz `n anfaknf rtaolj} ae zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan# knjc|mknf kn}ltrtl}`}kan `nm tlkn}ltrtl}`}kan ae a|t r`z}z.]a hùl ` n`tt`}kul zlce'janjlr} }hln# kz }a hùl ` zlnzl ae anl‛z `j}kanz#

0< Havlult# }hl mkzj|zzkan malz aultc`r vk}h zagl tljln} `rrta`jhlz }a }hl kzz|l ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{#eat lx`grcl kn Zjhljh}g`n 0;;5.

05 @na}hlt v`{ }a r|} }hkz kz }h`} natg`c `|}adkaft`rhkj`c glgat{ `nm tlffllj}kul# }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm`flnj{# `tl g|}|`cc{ janz}k}|}kul (zll Iclkn l} `c . 422= +. ]h`} kz# anl j`nna} tlglgdlt kn }hl natg`c

e`zhkan vk}ha|} dlknf `dcl }a zlce'tlffllj}# }hkni ae anlzlce `z j`|z cc{ lfl lj}kul `fln}# `nm hùl ` zlnzlae }lgrat`cc{ caj`}lm z|dolj}kuk}{. Glgat{ knuaculz }hl `zz|gr}kan ae `flnj{ `z vlcc `z janz}k}|}lz ` zlnzl ae anlzlce `z n fln} ault }kgl. Vh`} kz jcl`t# havlult# kz }h } tlglgdltknf kn }hkz v`{ `j}kulc{ janz}t|j}z anl‛z zlnzl ae zlce `z ` mk`jhtankj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm `fln}.




jaggk}gln}z# `nm }t`k}z `z }hlzl hùl mlulcarlm ault }kgl |nmltz}aam d{ v`{ ae }hl j`r`jk}{ }a (tl'+kn}ltrtl} }hlzl e`j}atz kn ckfh} ae nlv lxrltklnjlz#

tlffllj}kanz# `nm kn}lt`j}kanz.]h`} z`km# K va|cm ckil }a }|tn nav }a zagl (`mgk}}lmc{ lxrcat`}at{+tlffllj}kanz an }hl kgrckj`}kanz }hlzl janjc|zkanz hùl eat }hl rhkcazarhkj`c|nmltz}`nmknf ae rt`j}kj`c tl`zan# `nm kn e|t}hlt v`{z# }hl zlce.

k k k . g l g a t { # u ` c | l # ` n m r t ` j } k j ` c t l ` z a n

@ z}t`kfh}eatv`tm v`{ kn vhkjh glgat{ kz u`c|`dcl nan'knz}t|gln}`cc{#}hln# kz }h`} k} kz janz}k}|}kul ae u`tka|z rtajlzzlz ae zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf `nmzlce'`rrt`kz`c }h`} `tl kn}tknzkj`cc{ kgrat}`n} eat |z. Kn}tazrlj}kul tlffllj}kan

vk}h }hl `kg ae `rrtljk`}knf hav a|t ckulz `tl faknf# hav vltl `tl e`ktknf kntlf`tm }a a|t lxrltklnjlz# `jjagrckzhgln}z# tlc`}kanz vk}h a}hltz# `nmja|n}clzz a}hlt zlce'mktlj}lm `}}k}|mlz# knuaculz `|}adkaft`rhkj`c glgat{#zknjl }hkz kz nljlzz`t{ }a dtknf }a gknm }hl jt|jk`c lclgln}z }a dl lu`c|`}lm.Zlce'tlffllj}kan kz gamlclm `z kn}tazrlj}kul `rrt`kz`c ae }hl dlcklez# mlzktlz#rtknjkrclz# `nm ga}kulz }h`} j|ttln}c{ janz}k}|}l }hl rltzan‛z u`c|l rtaffcl.06

]ìknf `n lu`c|`}kul z}`njl }av`tm anl‛z ckel tlp|ktlz }h`} anl `jjlzz

glgatklz ae lxrltklnjlz `nm jhakjlz kn }hl r`z} `z vlcc `z j|ttln} jan'mk}kanz `nm rtazrlj}z eat }hl e|}|tl. Knmllm# a|t j|ttln} janmk}kan `nme|}|tl rtazrlj}z# kn zagl tlzrlj}z# hùl na gl`nknf `r`t} etag }hl hkz}at'kj`c }tòlj}at{ ae vhkjh }hl{ `tl ` r`t}.08

]hl p|lz}kan# }ha|fh# kz vh`} r`t}kj|c`t tlc`}kanzhkr glgat{ h`z }art`j}kj`c tl`zan# kn `mmk}kan }a dlknf zkgrc{ }hl za|tjl ae kneatg`}kan`da|} a|t j|ttln} ar}kanz `nm mlzktlz. ]hl v`{ vl zha|cm razl }hl p|lz}kan`} kzz|l hltl kz }hkz? vh`} lfl lj} an }hl z}t|j}|tl ae tl`zanz eat `j}kan malztlglgdltknf X hùl# vhltl X kz ` }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm zlp|lnjl ae ckel

luln}z# }h`} zkgrc{ inavknf }h`} X ajj|ttlm (vk}ha|} tlglgdltknf k}+malz na}1

]hl dlfknnknf ae `n `nzvlt tlc`}lz }a }hl jannlj}kan dl}vlln tlglg'dltknf `nm (j|ttln}c{+ mljkmknf. Janzkmlt# eat lx`grcl# Gkjh`lc Dt`}g`n‛z`jja|n} ae kn}ln}kan`c `j}kan vhkjh hl j`ccz }hl –rc`nnknf gamlc.‗ @ t`}kan`c kn}ln}kan`c `j}kan# eat Dt`}g`n# kz anl vhkjh kz ` r`t} ae ` rc`n(at vh`} hl j`ccz ` –r`t}k c rc`n‗+ }h`} kz t`}kan`c eat }hl `fln} }a `mar} `nm

06 Eat ` mkzj|zzkan ae }hl tacl ae glgat{ kn }hl janz}t|j}kan ae }hl zlce'janjlr} vk}h vhkjh g{ `jja|n}

h`z g|jh aultc`r# zll Vacchlkg 0;8= . Eat `n kn}ltlz}knf mkzj|zzkan ae zkgkc`t kzz|lz# zll G`jilnkl4222.

08 Eat `n `tf|gln} }h`} z|jh `rrt`kz`cz knuacul gatl }h`n gltlc{ ` z|gg`}kan ae }hl h`rrknlzzlxrltklnjlm kn ckel# zll G`tf`ck} 4224# 0:0‚0:;.

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce ;6



na} ktt`}kan`c eat hlt }a e`kc }a tljanzkmlt. Kn }h`} v`{# fftz}'atmlt mlzktlz }h`}`tl na} tlffllj}kulc{ janzkmltlm `} }hl }kgl ae `j}kan `tl nlult}hlclzz t`}kan`c

dlj`|zl }hl{ ff

} vk}h ` canflt'}ltg rc`n }h`} k} kz t`}kan`c eat }hl `fln} }ahùl `mar}lm `nm }a jan}kn|l }a eaccav (Dt`}g`n# 0;86# 0;;;+.Dt`}g`n `mar}z }hkz `rrta`jh }a j`r}|tl }hl aduka|z e`j} }h`} anfaknf at

tlj|ttknf tlffllj}kan kz na} ` rc`|zkdcl tlp|ktlgln} eat t`}kan`c `j}kan. Gaz}`j}kan knuaculz h`dk} `nm `|}ag`}kj tlzranzl }h`} na} anc{ e`kcz }a knuacultlffllj}kan# k} zagl}kglz rtljc|mlz k}. Z|jh `n `jja|n}# an g{ uklv# rc`|'zkdc{ |nmltzjatlz }hkz |ntlffllj}kul lclgln} ae lult{m`{ `j}kanz (luln anlzp|k}l kgrat}`n} }a |z+.0; D|} na}l# k} g|z} `} cl`z} dl razzkdcl kn rtknjkrcl }atljanzkmlt anfaknf rc`nz eat `j}kanz d`zlm an }hlg }a dl t`}kan`c. Anl

g|z} dl arln# }h`} kz# }a tljanzkmlt`}kan vhln janmk}kanz `tkzl }h`} gìlz|jh p|lz}kanknf j`cclm eat. ]hltleatl# k} zllgz aduka|z }h`} anl g|z}tlglgdlt }hl knk}k`c ga}ku`}kan `nm o|z}kffj`}kan eat }hl rc`n k}zlce.

Vk}ha|} glgat{# anl j`nna} o|z}ke{ `j}kanz `z r`t} ae anfaknf z}t`}lfklz#`n `zrlj} ae ukt}|`cc{ `cc `j}kan. Kn }hkz v`{# glgat{ kz `n arlt`}kan`cjagranln} ae kn}ln}kan`c# t`}kan`c `j}kan# `nm na} gltlc{ `n knz}t|gln}`cza|tjl ae kneatg`}kan vk}h tlf`tmz }a k}.42

]ha|fh rlth`rz vl hùl mt`vn }hkz janjc|zkan }aa p|kjic{. Kz k} nljlz'z`t{ }a `j}|`cc{ tlglgdlt gìknf `nm janfftgknf rc`nz kn atmlt }a j|ttln}c{ inav }h`} z|jh rc`nz tlg`kn t`}kan`c (}a na} tlukzl+1 Malz }hkz na} zhav anc{ `n knz}t|gln}`c tacl eat glgat{# kn rtaukmknf }hl kneatg`}kan }h`}z|rrat}z ` o|z}kffj`}kan eat g{ rc`n1 @nm j`n K na} tlc{ an a}hlt za|tjlz ae kneatg`}kan `da|} vh`} kz dlz} eat gl }a gìl }hkz ml}ltgkn`}kan1 ]hl il{ }a }hlzl p|lz}kanz vkcc knuacul gìknf |zl ae a|t l`tcklt janjc|zkanz `da|}glgat{ `nm n`tt`}kul kmln}k}{. Tlglgdltknf kz nljlzz`t{ eat gl }a inav }h`} k} kz g{ rc`n# }h`} k} ff}z kn}a ` jahltln} at j|ttln}c{ `jjlr}`dcl zlce'n`tt`}kul (g{ }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm zlce'janjlr}+. K} zllgz }h`} K g|z} dl

`dcl }a tlglgdlt na} gltlc{ gìknf }hl mljkzkan }a `mar} }hl rc`n (zknjlna} `cc t`}kan`c rc`nz vltl `mar}lm d{ mkzjtl}l `j}z ae jhakjl+40 d|} }a `} cl`z}tlglgdlt }hl `j}kanz `nm lxrltklnjlz }h`} gìl zlnzl }a gl anc{ an }hl`zz|gr}kan ae }hl f|kmknf knffl|lnjl ae z|jh ` rc`n. ]h`} kz }a z`{ vl g|z}lk}hlt tlglgdlt gìknf ` (t`}kan c+ mljkzkan }a `mar} }hl rc`n at

0; Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz rakn}# zll Jhtkz}g`n 4220.42 ]hkz kz ` rakn} mlulcarlm d{ Dt`}g`n kn hkz gatl tljln} vati? zll Dt`}g`n 4226# eat lx`grcl.40 ]hkz c`z} jc`kg g`tiz ` mkz`ftllgln} vk}h Dt`}g`n# kn }h`} K ma na} }hkni }h`} `|}hln}kj `nm t`}kan`c

rc`nz nllm }a hùl lult dlln }hl rtam|j} ae ` janzjka|z mljkzkan }a `mar} }hlg (zll Jhtkz}g`n 42209zll `cza Dltaezi{ 422:+. ]hkz g`{ `cza g`ti ` zckfh} mkz`ftllgln} vk}h Mùkm Ulcclg`n# vha zllzglgat{ `z tlp|ktknf gltlc{ rltzrlj}ku`c jaggan`ck}{ ae }hl nagkn`c z|dolj} ae lxrltklnjlz `nm na}kmln}kffj`}kan kn ` z}tanflt zlnzl. Zll Ulcclg`n 0;;5.




tlglgdlt ` zlp|lnjl ae kn}ln}kan`c `j}kanz vhazl t`}kan`cl nljlzz`tkc{ knuaculz }hl hùknf ae z|jh ` rc`n. Ke }h`} kz }hl j`zl# vl hùl }a zhav

}h`} }hl tacl rc`{lm d{ glgat{ kn janz}t|j}knf `nm g`kn}`knknf a|t }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf kz kgrat}`n} eat j|ttln} tl`zanzeat `j}kanz `nm a|t `|}anag{ tlc`}kul }a }hazl `j}kanz.

Vh`} }hl `gnlzk`jz vl janzkmltlm l`tcklt c`ji kz }hl `dkck}{ }a janzkmlt rc`nz ae `j}kan `z }hlkt avn kn }hl v`{ }h`} }hazl vk}h natg`c glgat{ j`r`dkck}klz j`n. ]hl{ jlt}`knc{ j`n janz}t|j} ` zl} ae rc`nz `nm ckel }tòlj'}atklz eat }hlgzlculz# luln ` ckel n`tt`}kul è}lt ` e`zhkan (}ha|fh }hl{ vkcchùl }a dl jan}kn| cc{ tlgknmlm ae k}+. ]hlkt `}}k}|ml }av`tm z|jh rc`nz `nmrtaolj}z# havlult# vkcc dl anl ae tlzranmknf }a vh`} }hl{ vkcc j|ttln}c{ }ìl

}a dl faam tl`zanz eat `j}knf eat ` rltzan ckil }hlg at kn }hlkt razk}kan.Z|jh ` rtajlzz vkcc dl lzrljk`cc{ mlrlnmln} an }hlkt j`tl}ìltz `nm a}hlt lx}ltn`c j|lz }a tlgknm }hlg }h`} }hkz kz ` rc`n }h`} }hl{ zha|cm eaccav.

Vh`} }hl{ j`nna} janz}t|j} eat (`nm d{+ }hlgzlculz kz ` zlnzl ae anfaknf `j}kuk}{ fta|nmlm kn }hlkt zlnzl ae n`tt`}kul kmln}k}{ }h`} kz na} anc{ tljagglnmlm eat ` rltzan ckil }hlg d|} kz }hlktz .

@z K `tf|lm l`tcklt# glgat{ kz janz}k}|}kul ae ` rtajlzz ae janz}t|j}knf#janzkmltknf# `nm |}kckknf a|t n`tt`}kul zlce'janjlr}z. Vk}ha|} glgat{ Kj`nna} lnf`fl kn }hl rtaolj} ae kn}ltrtl}kul zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf# knjc|mknf }hl rtajlzz ae tl'lu`c|`}knf }h`} zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf kn ckfh} ae nlv lxrltk'lnjlz# tlffllj}kanz# `nm kn}lt`j}kanz. Inavknf vha K `g knjc|mlz dlknf `dcl}a tlglgdlt lxrltklnjlz# `j}kanz# `nm mljkzkanz# }h`} gìl zlnzl kn }ltgzae }hl natg`}kul jaggk}gln}z `nm a}hlt jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz K zll `z r`t} ae g{ mk`jhtankj zlce'janjlr}. Vk}ha|} }hkz j`r`jk}{ }a tlglgdlt kn ckfh} ae z|jhjaggk}gln}z# K j`nna} tlz} `zz|tlm }h`} g{ j|ttln} rc`nz ff} kn}a ` jahltln}anfaknf n`tt`}kul kn vhkjh K ffnm g{zlce (etag vhkjh K `g na} `ckln`}lm+.

]hkz jannlj}z }a }hl janjc|zkan ae }hl c`z} jh`r}lt }h`} n`tt`}kul gamlcz

ae }hl zlce tlp|ktl `n anfaknf zlnzl ae }hl janz}t|j}lm z}at{ ae g{ ckel }a dlgknl kn ` d`zkj zlnzl. ]a zll }hkz e|t}hlt# janzkmlt `f`kn }hl v`{z kn vhkjhn`tt`}kul zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf `nm glgat{ janz}t|j}kan kn}lt`j}. Eat lx`grcl# K jcl`tc{ tlglgdlt lnf`fknf kn u`tka|z rack}kj`c `j}kuk}klz ault }hl r`z} zlult`c {l`tz# gaz} tljln}c{ kn }hl 4225 \Z lclj}kanz. Jcl`tc{# `natf`nkknf kml` `} vati kn g{ ln}lt}`kngln} ae }hazl glgatklz kz g{ |nmltz}`nmknf ae g{zlce `z jaggk}}lm }a jlt}`kn rack}kj`c kml`cz `nmu`c|lz. Kg`fknl# }ha|fh# }h`} k} v`z tlul`clm }a gl# rlth`rz }hta|fhrz{jha}hlt`r{# }h`} g{ tl`c ga}kul kn maknf }h`} vati v`z }t{knf }a fl}

d`ji `} g{ janzltu`}kul e`}hlt `nm }h`} kn lfl lj} g{ –jaggk}gln}‗ }arack}kj`c kml`z }|tnz a|} }a dl `n `j} ae jagrclx zlce'mljlr}kan. (K va|cmhùl l`zkc{ vatilm eat ` tkfh}'vknf j`nmkm`}l ke g{ e`}hlt h`m lxrtlzzlm

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce ;;



cle}kz} kml`z# `nm za an.+ Ke z|jh ` }hknf vltl }t|l `nm K dlj`gl januknjlmae k}# K va|cm hùl }a |nmltz}`nm }hl luln}z ae }h`} rltkam jagrcl}lc{

mkfl ltln}c{. K va|cm jlt}`knc{ tlj`cc# `z K ma nav# }hl dlhùkat ae faknf maat }a maat# `}}lnmknf rack}kj`c gll}knfz# }`ciknf z}t`}lf{# `nm }hl ckil. D|} K va|cmn‛} |nmltz}`nm }h`} dlhùkat kn }hl z`gl v`{ (at kn anl zlnzl K va|cmn‛} |nmltz}`nm k} `} `cc+. Kn zhat}# g{ glgatklz va|cm jh`nfl. ]h`}kz dlj`|zl }a tlglgdlt }h`} `j}kuk}{ K g|z} |}kckl `n anfaknf zlnzl ae g{ jaggk}gln} }a jlt}`kn u`c|lz `z ` hltglnl|}kj clnz }hta|fh vhkjh }aft`zr }hl gl`nknf ae }hl gln}`c kg`flz `nm zlp|lnjlz }h`} jagrtkzl }hlglgatklz. Ke }h`} clnz kz mkzj`tmlm `nm tlrc`jlm }hl glgatklz kn p|lz}kan

va|cm }hlgzlculz t`mkj`cc{ jh`nfl.

@ vatm ae jc`tkffj`}kan zha|cm dl `mmlm hltl# havlult. Eat kn }hlgamlc ae tlglgdltknf vl hùl dattavlm etag }hl rz{jhacafkj`c ck}lt'`}|tl k} kz jcl`t }h`} }hl rtajlzz ae tlj`cc ae luln canf zlp|lnjlz ae luln}z`nm `j}kanz kz na} zkgrc{ ` tlrc`{ ae rhlnaglnacafkj`cc{ jan}kn|a|zzlnzl m`}`. ]hl lxrltkln}k`c lclgln}z ae tlglgdltknf g`{ vlcc dlrkljlgl`c# zhke}knf# `nm zlvn }afl}hlt kn ` jafnk}kul g`r }h`} K z|rrc{.]a z`{ }h`} tlglgdltknf mkfl ltz etag zkgrcl o|z}kfflm }t|l dlckle (z`{+j`nna} kgrc{ }h`} }hl eatglt kz rhlnaglnacafkj`cc{ jan}kn|a|z# `z

zagl}hknf vl lxrltklnjl kn a|t glgat{ ae k}# `nm }hl c`}}lt kz na}. Vl g|z} z`{# gatl rtljkzlc{# }h`} glgat{ jan}`knz knlckgkn`dcl lxrl'tkln}k`c lclgln}z# }hl kn}lnzkan`c (gln}`c+ rtarlt}klz ae vhkjh `tl lzzln'}k`c }a }hlkt z}`}|z `z glgatklz. ]hkz kz janzkz}ln} vk}h |nmltz}`nmknf glgat{ `z ` janz}t|j}kan ae mkzr`t`}l rtarazk}kan`c# lxrltkln}k`c# ` fl lj'}kul# `nm a}hlt lclgln}z ae mkfl ltln} rz{jhacafkj`c gam`ck}klz# `z canf `zzagl ae }hazl `tl lxrltkln}k`c `nm }hkz lxrltkln}k`c p|`ck}{ kz lzzln}k`c }a}hlkt jc`zzkffj`}kan `z glgat{.

]hkz |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl gljh`nkjz ae glgat{ hlcrz |z }a |nmltz}`nm

hav vh`} vl `tl j ccknf kmln}kffj`}kan (vh`} K va|cm rtlelt }a |nmltz}`nm `zzkgrcl `jjlr}`njl at nan'`ckln`}kan+ kz da}h `n `j}kul `nm ` r`zzkul rtajlzz.

O|z} `z vk}h glgat{# K `g r`zzkulc{ tlglgdltknf luln}z d|} `j}kulc{ |nmltz}`nmknf `nm kn}ltrtl}knf }hlg vk}h ` zlnzl ae `n `jjlr}`njl ae }hlg `z gknl9 K kmln}ke{ g{zlce vk}h jaggk}gln}z }h`} mlffnl gl kn }h`}K `jjlr} }hl rtazrlj} ae jan}kn|knf }a dl f|kmlm d{ }hlg. K }hltld{ tljafnkl }hlg `z r`t} ae g{ mk`jhtankj zlce'kg`fl. Zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan#ckil kn}ltrtl}`}kan flnlt`cc{# kz nlk}hlt u`c|l etll nat jagrcl}lc{ zran}`'nla|z. K `jjlr} zagl}hknf `z `|}hln}kj`cc{ gl kn kn}ltrtl}knf k} `z zagl'

}hknf }h`} mlffnlz gl `nm vhkjh K lgdt`jl `z z|jh.]hkz g`{ hlcr |z |nmltz}`nm hav }hl rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ }h`} e|nj}kanz

kn }hkz jan}lx} kz nlk}hlt mkzjaultlm d{ |z |ran tlffllj}kan nat jhazln




lx nkhkca.44 Ke |ran tlffllj}kan vl j`n ff} a|t `j}kanz `nm jaggk}gln} kn}a`n `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul vk}ha|} `ckln`}kan (knjc|mknf tlzkz}`njl `nm

tlr|czkan+ }hln z|jh `j}kanz `tl r`t} ae vh`} vl j`n j`cc a|t `|}hln}kj zlculz(kn ` zrljk`c zlnzl ae }h`} }ltg+. Ke vl vkzh }a jh`t`j}ltkl a|t tlc }kan }a }hkz–zlce ‗ `z kmln}kffj`}kan# }hln }hkz knuaculz }hl `jjlr}`njl ae }hkz n`tt`}kul `z a|tz # o|z} `z glgat{ kz janz}t|j}lm d{ |z kn ` v`{ }h`} g|z} gknkg`cc{ jahltl }a gìl }hl glgat{ a|tz kn }hl tkfh} v`{.

u . k g r c k j ` } k a n z a e ` z a j k a ' h k z } a t k j ` c u k l v

a e } h l z l c e

Dleatl mkzj|zzknf }hl clzzanz vl j`n mt`v etag }hlzl jc`kgz# K v`n} }amkzj|zz ` zl} ae `tf|gln}z }a }hl lfl lj} }h`} }hl mk`jhtankj uklv ae }hl zlce ae }hl zat} K hùl zil}jhlm hltl kz vtanfhl`mlm# at `} cl`z} ` natg`}kulkml`c g`zp|lt`mknf `z ` nl|}t`c `jja|n} ae h|g`n rz{jhacaf{. @z Kgln}kanlm kn }hl c`z} jh`r}lt# F`cln Z}t`vzan h`z `tf|lm }h`} na} anc{ kz }hl n`tt`}kul janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce gkz}ìln# }hl mk`jhtankj uklv kzlp|`cc{ gkzf|kmlm. @z ` mlzjtkr}kul `jja|n} ae }hl z}t|j}|tl ae h|g`nlxrltklnjl# }hl mk`jhtankj uklv ae }hl zlce# hl jc`kgz# kz zkgrc{ kn`jj|t`}l#

`} cl`z} `z ` flnlt`c `jja|n}. @z r`t} ae vh`} hl j`ccz }hl –rz{jhacafkj`cn`tt`}kuk}{ }hlzkz#‗ }hl mk`jhtankj `jja|n} ae zlce'lxrltklnjl (lxrltklnjlae a|tzlculz `z ` z|dolj} `nm na} gltlc{ ` dkacafkj`c h|g`n dlknf+# jc`kgz}h`} –anl n`}|t`cc{ fff|tlz anlzlce ‥ `z zagl}hknf }h`} v`z }hltl kn }hl(e|t}hlt+ r`z} `nm vkcc dl }hltl kn }hl (e|t}hlt+ e|}|tl.‗ @n –Lrkzamkj#‗ an}hl a}hlt h`nm# malz na} fff|tl hltzlce# `z ` zlce# `z zagl}hknf }h`} v`z}hltl kn }hl r`z} `nm vkcc dl kn }hl e|}|tl (Z}t`vzan 422= # =:2+. Zknjldlknf ` Mk`jhtankj kz nljlzz`t{ }a zllknf anl‛z ckel kn n`tt`}kul }ltgz (hkzg`kn }`tfl} kn }hkz `t}kjcl+# hl `tf|lz `f`knz} }hl flnlt`c uklv }h`} vl `cc

g|z} lxrltklnjl a|tzlculz mk`jhtankj`cc{. ]hkz# ae ja|tzl# kz }hl uklv Khùl mlelnmlm hltl.

]hltleatl# K v`n} }a rta}lj} }hl rz{jhacafkj`c jc`kg ‚ }h`} vh`} hl j`ccz}hl Mk`jhtankj rltzan`ck}{ kz na} anc{ }t|l ae zagl rlarcl zagl ae }hl }kgld|} kz mllrc{ `nm rltu`zkulc{ }t|l ae ukt}|`cc{ `cc rlarcl ‚ `f`knz} hkzjtk}kjkzgz. Havlult# Z}t`vzan malz na} rtaukml g|jh kn }hl v`{ ae `tf|' gln} eat }hl lxkz}lnjl (`nm rz{jhacafkj`c }ln`dkck}{+ ae `n Lrkzamkj zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf `z g|jh `z r|} eatv`tm vh`} hl }ìlz }a dl lx`grclz (ckil

hkgzlce+. Hl p|a}lz }hl L`tc ae Zhè}lzd|t{ eat lx`grcl?

44 Eat ` zkgkc`t rakn} zll Naffcl 422<.

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce 020



YD|}W vh`} g`}}lt eat glgat{1 Vh`} hùl K }a ma vk}h }h`} r`t}1 Ke# vhkcz} K `g# K`g `z K zha|cm dl# vh`} ma K j`tl gatl1 @nm }h|z cl} gl cazl zlce lult{ ha|t# `nm dl}vln}{ z|jjlzzkul zlcez# at nlv zlce# ‛}kz `cc anl }a gl ‥ (Z}t`vzan 422= # =:8+

Ke }hkz jc`kg kz gl`n} ck}lt`cc{# }h`} zlculz j`n hùl glgatklz d|} na}kmln}ke{ vk}h }hl z|dolj} ae }hazl glgatklz etag anl‛z j|ttln} z}`nmrakn}#}hln K `g `} ` cazz }a |nmltz}`nm hav `|}adkaft`rhkj`c glgat{ va|cm dlrazzkdcl `} `cc# an }hkz uklv. @jjatmknf }a }hl rz{jhacafkj`c ck}lt`}|tl K hùlzil}jhlm# rltzan`c glgatklz `tl janz}t|j}lm rtljkzlc{ `ta|nm ` zlce'zjhlg` }h`} atf`nklz }hl mkzr`t`}l rhlnaglnacafkj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm zjlnlz fkuln }a|z kn tlj`cc `z ` glgat{ ae a|t `j}kanz. Vk}ha|} |nmltz}`nmknf ` zlce `z }hlz|dolj} ae }hazl zjlnlz# knmllm ` zlce }h`} kz rz{jhacafkj`cc{ jan}kn|a|z (`nmkn }h`} zlnzl kmln}kj`c+ vk}h g{ j|ttln} zlce# K ja|cm nlult zll g{ r|trat}lmglgatklz `z glgatklz `} `cc# t`}hlt }h`n z`{ e`n}`zklz# mtl`gz# at tl}ta'zrlj}kul vkzhlz. K v`z }hltl kz `n lzzln}k`c lclgln} kn }hl atf`nkknf rtajlzzae tlglgdltknf# `z K |nmltz}`nm k}.

Nav Z}t`vzan kz jcl`tc{ `v`tl ae }hkz. D|} hl mlnklz k} `z ` nljlzz`t{ jagranln} ae tlglgdltknf. Hl tkfh}c{ mlnklz# an g{ uklv# }h`} rltzanznljlzz`tkc{ atf`nkl }hlkt ckulz `z ` n`tt`}kul (kn ` z}tkj} zlnzl+. D|} hl `czamlnklz (vh`} K ` tg+ }h`} rltzanz `tl nljlzz`tkc{ mk`jhtankj `z vlcc `z

dlknf vh`} hl j`ccz –eatg ffnmltz‗ ‚ zl`tjhltz eat gl`nknf `nm jahltlnjl(kn ` zlnzl caazlt }h`n z}tkj} n`tt`}kuk}{+. Hl `tf|lz }h`} Lrkzamkjz j`nlxrltklnjl }hl lfl lj}z ae }hl r`z} –zkgrc{ kn za e`t `z k} h`z hlcrlm }azh`rl }hl v`{ anl kz kn }hl rtlzln}‗ (Z}t`vzan 422= # =:4+# d|} }h`} malzna} `ga|n} }a lxrltklnjknf }hl r`z} `z g{ avn. \zknf hkgzlce `z `nlx`grcl# hl vtk}lz# – vhln K `g fff|tknf g{zlce `z ` zlce ‥ K hùl nazkfnkffj`n} zlnzl }h`} K ‚ }hl K nav janzkmltknf }hl p|lz}kan ‚ v`z }hltl kn}hl e|t}hlt r`z}‗ (=::+.

@mmtlzzknf glgat{ mktlj}c{# Z}t`vzan `tf|lz }h`} hl (`z `n Lrkzamkj+

tlglgdltz }hknfz9 hkz glgatklz `cza hùl ` –etag }hl knzkml‗ jh`t`j}lt (vh`} K hùl j`cclm }hl knlckgkn`dcl rhlnaglnacafkj`c lclgln}z+. Vh`} hlmlnklz kz }h`} K hùl }a lxrltklnjl `n kmln}k}{ dl}vlln g{ j|ttln} zlce'lxrltklnjl (vk}h k}z –etag }hl knzkml‗ jh`t`j}lt+ `nm }hazl l`tcklt lxrltk'lnjlz. Vh`} Z}t`vzan kz jc`kgknf# kn lfl lj}# kz }h`} anl j`n hùl inavclmflae anl‛z r`z}# `nm anl j`n inav }h`} anl‛z j|ttln} z}`}lz `tl j`|z cjanzlp|lnjlz ae }h } r`z}# vk}ha|} hùknf kttlm|jkdc{ rhlnagln`c lclgln}z}h`} `ga|n} }a n`tt`}kul glgatklz ae }h`} r`z} }h`} `tl z}t|j}|tlm d{ }hl

rtlz|rrazk}kan ae z`glnlzz ae zlce.

4:

4: Z}t`vzan janjc|mlz etag }hkz }h`} `cc ae }hl janzkmlt }kanz kn eùat ae ` mk`jhtankj (`nm n`tt`}kul+`jja|n} ae zlce `tl tl`cc{ natg`}kul# `nm hl tlolj}z }hazl. K ma na} v`n} }a tlc{ an natg`}kul




@z K hùl `tf|lm# havlult# rltzan`c rc`nz `nm rtaolj}z# vhkjh `tlmk`jhtankj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm kn }hlkt avn tkfh}# ja|cm na} dl zlln `z g{ avn

vltl k} na} eat ff

tz}'rltzan glgatk`c (tl}tazrlj}kul+ lnmatzlgln} ae }hlg?anl ja|cm anc{ z`{ }h`} –{lz# }h`} rtaolj} vhkjh g{ eatglt z|dolj}kuk}{ `mar}lm# tlg`knz `n ar}kg`c anl eat g{ rtlzln} zlce# d|} na} dlj`|zl ae g{ z|dolj}kul glgatk`c lgdt`jl ae rtluka|zc{ ckuknf d{ k} at `mar}knf k} kn}hl fftz} rc`jl.‗ ]hkz gaml ae lxrtlzzkan# }ha|fh# zllgz aduka|zc{ }a tlolj} }hl |zl ae rc`nz `nm rtaolj}z (ae g{ avn+ jagrcl}lc{. @nm K hùl knzkz}lm(r`t`zk}kj`cc{ an }hl vati ae a}hltz+ }h`} rc`nz `nm rtaolj}z `tl jln}t`c }art`j}kj`c tl`zan.

K j`n `ftll vk}h Z`t}tl# eat lx`grcl# }h`} }hl }lnmlnj{ }a zll ckulz `z

z}atklz kz rtadclg`}kj# ae}ln ` zkfn ae d`m e`k}h# `nm lxhkdk}z `n adzlzzkul`}}`jhgln} }a `n kcc|zat{ zlnzl ae `|}hln}kjk}{. D|} zllknf anl‛z ckel `z ` n`tt`}kul kn }hl zlnzl K `g lgrca{knf hltl kz na} }a zll anl‛z ckel `z ` z}at{#

rlt zl # vk}h ` dlfknnknf# gkmmcl# `nm lnm `nm ` }hlg`}kj kn}lftk}{ vhkjh anlkz hanat'da|nm }a ckul |r }a. (]h`} v`z ` gòat }hlgl ae }hl c`z} jh`r}lt.+ K`cza tlolj} }h`} janjlr}kan ae zlce# `} cl`z} `z ` nljlzz`t{ janmk}kan eat }hl|nk}{ ae ` zlce at# gatl z}tanfc{# eat ` ffla|tkzhknf ckel. N`tt`}kuk}{ kn }hlzlnzl K |}kckl hltl gl`nz na}hknf gatl }h`n }hl rtaolj} ae gìknf gl`nknf ae anl‛z anfaknf lxrltklnjl `nm `j}kan. Z|jh –gl`nknf ‗ nllm na} dl|nkfflm kn `n{ eatg`ckz} ck}lt`t{ zlnzl9 k} nllm na} dl }lclacafkj`cc{ z}t|j'}|tlm at |nkfflm d{ natg`}kul }hlglz }a vhkjh K# `z k}z nagkn`c –hlta#‗

g|z} illr e`k}h.Nav ` jc`kg vlìlt }h`n }hl anl K `g mlelnmknf kn }hkz zlj}kan zha|cm

`cza dl gln}kanlm# n`glc{ }h`} luln ke }hltl `tl –Lrkzamkjz‗ kn Z}t`vzan‛zzlnzl# kgrc{knf }h`} ` |nkuaj`c janjlr}kan ae zlculz `z mk`jhtankj kz vtanf'hl`mlm kn k}z gaz} flnlt`c eatg# k} kz z}kcc }hl j`zl }h`} g`n{ rlarcl `tlmk`jhtankj kn }hlkt rltzan`ck}{ `nm zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf. ]hlkt kn}ltlz}z `nm

rltzrlj}kul vkcc }hltleatl dl gkz|nmltz}aam ke }hl gamlc ae rltzanhaam ‚ knjanjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl eat lx`grcl }h`} tlrtlzln} }hl kn}ltlz}z `nm rltzrlj'}kulz ae jk}klnz kn }hl eatg|c`}kan ae rtknjkrclz ‚ kz |nmltz}aam anc{ kn `nlrkzamkj eatg. K hùl `tf|lm `} cl`z} }h`} janjlr}kanz ae rltzan kn }hlck}lt`}|tl an rt`j}kj`c tl`zan (` ck}lt`}|tl }h`} h`z g|jh knffl|lnjl an}hlatkknf `da|} o|z}kjl+ kz# vhkcl na} lx`j}c{ lrkzamkj# mljkmlmc{ e|}|tl'atkln}lm. @fln}z gamlclm kn }h`} ck}lt`}|tl hùl ` rtlzln} `nm ` e|}|tl(mlffnlm d{ }hlkt kn}ltlz}z# rc`nz# `nm dlcklez+ d|} }hl{ ma na} hùl ` r`z}. K`} cl`z} v`n} hltl }a lx}lnm }hlkt kmln}k}{ janmk}kanz d`jiv`tm kn zkfnkffj`n}

janzkmlt`}kanz hltl# za K jan}kn|l d`zlm an vh`} K }ìl }a dl tlc`}kulc{ tlck`dcl rz{jhacafkj`c `nmkn}|k}kul `jja|n}z ae lxrltklnjl `nm zlnzl ae zlce (`z vlcc z# c`}lt# an janzkmlt`}kanz hùknf }a ma vk}h}hl tlp|ktlgln}z ae zajk`c `nm rack}kj`c kn}lt`j}kan# vhkjh `tl natg`}kul kn ` mkfl ltln} v`{+.

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce 02:



v`{z `nm }hltld{ dta`mln }hl `tt`{ ae kn}ltlz}z `nm }hl mkglnzkanz ae rltzrlj}kul }h`} `tkzl a|} ae gamlcz ae }hl zlce.4=

Nlult}hlclzz# K v`n} }a g`kn}`kn }h`} zllknf zlculz `z lzzln}k`cc{ zlculz' vk}h'r`z}z (`z tlglgdltlm d{ }hlg `z }hlkt avn+ kz kgrat}`n} `z ` flnlt`cuklv `da|} rlarcl `z z|dolj}z. K v`n} }a janjc|ml d{ lgrh`zkknf }hljanjlr}kan ae zlce }h`} h`z lgltflm `nm k}z tlclu`njl }a zajk`c rhkcazarh{.

K mkzj|zzlm l`tcklt (kn jh`r}lt 4+ hav }hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c tlc`}kanz `nmjannlj}kanz j`n fff|tl kn }hl janz}k}|}kan ae }hl zlce. Kn}ltrltzan`c jan'nlj}kanz# magkn`n} r|dckj gl`nknfz# anl‛z zajk`c caj`}kan# e`gkc{ hkz}at{#`nm za an fff|tl rtagknln}c{ kn }hl e|cc ckz} ae jagranln}z }h`} gìl |r }hlzlce. @c}ha|fh K hùl na} lgrh`zklm k} kn }hkz jh`r}lt# K va|cm `mmk}kan`cc{

z}tlzz }hl v`{z }h`} kn}ltrltzan`c `nm zajk`c lclgln}z arlt`}l kn }hl jan'z}t|j}kan ae glgatklz vhkjh# kn }|tn# janz}k}|}l }hl }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlmzlce. Zajk`c m{n`gkjz arlt`}l kn }hl j|ttln} `nm mk`jhtankj zlce'janjlr}kanz}h`} atkln} a|t }ha|fh}z `nm fta|nm a|t o|mfgln}z.

Vh`} j`n dl e|t}hlt `mmlm kz }h`} r|dckj `j}kuk}{ `nm gamlz ae r|dckjlxrtlzzkan rtaukml }hl }ltgz kn vhkjh zlce'mlffnk}kan `nm glgat{ `tl`t}kj|c`}lm. Z|jh r|dckj m{n`gkjz `cza lxrtlzz lu`c|`}kul z}`njlz `da|}}hl e|nm`gln}`cz ae z|jh `t}kj|c`}kanz. Ke K mlffnl g{zlce `z C`}kna kn `

vatcm vhltl `cc `zzajk`}kanz vk}h# z`{# }hl C`}kn @gltkj`n vatcm `tlmlnkft`}lm `nm g`tfkn`cklm# K hùl ` e|nm`gln}`cc{ mkfl ltln} lxrltklnjlae g{ zlce'janjlr}kan }h`n kn rc`jlz vhltl z|jh }hknfz `tl jlcldt`}lm.Zkgkc`tc{# }hl luln}z# lxrltklnjlz# `nm `j}kanz }h`} gìl |r g{ mk`jhtankjzlce (`nm g{ rltzan`c vatcm ault }kgl+ j`tt{ kn }hlkt zajk`c eatgz kn}ltrtl'}kul `nm lu`c|`}kul u`clnjlz }h`} kn}lt`j} vk}h }hl r|dckj |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hazl lclgln}z. Eat lx`grcl# `n @etkj`n'@gltkj`n `m|c}‛z glgat{ ae }hlluln}z kn }hl hkz}at{ ae hlt jhkcmhaam hagl kn# z`{# Gkzzkzzkrrk# g`{ vlccjanfflkj} vk}h }hl r|dckj glgatk`ck`}kan ae }hazl luln}z `t}kj|c`}lm d{ }hl

(vhk}l+ gòatk}{ rar|c`}kan.Za glgat{ h`z ` zajk`c lclgln} vhkjh kn}lt`j}z vk}h `nm mlrlnmz |ran

u`tka|z r|dckj kn}ltrtl}`}kanz ae luln}z. ]hl lx}ln} }a vhkjh }h`} r|dckjkn}ltrtl}`}kan janfflkj}z vk}h at ` tgz anl‛z avn kn}ltrtl}kul fcazz an z|jhluln}z vkcc ml}ltgknl jt|jk`cc{ vhl}hlt anl kz `dcl }a zll anlzlce `z `n lp|`c`|}anaga|z jk}kln kn z|jh zl}}knfz. ]hl adolj} ae lp|`c tlzrlj} kn z}`nm`tmrtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl kz }hl –rltzan#‗ d|} }hl e|nm`gln}`c kn}ltlz}z ae z|jh

4= Kn zagl ae }hl rz{jhacafkj`c ck}lt`}|tl an glgat{# }hl jc`kg }h`} hùknf natg`c ultkmkj`c glgatklzrtlz|rrazlz jan}kn|k}{ ae ` zlnzl ae zlce kz lxrckjk}? `z v`z gln}kanlm l`tcklt# `|}adkaft`rhkj`cglgat{ `nm tlffllj}kul# }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm `flnj{# `tl g|}|`cc{ janz}k}|}kul `jjatmknf }a zagl}hlatkz}z (zll Iclkn l} `c . 422= +.




rltzanz zhke} vhln anl janjlkulz ae }hlg# `z K hùl `tf|lm# `z dlknfz vk}h ` r`z} vhazl lclgln}z `tl arln }a r|dckj kn}ltrtl}`}kan. Anl nllm na}

`zz|gl }h`} }hltl `tl e`j}z ae }hl g`}}lt }h`} zha|cm gacm da}h }hazl r|dckjkn}ltrtl}`}kanz `nm }hl rltzan`c zlce'janjlr}kanz }h`} mlrlnm an }hlg }a`tf|l }h`} rlarcl‛z `dkck}{ }a `} cl`z} r`t}kjkr`}l kn }hl anfaknf nlfa}k`}kan`da|} }hazl r|dckj gl`nknfz kz ` d`zkj h|g`n kn}ltlz} fta|nmlm kn ` janjlr}kan ae zlce. ]hltleatl# zllknf rltzanz mk`jhtankj`cc{ kn }hkz v`{ eatlfta|nmz }hl kgrat}`njl ae r`t}kjkr`}kan kn r|dckj nlfa}k`}kanz `nmjanultz`}kanz `da|} }hl r`z} kn v`{z }h`} }hlatkknf `da|} o|z}kjl kn g`kn'z}tl`g ckdlt`c }hlat{ (`} cl`z}+ h`z na} `jinavclmflm. Vl vkcc tlrtkzl }hkz}hlgl kn jh`r}lt ;.

Vh`} K hùl harlm }a hùl `jjagrckzhlm hltl kz }a hùl zhavn }h`} vhltl rltzanz `tl janjlr}|`cklm vk}ha|} zlnzk}kuk}{ }a }hl mk`jhtankjn`}|tl ae }hlkt lxrltklnjl ae }hlgzlculz# }hlkt kn}ltlz}z }h`} `tl kn}tknzkj`cc{ }klm }a }hkz jannlj}kan vk}h }hlkt r`z}z `tl z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ |nmltu`c|lm ke na}kfnatlm. Zajk`c janfflkj} }h`} `tkzlz etag nlfa}k`}kanz vk}h magkn`n} gl`n'knfz ae }hl r`z} vkcc dl# d{ }h`} z`gl }ailn# gkz|nmltz}aam. G|jh kz `} z}ìlkn zhke}knf rltzrlj}kulz kn }hl v`{ K hùl |tflm }a }hkz zajka'hkz}atkj`cjanjlr}kan ae `flnj{# zlculz# `nm }hl z|dolj}z ae o|z}kjl.

Glgat{# `flnj{# `nm }hl zlce 02<





r ` t } k k

@|}anag{





j h ` r } l t 5

Rack}kj`c rltzanz

@g K }hln tl`cc{ `cc }h`} vhkjh a}hlt gln }lcc ae1At `g K anc{ vh`} K g{zlce inav ae g{zlce1

Mkl}tkjh Danhalfl lt (etag – Vha @g K1‗+

Vl hùl }tùlclm ault jagrclx }ltt`kn kn r`t} K kn `}}lgr}knf }a c`{ a|}` g`r ae e`j}atz }a vhkjh gamlcz ae }hl zlce g|z} dl e`k}he|c. ]hl j|ttln}jh`r}lt vkcc zltul `z ` dtkmfl }a r`t} KK# vhltl }hl janjlr} ae `|}anag{ vkccdl }hl eaj|z. @|}anag{# kn }hkz mkzj|zzkan# havlult# vkcc dl ` jh`t`j}ltkz}kjae knmkukm|`c rltzanz# t`}hlt }h`n fta|rz at tlc`}kanz `ganf rlarcl# `nmk} vkcc zltul `z }hl e|nm`gln}`c gamlc ae }hl rltzan kn }hl jan}lx} ae mlgajt`}kj rack}kj`c }hlat{# `z K vkcc z|fflz}. Za }a gìl }hazl }va rakn}z

`} `cc rc`|zkdcl‚

}h`} `|}anag{ kz ` jln}t`c rack}kj`c u`c|l `nm# `z z|jh# k}`}}`jhlz e|nm`gln}`cc{ }a knmkukm|`cz ‚ vl g|z} z|gg`tkl }hl `zrlj}z ae zlculz z|tul{lm kn r`t} K vhkjh rakn}lm }av`tm ` g|jh gatl zajk`c jan'jlr}kan ae }hl zlce# knmllm ` –zajka'hkz}atkj`c‗ (`nm lgdamklm+ janjlr}kanae zlce. Vh`} vkcc dl cle} kz }a `tf|l }h`} zllknf `|}anag{ `z ` jh`t`j}ltkz}kjrtknjkr`cc{ ae knmkukm|`cz malz na ukaclnjl }a }h`} jagrclx gamlc ae zlculz.K} vkcc `cza dl nljlzz`t{ }a zhav }h`} }hkz zltulz `jjlr}`dcl }hlatl}kj`c`kgz kn }hl janz}t|j}kan ae mlgajt`}kj rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz.

K vkcc fftz} mkzj|zz vh`} }hlatl}kj`c r|trazl gamlcz ae }hl zlce zltul# at `}

cl`z} zltul kn }hl r`t}kj|c`t jan}lx} }h`} kn}ltlz}z |z hltl. K vkcc }hln z|tul{ }hl u`tka|z janjc|zkanz vl tl`jhlm `da|} }hl zlce kn r`t} K `nm `}}lgr} }aatf`nkl }hlzl kn ` |zle|c g`nnlt. Kn `mmk}kan }a e`j}atz mkzj|zzlm l`tcklt#K vkcc `cza eaj|z an }hl v`{z kn vhkjh `zrlj}z ae }hl zlce `nm k}z janmk}kan`tl dl{anm }hl `fln}‛z jan}tac# }ha|fh na} (nljlzz`tkc{+ d{ }h`} }ailn`ckln }a }hl zlce. ]hkz vkcc `cza zltul `z }hl ajj`zkan }a lgrh`zkl `zrlj}zae }hl zlce tlc`}knf }a k}z lzzln}k`c lgdamkgln}. K vkcc nlx} }t{ }a dlfkn}hl `tf|gln} }h`} ` gamlc ae }hl zlce kz nljlzz`t{ kn }hl janz}t|j}kan`nm `t}kj|c`}kan ae natg`}kul rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz# zrljkffj`cc{ }hlrc|t`ckz} mlgajt`}kj }hlat{ ae }hl zat} vl `tl janjltnlm vk}h hltl.

02;



]hkz vkcc knuacul `}}lgr}knf }a zhav hav knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ j`n dlzlln `z ` e|nm`gln}`c (`nm e|nm`gln}`cc{ u`c|lm+ jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ae z|jh

zlculz vk}ha|} tlnmltknf kttlclu`n} }hl zajk`c# }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm# `nmlgdamklm lclgln}z ae rltzanhaam a|}cknlm kn r`t} K.

k . v h { ( ` n m v h ` } k z + ` r a c k } k j ` c g a m l c

a e } h l z l c e 1

@z vl z`v tlrl`}lmc{ kn }hl mkzj|zzkan |r }a nav# }hltl `tl `n{ n|gdlt ae v`{z kn vhkjh }hl zlce j`n dl mlzjtkdlm. Knmllm# }`ci ae –}hl‗ zlce at luln –}hl‗ }hlat{ ae }hl zlce kz `cgaz} jlt}`knc{ gkzf|kmlm# `z }hl mkfl ltln}

v`{z ae |nmltz}`nmknf vh`} }hl zlce kz `tl ckilc{ na} tlm|jkdcl }a anl zknfcljanjlr}kan. @z K z`km# kn mkfl ltln} jan}lx}z }hl v`{ kn vhkjh el`}|tlz ae a|tzlculz `tl mlzjtkdlm `z jln}t`c u`t{# `z ma }hl clulcz ae `dz}t`j}kan `nmgamlz ae mlzjtkr}kan |zlm }a j`r}|tl z|jh el`}|tlz.

Havlult# gltlc{ dlj`|zl vl tlolj} ` zknfcl rhkcazarhkj`c `jja|n} ae zlculz }h`} j`n `rrc{ lp|`cc{ kn `cc jan}lx}z malz na} gl`n vl g`{ na}tlp|ktl ` gamlc ae }hl zlce at zlculz }h`} j`n e|nj}kan eat }hlatl}kj`c `nmrt`j}kj`c r|trazlz. Kn r`t}kj|c`t# vl `tl kn}ltlz}lm kn vh`} }hl rltzan at zlce kz }h`} kz tlrtlzln}lm kn mlgajt`}kj rack}kj`c }hlat{. Gatl zrljkffj`cc{#

K vkcc dl mkzj|zzknf }hlatklz ae `|}anag{# ` }ltg vhkjh# è}lt `cc# gl`nz–zlce 'faultngln}.‗

0 Vh`} kz }hkz –zlce ‗ }hln }h`} kz maknf (`nm kz z|dolj} }a+}hkz faultnknf1 Vh`} lclgln}z ae rlarcl‛z ckulz `nm damklz zha|cm dlknjc|mlm at lxjc|mlm kn }hl janjlr}kan `} vati kn }hkz zl}}knf1 Vh`} kz}hl }hlatl}kj`c jannlj}kan dl}vlln z|jh ` gamlc ae }hl zlce `nm natg }kulrack}kj`c rtknjkrclz1

@ rack}kj`c gamlc ae }hl zlce zltulz }hl r|trazl ae tlrtlzln}knf }hlrltzrlj}kul `nm kn}ltlz}z ae }hazl }a vhag natg`}kul rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz

`rrc{. ]hkz kz }a |}kckl vh`} T`vcz h`z j`cclm ` –

gamlc janjlr}kan‗

kn atmlt }a janz}t|j} rtknjkrclz }h`} g`r jk}klnz‛ rltzrlj}kulz kn atmlt }a lz}`dckzh`nm g`kn}`kn }hl clfk}kg`j{ ae knz}k}|}kanz }hl{ g|z} ckul |nmlt (T`vcz0;;;`# :26‚:28+. ]hkz rack}kj c janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan kz gl`n} }a tlrtlzln}rltzanz vk}ha|} mlzjtkdknf }hlg ck}lt`cc{. Vh`} g|z} dl }t|l kz }h`} `j}|`cjk}klnz j`nna} dl `ckln`}lm etag }hl rkj}|tl ae }hlgzlculz lxhkdk}lm kn }hld`zkj janz}k}|}kan`c rtknjkrclz ae }hlkt zajkl}{ (`nm }hl gatl `dz}t`j} rtknjk'rclz ae o|z}kjl vhkjh z}t|j}|tl }h`} janz}k}|}kan+. Luln ke z|jh jk}klnz va|cm

0

]t`mk}kan`cc{# }hl kml` h`z `cza dlln tlnmltlm `z zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kan# d|} `z K mkzj|zz dlcav# vl ma na}ml}ltgknl# kn }hl zlnzl ae jtl`}l at jhaazl lx nkhkca# g`n{ jln}t`c lclgln}z ae a|t kmln}k}{ `nmjanmk}kan# mlzrk}l }hlzl lclgln}z dlknf `|}hln}kj `zrlj}z ae a|tzlculz. K} kz eat }hkz tl`zan K va|cmrtlelt }hl kml` ae –zlce'g`n`flgln}‗ `z }hl gaz} `jj|t`}l mlzjtkr}at kn }hlzl jan}lx}z.




na} mlzjtkdl }hlgzlculz kn z|jh }ltgz# at va|cm |zl `c}ltn`}kul gamlzae lxrtlzzkan at clulcz ae `dz}t`j}kan }a lxrtlzz }hlkt avn zlce'janjlr}# z|jh

gamlcz j`n dl |zle|c kn tlrtlzln}knf jk}klnz‛

d`zkj kn}ltlz}z. Vh`} g|z} dl }hl j`zl# havlult# kz }h`} z|jh gamlcz g|z} dl flnlt`c`nm ffllxkdcl lna|fh }a `jja|n} eat }hl u`tkl}{ ae r`t}kj|c`t zlce'|nmltz}`nmknfz ea|nm kn jagrclx# rc|t`ckz}kj zajkl}klz. Ke `n `tf|gln} j`ndl g`ml }h`} }hl gamlc ae zlce z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ rtkukclflz at lxjc|mlz zagl}{rlz ae zlce at kmln}k}{# }hln z|jh ` gamlc kz mlelj}kul. @n lx`grcl ae `nkn`mlp|`}l janjlr}kan kz }hl }t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`c knmkukm|`ckz} kml` }h`}jk}klnz `tl lzzln}k`cc{ zlr`t`}l etag jcazl }klz }a a}hltz at }a }t`mk}kanz at zajk`c fta|rz# }h`} }hlkt kmln}ke{knf el`}|tl kz (anc{+ }hlkt jafnk}kul j`r`jk'

}klz# at }h`} tleltlnjl }a }hlkt r`z}z `nm glgatklz `tl kttlclu`n} }a }hlkt jatlzlce'janjlr}kanz `nm hlnjl }hlkt d`zkj kn}ltlz}z. D|} }hltl kz g|jh taagdl}vlln kn`mlp|`}l janjlr}kanz ae }hkz zat} `nm ` e|cc{ –`jj|t`}l‗ jan'jlr}kan ae }hl rltzanz }h`} rar|c`}l zajkl}{.

]hltleatl# }hl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ `nm }hl zlce rtarazlm hltlg|z} gìl taag eat }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c `nm lgdamklm lclgln}z ae }hlrltzan }h`} vl kmln}kfflm l`tcklt `z `tf|`dc{ jln}t`c }a }hl zlce'janjlr} ae g`n{ at (`} }kglz `cc+ gamltn jk}klnz. ]hkz kz }a tlk}lt`}l }hl lj|glnkj`c`rrta`jh }a }hl rltzan }h`} vl `tl mlulcarknf hltl.

K vkcc tl}|tn }a }hkz kml` dlcav vhln K mkzj|zz T`vcz kn gatl ml}`kc. Ektz}# vl zha|cm }ìl z}aji ae }hl u`tka|z zajk`c# hkz}atkj`c# `nm damkc{ `zrlj}z ae zlculz vl mkzj|zzlm kn r`t} K }h`} vltl }ha|fh} }a dl tlclu`n} kn z|jh ` gamlcknf ae }hl zlce eat }hl r|trazlz ae rack}kj`c }hlat{. Kn a|t tlolj}kan ae }hl jc`zzkj ckdlt`c knmkukm|`ckz} janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce# vl z`km }h`} }hlu`tka|z v`{z kn vhkjh kmln}k}klz j`n dl zrljkfflm vk}h lzzln}k`c tleltlnjl}a zajk`c jannlj}kanz g|z} dl r`t} ae ` tlrc`jlgln}# nan' at clzz' knmkukm|'`ckz} janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan. ]hkz gl`nz }h`} taag g|z} dl g`ml eat }hl

u`tka|z (`nm u`t{knf+ v`{z kn vhkjh zajk`c tlc`}kanz janz}k}|}l zlculz `nm}hlkt zlce'janjlr}kanz kn }hl gamlcz |}kcklm kn rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz. Vh`} vlea|nm# }ha|fh# kz }h`} z|jh jannlj}kanz j`n dl zlln lk}hlt `} ` ult{ flnlt`c`nm `dz}t`j} clulc# z|jh `z }hl janz}k}|}kan ae }hl zlce d{ v`{ ae }hl zajk`crt`j}kjlz ae c`nf|`fl# at `} ` zrljkffj anl# z|jh `z }hl tlc`}kan }a r`t}kj|c`t zkfnkffj`n} a}hltz kn anl‛z ckel. Vl ea|nm# at za K jc`kglm# }h`} }hl c`}}lt iknmz ae tlc`}kanz `tl na} rc`|zkdcl lclgln}z eat `n{ flnlt`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce# eat z|jh tlc`}kanz `tl z|dolj} }a jh`nfl kn z}t|j}|tl `nm zkfnkffj`njl.Na g`}}lt hav g|jh anl kmln}kfflz anlzlce# z`{# `z }hkz rltzan‛z ga}hlt at

}h`} rltzan‛z zra|zl# }hl jln}t`ck}{ ae }h`} tlc`}kan }a anl‛z zlnzl ae zlce g`{ vlcc zhke} `z anl‛z ckel jktj|gz}`njlz jh`nfl# }hta|fh ml`}h# lz}t`nflgln}#at tlnlfa}k`}kan ae }hl tlc`}kanzhkr.

Rack}kj`c rltzanz 000



Eat lx`grcl# }hl# d{ nav vlcc'mkzj|zzlm# jagg|nk}`tk`n jtk}kp|l ae ckdlt`ckzg ae }hl 0;82z v`z kn}ltrtl}lm `z jc`kgknf }h`} ` jagg|n`c jan'

jlr}kan ae }hl rltzan# vhltl zajk`c }klz ae r`t}kj|c`t zat}z `tl lzzln}k`c }akmln}k}{# zha|cm tlrc`jl }hl r`tlm mavn knmkukm|`ckz} `jja|n} ae }t`mk}kan`c}hlat{. ]h`} jc`kg# vhl}hlt at na} k} v`z kn}lnmlm `z z|jh d{ za'j`cclmjagg|nk}`tk`nz# v`z vkmlc{ jtk}kjklm `z aultc{ n`ttav `nm lxjc|zkan`t{ k}zlce# zknjl k} kgrcklm }h`} anc{ ke vl g`kn}`knlm }klz }a r`t}kj|c`t jagg|n'k}klz vltl vl e|cc{ h|g`n# jcl`tc{ ` rtadclg`}kj kgrckj`}kan# lzrljk`cc{ kn}hl j`zl ae arrtlzzkul fta|rz.4

@c}ltn`}kulc{# }hl jagg|nk}`tk`n adolj}kan zha|cm dl }ìln `z }hljc`kg }h`} janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl }h`} tlz} an gamlcz ae }hl rltzan }h`}

kfnatl at lxjc|ml zajk`c }klz vhkjh mlffnl }hl kmln}k}klz ae zagl ae |z at `ccae |z zagl ae }hl }kgl `tl rtadclg`}kj. Gamlcz ae }hl zlce g|z} dl ffl lxkdcl }a knjc|ml `cc g`nnlt ae zlce'janjlr}kan `nm kmln}k}{ z}t|j}|tl# `} cl`z}`ganf jk}klnz vha `tl z|dolj} }a `nm vha dlz}av clfk}kg`j{ |ranrack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz. ]hl lj|glnkj`c `rrta`jh }a }hl zlce'janjlr}K }ìl hltl hllmz }h`} clzzan.

Zljanmc{# janjlr}kanz ae }hl zlce g|z} dl zlnzk}kul }a }hl mk`jhtankjn`}|tl ae kmln}k}{. ]hl gamlc ae }hl zlce tlrtlzln}z }hl rltzan ault ` ckel# na}gltlc{ `} ` r`t}kj|c`t o|nj}|tl. @z vl na}lm# zlculz j`n dl zlln `z n`tt`}kul

janz}t|j}kanz vhkjh knjc|ml r`z} r`}}ltnz# `j}kanz# lxrltklnjlz# `nm }t`k}z `z vlcc `z j|ttln} jaggk}gln}z `nm j`r`jk}klz. ]hkz kz vh{ glgat{ kz jt|jk`c}a `flnj{# `z vl z`v. ]hltleatl# rltzanz g|z} dl gamlclm `z janjltnlm

vk}h na} anc{ }hlkt j|ttln} z}`}|z `nm e|}|tl rtazrlj}z d|} `cza }hl v`{ kn vhkjh }hl{ hùl `jjlzz }a `nm j`n |nmltz}`nm }hlkt glgatklz# da}h r|dckj`nm rtku`}l. ]hkz gl`nz }h`} kn atmlt }a ft`zr }hl gl`nknf `nm kgrat}`njlae anl‛z gaz} e|nm`gln}`c lxrltklnjlz ‚ }hl janz}k}|ln} lclgln} ae anl‛z`|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul ‚ anl g|z} tlffllj} an }hazl luln}z d{ v`{ ae

janjlr}z `nm z{gdacz kn }hl r|dckj mkzja|tzl. Kn tlolj}knf }hl kml` ae ` rtku`}l c`nf|`fl#: vl `zz|gl }h`} }hl janz}t|j}kan ae ` zlce'n`tt`}kulrtajllmz d{ v`{ ae ` mkzja|tzl }h`} kz r|dckjc{ rt`j}kjlm `nm janz}t|j}lm.Kn}ltlz}z jannlj}lm }a }hl janz}t|j}kan# `rrtlhlnzkan# `nm lu`c|`}kan ae }h`} n`tt`}kul vkcc tlc`}l }a }hazl mkzj|tzkul rt`j}kjlz. ]h`} kz }a z`{# hav anl‛z avn at anl‛z j|c}|tl‛z lxrltklnjlz `tl tlrtlzln}lm kn j|ttln} mkzj|z'zkan# `nm kn }hl knz}k}|}kan`c rtlzln}`}kan ae hkz}atkj`c n`tt`}kulz# vkcc ` fl lj}hav anl kz `dcl }a –tlglgdlt ‗ vk}ha|} mllr mkzatkln}`}kan at `ckln`}kan.

4 Zll# l.f.# I{gckji` 0;8;# jh. < `nm D|jh`n`n 0;8;. Eat ` gatl tljln} mkzj|zzkan# zll Etahai 0;;6.: ]hkz kz# ae ja|tzl# ` tleltlnjl }a Vk}}flnz}lkn# d|} eat ` tleltlnjl }a }hkz adzltu`}kan kn }hl jan}lx} ae

mkzj|zzkanz ae kmln}k}{ `nm natg`}kuk}{# zll Iatzf``tm 0;;5# 0:6‚0:;.






rakn} ae uklv# `z ke rltzanz `z z|jh vltl zajk`c at mk`jhtankj kn r`t}kj|c`t v`{z# d|} z|jh e`j}atz zha|cm `cza na} dl lxjc|mlm at mavnrc`{lm. D|} }a

zll e|t}hlt vh`} }hkzffl

lxkdkck}{ kn }hl janz}t|j}kan ae }hl gamlc ae }hl zlce kgrcklz eat rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz# cl} |z }ìl ` gagln} }a mkzj|zz `na}hlt e`ga|z |zl ae ` gamlc janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce kn rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{.

k k . t ` v c z ` n m } h l r a c k } k j ` c j a n j l r } k a n

a e } h l r l t z a n

@z K gln}kanlm# }hl dlz} inavn |zl ae ` gamlc ae }hl rltzan `canf }hl cknlzdlknf }t`jlm hltl kz ea|nm kn T`vcz# lzrljk`cc{ kn hkz rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg.

]h`} rtaolj} gìlz |zl ae ` gamlc janjlr}kan }h`} kz na} gl`n} `z ` gl}`rh{zkj`c `jja|n} ae `flnj{ `z z|jh# `z }hl l`tcklt ]hlat{ ae O|z}kjl v`z}ìln }a tlz} |ran. T`}hlt# rltzanz `tl gamlclm `z r`t} ae `n kn}ltrtl}`}kanae }t`mk}kan`c janjlr}z kn }hl r|dckj rack}kj`c j|c}|tl (}hl u`c|lz ae etllmag`nm lp|`ck}{+ `nm r|} eat}h `z r`t} ae `n ault`cc uklv vhazl `jjlr}`njl kn`n aultc`rrknf janzlnz|z ae jk}klnz rtaukmlz k}z clfk}kg`j{. K} zha|cm na}g`}}lt# `jjatmknf }a T`vcz# ke jk}klnz‛ avn zlce'kg`flz `tl na} gkttatlm knz|jh ` gamlc janjlr}kan# `z canf `z }hl{ zll }hlkt e|nm`gln}`c kn}ltlz}z

`z tlrtlzln}lm kn z|jh ` v`{ }h`} }hl{ j`n `

tg }hl ault`cc rack}kj`c uklv ae vhkjh }hl gamlc kz ` r`t}.Nav vhl}hlt at na} T`vcz `j}|`cc{ ùakmz `n{ gl}`rh{zkj`c jaggk}'

gln}z kn }hl gamlc ae }hl rltzan hl rtarazlz at na} g`{ dl dlzkml }hlrakn}#= zknjl }hl rtaolj} `kgz }a janz}t|j} janjlr}kanz vhkjh j`n f`tnlt `rrtau`c d{ ` hkfhc{ rc|t`ckz}kj rar|c`}kan. T`vcz jc`kgz }h`} }hl kml` ae }hl rltzan jaglz etag `n kn}ltrtl}`}kan ae vh`} k} gl`nz }a dl etll `nmlp|`c# janjlr}z magkn`n} kn }hl }t`mk}kanz ae janz}k}|}kan`c mlgajt`jklzae }hl gamltn `fl# at za hl z`{z. ]h`} gamlc zllz rltzanz `z hùknf }va

gat`c ravltz }h`} gkgkj z|jh etllmag `nm lp|`ck}{9 }hlzl `tl }hl j`r`jk}{ }a et`gl `nm tlukzl ` janjlr}kan ae }hl faam `nm ` zlnzl ae o|z}kjl (T`vcz0;;:# 0;+. @z z|jh# }hl{ `tl etll kn zllknf }hlgzlculz `z zlce'`|}hln}kj`}knf za|tjlz ae u`ckm jc`kgz eat vhkjh }hl{ }ìl tlzranzkdkck}{.

]hl gat`c ravltz jattlzranm }a hkfhlz} atmlt kn}ltlz}z }hl rltzan kz`zz|glm }a hùl# kn}ltlz}z kn hùknf }hl gl`nz }a mlulcar ` zlnzl ae o|z}kjl`nm ` janjlr}kan ae }hl faam. Gatlault# }hl zajk`c rtkg`t{ faamz# vhkjhT`vcz rtaukmlz `z }hl knmlx ae zajk`c `mu`n}`fl nllmlm kn rtknjkrclzae mkz}tkd|}kul o|z}kjl# gamlc }hlzl kn}ltlz}z. Rtkg`t{ faamz `tl }hazl

= Zll T`vcz 0;;;`# :88‚=0= . Eat mkzj|zzkan (`nm }hl jc`kg }h`} hl malz na} ùakm gl}`rh{zkj`cjaggk}gln}z+# zll Etahai 0;;6.




`cc'r|trazl faamz }h`} va|cm dl nllmlm d{ `n{anl zllknf hltzlce `z etll`nm lp|`c kn }hkz v`{. ]hlzl faamz knjc|ml d`zkj tkfh}z `nm ckdlt}klz# etllmagae gaulgln} `nm `zzajk }kan# }hl ravltz `nm rtltaf`}kulz ae ajl# knjagl`nm vl`c}h# `nm }hl zajk`c d`zlz ae zlce'tlzrlj} (T`vcz 0;;:# 6<e.+.

]hkz rtaukmlz vh`} T`vcz j`ccz }hl –knz}k}|}kan`c kmln}k}{ ‗ ae }hl rltzan(0;;:# :2‚:0+# gl`nknf }h`} }hl eatg`c tlrtlzln}`}kan ae }hl rltzan `nmhlt kn}ltlz}z kz lxrtlzzlm d{ v`{ ae }hlzl }va gat`c ravltz9 d|} }hkz kzna} kn}lnmlm }a j`r}|tl `n{ rltzan‛z `j}|`c rz{jhacafkj`c# zajk`c# at j|c}|t`c kmln}k}{. Kn gacmknf }hl kn}ltlz}z }h`} rtknjkrclz ae mkz}tkd|}kul

o|z}kjl }t`ji# }hkz kmln}k}{ rtaukmlz rack}kj`c f|km`njl `da|} }hl zajk`c`mu`n}`flz jk}klnz `tl `zz|glm }a r|tz|l. ]hkz kmln}k}{ `cza gamlcz

}hl rltzrlj}kul jk}klnz `tl `zz|glm }a hùl kn }hl janz}t|j}kan ae }hljanmk}kanz ae clfk}kg`j{# `jjatmknf }a vhkjh# eat T`vcz# `n aultc`rrknf janzlnz|z j`n dl lz} dckzhlm `ganf z|jh knmkukm| cz vha `tl f|kmlmd{ janfflkj}knf jagrtlhlnzkul gat`c# tlckfka|z# `nm rhkcazarhkj`c uklvz.

E|t}hlt ml}`kcz ae T`vcz‛z rtaolj} nllm na} }ta|dcl |z hltl. D|} k} kzkgrat}`n} }a `zi vh`} `c}lt`}kanz va|cm nllm }a dl g`ml kn }hkz rtaffcl ae }hl jk}kln ke vl }aai gatl mllrc{ kn}a `jja|n} }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c `nmlgdamklm `zrlj}z ae }hl zlce |nmltzjatlm kn rtluka|z jh`r}ltz hltl. @z}a|jhlm an l`tcklt# janzkmltknf rltzanz `z (u`tk`dc{+ z}t|j}|tlm d{ da}h

zajk`c `nm }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm lclgln}z r|}z janzkmlt`}kan ae zajk`c jan'nlj}lmnlzz kn}a }hl eatletan} kn zrljke{knf jk}kln kn}ltlz}z. Vhkcl knjagl`nm vl`c}h `tl ae}ln janzkmltlm `cc'r|trazl gl`nz }a zlj|tknf mlzkt`dcla|}jaglz eat rlarcl# }hl{ jcl`tc{ ma na} tlrtlzln} }hl e|cc t`nfl ae kn}ltlz}z

vl j`n janjlkul# `nm eat g`n{ tl`zanz.< @z ` dtkle lx`grcl# `nm }a jagld`ji }a `n l`tcklt rakn}# r|dckj z{gdacz `nm j|c}|t`c eatgz `tl rtam|jlm`nm lnmatzlm `z ` jacclj}kul rtam|j}# ae}ln vk}h z}`}l z|rrat}# `nm j`nna}zkgrc{ dl r|tjh`zlm vk}h rtku`}l knjagl. Na} anc{ glgatk`cz `nmjh|tjhlz (vhkjh }hlgzlculz `tl ae}ln z|rrat}lm d{ z}`}l tluln|l+ d|} zajk`catf`nk`}kan ae j|c}|t`c ckel (vhkjh hackm`{z `tl tljafnklm# vhl}hlt d|zknlzzlz jcazl an Z|nm`{ at Z`}|tm`{# eat lx`grcl+ mktlj}c{ ` fl lj}z }hl

v`{z rlarcl j`n ffnm lclgln}z ae }hlkt kmln}k}{ z|rrat}lm at mlnkft`}lm.Anl ae }hl gaz} |nmlt'}hlatklm ae T`vcz‛z rtkg`t{ faamz kz –}hl zajk`c

d`zlz ae zlce'tlzrlj}.‗ T`vcz `tf|lz }h`} }hl kn}ltlz} kn z|jh d`zlz kz z`}kzfflmd{ }hl r|dckj `jinavclmfgln} ae }hl rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl }hlgzlculz# `canf

vk}h }hl jaggk}gln} }a tljkrtajk}{ `nm zajk`c jaarlt`}kan }h`} |nmltckl}hlg. Zlce'tlzrlj}# eat T`vcz# kz na} `n `}}k}|ml d|} ` zajk`c# knz}k}|}kan`cklm

< Janzkmlt `n`c{zlz d{ vtk}ltz z|jh `z Zkgglc (0;260;;2+ `nm ]k}g|zz (0;62+ eat mkzj|zzkan ae vh{ a|}jaglz zlj|tlm uk` r|tjh`zl `tl na} lp|ku`cln} }a }hazl f`knlm d{ jaarlt`}kan `nm fke}.

Rack}kj`c rltzanz 00<



lxrtlzzkan (T`vcz 4220# <;‚52+. K} kz `jhklulm eat etll `nm lp|`c rltzanz vhln }hl rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl# knjc|mknf }hl mkfl ltlnjl rtknjkrcl vhkjhml}ltgknlz }hl e`kt zh`tl ae (a}hlt+ zajk`c tlza|tjlz# `tl r|dckjc{ `jinavc'lmflm `nm `jjlr}lm d{ ja'jk}klnz. Tlzrlj} eat a|tzlculz `z etll `nm lp|`crltzanz vk}h }hl }va gat`c ravltz kz zlj|tlm# an hkz `jja|n}# vhln }hlrtknjkrclz }h`} lxrtlzz }hl u`c|l ae }hazl `zrlj}z ae a|t kmln}k}{ `tltljafnklm.

Kn @ ]hlat{ ae O|z}kjl # havlult# T`vcz h`m g|jh gatl ae kn}ltlz} }a z`{ `da|} zlce'tlzrlj} `nm k}z rc`jl kn rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl. K} kz knmllm knz}t|j'}kul }a zll vh`} T`vcz z`km `da|} }hkz }arkj kn }hl l`tcklt vati `nm vh{ }`ci ae }hkz zat} v`z `d`nmanlm# at `} cl`z} r`tlm mavn# kn }hl c`}lt rack}kj`c

ultzkan ae ckdlt`ckzg. @n lclgln} ae zlce'lz}llg at zlnzl ae zlce'vat}h }h`}|nmltcklz }hkz rtkg`t{ faam# eat T`vcz# gl`n} hùknf ` t`}kan`c rc`n ae ckel }h`} z`}kzfflz vh`} hl j`cclm }hl @tkz}a}lck`n rtknjkrcl# vhkjh mljc`tlz}h`}# a}hlt }hknfz dlknf lp|`c# –h|g`n dlknfz lnoa{ }hl lxltjkzl ae }hlkt tl`cklm j`r`jk}klz ‥ `nm }hkz lnoa{gln} knjtl`zlz `z }hl gatl }hl j`r`jk}{ kz tl`cklm# at }hl ftl`}lt k}z jagrclxk}{ ‗ (T`vcz 0;60# :6= +. K} `cza knuaculz–ffnmknf a|t rltzan `nm mllmz `rrtljk`}lm `nm janfftglm d{ a}hltz vha `tlckilvkzl lz}llglm `nm }hlkt `zzajk`}kanz lnoa{lm‗ (:85+.

T`vcz lgrh`zklm }hl v`{z kn vhkjh z|jh lz}llg kz lz}`dckzhlm kn ukt}|l

ae anl‛z r`t}kjkr`}kan kn zajk`c –`zzajk`}kanz#‗ – vk}hkn vhkjh }hl `j}kuk}klz}h`} `tl t`}kan`c eat hkg `tl r|dckjc{ ` tglm d{ a}hltz‗ (:86+. D|} }hlz|rrat} eat z|jh `zzajk`}kanz# `nm }hl zlce'tlzrlj} }h`} }hl{ lnflnmlt#j`nna} rtajllm `jjatmknf }a }hl –lxjlcclnjl‗ ae }hlkt lnmlùatz at }hlz|jjlzz ae }hlkt r|tz|k}z. ]a ma za va|cm dl }a tlc{ an ` –rltelj}kankz}‗

rtknjkrcl ae o|z}kjl ‚ }hl kml` }h`} zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz zha|cm dl z|rrat}lm knatmlt }a rtaga}l lxjlcclnjl kn `t}z# }hl zjklnjlz# `nm j|c}|tl ‚ ` rtknjkrcltlolj}lm d{ ckdlt c o|z}kjl m|l }a }hl c`}}lt ‛z rc|t`ckz} jaggk}gln}z

(48<‚4;4

+. Janjltn eat zajk`c `zzajk`}kanz z|rrat}kul ae zlce'lz}llg j`nna}tlz} an `n lx}ltn`c lu`c|`}kan ae }hl `jjagrckzhgln}z at u`c|l ae }hazlfta|rz.5 Gatlault# }hl lnoa{gln} ae zlce'tlzrlj} (`nm }hl tlc`}lm ellcknf ae zlce'lz}llg+ kz tlc`}kul }a }hl r`t}kj|c`t r|tz|k}z `nm zajk`c `zzajk`}kanzd{ vhkjh anl mlffnlz z|jjlzz kn ckel# T`vcz na}lz# za zajk`c z|rrat} eat r`t}kj|c`t rt`j}kjlz at knz}k}|}kanz g|z} dl zlnzk}kul }a }hl u`tk`}kanz knglgdltzhkr# kmln}kffj`}kan# `nm r`t}kjkr`}kan kn z|jh fta|rz.

C`}lt T`vcz mtarrlm ml}`kclm mkzj|zzkan ae zlce'tlzrlj} `canf }hlzl cknlz#janjc|mknf }h`} zlce'tlzrlj} kz na} `n –`}}k}|ml‗ }h`} j`n dl rtaga}lm

5 Jagr`tl Jh`tclz ]`{cat ‛z mkzj|zzkan ae }hl u`c|`}kan ae j|c}|t`c eatgz tlp|ktlm eat ` }hata|fhfaknf g|c}kj|c}|t`ckz} rack}kjz (]`{cat 0;;4# 5<‚58+.




r|dckjc{ `ganf jk}klnz d|} ` r|dckj janmk}kan# `nm }h`} janjltn vk}h`jhklulgln} kn cknl vk}h }hl @tkz}a}lck`n rtknjkrcl g|z} dl `d`nmanlm d{

rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg dlj`|zl z|jh ` rtknjkrcl tlz}z an ` jan}lz}`dcl rhkca'zarhkj`c janjlr}kan ae }hl faam ckel. @ rack}kj`c janjlr}kan ae o|z}kjl# kn }hkzzlnzl# lxrtlzzlz jaggk}gln}z }a z|jjlzz kn zajk`c ckel anc{ `z ` gamlc eat f`knknf janzlnz|z (`nm hlnjl rack}kj`c clfk}kg`j{ ae knz}k}|}kanz+ d|} na} `zgkttatknf at `}}lgr}knf }a rtaga}l `j}|`c jk}klnz‛ `zrkt`}kanz.

]hl p|lz}kan hltl# havlult# kz vhl}hlt zllknf rltzanz `z e|nm`gln}`cc{ (}ha|fh u`tk`dc{+ zajk`c kn }hlkt kmln}k}klz# `nm `z hùknf zlce'janjlr}kanz}h`} `tl mk`jhtankj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm# `c}ltz }hkz `rrta`jh }a }hl zajk`c u`c|l ae zlce'tlzrlj} `nm }hl janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan kn rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg. ]hl

z}`nm`tm }a dl |zlm kn lu`c|`}knf razzkdcl `c}lt`}kanz ae }hkz zat} vkcc dlrc|t`ckzg ae }hl zat} T`vcz‛z c`}lt uklvz lgrh`zklm. Anc{ ke }hl janjlr}kanae }hl rack}kj`c zlce g`kn}`knz janzkz}lnj{ vk}h }hl vkml u`tkl}{ ae zlce'janjlr}kanz `nm janjlr}kanz ae }hl faam eat jk}klnz j`n k} zltul knrtknjkrclz ae mlgajt }kj o|z}kjl kn `jjlr}`dcl v`{z.

]hkz tlc`}lz jcazlc{ }a vh`} I{gckji` j`cclm }hl –zajk`c janfftg`}kan`tf|gln}‗ (0;8;# 50‚5:9 }ha|fh zll `cza I{gckji` 0;;<+. Vl vkcc mkzj|zzzagl ae I{gckji` ‛z uklvz kn gatl ml}`kc kn ` gagln}# d|} hltl cl} |z caai `}hkz jaggln}z `da|} }hl nllm eat zajk`c z}t|j}|tlz }a tlffllj} }hkz kn}ltlz} kn

zlce'tlzrlj}. I{gckji` janzkmltz }hl jc`kg }h`} zajk`c janjlr}kanz ae jk}klnztlp|ktl }h`} –janzkmlt`dcl zajk`c janfftg`}kan‗ kz nllmlm }a hùl janffmlnjlkn }hlkt `dkck}klz `z tlffllj}kul `fln}z. ]hkz ln}`kcz }h`} faultngln}z zha|cm–lnja|t`fl jlt}`kn jagg|n c u`c|lz# `nm mkzja|t`fl nan'janeatgknf u`c|lz#kn atmlt }a lnz|tl }h`} ‥ o|mfgln}z `tl janfftglm d{ zajkl}{ ‗ (I{gckji` 0;8;# 50+. Knmkukm|`ckz} ckdlt`ckzg# jtk}kjz jan}lnm# na} anc{ rta}lj}z jhakjl'gìknf `nm }hl p|lz}kanknf ae zajk`c }klz# k} z|rrat}z zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz }h`}lnja|t`fl z|jh knmkukm|`cklm p|lz}kanknf# }hltld{ vlìlnknf }hl ult{ zajk`c

jannlj}kanz }h`} fkul gl`nknf }a }hl ckulz ae }hazl jk}klnz.

6

I{gckji` ‛z tlrc{ kz }h`} }hkz kz tl`cc{ ` zajkacafkj`c p|lz}kan `nm j`nna}dl ml}ltgknlm |r etan} d{ rack}kj`c }hlat{. Gatlault# ckdlt`c }hlat{ kgrcklz}h`} z|rrat}knf rlarcl‛z zlnzl ae }hlkt avn lfl lj}kul zaultlkfn}{ }ìlzrc`jl }hta|fh }hl lgravltgln} ae }hlkt `dkck}klz }a t`}kan`cc{ tlffllj}|ran `nm `rrt`kzl }hlkt zajk`c jannlj}kanz# vhkcl `c}ltn`}kul# jagg|nk}{'d`zlm gl}hamz ae zhatknf |r zajk`c jannlj}kanz d{r`zz }hazl tlffllj}kulrtajlzzlz `nm vati –dlhknm }hl d`jiz ae }hl knmkukm|`cz knuaculm ‚ k.l.# k}flnlt`}lz janffmlnjl uk` ` rtajlzz vhkjh rlarcl j`n‛} `jinavclmfl `z }hl

fta|nmz ae }hlkt janffmlnjl‗ (I{gckji` 0;8;# 54+.

6 K `f`kn tlelt d`ji }a }hl mkzj|zzkan kn jh`r}lt 4 ae }hlzl kzz|lz.




Vhkcl vl vkcc }ìl |r }hkz kzz|l `nm k}z ikn gatl mktlj}c{ c`}lt# cl} gljaggln} hltl }h`} }hltl kz na tl`zan }h`} rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz mlzkfnlm }a

rtaga}l }hl zajk`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm zlce'tlzrlj} }h`} jk}klnz `z zajk c dlknfz g`{ tlp|ktl nllm }a arlt`}l –dlhknm }hl d`jiz‗ ae }hlzl jk}klnz. Jcl`tc{# ` janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan vhkjh knjc|mlz d`zkj kn}ltlz}z }h`} tlp|ktl zajk`cz|rrat}# `z vhln vl raz}|c`}l }h`} jk}klnz `tl zajka'hkz}atkj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm#j`n dl ` r|dckjc{ `jinavclmflm rtaukzkan kn }hl mlzkfn `nm natg`}kulz}t|j}|tl ae rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz. K} j`n dl r`t} ae }hl mlzkfn ae ` mlgajt`}kjrack}{# eat lx`grcl# }h`} zajk`c fta|rz j`n tljlkul zrljk`c tlrtlzln}`}kan za`z }a z|rrat} }hazl zajk`c at j|c}|t`c rt`j}kjlz }h`} fkul }hl nllmlmjan}lx} eat }hl r|tz|k} ae d`zkj kn}ltlz}z f|`t`n}llm d{ z}`}l knz}k}|}kanz.

Vh`} K vkcc z|fflz} kn jh`r}lt ; kz }hl janz}t|j}kan ae mlgajt`}kj rt`j}kjlz}h`} `ccav zrljk`c vlkfh} }a dl fkuln }a rlarcl‛z kn}ltlz} kn (r`t}kjkr`}knf kn}hl rtajlzz ae+ mlffnknf `nm g`kn}`knknf zajk`c rt`j}kjlz }h`} |nmltfktm}hlkt avn kmln}k}klz. ]hkz kz r|dckj `nm arln `nm malz na} arlt`}l vk}ha|}}hl e|cc `jinavclmfgln} ae }hazl r`t}kjkr`}knf.

Gatlault# }hl }t`mk}kan`c janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan `z zaultlkfn lgrh`'zklz hlt `dkck}klz }a –t`}kan`cc{ ‗ `rrt`kzl jannlj}kanz vk}h }hkz at }h`}zajk`c fta|r# }tl`}knf# `z T`vcz mkm# `cc zajk`c kmln}k}klz `z zrljklz ae –`zzajk`}kanz‗ ‚ `z fta|rz anl ln}ltz kn}a uac|n}`tkc{ `nm etag vhkjhanl j`n mlr`t} `} vkcc. D|} zagl zajk`c fta|rknfz# z|jh `z }hazl mlffnlm d{ flnmlt at t`jl# `tl na} –`zzajk`}kanz‗ kn }hkz zlnzl `nm `tl na} `rrt`kzlmetag ` t`}kan`c rltzrlj}kul ckil anl `rrt`kzlz ` nlkfhdathaam anl gkfh}gaul }a. Jcl`tc{ }hl iknm ae jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan }h`} K lgrh`zkl h`z g|jhkn jaggan vk}h }hkz t`}kan`c `rrt`kz`c# d|} k} kz dta`mlt# knjc|mknf ` fl lj}kul lclgln}z `z vlcc `z jafnk}kul j`cj|c`}kanz. ]hl rakn} kz ` z|d}clanl# d|} kn mlffnknf }hl d`zkj kn}ltlz}z ae }hl rltzan tlrtlzln}lm knrack}kj`c rtknjkrclz# ke anl z}tlzzlz anc{ }hl jafnk}kul `dkck}klz }a lu`c|`}l

}hl rc|zlz `nm gkn|zlz ae `n `zzajk`}kan anl kfnatlz }hl dta`mlt `dkck}klz}a lga}kan`cc{ lgdt`jl# at }a ffnm ` c`nf|`fl }a lxrtlzz mllr `ckln`}kanetag# zajk`c jannlj}kanz }h`} mlffnl anl‛z kmln}k}{. ]hl zljanm zl} ae j`r`jk}klz kz dta`mlt }h`n }hl fftz} `nm gatl `mlp|`}lc{ tlffllj}z# K `tf|l#}hl d`zkj kn}ltlz}z ae }hazl rlarcl vhazl zlce'janjlr}kanz knjc|ml (lga'}kan`cc{ jacatlm+ kmln}kffj`}kanz vk}h zajk`c fta|rz at hkz}atkj`c r`}}ltnz.

D|} vk}h ` zajka'hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan# }hl zljanm ae T`vcz‛z }va gat`c ravltz ‚ }hl j`r`jk}{ }a et`gl `nm tlukzl ` janjlr}kanae }hl faam ‚ va|cm hùl }a dl tle`zhkanlm }a }ìl mktlj} `jja|n} ae }hl

zajk`c `nm }lgrat`c jannlj}kanz vl ft`n} kn rlarcl‛z zlce'janjlr}kanz(u`tk`dcl }ha|fh }hazl jannlj}kanz `tl kn }hl rar|c`}kan `nm `jtazz }hlckel zr`n+. Vl nllm }a tlukzl }hkz gat`c ravlt# }hln# }a tl`m? }hl j`r`jk}{




}a et`gl `nm tlukzl ` janjlr}kan ae }hl faam kn ckfh} ae zajk`c m{n`gkjz}h`} z}t|j}|tl anl‛z kmln}k}{. Zkgkc`tc{# }a dl zlce'`|}hln}kj`}knf# za|tjlz ae

u`ckm jc`kgz g|z} dl |nmltz}aam `z ` j`r`jk}{ eat `|}hln}kj`}kan kn janjlt} vk}h zajk`c m{n`gkjz `nm r|dckj |nmltz}`nmknf ae anl‛z avn `nm anl‛zzajkl}{ ‛z hkz}at{. ]hlzl p| ckffltz `tl# ae ja|tzl# u`tk`dcl rhlnagln`#mlrlnmknf an }hl mlftll `nm mkglnzkanz ae anl‛z knuaculgln} vk}h }hlzlzajk`c `nm hkz}atkj`c e`j}atz. D|} }hl kn}ltlz} g|z} dl zrljkfflm kn atmlt }atlffllj} zlnzk}kuk}{ }a }hlzl jannlj}kanz# vhltl }hl{ lxkz}.

Kn c`}lt mkzj|zzkanz vl vkcc zll e|t}hlt kgrckj`}kanz ae }hkz `c}lt`}kan. @e}lt mlulcarknf ` janjlr} ae zlce'faultngln} ‚ `|}anag{ ‚ }a d|kcm |ran}hkz gamlc ae zlce# vl vkcc }|tn }a janjlr}kanz `nm mlzkfn ae mlgajt`}kj

knz}k}|}kanz }h`} g|z} gkttat }hl rltzrlj}kulz `nm kn}ltlz}z ae z|jh `|}a'naga|z `fln}z. @jinavclmfknf }hl rtlzlnjl (}a u`t{knf mlftllz+ ae }hlzlnan'knmkukm|`ckz} e`j}atz janz}k}|}knf }hl rack}kj`c zlce# d|} `cza z}tlzzknf }h`} u`tk`dkck}{# vkcc gl`n }h`} hùknf anl‛z uakjl hl`tm kn }hl ml}ltgkn`'}kan ae }hl zajk`c eatgz }h`} z}t|j}|tl kmln}k}{ vkcc dl ae e|nm`gln}`ckn}ltlz} eat jk}klnz# `n kn}ltlz} na} e|cc{ j`r}|tlm kn }t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`cjanjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl# at za K zh`cc `tf|l.

k k k . } h l c k d l t ` c z } ` n j l a n } h l z a j k ` c z l c e

Vhkcl a|t `kg kz na} }a zrljkffj`cc{ mlelnm ` ckdlt`c janjlr}kan ae o|z}kjl rlt zl # }hlzl mkzj|zzkanz ljha canf'z}`nmknf mld`}lz `da|} }hl `cclflmh{rlt'knmkukm|`ckzg ae ckdlt`c }hlat{# r`t}kj|c`tc{ vhl}hlt }hl janjlr}kanae }hl rltzan rtlz|rrazlm kn ckdlt c rtknjkrclz kz knjagr`}kdcl vk}hzajk`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm janjlr}kanz ae }hl z|dolj} ae }hl zat} z|tul{lm (`rrtau'knfc{+ hltl. @f`kn# g`n{ gkfh} |nmltz}`nm`dc{ }hkni `} }hkz rakn} }h`}}hkz }ltt`kn h`z dlln `mlp|`}lc{ jaultlm `ctl`m{# kn r`t}kj|c`t tlf`tmknf

}hl ckdlt`c tlzranzl }a }hl jagg|nk}`tk`n –jh`cclnfl‗ ae }hl 0;82z. @z Kgln}kanlm# I{gckji` `mu`njlm ml}`kclm `tf|gln}z zkgkc`t }a }hlzl zagl}kgl `fa# jc`kgknf }h`} na g`}}lt hav –zajk`c‗ jk}klnz `tl at uklv }hlgzlculz }a dl# knmkukm|`ckz} ckdlt`c u`c|lz j`n dl mlelnmlm kn v`{zjanzkz}ln} vk}h }hkz adzltu`}kan. Cl} gl }hltleatl jaggln} an }hkz dtklffl{ }a zhav }h`} }hl }`ji dlknf }ìln hltl kz kgrat}`n}c{ mkfl ltln} etagI{gckji` ‛z `nm# gatl dta`mc{# z|d}c{ mkfl ltln} etag }hl z}`nm`tm ckdlt`crazk}kan an z|jh g`}}ltz.

Kn tljanz}t|j}knf }hl jagg|nk}`tk`n jtk}kp|l ae ckdlt`ckzg ‚ zrljkff'

j`cc{ ae ckdlt`c rhkcazarh{ }h`} zllz }hl rta}lj}kan ae knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ `z }hl e|nm`gln}`c faam ‚ I{gckji` mkz}knf|kzhlz zlult`c u`tk`}kanz ae }hlflnlt`c jc`kg }h`} zlculz `tl e|nm`gln}`cc{ zajk`c kn }hlkt z}t|j}|tl `nm

Rack}kj`c rltzanz 00;



zlce'rltjlr}kan `nm }h`} (}hltleatl+ ckdlt`c kml`cz vtanfc{ rat}t`{ }hlg `z|nlnj|gdltlm d{ zajk`c }klz `nm za e`czlc{ tlrtlzln} }hlkt (a|t+ d`zkj

kn}ltlz}z kn r|tz|knf }hl faam. I{gckji` jc`kgz# jan}t`t{ }a jtk}kjz z|jh`z Jh`tclz ]`{cat# }h`} k} kz na} }t|l }h`} ckdlt`ckzg rc`jlz u`c|l anetllmag (`|}anag{+ vk}ha|} zrljke{knf }hl jan}ln} ae z|jh etllmag.T`}hlt# etllmag kz u`c|`dcl eat rlarcl `z r`t} ae }hlkt r|tz|k} ae u`c|lmlnmz# d|} lnmz }h`} }hl{ j`n tlffllj}kulc{ tl`zzlzz `nm tlolj} ke na canflt u`c|`dcl?

T`}hlt# k} kz a|t rtaolj}z `nm }`ziz }h`} `tl }hl gaz} kgrat}`n} }hknfz kn a|t ckulz#`nm k} kz dlj`|zl }hl{ `tl za kgrat}`n} }h`} vl zha|cm dl etll }a tlukzl `nm tlolj}}hlg# zha|cm vl jagl }a dlcklul }h`} }hl{ `tl na} e|cffccknf at vat}hvhkcl.(I{gckji` 0;8;# =8+

I{gckji` tluklvz Z`nmlc‛z jc`kg }h`} ckdlt`ckzg kz jaggk}}lm }a ` uklv ae }hl zlce `z |nlnj|gdltlm# ` uklv vhkjh jc zhlz vk}h a|t mllrlz}zlce'janjlr}kanz. Z`nmlc jc`kgz }h`} ckdlt`ckzg t|nz èa|c ae }hlzl zlce'janjlr}kanz kn tlp|ktknf }h`} (etll+ `fln}z dl `dcl }a `dz}t`j} etag `cc}hlkt u`c|lz `nm jaggk}gln}z `nm tluklv }hlg mkzr`zzkan`}lc{. I{gckji` tlrcklz# tkfh}c{ K }hkni# }h`} ckdlt`c etllmag gltlc{ tlp|ktlz }h`} anl dl `dcl}a tluklv `n{ r`t}kj|c`t lnm kn }hkz v`{# na} }a tluklv `cc ae }hlg kn }a}a.Z`nmlc va|cm hùl }a jc`kg }h`} }hltl `tl r`t}kj|c`t jaggk}gln}z }h`} `tlza zlce'mlffnknf }h`} }hl{ j`nna} dl tl`rrt kzlm `nm (kn rtknjkrcl+ tlolj}lm.

@z I{gckji` e`ga|zc{ z`{z# –YnWa g`}}lt hav mllrc{ kgrckj`}lm vl ffnma|tzlculz kn ` zajk`c rt`j}kjl at }t`mk}kan# vl ellc j`r`dcl ae p|lz}kanknf

vhl}hlt }hl rt`j}kjl kz ` u`c|`dcl anl ‚ ` p|lz}kanknf vhkjh kzn‛}gl`nknfe|c an Z`nmlc‛z `jja|n}‗ (I{gckji` 0;8;# <= +

K vkcc tl}|tn }a }hkz rakn} `nm adolj} }a k} (zll `cza Jhtkz}g`n 4220+. D|}cl} |z jan}kn|l. I{gckji` `cza `tf|lz }h`} mlzrk}l hkz jc`kgz }a }hl

jan}t`t{# Z`nmlc kz hkgzlce jaggk}}lm }a ` uklv }h`} z`{z }hl–

rltzan‗

kz`dcl }a tl'lx`gknl hlt lnmz `nm jaggk}gln}z `nm hlnjl# luln anZ`nmlc‛z avn uklv# }hl –rltzan‗ g|z} dl mlffn`dcl knmlrlnmln}c{ ae hlt lnmz è}lt `cc. ]hkz kz dlj`|zl Z`nmlc `mgk}z }h`} }hl z|dolj} j`n gìljhakjlz `da|} vhkjh ae }hl –razzkdcl r|trazlz `nm lnmz‗ k} vkcc r|tz|l(I{gckji` 0;8;# <<# p|a}knf Z`nmlc+. Nav `z K vkcc lxrc`kn dlcav# k} kz anl}hknf eat ` rltzan }a `zi hltzlce hav `nm }a vh`} lx}ln} zhl gkfh} r|tz|l ` jaggk}gln} at u`c|l# d|} k} kz `na}hlt }a `zi# etag ` razk}kan a|}zkml ae }hl atkln}knf et`glvati ae }h`} u`c|l# vhl}hlt zhl zha|cm dl jaggk}}lm

}a k} `} `cc.E|t}hlt# I{gckji` janzkmltz ]`{cat ‛z jc`kg }h`} }hltl kz `cv`{z `n

|np|lz}kanlm –fkuln‗ }h`} atkln}z a|t u`c|l o|mfgln}z `nm rtaukmlz




hatkanz ae gl`nknf eat |z# ` e`j} }h`} ckdlt`ckzg g|z} (kgrc`|zkdc{+ mln{.I{gckji` ‛z tlrc{ kz }h`} zknjl }hl fkuln j`n zhke} ault }kgl eat ` rltzan `nm

u`tklz `ganf knmkukm|`cz# etllmag }a p|lz}kan `nm tlukzl `n{ r`t}kj|c`t jaggk}gln} tlg`knz r`t`ga|n} (I{gckji` 0;8;# <0e.+. D|} `z I{gckji` janzkmltz c`}lt |nmlt ` mkfl ltln} hl`mknf# ckdlt`c knz}k}|}kanz ma gatl }h`nzkgrc{ rta}lj} }hl `dkck}{ }a jh`nfl (}h`} kz# }hl{ ma gatl }h`n gltlc{ `ccav jh`nfl+. T`}hlt# kn zl}}knf |r zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz `nm lnja|t`fknf }hazlzh`tlm zajk`c u`c|lz }h`} gìl zajkl}klz z}`dcl# ckdlt`c rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanzg|z} lnja|t`fl zlce'jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan# knjc|mknf p|lz}kanknf anl‛z gaz}mllrc{ hlcm jaggk}gln}z `nm u`c|lz. ]hkz lnja|t`flgln} zhavz k}zlce knlm|j`}kan`c rackj{# rtaga}kan ae zajk`c faamz# `z vlcc `z }hl janz}k}|}kan`c

z}t|j}|tl }h`} rtkatk}klz zagl zat}z ae tkfh}z ault a}hltz. ]hkz jcl`tc{ vkccgìl k} gatl ckilc{ }h`} z|jh p|lz}kanknf vkcc ajj|t# `nm }hltld{ }klz }azrljkffj jagg|nk}klz# e`k}hz# `nm tlc`}kanzhkrz vkcc dl vlìlt. ]hkz jcl`tc{ h`z k}z jaz}z# `z I{gckji` hkgzlce `mgk}z? –tlukzknf a|t lnmz kz ae}ln ` g`}}lt ae ` jtkzkz kn mllrc{ elc} dlcklez `nm jaggk}gln}z‗ (I{gckji` 0;8;# <;+.

]hl jc`kg a|fh} }a dl }h`} vl zha|cm dl `dcl }a lfl lj}kulc{ `c}lt a|t jaggk}gln}z ke# |ran tlffllj}kan# vl `tl `ckln`}lm etag }hlg. Zajk`cjanmk}kanz a|fh} na} }a adz}t|j} ` rltzan‛z `dkck}{ }a lzj`rl arrtlzzkuljaggk}gln}z `nm }hl{ zha|cm luln lnja|t`fl lx`gkn`}kan `nm tlffllj}kankn }hazl j`zlz vhltl `ckln`}kan kz ckilc{. D|} }hkz kz na} }a z`{ }h`} z}`}lrackj{ zha|cm lnja|t`fl tlffllj}kan `nm p|lz}kanknf vhln z|jh }klz `tl na}rtadclg`}kj eat }hl rltzan.

Kn }hlzl `tf|gln}z# I{gckji` tleltz }a –etllmag ae jhakjl‗ ‚ }hlj`r`jk}{ }a tlffllj} an anl‛z lnmz nm zlclj} }hlg etag `ganf c}ltn`}kulz ‚

`z }hl e|nm`gln}`c u`c|l }h`} ckdlt`c knz}k}|}kanz rta}lj}. ]a r|} k} mkfl lt'ln}c{# etllmag kz }hl arrat}|nk}{ }a jhaazl `ganf jagrl}knf u`c|lz.D|} }hltl tl`cc{ `tl }htll jagranln}z }a etllmag kn }hkz zlnzl }h`} zha|cm

dl zlr`t`}lm. Anl kz }hl tlp|ktlgln} ae arln ar}kanz# }hl zajk`c arrat'}|nk}{ }a jh`nfl anl‛z ckel r|tz|k}z kn eùat ae `c}ltn`}kulz. Ke anl kz d`ttlmetag rt`j}kjknf `n{}hknf d|} ` zknfcl tlckfkan# }hln anl c`jiz }hkz lclgln}ae etllmag. ]hl zljanm jagranln} kz }hl gl`nknfe|c rltzan`c `dkck}{ }atlolj} }hl u`c|lz anl hacmz# }a lfl lj}kulc{ gaul etag anl zl} ae jaggk}'gln}z }a `na}hlt. ]hkz kz na} `cv`{z ù`kc`dcl }a rlarcl# `z zagljaggk}gln}z `tl za mllrc{ lgdlmmlm kn }hlkt rltzan`ck}{ `nm uklv ae }hl vatcm }h`} –tlolj}knf ‗ }hlg kz anc{ ` }hlatl}kj`c razzkdkck}{ eat }hlrltzan# na} ` rz{jhacafkj`cc{ uk`dcl ar}kan. ]hazl }h`} hùl }hkz j`r`jk}{#

kn lfl lj}# hùl }hl rz{jhacafkj`c `dkck}{ (`nm }hl zajk`c z|rrat} nllmlm }az|z}`kn }h`} `dkck}{+ }a z}lr d`ji etag zagl jaggk}gln} `nm zltka|zc{ janzkmlt vhl}hlt k} kz vat}hvhkcl.




]hl }hktm jagranln} ae etllmag arlt`}kul kn I{gckji` ‛z jc`kgz kz }hl`dkck}{ }a tlffllj}kulc{ `rrt`kzl anl‛z u`c|lz }a `n{ mlftll. Na} lult{anl h`z

}hkz `dkck}{# n`glc{ }a z}lr `v`{ etag ` u`c|l at jaggk}gln} canf lna|fh}a `zi vhl}hlt k} kz tl`cc{ e|cffccknf at vat}hvhkcl# at `} cl`z} vh`} }hl zajk`ckgrckj`}kanz `tl eat r|tz|knf at jan}kn|knf }a r|tz|l }h`} ckelz}{cl. ]hl}hktm kz na} lp|ku`cln} }a }hl zljanm kn }h`} rlarcl g`{ dl `dcl }a `rrt`kzl}hlkt jaggk}gln}z# luln janmlgn }hlg `z mldkck}`}knf (ckil `n `mmkj}kan+d|} c`ji }hl rz{jhacafkj`c j`r`jk}{ }a jh`nfl.

K v`n} }a z|fflz} }h`} }hlzl }htll lclgln}z ae etllmag zha|cm dl }l`zlm`r`t}# `nm lx`gknlm `z zlr`t`}l lclgln}z ae vh`} K vkcc j`cc `|}anag{. ]hlfftz} ‚ zajk`cc{ lfl lj}kul arln ar}kanz ‚ kz tlp|ktlm eat `|}anag{ d|} anc{ `z

` e|nj}kan ae ` rltzan‛z r`t}kj|c`t jaggk}gln}z# na} `z adolj}kulc{ fkuln at rhkcazarhkj`cc{ zrljkfflm eat `cc rltzanz `z z|jh.8 @ rltzan vkcc tlp|ktl }hlarrat}|nk}{ }a r|tz|l ` u`tkl}{ ae ckel r`}hz d|} anc{ knzae`t `z }hkz kztlp|ktlm eat `|}hln}kj r|tz|k} ae }hl anl(z+ zhl kn e`j} tlffllj}kulc{ `jjlr}z.Hùknf ar}kanz vkcc dl u`c|l'clzz eat gl ke }hl{ jan}tkd|}l na}hknf }a vh`}K }t|c{ v`n} }a r|tz|l `nm luln mkz}t`j} gl nllmclzzc{ etag }h`} r|tz|k}.]hl }t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`c jlcldt`}kan ae arrat}|nk}{ eat k}z avn zìl j`n dll`zkc{ p|lz}kanlm (zll Mvatikn 0;84+.

Zljanm# }hl rz{jhacafkj`c `dkck}{ }a tlukzl anl‛z jaggk}gln}z kz flnlt'`cc{ tlp|ktlm eat `|}anag{ d|} anc{ vhln `nm dlj`|zl vl `tl zagl}kglzmllrc{ `ckln`}lm etag jlt}`kn u`c|lz at janmk}kanz. Anc{ knzae`t `z vl `tllz}t`nflm kn }hkz v`{ etag ` u`c|l atkln}`}kan at ckel janmk}kan g|z} vldl rz{jhacafkj`cc{ `dcl }a jh`nfl. D|} k} kz kgrat}`n} }a rakn} a|}# }h`}knzae`t `z vl `tl na} za `ckln`}lm# ke a|t jaggk}gln}z }a a|t u`c|lz `tl|nrtadclg`}kj# mllr# zlce'mlffnknf# `nm e|cffccknf# k} kz na} }hl j`zl }h`} vlg|z} `cza hùl }hl `dkck}{ }a tlolj} }hlg. ]hl `dkck}{ }a tlolj} jaggk}gln}kz na} vk}ha|} k}z jaz}z `nm vkcc dl ae na |zl }a }hazl vha h`rrkc{ zll

}hlgzlculz `z e|cc{ mlua}lm }a `n |njagrckj`}lm r|tz|k} at jannlj}kan. ]atlrl`} ` e`gkck`t lx`grcl? kg`fknl ` r`tln} ae `n acmlt jhkcm }a vhag }hlr`tln} kz mllrc{ mlua}lm `nm vk}h vhag zhl h`z ` vanmlte|c tlc`}kanzhkr.]a z`{ }h`} zhl kz na} `|}anaga|z |nclzz zhl j`n rz{jhacafkj`cc{ `nmtl`ckz}kj`cc{ zr|tn }h`} tlc`}kanzhkr kz# K jan}lnm# kgrc`|zkdcl.

Ekn`cc{# }hltl kz }hl j`r`jk}{ }a tlffllj}. Cl} |z }ìl }hkz gatl zcavc{. An}hl anl h`nm# K v`n} }a `tf|l }h`} jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan kz knmllm tlp|ktlm eat `|}anag{ (`z ` rack}kj`c u`c|l+# d|} k} kz tlffllj}kan kn }hl n`ttav zlnzl#}hl `dkck}{ }a fkul tl`zanz kn z|rrat} ae }hl jaggk}gln}z anl h`z# }a

8 ]hkz kz }hl razk}kan an }hkz p|lz}kan }h`} T` }ìlz# `z K tl`m hkg. Zll T` 0;85# :6:‚:68. @z vk}h `cc ae }hlzl rakn}z# }hkz vkcc dl mkzj|zzlm e|t}hlt kn c`}lt jh`r}ltz (kn }hkz j`zl# jh`r}lt 6+.




janzkmlt jaz}z `nm mkj|c}klz tlf`tmknf }hazl jaggk}gln}z# lzrljk`cc{ eat a}hltz# `nm }a lxrtlzz }hazl tl`zanz r|dckjc{. ]hl dta`mlt zlnzl ae jtk}kj`ctlffllj}kan ln}`kcz }hl `dkck}{ }a tlolj} }hl jaggk}gln} kn p|lz}kan# vhkjhK o|z} jc`kglm kz na} tlp|ktlm eat `|}anag{. ]h`} kz# }hl z}tanflt tlp|ktl'gln} ae tlffllj}kan kz }a `zi anlzlce vhl}hlt anl‛z jaggk}gln} }a ` u`c|ltl`cc{ h`z `n{ d`zkz `} `cc# vhl}hlt# etag ` rakn} ae uklv ae ` rltzan vk}ha|} }h`} jaggk}gln}# anl tl`cc{ zha|cm hùl k}. D|} knzae`t `z g`n{ rlarclzkgrc{ j`nna} kg`fknl na} hùknf }hkz at }h`} jaggk}gln}# zknjl k} mlffnlz}hlg za jagrcl}lc{# tlp|ktknf tlffllj}kan ae }hkz zat} kz `n |ntl`ckz}kj mlg`nmeat `|}anag{ `z ` zajk`c u`c|l# at za K jc`kg.

k u . u ` t k ` d k c k } { # e c l x k d k c k } { # ` n m

r l t g ` n l n j l k n z l c u l z

Kn atmlt }a gìl jcl`tlt }hkz mlr`t}|tl etag I{gckji` ‛z `n`c{zkz ae }hl zajk`czlce uklv# `n `mmk}kan`c zl} ae adzltu`}kanz vkcc dl nljlzz`t{. Vl hùlmkzj|zzlm kn ml}`kc }hl zajk`c `nm }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm `zrlj}z ae zlculz.

@z ` jagr`nkan }ha|fh}# vl hùl tlrl`}lm }hl ckdlt`c knzkz}lnjl }h`}u`tk`dkck}{ `ganf jk}klnz `nm ffllxkdkck}{ kn ` zknfcl jk}kln g|z} dl `jinav'

clmflm `z vlcc? vhkcl kn flnlt`c# zajk`c jannlj}lmnlzz j`n dl ` janz}k}|}kullclgln} ae }hl (rack}kj`c+ zlce# `n{ r`t}kj|c`t jannlj}kan at `njhat ae kmln}k}{ kz z|dolj} }a jh`nfl `nm u`tk`}kan# `nm `z z|jh j`nna} dl jlgln}lmkn}a }hl kmln}k}klz ae jk}klnz vhazl kn}ltlz}z `tl tlrtlzln}lm kn rtknjkrclzae o|z}kjl. ]a `zz|gl z|jh knffllxkdkck}{ va|cm dl }a lnzhtknl arrtlzzkullneatjlgln} ae fta|r glgdltzhkr at e`k}he|cnlzz }a dlknf ` rltzan–ae anl‛z avn iknm‗ kn v`{z }h`} mln{ e|nm`gln}`c etllmagz ae `zzajk`}kan`nm zlce'mlffnk}kan (zll @rrk`h 422<9 D`tt{ 42209 Zln 4225+.;

@} }hl z`gl }kgl# havlult# k} kz ` gkz}ìl }a }hkni }h`} `zrlj}z ae

kmln}k}klz g|z} dl `cv`{z z|dolj} }a `c}lt`}kan `nm tlukzkan. ]hkz kz lp|`cc{ arrtlzzkul# }ha|fh kn ` mkfl ltln} v`{. K} na} anc{ rtadclg`}kj`cc{ lx`fflt'`}lz }hl kn}ltlz}z rlarcl `tl z`km }a hùl kn jh`nfl `nm gadkck}{# k} `czagkztlrtlzln}z }hl kn}ltlz}z ae zagl rlarcl }a rta}lj} `nm g`kn}`kn }hlkt zajk`c kmln}k}klz `nm }hl rt`j}kjlz `nm knz}k}|}kanz }h`} z|rrat} }hlg. Eat }hlzl tl`zanz k} kz kgrat}`n} }a na}l }hl u`tka|z v`{z kn vhkjh `zrlj}z ae }hl

;

Vl j`n ae}ln gìl jhakjlz `da|} vhl}hlt }a eaz}lt at tl}`kn ` }t`k}# `ccav k} }a lxrtlzz k}zlce (`nm maza kn }hkz at }h`} g`nnlt+# at `ccav k} }a }ìl an `n{ n|gdlt ae tl`c at z{gdackj g`nkelz}`}kanz(kn tlzranzl# rlth`rz# }a zajk`c lnuktangln}z }h`} knuk}l at mkzja|t`fl z|jh g`nkelz}`}kanz+. Je. `cza

@|mk 0;;0.

Rack}kj`c rltzanz 04:



zlce'janjlr} }h`} `tl tlclu`n} }a zajk`c kn}ltlz}z gkfh} na} dl tl`ckz}kj`cc{ z|dolj} }a zlce'`c}lt`}kan.02

]hl flnlt`c jan}a|tz ae a|t damklz ‚ a|t rh{zkj`c et`gl# `dkck}klz knuacu'knf gaulgln}# rltjlr}kan# `nm rltzan`c kn}lt`j}kan# `z vlcc `z gatl flnlt`cel`}|tlz ae a|t rh{zkj`c lxkz}lnjl ‚ z}t|j}|tl a|t lxrltklnjl ae da}h }hl

vatcm `nm a|t zlce'janjlr}kanz.00 Z|jh d`jifta|nm e`j}atz janjltnknf damkc{ gìl'|r ma na} ln}lt }hl fflcm ae janzjka|znlzz `nm za `tl na}z|dolj} }a natg`c lxltjkzlz ae jtk}kj`c `rrt`kz`c `nm zlce'`c}lt`}kan# {l} }hl{ rltu`zkulc{ atkln} o|mfgln} `nm z}t|j}|tl jhakjl.04 ]hl lx}ln} }a vhkjh anlh`z vh`} `tl janzkmltlm }hl natg`c t`nfl ae rh{zkj`c `dkck}klz# eat lx`grcl#

vkcc rltu`zkulc{ z}t|j}|tl }hl v`{ anl o|mflz ar}kanz `nm eatg|c`}lz u`c|lz.

Janzkmlt `cza dkacafkj`c zlx. @z vl gln}kanlm# zajk`c r`}}ltnz `nmknz}k}|}kanz j`n ma g|jh }a `zjtkdl gl`nknfz }a }hl j`}lfatklz ae –g`cl‗

`nm –elg`cl#‗ `nm z|jh r`}}ltnz `tl# knmktlj}c{ `} cl`z}# |nmlt jacclj}kuljan}tac. Gatlault# knmkukm|`cz g`{ vlcc dl `dcl }a uac|n}`tkc{ nlfa}k`}lgl`nknfz `nm g`}tkjlz ae zajk`c zkfnkffj`njl }h`} dkacafkj`c zlx kz ` fl atmlmkn }hl c`tflt j|c}|tl. (Knmllm# }hlzl g`{ vlcc dl jagrcl}lc{ zajk`cc{ jan'z}t|j}lm j`}lfatklz.+ Nlult}hlclzz# }hl v`{ kn vhkjh gaz} rlarcl janz}t|j}}hlkt ckel rc`nz# rtleltlnjlz# mkzrazk}kanz# h`dk}z# `nm u`c|lz kz zkgrc{ zl}`f`knz} }hl d`jifta|nm ae hlt at hkz zlx9 jhakjlz `tl g`ml fkuln }h`} anl kz

g`cl at elg`cl# nlult kn ml}ltgkn`}kan ae k}. Tlc`}lm }a z|jh e`j}atz kz zlx| catkln}`}kan. Vhkcl vl j`n zkmlz}lr }hl p|lz}kan ae }hl rz{jhacafkj`c at flnl}kj d`zkz eat zlx|`c atkln}`}kan (at vhl}hlt }hl }{rkj`c j`}lfatklz ae atkln}`}kan `tl `} `cc z}`dcl at vlcc mlffnlm+# vl j`n adzltul }h`} eat g`n{ at gaz} rlarcl# zlx|`c atkln}`}kan# kn flnlt`c# kz na} ` rz{jhacafkj`crhlnaglnan ault vhkjh }hl{ hùl g|jh anfaknf jan}tac. @nm vhkclg`n{ ma fa }hta|fh rltkamz ae zl`tjhknf `nm jhakjl janjltnknf }hlmktlj}kan ae }hlkt zlx|`c ckulz# `nm eat z|jh rlarcl jhakjl g`{ knmllm dlknuaculm kn vh`} zlx|`c mlffnk}kan luln}|`cc{ lgltflz eat }hlg# g`n{ a}hltz mlzjtkdl }hlkt ault`cc atkln}`}kan `z zagl}hknf mkzjaultlm at `zz|glm

02 Eat e|t}hlt mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz kzz|l zll Jhtkz}g`n 4220 (etag vhkjh zagl ae vh`} eaccavz kz mt`vn+.00 ]hkz adzltu`}kan kz r`t} ae }hl jatl ae –ljacafkj`c‗ rz{jhacafkj`c }hlatklz vhkjh d|kcm an }hl vati

ae O. O. Fkdzan. Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll }hl lzz`{z kn Dltgÿml l} `c . 0;;<.04 Rz{jhacafkz}z tlelt }a ` –dam{ zjhlg` ‗ eat lx`grcl vhkjh# kn ` nan'janzjka|z g`nnlt# ffc}ltz#

z}t|j}|tlz# `nm atkln}z ljacafkj`c lxrltklnjl d`zlm an `zrlj}z ae anl‛z lgdamkgln}# `nm }hkz ajj|tzkn ` v`{ na} z|dolj} }a anfaknf tlffllj}kan `nm `v`tlnlzz (`nm hlnjl jhakjl+? zll# eat lx`grcl# Zh`|nF`cc`fhlt 0;;<# –Dam{ Zjhlg` `nm Kn}ln}kan`ck}{ ‗ kn Dltg|ml l} `c . 0;;<# 44<‚4== .

@cza# }hl kgrat}`njl ae lgdamkgln} flnlt`cc{ kz ae}ln kfnatlm kn janjlr}kanz ae }hl zlce }h`}

`rrl`t kn `n`c{}kj rhkcazarhkj`c mkzj|zzkanz ae rltzanz# }hl gknm# rt`j}kj`c tl`zan# `nm `|}anag{.D|} `z rhkcazarhltz z|jh `z Gltcl`|'Ran}{# Gkjhlc Ea|j`|c}# `nm tljln} elgknkz}z hùl z}tlzzlm#`zrlj}z ae a|t rh{zkj`ck}{ `nm damkc{ n`}|tlz j`nna} dl zlr`t }lm etag }hl z}t|j}|tl ae a|t lxrltklnjl#}hl n`}|tl ae a|t o|mfgln}z# `nm }hl jan}ln} ae a|t u`c|lz.




`nm# gaz} kgrat}`n}c{# rz{jhacafkj`cc{ |n`c}lt`dcl. Tlrat}z ae jagknf'a|}d{ f`{ gln `nm clzdk`nz ae}ln jan}`kn rhlnaglnacafkj`c `jja|n}z ae tl`ckknf vh`} v`z# kn lfl lj}# `ctl`m{ arlt`}kul kn }hl rltzan‛z ckel.0:

@cza knjc|mlm `ganf nan'}t`nzeatg`dcl `zrlj}z ae }hl zlce `tl canf'z}`nmknf lga}kan`c }klz `nm mllr ` fl lj}kul jannlj}kanz. Z|jh jannlj}kanzjagl kn ` u`tkl}{ ae }{rlz `nm u`t{ ault }kgl# `nm jlt}`knc{ `zrlj}z ae }hazltlc`}kanzhkrz `tl ae}ln z|dolj} }a mktlj} mlckdlt`}kul jan}tac d{ }hlkt r`t}k'jkr`n}z. D|} g`n{ lga}kan`c `}}`jhgln}z `tl z|jh }h`} }hl{ j`n dlz} dlmlzjtkdlm `z ` rz{jhacafkj`c –e`j}‗ ae ` rltzan‛z ckel# `z ` zl} z}t|j}|tl vk}hkn

vhkjh ` rltzan gìlz jhakjlz `nm f|kmlz hlt ckel d|} vhkjh kz na} z|dolj} }aanfaknf tlffllj}kul jan}tac.0= ]hl caul ae ` r`tln} eat ` jhkcm kz ` r`t}kj|c`tc{

ravlte|c lx`grcl ae z|jh `n |njanmk}kan`c (at `} cl`z} |nzhlmm`dcl+jaggk}gln}.

]hkz cl`mz |z }a janzkmlt nlx} }hl iknmz ae j|c}|t`c# l}hnkj# `nm t`jk`ckmln}kffj`}kanz }h`} `tl ae}ln lgrh`zklm kn }hl `n}k'ckdlt`c jtk}kp|lz vl hùldlln mkzj|zzknf (}ha|fh ae ja|tzl# zlx `nm zlx|`c atkln}`}kan rc`{ z|jh ` tacl `z vlcc+. Vhkcl zagl g`{ dl kn ` razk}kan }a z|dolj} }hlkt j|c}|t`c`nm t`jk`c kmln}k}{ }a t`}kan`c `rrt`kz`c# lzrljk`cc{ }hl gl`nknf k} h`z eat }hlg# `nm rlth`rz tlolj} }hlzl gl`nknfz kn ckfh} ae z|jh `n lu`c|`}kan# g`n{ a}hltz mlzjtkdl }hlkt tlc }kan }a z|jh kmln}k}{ `z `n `cc'lnulcarknf d`jifta|nm

e`j} `da|} }hlkt ckulz# `n atf`nkknf g`}tkx vk}hkn vhkjh }hl{ jhaazl `nmmlckdlt }l# na} `n `zrlj} ae }hlgzlculz arln }a gamkffj`}kan. Kn ` zkgkc t ulkn#

vl j`n tlelt d`ji }a a|t mkzj|zzkan ae o|mfgln}z janjltnknf u`c|lz knjh`r}lt 4# tlj`ccknf hav u`c|lz ae}ln hùl }hl eatg ae mllr `nm ukzjlt`c`zrlj}z ae a|t rz{jhacaf{ t`}hlt }h`n }h`} ae mlckdlt`}l jhakjl. Vhkcl|n}hkniknf mlua}kan }a ` gat`c jaml j`n dl adzlzzkul# ae}ln `}}k}|mlz }av`tmjlt}`kn u`c|lz (at lukcz+ `tl zkgrc{ z}t|j}|t`c janmk}kanz }h`} et`gl o|mfgln}zt`}hlt }h`n dlknf |r eat janzkmlt`}kan kn ckfh} ae tl`zanz anl h`z knmlrlnm'

ln}c{ ae }hazl u`c|lz. H`tt{ Et`nie|t}# eat lx`grcl# mkzj|zzlz }hl j`}lfat{ ae –}hl |n}hkni`dcl‗ vhkjh knjc|mlz }h`} tl`cg ae `j}kanz }h`} zkgrc{ ja|cm na}dl j`ttklm a|} d{ ` rltzan# na g`}}lt hav aultvhlcgknf }hl tl`zanz }a ma za(Et`nie|t} 0;88d+.0< Zkgkc`t }a }hkz# eat g`n{# kz tlckfka|z e`k}h.

0: Zh`nl Rhlc`n mlzjtkdlz hlt lxrltklnjl }hkz v`{? – Vh`} kz k} }a dljagl ` clzdk`n1 ‥. an ` m`{ kn O|nl#an ` z}tll} kn Caz @nflclz vhltl K h`m `cv`{z elc} `} hagl# K dlj`gl ` z}t`nflt. K caailm `ta|nm`} a}hltz# `nm K elc} }hlg caaiknf `} gl# `nm tl`cklm }h`} K h`m jtazzlm ` cknl? K v`z ` clzdk`n.K lxrltklnjlm }h`} gagln} r`t}k`cc{ `z mkzjault{? za }hkz v`z }hl mkfl ltlnjl K h`m `cv`{z elc} `nm nlult h`m ` n`gl eat ‗ (Rhlc`n 0;;5# <4‚<:+.

0=

Eat ` zkgkc`t mkzj|zzkan# zll Glcl 0;;<# 0<2‚0<5.0< ]hkz knmkj`}lz hav }hkz mld`}l aultc`rz vk}h ` canf'z}`nmknf mkzj|zzkan kn }hlatklz ae rt`j}kj`c tl`zan`nm gat ck}{ janjltnknf }hl mlftll }a vhkjh gat c adckf }kan kz zlj|tlm anc{ ke anl j`n tlffllj} t`}kan`cc{ an anl‛z jh`t`j}lt `nm janeatg k}z lclgln}z }a |nkultz`c gat`c z}tkj}|tlz? zll# l.f.# Vkcck`gz 0;8:.

Rack}kj`c rltzanz 04<



Nav jcl`tc{# gltlc{ dlknf ` z}`dcl `zrlj} ae dam{ at rltzan`ck}{# at gltlc{ dlknf lxrltklnjlm `z ` d`jifta|nm janmk}kan `f`knz} vhkjh tlffllj'

}kan `nm jhakjl }ìlz rc`jl# malz na} `canl kgrc{ }h`} }hl }t`k} kn p|lz}kankz |n`c}lt`dcl. Havlult# }hkz kneltlnjl malz ae}ln hacm ‚ }hl e`j} }h`} ` jh`t`j}ltkz}kj kz lxrltklnjlm `z za jln}t`c }a anl‛z kmln}k}{ `nm u`c|lz}t|j}|tl }h`} jh`nfknf k} kz ukt}|`cc{ |n}hkni`dcl `ga|n}z }a }hl e`j}}h`} eat }hl r|trazlz ae rt`j}kj`c tl`zan `nm r|tz|k} ae ` ckel rc`n# z|jhjh`t`j}ltkz}kjz (`nm hlnjl }hl lfl lj} }hl{ hùl an zh`rknf }h`} ckel rc`n+ tl|n`c}lt`dcl. ]hlzl adzltu`}kanz kgrc{# }hln# }h`} `n{ janjlr}kan ae }hlzlce at k}z j`r`jk}klz arlt`}kul kn rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz }h`} tlp|ktl jagrcl}ltlukz`dkck}{ ae `cc zkfnkffj`n} `zrlj}z ae }hl zlce vkcc dl |ntl`ckz}kj ke na}

kgrc`|zkdc{ tlz}tkj}kul.Kn ckfh} ae }hlzl adzltu`}kanz vl zha|cm illr kn gknm }hl kgrckj`}kanz

ae ` mkz}knj}kan mkzj|zzlm l`tcklt dl}vlln }hl –K'zlce ‗ `nm }hl –Gl'zlce#‗

dl}vlln }hl zlce'`z'inavlt `nm }hl zlce'`z'inavn. Kn }hkz jan}lx} }hkz}t`nzc`}lz }a ` mkz}knj}kan dl}vlln vh`} vl ja|cm j`cc –atkln}`}kan‗ `nm–jaggk}gln}.‗ ]hl eatglt tleltz }a }hl rltzrlj}kul `nm gat`c atkln}`}kan}h`} ` rltzan lxlgrckfflz `nm g`nkelz}z kn hlt o|mfgln} `nm tlffllj}kanz.]hkz g`{ vlcc knuacul zajk`c tlc`}kanz `nm jannlj}kanz# `z va|cm dl }hlj`zl# eat lx`grcl# ke ` rltzan‛z tlckfka|z uklvz at j|c}|t`c kmln}k}{ jacat

}hl ult{ v`{ }h } zhl }hkniz ae }hknfz.05 Kn }hkz v`{# tlffllj}kan kn flnlt`c j`ndl z}t|j}|tlm d{ zajka'hkz}atkj`c tlc`}kanz. –Jaggk}gln}z#‗ an }hl a}hlt h`nm# tlelt }a }hazl u`c|lz `nm adckf`}kanz }h`} ` rltzan zllz hltzlce `zhùknf# `nm vhkjh j`n dl }hl adolj} ae janzjka|z tlffllj}kan. ]hl p|lz}kanj`n zlnzkdc{ dl t`kzlm# kn z|jh j`zlz# vhl}hlt –K‗ zha|cm jan}kn|l }a z|rrat}}hkz at }h`} u`c|l. D|} kn }hl j`zl ae gat`c (at zajk`c# l}j.+ atkln}`}kan# }hlp|lz}kan ae vhl}hlt z|jh ` rltzrlj}kul zha|cm jan}kn|l kz gatl jagrck'j`}lm. ]hl kzz|l g|z} dl t`kzlm knmktlj}c{# kn }h`} anl g|z} `zi vh`} k}

gl`nz }a jan}kn|l }a uklv }hknfz }hta|fh }hlzl clnzlz. Vhkcl ` rltzan g`{ dl `dcl }a z}lr d`ji `nm janzkmlt }hkz zat} ae dta`m atkln}`}kan# zhl gkfh}na} dl `dcl }a ma za kn v`{z |n` fl lj}lm d{ k}. Kn z|jh jan}lx}z# mk`caf|l `nmkn}ltrltzan`c kn}lt`j}kan vkcc hlcr rtaukml }hl `c}ltn`}kul rltzrlj}kul }h`}}hl fftz}'rltzan uklvrakn} j`nna} tl`jh. Kn }hlzl v`{z }hl e|nj}kan ae tlffllj}kan j`nna} l`zkc{ dl zlr`t`}lm etag }hl rtajlzz ae zajk`c mlckdlt`}kan.

Nav# }hl mlftll }a vhkjh z|jh `zrlj}z ae `n{ fkuln zlce vkcc hùl }a dlz|dolj} }a tlukzkan# `nm |nmlt vh`} janmk}kanz# kz ` p|lz}kan }h`} tlc`}lz

05 ]hltl `tl ` fl lj}kul `z vlcc `z jafnk}kul lclgln}z }a z|jh atkln}`}kan. @ glgdlt ae ` j|c}|t`c fta|rg`{ `cv`{z lxrltklnjl jagrclx lga}kanz z|jh `z rtkml# zh`gl# at canfknf vhln janzkmltknf p|lz}kanz }h`} tlc`}l }a }h`} fta|r `nm k}z hkz}at{.




zrljkffj`cc{ }a }hl tlp|ktlgln}z ae `|}anag{. Hltl K gltlc{ v`n}lm }agìl lxrckjk} }hl v`{z kn vhkjh zlce'`c}lt`}kan kz# rz{jhacafkj`cc{ zrlì'knf# `n kgrc`|zkdcl mlg`nm }a gìl ae g`n{ rlarcl# `nm ` janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce }h`} tlp|ktlz z|jh g`nkr|c`}kan `nm mkz}`njknf kz# d{ }h`} }ailn#mlffjkln}.

Kn }hlzl v`{z# eat I{gckji` }a jc`kg }h`} ckdlt`ckzg mlg`nmz }h`} vl `tl `dcl }a }ìl lult{ `zrlj} ae a|t zlce'zjhlg` `nm natg`}kul kmln}k}{ `nm z|dolj} k} }a }hl iknm ae jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan }h`} rtlz|rrazlz razzkdcltlolj}kan kz zkgkc tc{ mlffjkln}. Nav# `z vl vkcc z|fflz}# jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kanae ` r`t}kj|c`t zat} kz na} }aa g|jh }a tlp|ktl ae (`|}anaga|z+ zlculz#`nm }hl j`r`jk}{ }a tlolj} at tlukzl a|t zlce'zjhlg` (at }hl janmk}kanz

|nmlt vhkjh vl ckul `nm `j}+ vkcc dl tlp|ktlm |nmlt zrljkffj janmk'}kanz# za }hl uklv mlulcarlm hltl vkcc dl anc{ z|d}c{ mkfl ltln} etag}hl z}`nm`tm ckdlt`c janjlr}kan. D|} }hl z|d}cl}klz `tl kgrat}`n}# eat }hl{ `ccav |z }a mlulcar }hl iknm ae e|cc{ lj|glnkj`c gamlc ae }hlrack}kj`c zlce }h`} kz a|t `kg.

u . z l c e ' t l e c l j } k a n ? v h { ` n m v h ` } i k n m 1

Kn a|t u`tka|z knulz}kf`}kanz kn}a }hl jagranln}z ae zlculz# vl tlrl`}lmc{ rakn}lm a|} }h`} vhkcl lclgln}z ae }hl zlce'janjlr} `tl ae}ln arlt`}kul kn

v`{z }h`} d{r`zz a|t janzjka|z jan}tac at `v`tlnlzz# }hltl `tl g`n{ v`{zkn vhkjh a|t avn tlffllj}kanz `da|} }hazl lclgln}z (vhln j|lm+ vkcc dl`|}hatk}`}kul kn ffxknf }hl gl`nknf `nm r|dckj zkfnkffj`njl ae z|jh e`j}atz.

Vh`} kz nljlzz`t{# }ha|fh# kz e|t}hlt mkzj|zzkan ae da}h }hl rk}e`ccz `nm }hlnljlzzk}{ ae zlce'tlffllj}kan kn }hl rack}kj`c |nmltz}`nmknf ae rltzanz dlknf mlulcarlm hltl. Eat vhkcl a|t dkck}klz }a caai kn}a a|t avn za|cz# `z k} vltl#`tl zltka|zc{ lx`fflt`}lm `nm ae}ln gkz|nmltz}aam# `nm knmllm }hl rhkca'zarhkj`c }t`mk}kan }h`} rc`jlz a|t –lzzlnjl‗ kn }hkz `dkck}{ kz ` zltka|z zkfn ae da}h }h`} gkz|nmltz}`nmknf `nm }h`} lx`fflt`}kan# k} vkcc nlult}hlclzz dlnljlzz`t{ eat zlce'tlffllj}kan }a rc`{ ` tacl kn a|t r|dckj rltzan` `nm hlnjl}hl rack}kj`c gamlc ae }hl zlce arlt`}kul kn zajk`c rtknjkrclz. D|} }a jc`kg}h`}# K nllm }a gìl ` elv }hknfz jcl`tlt.

Ektz}# }hl }t`mk}kan ae Lnckfh}lngln} }hkniknf `da|} }hl zlce h`z rc`jlm}hl j`r`jk}{ na} anc{ }a tlffllj} flnlt`cc{# d|} }a kn}tazrlj}# `nm |nmltz}`nma|tzlculz kn }hl r|tl ckfh} ae tl`zan# `z }hl lzzlnjl ae (h|g`n+ dlknf. D|} `z

vl z`v kn jh`r}lt :# }hltl `tl zltka|z ja|n}lt'j|ttln}z }a }hkz }tòlj}at{#anlz }h`} v`n} }a mlffl`}l (}a }hl u`nkzhknf rakn}+ }hl e|nj}kanknf ae }hltlffllj}kul lclgln} ae a|t dlknf. Knmllm# }hl j`r`jk}{ }a –`jj|t`}lc{ ‗ ft`zr




a|t ga}kulz `nm u`c|lz arlt`}kul kn a|t vatmz `nm mllmz kz jcl`tc{ p|k}lm|dka|z `z ` za|tjl ae zlce'inavclmfl.06

]hltl `tl g`n{ knk}k`cc{ jagrlccknf tl`zanz }a vatt{ `da|} zllknf tlffllj}kan (`nm k}z a|}jaglz+ `z jln}t`c }a }hl zlce. ]va e`gkcklz ae tl`zanzj`n dl fkuln an }hkz zjatl? anl kz }h`} tlffllj}kan k}zlce kz ae}ln jaz}c{ `nmj`ttklz vk}h k} lfl lj}z an jaggk}gln} `nm mlua}kan }h`} t`kzl p|lz}kanz`da|} k}z tacl kn zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kan9 ` zljanm kz }h`} }hl tlffllj}kul uakjl kn `ccae |z ae}ln malz na} zrlì eat a|t gaz} zl}}clm `nm `|}hln}kj rltzan`l kn}h`} z|jh uakjlz j`n jault ault at gkzmk`fnazl }hl knnlt vatiknfz ae a|t rz{jhlz. Cl} |z caai `} }hlzl vattklz gatl jcazlc{.

]hl fftz} zl} ae rtadclgz knuaculz }hl v`{ kn vhkjh tlffllj}kulc{ p|lz'

}kanknf a|t jaggk}gln}z `nm ga}ku`}kanz j`n ae}ln mkzt|r} `nm |nmltj|}}hazl ult{ jaggk}gln}z. ]hkz rtadclg ae fftz}'atmlt ga}ku`}kan`c mkz'}at}kan j`n dlz} dl dta|fh} a|} kn ` }va'rltzan j`zl? janzkmlt canf'}kglzra|zlz at tag`n}kj r`t}nltz9 anl m`{ anl ae }hlg ln}ltz }hl dtlìe`z}taag }a `nna|njl }h`} zhl h`z c`}lc{ dlln tlffllj}knf an }hl u`c|l ae }hltlc`}kanzhkr eat hlt `nm an hlt jaggk}gln} }a k}. Nav luln ke }hl tlz|c}ae z|jh tl}hkniknf kz }a tlma|dcl }hl z}tlnf}h ae hlt jaggk}gln}# }hlr`t}nlt hl`tknf }hkz g`{ vlcc dl mkz`rrakn}lm `nm zhajilm# `nm }hl }klzdl}vlln }hl }va mllrc{ zhìln. Nav ke vl jacc`rzl }hkz m{n`gkj kn}a `

zknfcl gln}`c ckel# vl hùl j`zlz vhltl zlce'lu`c|`}kan cl`mz }a zlce'ma|d}`nm mkgknkzhlm ga}ku`}kan.08

]hltl `tl a}hlt v`{z kn vhkjh kn}tazrlj}kan e`kcz }a tlul`c# `nm kn e`j} vatiz }a adzj|tl etag uklv# }hl ga}ku`}kan`c `nm lga}kan`c mtkulz }h`}gaul |z }a `j}kan. Ae}ln# z|jh tlffllj}kanz gltlc{ fkul uakjl }a ` t`}kan'`ckknf z|rlt'lfa `}}lgr}knf }a p|`zh }hl gatl jln}t`c lclgln}z ae a|t ga}ku`}kan`c z{z}lg# lclgln}z vhkjh# ke `ccavlm }a gaul |z# va|cm kzz|lkn `j}kan }h`} kz gatl }t|c{ a|t avn. Vl j`n l`zkc{ kg`fknl j`zlz ae zlce'

mlnk`c `nm kn}ltn`c z|d}lte|fl# vhltl caul# ol`ca|z{# lnu{# at tlulnflgaul ` rltzan }hta|fh ` jagrclx zl} ae `j}kanz d|} `tl lga}kanz }h`}zhl nlult `mgk}z }a hltzlce. Rlarcl kn }hl }htalz ae z|jh lga}kanz ae}ln|zl z|rlt ffjk c kn}tazrlj}kanz }a ffnm jault z}atklz }h`} `km }hlkt zlce'mlnk`c. Kn `mmk}kan }a tlul`cknf }hl kgrat}`n} rc`jl }h`} lga}kanz hùlkn }hl zrljkffj`}kan ae }hl zlce#0; z|jh j`zlz knmkj`}l hav }hl uakjl ae tlffllj}kan g`{ mkz}at} t`}hlt }h`n jc`tke{ a|t zlce'janjlr}kanz.

06

Eat ` vkml't`nfknf mkzj|zzkan ae z|jh }hlglz# zll Gl{ltz 0;;= . @cza# kn vh`} eaccavz K mt`v hlùkc{ an Jhtkz}g`n 422<.

08 @ zkgkc`t `tf|gln} kz g`ml d{ Dltn`tm Vkcck`gz janjltnknf gat`c rtknjkrclz# zll Vkcck`gz 0;8<.0; Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll G`jilnkl 4224.




Gatlault# k} kz jcl`t }h`} anc{ ` g`tfkn`c rtarat}kan ae }hl zlce kgrckj`}lmkn dlhùkat `nm zajk`c kn}lt`j}kan j`n lult dl z`km }a dl ù`kc`dcl }a

janzjka|z tlffllj}kan da}h flnlt`cc{ `nm `} `n{ r`t}kj|c`t }kgl. @z vl hùlna}lm# e`j}atz jannlj}lm vk}h lgdamkgln}# mlgl`nat# h`dk}# `nm }hllgltzkan ae }hl zlce kn }hl anfaknf fflav ae luln}z# arlt`}l a|}zkml ae }hlr|tuklv ae tlffllj}kan `nm ae}ln jagrcl}lc{ dl{anm k}z zjarl (zll Z|ccku`n4225+.42

Vh`} lgltflz etag }hlzl zlult`c `nfclz kz ` rkj}|tl ae z{z}lg`}kj zlce'mlc|zkan# at# `} dlz}# ` e|nm`gln} c mkzjannlj} dl}vlln kn}tazrlj}kul|nmltz}`nmknf `nm `j}|`c z}t|j}|tlz ae ga}ku`}kan# }ha|fh}# `nm dlhùkat.

@nm `z vl mkzj|zzlm# }hkz kz ` gatl lgrktkj`cc{ gknmlm v`{ ae lxrtlzzknf

vh`} jaggln}`}atz vtk}knf kn ` raz}'gamltn gaml hùl dlln z`{knf `da|}}hl ckdlt`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce eat zagl }kgl# n`glc{ }h`} z|jh ` janjlr}kan vtanfc{ `zz|glz ` }t`nzr`tln}# |nkfflm# e|cc{ t`}kan`cklm zlce'janjlr}kan ae ` zat} na anl tl`ckz}kj`cc{ j`n tl`ckl.

Nlult}hlclzz# }hltl `tl tl`zanz }h`} z|rrat} }hl uklv }h`} tlffllj}kul zlce'rtlzln}`}kan vkcc dl }hl il{ e|nj}kan kn }hl rack}kj`c gamlc ae }hl zlce vl`mar}# n`glc{ }h`} zajk`c `nm kn}ltrltzan`c jagg|nkj`}kan tlp|ktlz }h`}anl‛z ga}kulz# ellcknfz# o|mfgln}z# `nm u`c|lz dl lxrtlzzlm etag }hl fftz}'rltzan rakn} ae uklv kn atmlt }a mkzj|zz `nm jacclj}kulc{ mlckdlt`}lg`}}ltz ae g|}|`c janjltn vk}h a}hltz. ]hl gljh`nkjz ae jagg|nkj`}kantlp|ktlz zlce'rtlzln}`}kan kn atmlt }a fl} an vk}h }hl rtajlzz ae g|}|`c|nmltz}`nmknf (vh`}lult }hl ckgk}`}kanz ae }h`} fa`c+. Vl j`nna} tl`m l`jha}hlt ‛z gknmz (at damklz+. Zljanmc{# k} g`{ dl }hl j`zl }h`} kn }hlatl}kj`c`nm ffj}kan`c `jja|n}z ae rlarcl‛z ar`jk}{ }a }hlgzlculz# at kn }hl jan}lx} ae }hlt`rl|}kj `n`c{zkz# ` e|cc mlzjtkr}kan ae ` rltzan‛z knnlt z}`}lz j`n dljanz}t|j}lm9 }hkz h`rrlnz anc{ kn }hl t`tlfflm jan}lx} ae }hlatl}kj`cgamlc'd|kcmknf# ffj}kan c agnkzjklnjl# at zrljk`cklm kn}ltrtl}`}kan ae

a}hltz‛ hkmmln ckulz kn ` }hlt`rkz}‛z ajl. Rhkcazarhltz jcl`tc{ |zl }hlkt avn lxrltklnjlz `z vlcc `z adzltu }kanz ae a}hltz‛ dlhùkat `nm zlce'tlrat}z}a janz}t|j} uklvz `da|} }hl ckgk}`}kanz ae tlffllj}kul `jjlzz }a ga}ku`}kan`cz}`}lz. @nm rz{jhacafkz}z a|}zkml ae }hl rz{jha`n`c{}kj }t`mk}kan janm|j}jan}tacclm lxrltkgln}z kn j`tle|cc{ g`nkr|c }lm `nm z}t|j}|tlmlnuktangln}z.

42 Rz{jha`n`c{zkz# ae ja|tzl# }t`mlz an }hl kml` }h`} natg`c kn}tazrlj}kan e`kcz }a |njault a|t }t|lga}kulz. Eat `n aultuklv# zll L`fcl 0;;0. Eat ` r`t cclc mkzj|zzkan# zll Vacchlkg 0;8= . Havlult# etag

a}hlt }t`mk}kanz kn rz{jhacaf{ }hltl `tl n|glta|z tlzl`tjh rtaft`gz }h`} z|rrat} }hl z{z}lg`}kjrhlnaglnan ae }hl zlce ‛z gkz|nmltz}`nmknf ae k}zlce. Eat mkzj|zzkan ae tljln} zajk`c rz{jhacafkj`c

vati an }hl zlce vhkjh tlffllj}z }hkz }t`mk}kan# zll D`|glkz}lt 0;;8. Eat ` mkzj|zzkan ae }hl hkz}atkj`cmlulcargln} ae }hlatklz ae }hl zlce zll Fltfln 0;60 `nm H`t}lt 0;;5.

Rack}kj`c rltzanz 04;



@cc }hkz rakn}z }a }hl jan}t`z} dl}vlln }hl zl}}knfz at gl}hamz etag vhkjh vl j`n janjc|ml }h`} rltzanz gkzmlzjtkdl# tlrtlzz# jane|zl# `nm

vhacc{ janz}t|j} knnlt ga}kulz `nm ellcknfz `nm }hazl r|dckj lnja|n}ltzkn vhkjh knmkukm|`cz `z jk}klnz g|z} janm|j} rack}kj`c mlckdlt`}kan. Za vhkcl vl j`n `mgk} }h`} |nmlt zagl zl}}knfz vl j`n janffmln}c{ janjc|ml}h`} rlarcl‛z |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hlgzlculz jan}`knz `cc g`nnlt ae mkz}at}kan`nm z|d}lte|fl# kn r|dckj lnja|n}ltz vk}h elccav jk}klnz (`nm }hlkt tlrtl'zln}`}kulz+ kn vhkjh u`c|lz# nllmz# janukj}kanz# `nm o|mfgln}z `tl mkz'j|zzlm# k} kz rtadclg`}kj `} dlz} }a mkzgkzz at kfnatl }hl rltzan‛z avntlffllj}kul ft`zr ae hlt uklvz (ellcknfz# l}j.+ `nm na} zll hlt `z }hl rtkukclflmzrailzrltzan# `z k} vltl# eat }hlkt u`ckmk}{.

]hkz gltlc{ zil}jhlz zagl flnlt`c tl`zanz eat knjc|mknf ` tlp|ktl'gln} ae zlce'tlffllj}kan kn janmk}kanz ae `|}anag{ kn rack}kj`c zl}}knfz.D|} }hkz za e`t e`kcz }a e`jl hl`m an }hl jh`cclnfl t`kzlm kn zlult`c rc`jlzhltl }h`} jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan rtlz|rrazlz ` uac|n}`tkz} janjlr}kan ae a|t tlc`}kan }a jatl lclgln}z ae a|t kmln}k}{# ` janjlr}kan }h`} vl hùlea|nm u`tka|z tl`zanz }a tlolj}. Hav j`n vl gìl zlnzl ae jtk}kj`c zlce'tlffllj}kan ae }hl zat} tlp|ktlm eat r|dckj mlckdlt`}kan ‚ }hl fkuknf ae `n`jja|n} ae anlzlce kn kn}lt`j}kanz vk}h a}hltz }a zl}}cl rtadclgz ae janfflkj}# jaatmkn`}kan# `nm jagg|nkj`}kan1 Ke z|jh jaggk}gln}z `tlkn}ltn`c }a }hl zlce kn }hl v`{ K hùl dlln mlzjtkdknf# havlult# z|jhlnja|n}ltz `ga|n} }a na}hknf gatl }h`n zlce' rtlzln}`}kan? }hl – o|z}kffj`'}kan‗ anl fkulz ae anl‛z u`c|lz# fkuln }hlkt janz}k}|}kul tacl kn }hlz}t|j}|tl ae }hl zlce lnf`flm kn mlckdlt`}kan# vkcc `cv`{z dl ` u`tk`}kanan C|}hlt ‛z mkj}|g –hltl K z}`nm# K j`n ma na a}hlt.‗ Kn vh`} eaccavzK g`r a|} ` uklv ae tlffllj}kan }h`} g`{ hlcr `nzvlt }hkz jh`cclnfl.

Fkuknf tl`zanz? }va gamlcz ae jtk}kj`c zlce'tl ffl lj}kan

]hl jt|jk`c gaul kn `}}lgr}knf }a tljc`kg ` tacl eat r|dckj zlce' o|z}kffj`}kan hltl kz }a janzkmlt }hl iknm ae jtk}kj`c zlce'tlffllj}kan knuaculmkn `jjlr}knf u`c|l jaggk}gln}z `z fln|knlc{ anl‛z avn. Eat kn jtk}kj`cc{ `rrt`kzknf z|jh u`c|lz# at a|t janmk}kan kn ckfh} ae z|jh zlce'mlffnknf u`c|lz# vl g`{ vlcc `ttkul `} tl`zanz }hl `t}kj|c`}kan ae vhkjh j`n zltul`z z|jh ` r|dckj o|z}kffj`}kan. ]a `jjagrckzh }hkz# k} kz kgrat}`n} }amkz}knf|kzh }va iknmz ae jtk}kj`c zlce'`rrt`kz`c? }hl fftz} kz ea|nm`}kan`c#`nm `ziz vhl}hlt# eat `n{ jaggk}gln} at tlc`}kan X# }hltl `tl faam `nm

z|jkln} tl`zanz }a g`kn}`kn anl‛z jannlj}kan }a X. U`tk`}kanz an }hkzt`nfl etag }hl |nkultz`ckz} eatg# vhkjh `ziz vhl}hlt `n{ rltzan (at `n{ t`}kan`c rltzan+ zha|cm hacm X# }a vhl}hlt `n{ rltzan –ckil gl‗ zha|cm

0:2 ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



hacm X ‚ vhltl }hl kgrckjk} jagr`tkzan jc`zz kz zaglhav zrljkfflm. ]hlzleatg|c`}kanz `cc kgrc{ }h`} –K‗ j`n o|mfl zlr`t`}lc{ etag }hl u`c|l knp|lz}kan `nm `zzlzz k}z gltk}z.

]hl zljanm gaml ae zlce'tlffllj}kan `ziz ` mkfl ltln} zl} ae p|lz}kanz(`f`kn janzkmltknf `n `fln}‛z janzkmlt`}kan ae zagl u`c|l rtarazk}kan X+.]hlzl knjc|ml? Vh`} kz }hl kgrat}`njl ae X1 Vh`} `tl }hl kgrckj`}kanz eat g{zlce `nm a}hltz ae r|tz|knf# tlzrlj}knf# lnoa{knf (l}j.+ X1 Hav jln}t`c kz X }a g{ zlce'janjlr}1 Eat lx`grcl# cl} X dl ` zl} ae tlckfka|zjanukj}kanz# z|jh `z dlknf J`}hackj. Kg`fknl `cza }h`} }hl `fln} `ziknf }hlzl p|lz}kanz ae hltzlce h`z dlln J`}hackj `cc hlt ckel `nm jaglz etag ` mllrc{ tlckfka|z e`gkc{ `nm tlfkan. Zhl va|cm `zi hltzlce }hknfz ckil

– Vh`} malz g{ J`}hackjkzg gl`n }a gl# hav kgrat}`n} kz k} kn jhaazknf r`}hz kn ckel1 Hav jt|jk`c kz k} }h`} a}hltz tlzrlj} at `ccav gl }a rt`j}kjl}hkz tlckfkan1 Hav mkzatkln}knf at |n`jjlr}`dcl (ke `} `cc+ va|cm k} dl eat gl }a janzkmlt gauknf `v`{ etag }hkz e`k}h1‗

]hlzl c`}}lt zat}z ae p|lz}kanz j`n dl j`cclm –lgdlmmlm zlce'tlffllj}kan‗ kn}h`} }hl{ `cc j`n dl jahltln}c{ `zilm d{ ` rltzan vha kz kn r`t} ml ff nlm d{ }hlult{ u`c|l jaggk}gln}z |nmlt tluklv. Na}hknf kn }hl g`nnlt kn vhkjh}hlzl tlffllj}kanz `tl z}`}lm nllm kgrc{ }h`} }hl `fln} j`n z}`nm `r`t} etag}hl jaggk}gln} kn p|lz}kan# vk}h `n kn}`j} `nm e|cc{ mlffnlm zlnzl ae

hltzlce# `nm janzkmlt tl`zanz kn k}z eùat.Ke }hkz mkz}knj}kan kz rc`|zkdcl# }hln vl j`n g`kn}`kn }h`} r|dckj mlckdlt'

`}kan ae }hl zat} tlp|ktlm d{ janetan}`}kanz kn mlgajt`}kj mlckdlt`}kantlp|ktlz anc{ lgdlmmlm zlce'tlffllj}kan kn }hl kn}ltrltzan`c rtlzln}`}kan ae tl`zanz tlp|ktlm kn z|jh zl}}knfz. @cza# z|jh ` gamlc kz janzkz}ln} vk}hjtk}kj`c zlce'tlffllj}kan kn }hl –lgdlmmlm‗ zlnzl# zknjl }hkz zat} ae tlffllj}kanp|lz}kanz anc{ }hl gl`nknf# kgrat}`njl# kgrckj`}kanz# `nm jln}t`ck}{ }aanl‛z zlnzl ae zlce ae }hl u`c|l `} kzz|l. ]hazl jtk}kj`c p|lz}kanz j`n `cc

dl `zilm# K z|dgk}# luln ke anl‛

z jaggk}gln} }a }h`} u`c|l kz r`t}k`cc{ mlffnk}kul ae vha anl kz.Kn }hkz v`{# vl j`n `jjlr} g|jh ae }hl gat`c rz{jhacaf{ ae }hazl vha

hùl knzkz}lm an ` janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce }h`} kz janz}k}|}lm d{ |nzhlmm`dcljannlj}kanz# kmln}k}{ j`}lfatklz# damkc{ `nm rz{jhacafkj`c atkln}`}kanz`nm a}hlt janz}k}|ln}z ae a|t –K'zlce.‗ Nlult}hlclzz# jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan anz|jh lclgln}z malz na} dljagl knjahltln} `z canf `z }hkz tlffllj}kan kz`zz|glm }a dl }hl lgdlmmlm zat} o|z} mlzjtkdlm. ]hl tacl z|jh tlffllj}kanrc`{z kn da}h ` rc`|zkdcl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ `nm# kn }|tn# ` janjlr}kan

ae o|z}kjl vhkjh rc`jlz `|}anag{ `} k}z jln}lt kz z}kcc }a dl mlzjtkdlm. Kn }hlnlx} }htll jh`r}ltz# }hln# vl vkcc |nmlt}ìl }h`} rtaolj}# anc{ }a tl}|tn }a}hl dta`mlt kzz|lz ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl kn }hl jcazknf jh`r}lt.

Rack}kj`c rltzanz 0:0



Za }hl zlculz dlknf gamlclm hltl `tl u`tk`dcl `nm jagrclx. ]hl{ knjc|mlzajk`c lclgln}z `z vlcc `z lx}lnm mk`jhtankj`cc{ }hta|fh ` ckel zr`n# `n}kjk'

r`}knf ` e|}|tl d|} }t{knf }a gìl zlnzl ae ` r`z}. ]hl{ `tl `dcl }atlffllj}kulc{ `rrt`kzl }hl janz}t|j}lm n`tt`}kul }h`} mlffnlz }hlg `zz|dolj}z# `} cl`z} kn }hl zlnzl }h`} }hl{ j`n ml}ltgknl }hl mlr}h# gl`nknf#`nm kgrckj`}kanz ae }hlkt jaggk}gln}z. D|} }hl{ `cza tl`ckl }hltl kzg|jh `da|} }hlkt rltzanz# damklz# `nm zajk`c z|tta|nmknfz }h`} kz dl{anm}hlkt jan}tac.

Vh`} kz cle}# }hln# kz }a knulz}kf`}l kn ml}`kc }hl p|lz}kan ae hav zlculzae }hkz zat} j`n faultn }hlgzlculz # hav k} j`n dl raz}|c`}lm }h`} zajk`c#hkz}atkj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm# `nm lgdamklm z|dolj}z j`n dl zlce'g`n`fknf. Kn

zhat} vl `zi vh`} k} gl`nz eat }hlg (|z+ }a dl `|}anaga|z.




j h ` r } l t 6

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{

Za e`t kn a|t lx`gkn`}kan ae }hl zlce# vl hùl }ìln an da`tm u`tka|zraz}|c`}lz janjltnknf }hl zlce ‛z janz}k}|}kul jannlj}kanz }a zajk`c e`j}atz`nm tlc`}kanz `z vlcc `z k}z avn hkz}at{ `nm n`tt`}kul }tòlj}at{. Vl hùl czajanzkmltlm }hl v`{ }h`} zajk`c zlculz gkfh} dl gamlclm kn rack}kj`c rtknjk'rclz |nmltvtk}knf gamltn mlgajt`jklz vhazl rar|c`}kanz `tl g`tilm d{ g|c}keatg rc|t`ckzg. Kn }h`} mkzj|zzkan vl `cza z`v }h`} }hl rta}lj}kan ae knmkukm|`c j`r`jk}klz }a r`t}kjkr`}l kn z|jh mlgajt`}kj eatgz ja|cm dlu`c|lm kn v`{z janzkz}ln} vk}h }hl `zz|gr}kan ae }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c zlce.]hl kml` ae knmkukm|`c `|}anag{# k} vkcc dl z|fflz}lm# j`n rc`{ }hl tacl ae lxrtlzzknf }hl caj|z ae }h`} rta}lj}kan.

@rrta`jhlz }a }hl kml` ae `|}anag{# |n}kc tljln}c{ `} cl`z}# hùl eat }hl

gaz} r`t} e`kclm }a janzkmlt `n `fln}‛z r`z} `z jt|jk`c kn }hkniknf `da|} zlce'faultngln}. Jannlj}kanz }a anl‛z `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul hùl dllnajjc|mlm kn c`{knf a|} vh`} k} gl`nz }a dl `n knmlrlnmln}# jagrl}ln}#`|}hln}kj `fln}. D|} ke K `g tkfh} }h`} }hl zlce zha|cm dl zlln `z hùknf ` }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm z}t|j}|tl# `z mk`jhtankj# `nm `|}anag{ kz kn zagl v`{ zlce 'faultngln}# }hln vl g|z} zaglhav d|kcm kn tleltlnjl }a rltzan`chkz}at{ kn a|t janjlr}kan ae }h`} c`}}lt na}kan.

Tljln}c{# havlult# rhkcazarhltz `nm a}hlt }hlatkz}z hùl dlln mlulcar'knf uklvz ae gat`c tlzranzkdkck}{ `nm rltzan`c `|}anag{ }h`} hùl }|tnlm

knjtl`zlm `}}ln}kan }a }hl hkz}atkj`cc{ `nm zajk`cc{ lgdlmmlm n`}|tl ae }hlrltzan.0 K g{zlce r|} eatv`tm ` janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ }h`} zrljkffj`cc{

0 Zll# eat lx`grcl# Glcl 0;;<. Eat `n hkz}atkj`c `jja|n} ae gat`c tlzranzkdkck}{# zll Ekzjhlt `nm Tùk` 0;;8. ]hlzl mkzj|zzkanz janjltn `|}anag{ `z ` gl} rh{zkj`c janjlr}# tlc }lm kn r`t}kj|c t }a p|lz}kanzae etll vkcc `nm gat`c tlzranzkdkck}{. Vhkcl }hazl p|lz}kanz `tl na} mktlj}c{ tlc }lm }a g{ janjltnz hltl(zll dlcav+# K }hkni }h`} tlffllj}kanz an }hl janjlr} ae `|}anag{ kn }hlzl jan}lx}z hlcr ffx a|t kn}|k}kulkml`z `da|} vh`} zlce'faultngln} j`n dl |nmltz}aam }a gl`n.

@cza# Nag{ @tr`c{ h`z `tf|lm }h`} –`|}anag{ ‗ h`z `z g`n{ `z lkfh} mkfl ltln} gl`nknfz# vhkjhmkc|}lz k}z kgrat}`njl }a kzz|lz z|jh `z gat`c tlzranzkdkck}{ (@tr`c{ 422:+. K harl }hl g`nnlt kn vhkjh

K lxrckj`}l }hl janjlr} kn }hl }lx} zhavz k} }a dl tlclu`n} }a }hl r`t}kj|c t tacl K zll k} rc {knf kn rt`j}kj c`nm }hlatl}kj`c jan}lx}z.

0::



tlelttlm }a hkz}atkj`c `zrlj}z ae `flnj{ (Jhtkz}g`n 0;;0`9 zll `cza Jhtkz}g`n4220+. ]h`} uklv v`z gl} vk}h u`tka|z jtk}kjkzgz# }a vhkjh K hùl `}}lgr}lm

}a tlrc{ (Jhtkz}g`n 4226+. ]hl j|ttln} jh`r}lt c`{z a|} }hl d`zkj jagra'nln}z ae }h`} tlukzlm uklv kn ` v`{ }h`} vkcc harle|cc{ rtaukml ` mlelnzkdclrkj}|tl ae `|}anag{ }h`} vkcc dl |zle|c kn `n `|}anag{'d`zlm janjlr}kan ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl d|} vhkjh `cza et|k}e|cc{ d|kcmz an }hl janjlr}kan ae }hlzajka'hkz}atkj`c zlce mlzjtkdlm kn r`t} K.

k . r t l c k g k n ` t k l z

Kn flnlt`c# `|}anag{ kz gl`n} }a g`nkelz} zlce'faultngln}# }hl `dkck}{ ae }hl rltzan }a f|kml hlt ckel etag hlt avn rltzrlj}kul t`}hlt }h`n dlg`nkr|c`}lm d{ a}hltz at dl eatjlm kn}a ` r`t}kj|c`t r`}h d{ z|ttlr}k}ka|zat kttlzkz}kdcl eatjlz.4 ]hltl kz g|jh mkz`ftllgln}# havlult# `da|} }hlr`t}kj|c`t jagranln}z ae `|}anag{# `nm gamlcz u`t{ `jjatmknf }a }hl}hlatl}kj`c `nm rt`j}kj`c jan}lx} kn vhkjh }hl janjlr} kz |nmltz}aam }ae|nj}kan. Kn }hl tljln} rhkcazarhkj`c ck}lt`}|tl# `|}anag{ h`z dlln jan'jlkulm `z ra}ln}k`cc{ lgdam{knf ` u`tkl}{ ae janmk}kanz. Zagl ae }hlzltlp|ktlgln}z tlc`}l }a }hl `fln}‛z `dkck}{ }a eatg mlzktlz `nm gìl }hlg

lfl

lj}kul. Z|jh janmk}kanz tlc`}l }a jafnk}kul `nm natg`}kul jagrl}lnjl ‚

t`}kan`ck}{# zlce'jan}tac# `dzlnjl ae rz{jhazkz `nm a}hlt r`}hacafklz# `nm zaan. Kn `mmk}kan# zagl hùl `tf|lm }h`} `|}anag{ gl`nz na} anc{ dlknf `dcl }a `j} lfl lj}kulc{ an anl‛z mlzktlz d|} `cza }h`} z|jh mlzktlz# u`c|lz# at a}hlt zrtknfz ae `j}kan `tl }t|c{ }hl `fln}‛z avn. ]hlzl tlp|ktlgln}z tlc`}l}a }hl `|}hln}kjk}{ ae }hl `fln}‛z mlzktlz `nm u`c|lz `nm ae}ln knjc|ml }hltlp|ktlgln} ae jtk}kj`c zlce'tlffllj}kan an }hl e`j}atz tlc`}kul }a vhkjh }hlrltzan kz `|}anaga|z.

Nav }hl vatm –`|}hln}kjk}{ ‗ j`ttklz r`t}kj|c`t rhkcazarhkj`c d`ff`fl

}h`} zha|cm dl dt`jil}lm hltl. Eat lx`grcl# `|}hln}kjk}{ zagl}kglz tleltz}a }hl adckf`}kan }a ckul |r }a anl‛z –}t|l‗ zlce# kn zagl v`{# `z ` eatg ae kn}lftk}{.: K} h`z `cza dlln }hlatklm kn a}hlt }t`mk}kanz `z dlknf ` jln}t`clclgln} kn h|g`n lxrltklnjl kn }hl vatcm `z kn }hl lxkz}ln}k`ckz} `jja|n} ae etllmag `z `|}hln}kjk}{. Hltl k} kz ` }ltg tlelttknf }a vh`}lult ja|n}z `z`j}knf etag ga}kulz `nm jktj|gz}`njlz }h`} `tl }t|c{ –anl‛z avn‗ kn }hlzlnzl `jja|n}z ae `|}anag{ }t{ }a j`r}|tl. ]hl e|t}hlt p|lz}kan ae vhl}hlt

4 Vtk}ltz vha hùl `n`c{lm }hl janjlr} ae `|}anag{ kn ml}`kc tljln}c{ knjc|ml Dltaezi{ (0;;<+9

Mvatikn (0;8;d+9 Etklmg`n (422:+9 Glcl (0;;<+9 `nm Gl{ltz (0;8;+. Eat z|tul{z ae z|jh ck}lt`}|tl#zll D|zz 42249 Jhtkz}g`n 4224`9 G`jilnkl `nm Z}aco`t 4222d9 G`{ 0;;= 9 `nm Azh`n` 4225.

: Knmllm# zagl vtk}ltz `tf|l zrljkffj`cc{ }h`} `|}anag{ zha|cm na} tlp|ktl hùknf }a dl }t|l }a anlzlce kn }hkz zlnzl. Zll# l.f.# Ulcclg`n 422= # ;6 `nm @tr`c{ 422:# 044. Eat mkzj|zzkan zll dlcav.

0:= ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



`|}hln}kjk}{ kn `n{ z|jh zlnzl kz nljlzz`t{ eat `|}anag{# havlult# vkccmlrlnm an }hl r`t}kj|c`t fcazz an k} }h`} kz rtaukmlm.

@z K hùl g`ml jcl`t kn }hkz daai# }hl jan}lx} kn vhkjh K zll `|}anag{ e|nj}kanknf vkcc dl `z k} `rrcklz }a jk}klnz ckuknf kn ` o|z} zajkl}{. @|}anag{ kz }hl jhkle jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ae }hl gamlc jk}kln vhazl rltzrlj}kul `nmkn}ltlz}z caj`}l }hl za|tjl ae clfk}kg`j{ eat o|z} rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz `nm

vha et`glz }hl d`zkj fa`cz vhkjh rtaukml jan}ln} }a }hl rtknjkrclz faultn'knf z|jh knz}k}|}kanz. K} j`n `cza dl zlln `z }hl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj vl `zz|gl ae rlarcl `z r`t}kjkr`n}z kn jacclj}kul mljkzkanz at anl vhkjh vl }hkni kgrat'}`n} }a dtknf `da|}# ke `dzln}# kn atmlt }a rta}lj} }hl kn}lftk}{ ae z|jhmljkzkanz. Ekn`cc{# k} kz }hl caj|z ae kn}ltrltzan`c tlzrlj} arlt`}kul kn

rltzan`c tlc`}kanz vhkjh# kn }|tn# rc`jlz ckgk}z an r`}ltn`ckz}kj kn}lteltlnjlzat g`nkr|c`}kul ml`cknfz vk}h }hlg.=

Za }hl `|}anag{ ae r`t}kjkr`n}z kn jacclj}kul mlckdlt`}kan rtaolj}z an}a}hl a|}jaglz ae }hazl mlckdlt`}kanz ` r`t}kj|c`t clfk}kg`j{# kn }hl z`gl v`{ }h`} }hl `|}anag{ ae ` zknfcl rltzan ft`n}z z}`}|z }a }hl jhakjlz z|jh ` rltzan gìlz. ]hkz mkz}knf|kzhlz z|jh mljkzkanz# kn `} cl`z} ` gknkg`c v`{#etag r`}hacafkj c# `mmkj}kul# g`nkr|c`}lm# at jagr|czkul anlz. Vl gkfh}rtarltc{ tlzranm }a }hl c`}}lt kn `n{ n|gdlt ae v`{z ‚ vk}h jagr`zzkan#

}aclt`njl# z}t`}lfkj g`nl|ultknf# at tlzkz}`njl. D|} `|}anaga|z `j}z hùl ` gknkg`cc{ zlce'u`ckm`}knf kgrtkg`}|t9 }hl{ jagg`nm ` mlftll ae tlzrlj}}h`} nan'`|}anaga|z jhakjlz ma na}. Vhln T`vcz jc`kgz# eat lx`grcl#}h`} jk}klnz `tl `zz|glm }a dl –zlce'`|}hln}kj`}knf za|tjlz ae u`ckm jc`kgz‗

(T`vcz 4220# 4:‚4= +# k} kz }hlkt `|}anag{# an g{ uklv# }h`} `|}hln}kj`}lz}hl u`ckmk}{ ae }hlzl jc`kgz.

K }`ci hltl ae jhakjlz# vhkjh t`kzlz }hl p|lz}kan ae vhl}hlt vl `tltlelttknf zkgrc{ }a r`t}kj|c`t mlzktlz# `j}z# at a}hlt caj`cklm `zrlj}z ae }hlrltzan kn mlffnknf `|}anag{ at }a }hl rltzan `z ` vhacl.< Jlt}`knc{# k}

gìlz zagl zlnzl }a `zi `da|} }hl `|}anag{ ae r`t}kj|c`t `zrlj}z ae }hlrltzan ‚ vh`} kz |z|`cc{ j`cclm –caj`c‗ `|}anag{. Knmllm# g`n{ v`{z ae jh`t`j}ltkknf }h`} }t`k} gìl k} tl`mkc{ `rrckj`dcl }a zrljkffj e`j}atz. D|}ae}ln k} vkcc na} dl razzkdcl }a ml}ltgknl vhl}hlt janmk}kanz mlffnknf `|}anag{ `tl gl} eat r`t}kj|c`t jhakjlz# at k} vkcc na} dl kgrat}`n} }a

= K ma na} gl`n hltl }h`} r`}ltn`ckz}kj kn}lteltlnjlz vk}h `|}anaga|z `fln}z `tl nlult o|z}kfflm at }h`}c`ji ae `|}anag{ rltgk}z r`}ltn`ckzg kn `cc j`zlz. ]hl z|fflz}kan kz gltlc{ }h`} knzae`t `z ckgk}z anrltgkzzkdcl r`}ltn`ckzg `tl gat`cc{ tlp|ktlm# k} kz tlzrlj} eat }hl `|}anag{ ae }hl `fln} kn p|lz}kan}h`} kz }hl jhkle za|tjl ae z|jh ckgk}z.

< Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll Mvatikn 0;8;# 0:‚06. Mk`n` Gl{ltz mkzj|zzlz ` zkgkc`t rakn} |nmlt }hl f|kzl ae –lrkzamkj‗ ultz|z –rtaft`gg`}kj‗ `|}anag{. Zll Gl{ltz 0;8;# =8‚=;. Eat ` uklv zkgkc`t }a }hlrazk}kan K }ìl kn }hl }lx}# zll Etklmg`n 422:# jh. 0.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0:<



gl`z|tl vhl}hlt zrljkffj t`nflz ae `j}z `tl `|}anaga|z zlr`t`}lc{ etag }hl`fln} kn hlt ln}ktl}{# `} cl`z} eat }hl jan}lx}z vl hùl kn gknm hltl. Eat ke vl

uklv `|}anag{ `z }hl z}`}|z g`tilt eat ln}t`njl kn}a jacclj}kul mlckdlt'`}kanz kn flnlt`c# `nm }hl kn}ltlz}z ae f`knknf# g`kn}`knknf# `nm lxltjkzknf `|}anag{ `z }hl kn}ltlz}z tlrtlzln}lm kn mlzkfnknf rtajlm|tlz eat z|jhjhakjlz# }hln k} vkcc dl }hl `|}anag{ ae }hl rltzan `z z|jh }h`} vkcc g`}}lt.An }hl a}hlt h`nm# `n a}hltvkzl `|}anaga|z rltzan g`{ hùl r`t}kj|c`t `mmkj}kanz `nm r`}hacafklz kn r`t} ae hlt ckel }h`} j`n# kn e`j}# dl ml}ltgknlm`nm mlzkfn`}lm `z z|jh.

G{ z|fflz}kan kz }h`} vh`} g`}}ltz eat }hl zajk`c tacl }h`} `|}anag{ rc`{zkn }hl jan}lx}z o|z} a|}cknlm kz }h`} }hl rltzan kz `|}anaga|z tlc`}kul }a hlt

d`zkj# atkln}knf u`c|lz `nm ga}ku`}kanz# at knmllm `n{ e`j}at `da|} }hlrltzan }h`} rltu`zkulc{ `nm e|nm`gln}`cc{ ga}ku`}lz `nm f|kmlz `j}kan.]h`} kz# }hl e|nm`gln}`c z}t|j}|tl ae natg`}kul jaggk}gln}z `nm r`}}ltnae o|mfgln} kz vh`} g|z} dl –anl‛z avn‗ kn atmlt eat }hl rltzan }a dl`|}anaga|z kn }hl zlnzl }h`} g`}}ltz hltl. ]hkz tleltz }a }hazl jaggk}'gln}z `nm et`glvatiz ae o|mfgln} }h`} fta|nm ` dta`m t`nfl ae mljkzkanz#}`z}lz# `nm `j}kanz eat }hl `fln}. Za vhkcl `|}anag{ kn }hl zlnzl dlknf janzkmltlm hltl kz caj`c# k} tlc`}lz }a }hazl d`zkj lclgln}z ae a|t rltzan`ck}{

}h`} `tl }hl gaz} rltu`zkul kn f|kmknf a|t mlckdlt`}kan# jhakjlz# `nm `j}kanzault }kgl. K} vkcc }hltleatl na} dl |n}av`tm }a j`cc ` rltzan hl}ltanaga|z vhln zhl c`jiz `|}anag{ tlc`}kul }a hlt d`zkj u`c|l atkln}`}kan. ]hkz kz ` u`tk`}kan an }hl –caj`cfcad`c‗ mkz}knj}kan e`gkck`t kn }hl ck}lt`}|tl an`|}anag{# d|} k} kz nljlzz`t{ eat tl`zanz K hùl z}`}lm? ke `|}anag{ kz }hlcaj|z ae kn}ltrltzan`c tlzrlj} }h`} fta|nmz mlckdlt`}kul clfk}kg`j{# }hln}hazl jln}t`c `zrlj}z ae }hl rltzan‛z natg`}kul a|}caai g`}}ltz gaz} }a }h`}tlzrlj} (`nm }hl `}}lnm`n} clfk}kg`j{+.

k k . h k z } a t k j k k n f ` | } a n a g { ? d ` z k j g a } k u ` } k a n z

]hltl kz g|jh ck}lt`}|tl an `|}anag{ `nm k}z ukjkzzk}|mlz }h`} vl nllm na}tluklv hltl# d|} ` rtlmagkn`n} `rrta`jh }a }hl na}kan h`z knuaculm ` –hklt`tjhkj`c‗ janjlr}kan `jjatmknf }a vhkjh `|}anag{ knuaculz zljanm'atmlt tlffllj}kan an fftz}'atmlt mlzktlz# jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz# ga}kulz# `nm a}hlt `zrlj}z ae }hl zlce `nm `flnj{.5 @n anfaknf jan}taultz{ janjltnz hav }azrljke{ }hl janmk}kanz ae }hkz hkfhlt'atmlt tlffllj}kan }h`} malz na} knuacul `

5 ]hkz gamlc v`z mlulcarlm d{ H`tt{ Et`nie|t} `nm Flt`cm Mvatikn `nm h z dljagl }hl jhkle eaj|z ae mkzj|zzkanz ae }hl kml` kn }hl ck}lt`}|tl ae }hl c`z} 4< {l`tz. Zll Mvatikn 0;8;d# jhz. 0 `nm 4# `nmEt`nie|t} 0;88`.




tlftlzz ae tlp|ktlgln}z at vhkjh e`kcz }a t|cl a|} v`{z }h`} `|}anag{ j`n dlmkzt|r}lm `} hkfhlt clulcz ae }ha|fh} `nm o|mfgln} `z vlcc `z cavlt'atmlt

ga}ku`}kanz. Rtadclgz `cza hùl dlln t`kzlm vk}h }hl tlp|ktlgln} }h`} z|jhhkfhlt'atmlt tlffllj}kanz g|z} kzz|l kn kmln}k ff j`}kan vk}h z|jh e`j}atz eat `|}anag{ }a ad}`kn.6 @cc }hlzl kzz|lz `tl jagrclx `nm kn}ltlz}knf# `nm vh`}K z`{ dlcav vkcc `}}lgr} }a }ìl ` razk}kan }h`} aduk`}lz }hl gaz} zltka|z

vattklz# d|} K vkcc zikr ault }hlzl eat nav kn atmlt }a kmln}ke{ vh`} K }ìl `z}hl rakn} ae mlr`t}|tl eat }hl `rrta`jh }a `|}anag{ mlelnmlm hltl.

Vh`}lult }hl janmk}kanz ae hkfhlt'atmlt tlffllj}kan }h`} hùl dlln zrlcclma|} kn }hkz ck}lt`}|tl# k} tlg`knz }hl j`zl }h`} gaz} z|jh uklvz ae `|}anag{ ffx }h`} jh`t`j}ltkz}kj kn ` –}kgl'zckjl‗ g`nnlt. Na tleltlnjl }a }hl rtajlzzlzae zajk`ck`}kan (at g`nkr|c`}kan+ }h`} g`{ hùl fff|tlm kn }hl mlulcargln}ae }hlzl mlzktlz kz g`ml. [l} vl v`n} ` }hlat{ ae `|}anag{ }a zaglhav dl`dcl }a mkz}knf|kzh }hazl rtajlzzlz ae mlulcargln} }h`} zlj|tl `|}hln}kjzl}z ae mlzktlz eat |z etag }hazl }h`} ma na}. ]h`} kz# an magkn`n} gamlczae `|}anag{# vl va|cm z}kcc dl `|}anaga|z luln ke a|t e|cc zl} ae mlzktlz(knjc|mknf }hl –|nzhlmm`dcl‗ anlz }h`} fta|nm a|t mllrlz} j`tlz+ vltlkgrc`n}lm kn |z }va m`{z `fa d{ ` jclult h{rna}kz}.8

Kn flnlt`c# }hl kgrl}|z dlhknm caaiknf `} `|}anag{ hkz}atkj`cc{ jaglz

etag }hl ta|fh kn}|k}kan }h`} ` rltzan vha }hata|fhc{ lgdt`jlz hlt j|ttln} u`c|lz d|} malz za dlj`|zl ae ault} r`z} g`nkr|c`}kan# arrtlzzkul|rdtknfknf at zlultlc{ janz}tkj}lm tlffllj}kan c`jiz zagl}hknf lzzln}k`c }a`|}anag{ `nm etllmag. ]hl e`j} }h`} zhl j`n j|ttln}c{ `j} `z `n `fln} a|}ae }hazl u`c|lz# `nm }hl ga}ku`}kanz }h`} z}lg etag }hlg# adzj|tlz }hl v`{ }h`} hlt n`tt`}kulc{ z}t|j}|tlm kmln}k}{# ault }kgl# kz na} hlt avn kn ` jt|jk czlnzl. Ke zlculz hùl }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm lclgln}z }h`} zha|cm dl `jja|n}lmeat kn zajk`c rtknjkrclz# `z K hùl `tf|lm# }hln z|jh ` rltzan‛z –zlce ‗ (|zknf }h`} }ltg kn k}z u`f|l `nm |nzrljkfflm eatg+ kz na} `|}a'nagaz# ` c`v

kgrazlm an k}zlce.; ]hl rakn} kz }h`}# zknjl z|jh ` rltzan va|cm na} lxhkdk}`|}anag{# `nm }hkz kz rtljkzlc{ dlj`|zl ae }hl }`kn}lm hkz}at{ ae hlt u`c|ljanz}k}|}kan# }hln anc{ ke hkz}atkj`c janmk}kanz ae zagl zat} `tl `mmlm }agamlcz ae `|}anag{ vkcc z|jh gamlcz dl kn}|k}kulc{ `mlp|`}l. Fkuln }h`} ` rltzan kz lgdlmmlm kn# ke na} janz}k}|}lm d{# }hl fflav ae luln}z }h`} eatghlt ckel# `|}anag{ g|z} dl zlln kn tlc`}kan }a }h`} fflav t`}hlt }h`n `zknmlrlnmln} ae k}.

6

Eat `n aultuklv zll–Kn}tam|j}kan

‗}a Jhtkz}g`n 0;8;# 5

‚04 `nm G`jilnkl `nm Z}aco`t 4222d. Je.`cza Dltaezi{ 0;;<# ;;‚0249 Etklmg`n 422:9 ]h`cdltf 0;8;9 `nm V`}zan 0;6<.

8 Zll# l.f.# Glcl 0;;09 je. `cza _kggltg`n 0;;;.; Eat ` z|jjknj} ultzkan ae }hkz `tf|gln}# zll Glcl 0;;<# 0=<‚0=5. Eat zkgkc`t `tf|gln}z# zll Jhtkz}g`n

0;;0`.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0:6



Zljanmc{# janzkmlt `f`kn }hl `tf|gln} mlulcarlm kn jh`r}lt < tlf`tmknf rltzanz z|fl ltknf etag `gnlzk`. ]hl `tf|gln} v`z g`ml }hltl }h`} z|jh

knmkukm|`cz c`ji `n lclgln} ae `flnj{ }h`} vl v`n} janjlr}kanz ae `|}anag{ }a j`r}|tl# n`glc{ }hl `dkck}{ }a tlffllj}kulc{ `jjlr} }hlkt jaggk}'gln}z `nm u`c|lz `z }hl{ hùl mlulcarlm ault }kgl. Ke }hkz o|mfgln} kzjattlj}# k} zhavz }h`} tleltlnjl }a }hl rltzan`c# hkz}atkj`c mlulcargln} ae mlzktlz# u`c|lz# `nm jaggk}gln}z kz tlp|ktlm kn gamlcz ae `|}anag{.E|t}hlt# vl zha|cm `f`kn janzkmlt }hl jc`kgz g`ml `da|} }hl n`tt`}kulz}t|j}|tl ae rltzanz `nm }hlkt zlce'tlffllj}kanz janzkmltlm l`tcklt. Ae}ln }hlult{ u`c|lz `nm jaggk}gln}z dlknf janzkmltlm kn }hl iknmz ae zlce'tlffllj}kanz knuaculm kn `|}anag{ `tl }hlgzlculz }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm rhl'

nagln`# na} gltlc{ zran}`nla|z jhakjlz `nm o|mfgln}z.]hkz c`z} rakn} kz zkgkc`t }a Gkjh`lc Dt`}g`n‛z mlzjtkr}kan ae –zlce'

faultnknf rackjklz#‗ vhkjh eat hkg hùl `fln}k`c `|}hatk}{ dlj`|zl ae }hljtazz'}lgrat`c atf`nkknf tacl }hl{ rc`{ kn f|kmknf mljkzkanz `nm `j}kanz(Dt`}g`n 4226# jh. 02+. Rc`nz# }hln# z}t|j}|tl rt`j}kj`c tl`zanknf kn }h`}}hl{ f|kml mljkzkanz luln ke# `} }hl }kgl# }hl `fln} `j}z |ntlffllj}kulc{# `z kzae}ln }hl j`zl. @z z|jh }hl{ `tl r`t} ae a|t }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm `flnj{ (Dt`}g`n 0;;;# jh. 0+. An g{ uklv# n`tt`}kul jahltlnjl ae }hl zat}

mlzjtkdlm kn jh`r}lt = kz tlp|ktlm za }h`} `fln}z j`n tlffl

lj}kulc{ |}kcklr`z} `nm anfaknf mkzrazk}kanz }a f|kml j|ttln} mljkzkanz. Glgat{ arlt`}lzda}h `z ` janz}t|j}kul `j}kuk}{ kn fkuknf |z ` zlnzl ae a|tzlculz (`z mkzj|zzlmkn jh`r}lt <+ d|} `cza kn fta|nmknf j|ttln} mljkzkanz `z a|t avn? z|jhmljkzkanz jahltl vk}h }hl anfaknf `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul }h`} fta|nmza|t `flnj{ (je. `cza J|{rltz 4220+. K vkcc tl}|tn }a }hkz rakn} dlcav.

Nav ke }hkz cknl ae `n`c{zkz kz z|jjlzze|c# k} zhavz `} dlz} }h`} zagl janmk}kanz vhkjh tlelt }a }hl rtajlzzlz ae jh`t`j}lt eatg`}kan g|z} dlknjc|mlm kn janjlr}kanz ae `|}anag{9 d|} k} malz na} zhav vhkjh anlz at

vh`} iknmz. ]hltl `tl `} cl`z} }va zat}z ae janmk}kanz }h`} zha|cm dlmkz}knf|kzhlm? z|dolj}kukz} `nm nan'z|dolj}kukz} janmk}kanz.02 Z|dolj}kukz}(at kn}ltn`ckz}+ `jja|n}z }ìl }hl `fln}‛z r`t}kj|c`t `}}k}|mlz }av`tm hlt avn mlulcargln} `z jln}t`c }a }hl }lz} eat `|}anag{. Nan'z|dolj}kukz} (at lx}ltn`ckz}+ `jja|n}z razk} rtajlzzlz ae rltzan`c mlulcargln} }h`} zlj|tl`|}anag{ knmlrlnmln} ae }hl `fln}‛z avn `rrt`kz`c ae z|jh rtajlzzlz. Knflnlt`c# }hl mkz}knj}kan janjltnz vhl}hlt }hl zrljkffj`}kan ae rtajlzzlz ae

02 ]hkz mkz}knj}kan r`t`cclcz (d|} malz na} rtljkzlc{ gkttat+ vh`} hùl dlln j`cclm –rtajlm|t`ckz}‗ (at –kn}ltn`ckz}‗+ `nm –nan'rtajlm|t`ckz}‗ (lx}ltn`ckz}+ `jja|n}z ae `|}anag{. Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hkzmkz}knj}kan# zll# l.f.# D|zz 4224 `nm G`jilnkl `nm Z}aco`t 4222d.




rltzan`c mlulcargln} vhkjh `tl janzkz}ln} vk}h `|}anag{ g|z} dl g`ml vk}h jt|jk`c tleltlnjl }a `fln}z‛ avn `}}k}|mlz }av`tm z|jh rtajlzzlz at na}.

Gatl dta`mc{# }hkz kzz|l lgdamklz }hl jan}t`z} dl}vlln zllknf etll`flnj{ `z ` zl} ae janmk}kanz zrljkfflm rhkcazarhkj`cc{# `z r`t} ae `n `jja|n}ae –natg`c‗ h|g`n mlulcargln} ae ` zat} }h`} g`nkelz}z zlce'faultngln}#`nm janz}t|knf `flnj{ (kn r`t} `} cl`z}+ etag }hl rakn} ae uklv ae `fln}z}hlgzlculz. Kn }hl c`}}lt j`zl# vh`} ja|n}z `z –zlce ‗ faultngln} }|tnz kn r`t}an rltzrlj}kulz `nm o|mfgln}z }h`} `fln}z lgdam{ `nm lxltjkzl. Na`jja|n} ae `|}anaga|z `flnj{ j`n ma vk}ha|} rhkcazarhkj`c `t}kj|c`}kanzae t`}kan`c }ha|fh} `nm `j}kan ‚ vh`} va|cm –`flnj{ ‗ gl`n vk}ha|} z|jhzrljkffj`}kanz1 ‚ d|} z|dolj}kukz} `jja|n}z fkul dta`mlt t`nfl }a knmkukm|`c

o|mfgln}z janjltnknf vh`} ja|n}z `z –natg`c#‗ zlce'faultnknf ckel rta'jlzzlz `nm mlulcargln}.

]hl z|dolj}kukz} `jja|n} kz ga}ku`}lm d{ ` tad|z} ljclj}kjkzg da}h `da|} vh`} iknmz ae rtajlzzlz ae zlce'mlulcargln} mkfl ltln} `fln}z |}kckl }a`jhklul u`c|lm lnmz `z vlcc `z `da|} }hl u`c|lz `nm fa`cz }hlgzlculz }h`}mkfl ltln} rlarcl r|tz|l. @c}ha|fh zagl janmk}kanz va|cm hùl }a dlzrljkfflm knmlrlnmln}c{ ae }hl `fln}‛z rakn} ae uklv# }hl z|dolj}kukz} hltl}tklz }a zlj|tl ` zr`jl eat u`tk`dkck}{ janjltnknf }{rlz ae mlulcargln} `nm

jh`nfl. @fln}z hùl `n{ n|gdlt ae tl`zanz }a g`nkr|c`}l }hlgzlculz `nm}hlkt }ha|fh} rtajlzzlz# at }a `jjlr} }hl v`{z }h`} }hl{ hùl dlln g`nkr'|c`}lm# }h`} va|cm dl knjagr`}kdcl vk}h `|}anag{ ke z|jh `fln}z h`m na}`rrtaulm ae }hlg. Vl `cza lnf`fl kn zlce'janz}t`kn} kn u`tka|z a}hlt v`{z?zl}}knf `c`tgz }h`} o`t |z e|cc{ `vìl# glmkj`}kan }h`} `c}ltz a|t gaamz at j`r`dkck}klz# ft`n}knf lneatjl`dcl `|}hatk}{ }a a}hltz# `nm za an.

]hl dta`mlt clzzan hltl kz }h`} ` tlg`ti`dc{ vkml u`tkl}{ ae zlce'janz}t`knknf rtajlzzlz j`n dl zrljkfflm }h`} ja|cm# kn rtknjkrcl# dl `mar}lmd{ ` rltzan eat zagl ckgk}lm }kgl kn atmlt }a `jhklul `n a}hltvkzl t`}kan`c

`nm knmlrlnmln}c{ eatg|c`}lm fa`c. Vl ja|cm z|zrlnm at kn}ltt|r} a|t j`r`jk}{ }a tlzranm `mlp|`}lc{ }a tl`zanz kn atmlt }a e|cffcc zagl lnm vlhùl (dlj`|zl# eat lx`grcl# vl v`n} }a eatlz}`cc d`jizckmknf `nm vlìnlzz ae

vkcc+. G`n{ lx}ltn`ckz} `jja|n}z# eat lx`grcl# tlp|ktl `n anfaknf jafnk}kulgank}atknf ae a|t jh`nfknf jh`t`j}lt. D|} vl ae}ln `tl na} za zlce'`v`tl#nat ma vl `cv`{z rtajllm kn t`}kan`c# zlce'jan}taccknf v`{z.

Gatlault (`nm vl hùl zlln }hkz `z ` tlj|ttknf }hlgl+# gaz} ae a|t jaggk}gln}z# }lnmlnjklz# lga}kan`c rtlmkclj}kanz# `nm eatgz ae }ha|fh}#hùl mlulcarlm kn |z vk}ha|} `n{ anfaknf tlffllj}kul janzkmlt`}kan at o|mf'gln} d{ a|t avn tl`zanz'tlzranzkul e`j|c}klz. Vl gltlc{ ffnm a|tzlculz

vk}h z|jh }t`k}z `nm jagl }a lnmatzl }hlg `z janz}k}|}kul ae vha vl kn e`j}`tl. G`n{ mlulcargln}`c z}`flz ae jhkcmhaam `nm `maclzjlnjl lxjc|ml

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0:;



arrat}|nk}klz eat jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan `} jt|jk`c o|nj}|tlz# d|} }hl `fln} jaglz}a rltzanke{ }hl tlz|c}z ae }h`} |rdtknfknf `nm malz za kn ` v`{ }h`} kz

`|}anaga|z `nm tlzranzkdcl. ]hkz knmkj`}lz }h`} }hl z}tkj} nan'z|dolj}kukz}janmk}kan ae mlulcargln} clùlz }aa ck}}cl taag eat }hl u`tkl}{ ae v`{z }h`}jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz `tl mlulcarlm `nm u`c|lz `mar}lm.

Knmllm# g`n{ }hkniltz hùl z}tlzzlm }hl v`{z }h`} |njhazln `nm |ntl'ffllj}kul v`{z ae (`cv`{z `ctl`m{+ dlknf kn }hl vatcm# kn Hlkmlfflt ‛z rht`zl#at v`{z ae faknf an# kn Vk}}flnz}lkn‛z# dlckl }hl na}kan }h`} vl `tl `dcl }atlffllj}kulc{ jhaazl at luln lnmatzl a|t jaggk}gln}z `nm t|cl'da|nm`j}kuk}klz.00 ]hl c`nf|`fl }h`} vl |zl# }hl v`{z vl vltl t`kzlm# luln il{ –`j}kanz‗ z|jh `z e`ccknf kn caul at hùknf jhkcmtln# g`{ vlcc dl }hknfz`da|} vhkjh vl lk}hlt lxltjkzl na ault} jan}tac `} `cc at g`{ e`cc kn}a|ntlffllj}kulc{ at d{ }hl zkgrcl knlt}k` ae luln}z. @mmk}kan`cc{# g`n{ v`{zae ckel `tl eatglm d{ t|clz `nm mkzjkrckn`t{ rt`j}kjlz }h`} r`t}kjkr`n}z kn}hlg va|cm nlult }hkni }a p|lz}kan `nm ault vhkjh }hl{ hùl na jan}tac.

Zagl vtk}ltz vha hùl z}tlzzlm }hlzl `zrlj}z ae a|t ckulz hùl |zlm z|jhtleltlnjlz }a ga|n} ` j`zl `f`knz} `|}anag{ `z ` d`zkj u`c|l (at `f`knz}`|}anag{'d`zlm rack}kj`c uklvz+.04 Havlult# `z K vkcc lxrc`kn dlcav# K }hkni }h`} janzkmlt`}kanz z|jh `z }hlzl rakn} zkgrc{ }a ` nllm }a tlffnl a|t

janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ }a clùl zagl taag eat }hl |ntlffl

lj}kul `nm }hl`|}ag }kj kn ckel# `z canf `z z|jh |ntlffllj}kul v`{z ae ckuknf ma na} `ga|n}}a tlrtlzzkul at g`nkr|c`}lm ‚ hlnjl jcl`tc{ hl}ltanaga|z ‚ z}`}lz.

]a gìl }hlzl adzltu`}kanz gatl janjtl}l# cl} |z lx`gknl ` r`t}kj|c`t hkz}atkj`c uklv ae `|}anag{ }h`} jan}`knz lx}ltn`ckz} lclgln}z (kn a|t zlnzl+. @cetlm Glcl h`z r|} eatv`tm ` jagrclx `nm ravlte|c `jja|n} ae `|}anag{ }h`} jagdknlz lx}ltn`ckz} janmk}kanz vk}h ` uac|n}`tkz} aulttkml#za }a zrlì. Hkz uklv# r|} `cc }aa dtklffl{# kz }h`} rtajlzzlz ae jh`t`j}lt mlulcargln} kn `|}anaga|z rltzanz `tl anlz }h`} ma na} lxhkdk} `n{ eatg

ae –jagr|czkan‗ ‚ vhltl }a dl jagrlcclm kz }a hùl dlln janmk}kanlm }a`mar} }hl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj kn p|lz}kan kn v`{z }h`} d{r`zz }hl |z|`c iknmz ae gln}`c jan}tac natg`c `fln}z lnoa{. Z|jh jagr|czkan mkz}|tdz `|}anag{ |nclzz (`nm hltl kz }hl z|dolj}kukz} aulttkml+ k} v`z –`tt`nflm‗ d{ }hl `fln}.0:

00 ]hl janzkmlt`}kanz kn }hkz r`t`ft`rh eaccav I. @n}han{ @rrk`h‛z mkzj|zzkan ae `|}anag{'d`zlmckdlt`ckzg kn @rrk`h 422<# jh. 4. K gìl ` zkgkc`t rakn} kn Jhtkz}g`n 4220.

04 Zll# eat lx`grcl# Ft`{ 4222.0: Glcl‛z e|cc{ zrljkffj`}kan ae }hl tlclu`n} r`t} ae hkz uklv kz }hkz?

Ke `n `fln} Z jaglz }a razzlzz ` rta'`}}k}|ml R kn ` v`{ }h`} d{r`zzlz Z ‛z (rlth`rz tlc`}kulc{ gamlz}+j`r`jk}klz eat jan}tac ault hkz gln}`c ckel9 `nm }hl d{r`zzknf kzz|lz kn Z ‛z dlknf rt`j}kj`cc{ |n`dcl }azhlm R 9 `nm }hl d{r`zzknf v`z na} k}zlce `tt`nflm (at rlteatglm+ d{ Z 9 `nm Z nlk}hlt rtlzln}c{ razzlzzlz nat l`tcklt razzlzzlm rta'`}}k}|mlz }h`} va|cm z|rrat} hkz kmln}ke{knf vk}h R # vk}h }hl

0=2 ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



]hkz ùakmz zagl ae }hl rtadclgz o|z} gln}kanlm# kn }h`} k} clùlz taag eat }hl e`j} }h`} g`n{ at gaz} u`c|l jaggk}gln}z# j|c}|t`c kmln}kffj`}kanz#

tlckfka|z jannlj}kanz `nm z|jh `tl ae}ln mlulcarlm kn v`{z }h`} ma na}knuacul anfaknf tlffllj}kul lnmatzlgln} d{ }hl `fln}.

Havlult# k} kz |njcl`t vh`} }hl eatjl ae –`tt`nflm‗ hltl kz (}hl }ltg Glcl|zlz+. Eat `z K na}lm vl ae}ln ma na} lnf`fl kn janzjka|z tlffllj}kan rtkat }a}ìknf z}lrz vhkjh e|nm`gln}`cc{ `c}lt a|t jh`t`j}lt ‚ }hl{ gltlc{ h`rrln}a |z fftz}. G`n{ e|nm`gln}`c `zrlj}z ae a|t rltzan`ck}{# eat lx`grcl# vltlzh`rlm m|tknf jhkcmhaam at `maclzjlnjl `nm ml}ltgknlm d{ janmk}kanz vlh`m na jan}tac ault# }ha|fh vl g`{ jagl }a `jjlr} }hl tlz|c}z ae }hazlrtajlzzlz vk}ha|} tlftl} è}lt }hl e`j}. @z canf `z }h`} e|t}hlt `jjlr}`njl kzna} k}zlce zkgrc{ }hl tlz|c} ae }hazl rtajlzzlz }hlgzlculz# lzrljk`cc{ ke }hl{ `tl z|jh }h`} tlffllj}kul# tl}tazrlj}kul# lu`c|`}kan kz mkz}at}lm d{ }hlg at g`ml kgrazzkdcl# c`}lt lnmatzlgln} ae janz}t`knknf rtajlzzlz va|cm z|jleat `|}anag{. Gatlault# tlp|ktknf –nan'jagr|czkan'|nclzz'`tt`nflm'd{'}hl'`fln}‗ tlm|jlz }a jc`kgknf }h`} vhln rtajlzzlz hùl dlln `rrtaulm d{ }hl `fln}# jagr|czkul at na}# `|}anag{ ad}`knz? z|dolj}kul `jjlr}`njl kzz|jkln} (`canf vk}h a}hlt jagrl}lnjl jtk}ltk + eat `|}anag{.

@na}hlt `}}lgr} }a fkul hkz}atkj`c janmk}kanz }h`} ja|n} `z nan'

z|dolj}kukz} kn g{ zlnzl kz knjc|mlm kn `n `jja|n} ae gat`c tlzranzkdkck}{ mlulcarlm d{ Ekzjhlt `nm Tùk` }h`} ja|cm dl `rrcklm kn }hkz jan}lx}.]hlktz kz `n lx`grcl ae |}kckknf }hl janmk}kan ae –tlzranzkulnlzz }atl`zanz‗ `z ` mlzkmlt`}|g eat (eat a|t r|trazlz+ `|}anag{.0= ]hkz z}`}lzflnlt`cc{ }h`} `fln}z `tl tlzranzkdcl ke }hl{ `tl flnlt`cc{ `dcl }a tlzranmrtarltc{ }a faam tl`zanz }a `c}lt }hlkt dlhùkat at jh`t`j}lt. ]a |zl }hlj`}lfatklz n`glm l`tcklt# }hkz kz }a }|tn –`|}hln}kjk}{ ‗ (vhl}hlt anl‛zga}ku`}knf z}`}lz `tl }t|c{ anl‛z avn+ kn}a jagrl}lnj{ (vhl}hlt anl kz `n`mlp|`}l mljkzkan'gìlt+.

@z `n hkz}atkj`c gamlc ae `|}anag{# }hl tl`zanz'tlzranzkulnlzz `rrta`jhtlp|ktlz }h`} j|ttln} ga}ku`}kan`c z}`}lz ae }hl `fln} h`m }a hùl jagl`da|} d{ rtajlzzlz }h`} vltl tl`zanz'tlzranzkul. Kn a}hlt vatmz# ` rltzan kz`|}anaga|z ke zhl mlulcarlm kn ` v`{ }h`} knuaculm dlknf `dcl }a tlzranm

lxjlr}kan ae rta'`}}k}|mlz }h`} `tl }hlgzlculz rt`j}kj`cc{ |nzhlmm`dcl rtam|j}z ae |nzackjk}lmd{r`zzknf9 }hln Z kz jagrlcclm/ }a razzlzz R (Glcl 0;;<# 064+.

@nm ` rltzan kz `|}anaga|z anc{ ke (`ganf a}hlt janmk}kanz+ zhl v`z na} jagrlcclm/ kn }hkz v`{ }amlulcar hlt rta'`}}k}|mlz. (]hl c`dlc –jagrlcclm/‗ tleltz }a dlknf jagrlcclm kn }hl v`{ mlzjtkdlm d{

`cc }hl rtluka|z p|`cke{knf e`j}atz ckz}lm.+0= Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll Ekzjhlt `nm Tùk` 0;;8# jhz. 4 `nm : `nm Vace 0;;2. K zha|cm na}l }h`} }hlgamlcz K `g mkzj|zzknf hltl vltl na} atkfkn`cc{ gl`n} }a jh`t`j}ltkl }hl `|}anag{ ae }hl `fln}# d|}t`}hlt hlt etllmag at gat`c tlzranzkdkck}{. K `g }hltleatl `m`r}knf }hl c`nf|`fl ae }hlzl }lz}z }a }hlkzz|l `} h`nm. Eat e|t}hlt mkzj|zzkan ae }hlzl kzz|lz# zll Jhtkz}g`n 4220.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0=0



`mlp|`}lc{ }a tl`zanz. ]hkz j`r`jk}{ `ga|n}z }a z`{knf }h`} kn ` – vkmlu`tkl}{ ae razzkdcl jktj|gz}`njlz‗ }hl rltzan va|cm lxhkdk} `n –|nmlt'

z}`nm`dcl‗ r`}}ltn ae tl`zanz'tljafnk}kan# `nm |nmlt zagl ae }hazl zjln'`tkaz (}ha|fh na} `cc+ zhl va|cm lxhkdk} }hl ravlt }a lfl lj}kulc{ `j} an }hazltl`zanz (Ekzjhlt `nm Tùk` 0;;8# 6<fl .+.

Nav }hkz g`{ vlcc z|jl eat `n `jja|n} ae gat`c tlzranzkdkck}{# d|} `z}hl c{njhrkn kn `n `jja|n} ae `|}anag{# k} knuk}lz }hl tlzranzl fkulnl`tcklt# n`glc{ }hl e`j} }h`} vl j`n l`zkc{ kg`fknl }hazl j`zlz vhltl rlarcluac|n}`tkc{ z|zrlnmlm }hlkt `dkck}klz }a tlzranm (ajj|ttln}c{+ }a tl`zanz za}h`} }hl{ ja|cm `jhklul ` mlzktlm lnm. Rlth`rz }hl{ |nmltvln} h{rnazkz }ap|k} zgaiknf# vhkjh knuaculm }hlkt dlknf tlc`}kulc{ |n`dcl }a tlzranm }ajanzkmlt`}kanz kn eùat ae hùknf ` jkf`tl}}l (}hl h{rnazkz g`ml z|jh `nkml` ukzjlt`cc{ tlr|fn`n} z`{+. At kg`fknl ` rltzan hl`m ault hllcz kn caul?`n{ janzkmlt`}kanz }h`} va|cm ja|n} u`ckmc{ `f`knz} jan}kn|knf }a caul }hkza}hlt rltzan va|cm e`cc an z}anl'mlè l`tz. D|} knzae`t `z }hltl `tl na z|jhtl`zanz (}hl rltzan kz tl`cc{ ` mtl`gda`}+# }hln vl va|cm dl tlgkzz# K }hkni#}a j`cc z|jh ` rltzan c`jiknf kn `|}anag{# `z canf `z }hl v`{ kn vhkjh `cc}hkz j`gl `da|} kz na} k}zlce za tlr|fn`n} }a }hl rltzan }h`} zhl va|cm }hlndl `ckln`}lm etag }hkz caul. Dlknf `dcl }a tlzranm }a tl`zanz mlrlnmz#

K }hkni# an anl‛z `}}k}|ml }av`tm }hl ga}ku`}kan`c z}`}lz anl h`z `nm }hlkt hkz}at{. Vk}ha|} zagl zrljkffj`}kan# luln ` ckgk}lm anl# ae }hl `fln}‛z avn`}}k}|ml }av`tm hlt ckel }tòlj}at{# vl va|cm `cv`{z e`jl }hlzl |n}av`tmlx`grclz. Za }hl z|dolj}kukz} cknl `rrl`tz }hl gaz} `}}t`j}kul hltl.

k k k . ` z | d o l j } k u k z } h k z } a t k j ` c ` j j a | n }

Kn l`tcklt vati K mlulcarlm `n hkz}atkj`c `jja|n} ae `|}anag{ }h`} g`kn'

}`knlm ` e|cc{ z|dolj}kukz} jatl. @ il{ janmk}kan kn }h`} uklv v`z }h`} ` rltzan kz `|}anaga|z tlc`}kul }a zagl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ke }hl knffl|lnjlz `nmjanmk}kanz }h`} fùl tkzl }a }hl mlzktl vltl e`j}atz }h`} }hl `fln} `rrtaulm ae at mkm na} tlzkz}# at va|cm na} hùl tlzkz}lm h`m zhl `}}lnmlm }a }hlg(Jhtkz}g`n 0;;0`# 009 eat ` zckfh}c{ mkfl ltln} eatg|c`}kan zll Jhtkz}g`n0;;:+. D|} }hkz `rrta`jh h`z dlln jtk}kjklm d{ zlult`c vtk}ltz vha jattlj}c{ na}l }h`} }hl rltzan‛z `}}k}|ml }av`tm }hl rtajlzzlz }h`} zr`vn hlt u`c|lz kzzlr`t`}l etag# `nm clzz tlclu`n} }a `|}anag{ }h`n# }hl rltzan‛z `}}k}|ml}av`tm }hl u`c|l k}zlce. Zaglanl j`n j|tzl }hl tlz}tkj}kul tlckfka|z |rdtknf'

knf }hl{ vltl eatjlm }a |nmltfa d|} jagl }a lgdt`jl# eat knmlrlnmln}tl`zanz# }hl u`c|lz ae }h`} tlckfkan nanl}hlclzz (zll# eat lx`grcl Glcl 0;;<#0:8‚0:;+. Za ke }hl hkz}atkj`c `jja|n} kz }a dl z|dolj}kul# k} j`nna} eaj|z




rtkg`tkc{ an }hl `fln}‛z lu`c|`}kan ae }hl rtajlzzlz }hlgzlculz `z ` zlr`t`}l}lz} eat `|}anag{. K vkcc tl}|tn }a }hkz rakn} zhat}c{.

Kn }{rkj`c hklt`tjhkj`c `jja|n}z ae `|}anag{ gln}kanlm l`tcklt# k} v`ztlp|ktlm }h`} }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan kmln}ke{ vk}h hlt fftz}'atmlt jh`t`j}lt'kz}kjz kn atmlt }a rtlzltul hlt `|}anag{. @z h`z dlln vkmlc{ na}lm# }hlna}kan ae –kmln}kffj`}kan‗ kz rtadclg`}kj`cc{ `gdkf|a|z dl}vlln `jinavc'lmfgln} `nm lnmatzlgln}. Vl kmln}ke{ vk}h }hazl lfa'kml`cz }a vhkjh vl`zrktl d|} e`kc|tl }a `jhklul }hlg zha|cm na} mkzp|`cke{ |z etag dlknf `|}anaga|z. Kmln}kffj`}kan j`n `cza gl`n zkgrc{ `jjlr}knf ` e`j}at `z}t|l ae |z# d|} }hkz kz }t|l ae `mmkj}kanz `nm jagr|czkanz za jcl`tc{ }hkziknm ae kmln}k}{ malz na} lz}`dckzh `|}anag{.0<

Gatl kgrat}`n}c{# lclgln}z ae }hl zlce knjc|ml g`n{ e`j}atz vhazl`rrt`kz`c clùlz |z `gdku`cln}# za jcl`tc{ na} kml`c etag a|t rakn} ae uklv#d|} `cza vhkjh `tl na} jagr|czkanz }a vhkjh vl `tl tlzkz}`n}. Vl `jinavc'lmfl }hlg `nm `jjlr} }hlg kn ` gknkg`c zlnzl d|} ma na} u`c|l }hlg

vhaclhl`t}lmc{# lzrljk`cc{ fkuln# rlth`rz# }hl tl`ck}klz ae a|t ckel zk}|`}kan.Anl‛z `}}k}|ml }av`tm# z`{# anl‛z jhkcmtln (`nm anl‛z ellcknfz eat }hlg+ g`{

vlcc dl ffcclm vk}h `gdkf|k}klz# jagrclx janfflkj}z# f|kc}# caul# mkz`rrakn}'gln}# `nm harl. G`n{ rlarcl hùl jhkcmtln }hta|fh rtajlzzlz }h`} vltl

na} jhazln at rc`nnlm# eat lx`grcl# `nm }hl ellcknfz }hl{ hùl `da|} }hlg(`nm }hl ga}ku`}kanz vhkjh z|tta|nm }h`} tlc`}kan+ j`n dl hkfhc{ jagrclx.D|} z|jh ` rltzan# K `g kg`fknknf# malz na} e|cc{ tlolj} }h`} r`t} ae hlt ckelnat malz zhl `j}kulc{ tlzkz} }hl ga}ku`}kan`c `nm lga}kan`c kgrckj`}kanzae k}. K va|cm ckil }a j`r}|tl }h`} tl`ck}{# }hln# kn janz}t|j}knf ` janjlr}kanae `|}anag{ }h`} va|cm na} tlnmlt z|jh ` rltzan hl}ltanaga|z dlj`|zl ae }hazl `gdku`clnjlz `nm knnlt }lnzkanz.

Janzlp|ln}c{# K z|fflz} }h`} }hl rtarlt }lz} eat }hl `jjlr}`dkck}{ ae }hljh`t`j}ltkz}kj kn p|lz}kan kz anl vhltl }hl rltzan malz na} ellc mllrc{

`ckln`}lm etag k} |ran jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan. @ckln`}kan kz na} zkgrc{ c`ji ae kmln}kffj`}kan# kn }h`} K j`n e`kc }a kmln}ke{ vk}h ` }t`k} d|} na} dl `ckln`}lmetag k}. K j`n zkgrc{ dl knmkfl ltln} }a k} at |nmljkmlm `da|} k}.05 @ckln`}kankz ` z}tanflt tl`j}kan9 k} knuaculz ellcknf janz}t`knlm d{ }hl }t`k} `nm v`n}knf mljkmlmc{ }a tlr|mk`}l k}. Zljanm# `ckln`}kan kz na} zkgrc{ ` jafnk}kul

0< Eat tljln} mkzj|zzkanz ae }hkz kzz|l# zll Dltaezi{ 0;;<# ;;‚0249 Ulcclg`n 42249 V`}zan 4224.05 Zll R`|c Dlnzan eat j`zlz vhltl (hl `tf|lz+ knmkfl ltlnjl `da|} }tkuk c `zrlj}z ae g{zlce j`|zl rtadclgz

eat }hkz zat} ae gamlc (Dlnzan 422<d+. Zll `cza Gkjh`lc Dt`}g`n an j`zlz ae |nmljkmlm tlffllj}kul`fln}z (Dt`}g`n 0;86# jh. 02+. K zha|cm `mm }h`} }hl razk}kan K }ìl hltl tlm|jlz (}ha|fh malz na}lckgkn`}l+ }hl mkfl ltlnjl dl}vlln g{ uklv `nm Et`nie|t}‛z c`}lz} janz}t|`c ae –kmln}kffj`}kan#‗ vhkjhhl }ìlz }a dl zkgrcl `jjlr}`njl at z`}kze`j}kan vk}h anl‛z mlzktlz. Zll Et`nie|t} 0;;4. ]ha|fh ae ja|tzl Et`nie|t}‛z kz na} `n hkz}atkj`c `jja|n}. Eat jtk}kjkzg ae }hl tacl `ckln`}kan rc`{z kn Et`nie|t} ‛zuklvz# zll Liz}tag 422<.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0=:



o|mfgln}# k} kz ` jagdkn`}kan ae o|mfgln} `nm ` fl lj}kul tl`j}kan. ]a dl`ckln`}lm kz }a lxrltklnjl nlf`}kul ` fl lj}# }a ellc tlr|mk`}kan `nm tlzkz}`njl.

K} kz# gatlault# }a ellc ` nllm }a tlr|mk`}l }h`} mlzktl at }t`k}# }a tlolj} k} `nm`c}lt k} `z g|jh `z razzkdcl# `nm }a tlzkz} k}z lfl lj}z. Ke# vhkcl ellcknf `ckln'`}kan `nm zlce'tlr|mk`}kan ae }hkz zat}# ` rltzan kz |n`dcl }a tkm hltzlce ae }hljh`t`j}ltkz}kj kn p|lz}kan# zhl kz hl}ltanaga|z kn tlc`}kan }a k}.

@ zkgkc`t na}kan h`z dlln |}kcklm kn rz{jhacaf{. Ilnnl}h Fltflnmlzjtkdlz }hl rhlnaglnan ae zlce'`ckln`}kan `z

Y@W naxka|z ellcknf `tkzknf vhln ault} `j}kanz `tl ml}`jhlm at knjanzkz}ln} vk}h|nmltc{knf janjlr}kanz ae zlce. ]h`} kz# zlce'`ckln`}kan j`n dl uklvlm `z lz}t`nfl'

gln} ae }hl janjlr} vatcm etag }hl m`kc{ `j}kuk}klz ae }hl knmkukm|`c. ]hl knmkukm'|`c gkfh} ellc# – Vh`} K‛g maknf malzn‛} tlul`c }hl tl`c gl#‗ –G{ dlhùkat kz ` zh`g#‗ at kn k}z lx}tlgl eatg# –K h`}l vh`} K ma.‗ (Fltfln 0;60# 86+06

@z }hkz lxrckj`}kan zhavz# `ckln`}kan kn }hkz zlnzl `cza dtknfz kn `n` fl lj}kul jagranln} }a }hl tlp|ktlgln}z ae `|}anaga|z `flnj{# d|} k}

vlìlnz }hl janmk}kan ae zlce'kmln}kffj`}kan kn atmlt }a `ccav gatl ffllxk'dkck}{ tlf`tmknf }hl v`{z }h`} rlarcl tlc`}l }a }hlkt ae}ln janfflkj}knf `nmnljlzz`tkc{ jagrclx kn}ltn`c ckulz. Z}`nm`tm gamlcz ae `|}anag{ `tl ae}ln

aultc{ jafnk}kul# eat lx`grcl# z}tlzzknf }hl `dkck}{ }a gìl t`}kan`c#ml}`jhlm# `nm j`cj|c`}kul o|mfgln}z `da|} }hl `jjlr}`dkck}{ ae ` }t`k}. D|}`z vl mkzj|zzlm janjltnknf zajk`c kmln}k}klz# }hl tlc`}kan anl h`z }a u`tka|z`zrlj}z ae anl‛z zlce `nm ckel `tl ae}ln g|jh gatl }h`n zkgrc{ j`cj|c`}kan ae }hl e`j}at ‛z eùat`dkck}{ eat anlzlce. K} knuaculz mllrc{ lga}kan`c `nm ` fl lj'}kul jagranln}z ae o|mfgln}.

Za }a dl `ckln`}lm kz }a tlzkz} `nm tlolj} u`c|lz kn ckfh} ae anl‛z hkz}at{ `nmzajk`c zk}|`}kan. ]hl il{ lclgln} ae z|jh `ckln`}kan kz }hkz tlzkz}`njl# }hl`nxka|z zlnzl }h`} }hl e`j}at kn p|lz}kan kz janz}t`knknf# }h`} k} |nmltj|}z

anl‛z zl}}clm ga}ku`}kan`c et`gl `nm zlnzl ae }hl u`ckmk}{ ae }h`} et`gl(fkuln z|tta|nmknf janmk}kanz+. ]hkz tlzkz}`njl# `f`kn# h`z da}h ` fl lj}kul`nm jafnk}kul jagranln}z# `nm da}h `tl tlp|ktlm. Knmllm# K‛g na} z|tl }hl{ `tl l`zkc{ zlr`t`}lm kn }hlzl iknmz ae o|mfgln}z# zknjl anl kz janzkmltknf

vhl}hlt }hl e`j}at kn p|lz}kan ff}z kn}a ` jahltln} `nm `jjlr}`dcl zlce'n`tt`}kul9 z|jh p|lz}kanz `tl nlk}hlt zkgrc{ p|lz}kanz ae dlckle nat p|lz}kanzae mlzktl at ellcknf# }hl{ `tl `cc ae }hlzl.

]hkz c`z} rakn} t`kzlz `n kgrat}`n} kzz|l# eat |ran zlce'tlffllj}kan ` rltzang`{ o|mfl ` e`j}at }a dl tlrlcc`n} at |n`jjlr}`dcl an natg`}kul fta|nmz#

06 ]hl janjlr} ae zlce'`ckln`}kan kz `cza `n`c{lm kn mkfl ltln} eatg kn jlt}`kn `tl`z ae rz{jha`n`c{}kj}hlat{? zll# eat lx`grcl# Hatnl{ 0;=<0;;;.

0== ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



z`{# d|} nlk}hlt mlzktl }a jh`nfl k} nat ellc r`t}kj|c`tc{ d`m `da|} k}.Lx`grclz jagganc{ fkuln knuacul zlx|`ck}{# vhltl dlj`|zl ae ` rltzan ‛z

|rdtknfknf `nm (z}kcc zknjltlc{ hlcm+ }t`mk}kan`c u`c|lz# zhl o|mflz hùknf jlt}`kn zat}z ae zlx|`c ellcknfz `z kggat`c# d|} }hl ellcknfz na} anc{ tlg`knkn eatjl# }hl{ `tl na} |nrcl`z`n} `nm na} }hl j`|zl ae janfflkj}knf mlzktl. Zhlgkfh} eat lx`grcl dl ln}ktlc{ kn caul vk}h hlt etklnm d|} lult{}hknf zhl h`zdlln }`|fh} ja|nzlcz hlt `f`knz} z|jh ` caul. Eat }hkz tl`zan k} vkcc dlnljlzz`t{ }a zll }hl tlffllj}kan kn p|lz}kan }a tlg`kn knu`tk`n} ault ` u`tkl}{ ae janmk}kanz . ]hkz knu`tk`njl kz gl`n} }a lz}`dckzh }h`} }hl zlce'`jjlr}`njl knp|lz}kan kz na} kmkaz{njt`}kj at fflll}knf. K vkcc tl}|tn }a }hkz rakn}.

Na}l `cza }h`} }hl tlffllj}kan }h`} }hkz janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ j`ccz eat kz

da}h h{ra}hl}kj`c `nm rkljlgl`c. K} malz na} tlp|ktl }h`} `n{ `j}|`ctlffllj}kan }ìl rc`jl an }hl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj kn p|lz}kan9 nat malz k} mlg`nm}h`} vhaclz`cl zlce'lu`c|`}kan etag ` mkzlgdamklm z}`nmrakn} }ìl rc`jl.An }hkz uklv# ` rltzan kz `|}anaga|z (tlc`}kul }a zagl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj+ ke#

vltl rkljlgl`c tlffllj}kan kn ckfh} ae }hl hkz}at{ ae }hl e`j}at ‛z mlulcargln}}a }ìl rc`jl# zhl va|cm na} ellc mllrc{ `ckln`}lm etag }hl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj knp|lz}kan.08

@f`kn# }ìknf }hkz razk}kan kz p|k}l kn}ln}kan`c# `nm r|}z }hl uklv `} ammz

vk}h a}hlt }hlatkz}z‛

lxrckjk} jc`kgz. @z K `tf|lm kn jh`r}lt 5# g`n{ jln}t`c`zrlj}z ae a|t ckulz# damklz# `nm zajk`c jktj|gz}`njlz vltl nlult jhazln d{ |z nat vltl }hl{ janzjka|zc{ `jjlr}lm `z mlzkt`dcl. [l}# K va|cm z|dgk}#}hl{ eatg `n |njan}taultzk`c `nm `|}hln}kj z}t|j}|tl }h`} mlffnlz |z `nmtlc`}kul }a vhkjh vl j`n dl `|}anaga|z ke vl `tl na} `ckln`}lm etag }hlgault }kgl. ]h`} vl `tl g`cl at elg`cl# eat lx`grcl# j`n e|nm`gln}`cc{ mlffnl `nm z}t|j}|tl a|t rc`nz# d|} }h`} lclgln} ae a|t rltzan`ck}{# eat gaz}rlarcl# v`z nlult jhazln at tlffllj}kulc{ `rrt`kzlm.

@} anl }kgl# Gkjh`lc Dt`}g`n lxrtlzzlm jtk}kjkzg ae Et`nie|t} eat }hl

c`}}lt ‛z jc`kg }h`} anl j`n dl `|}anaga|z ke anl kmln}kfflz vk}h ` mlzktl kn}hl zlnzl ae dlknf –z`}kzfflm‗ vk}h k} d`zlm an anl‛z gaz} d`zkj j`tlz.Dt`}g`n knzkz}lm }h`} z`}kze`j}kan kn Et`nie|t}‛z zlnzl ja|cm z}lg etagmlrtlzzkan at lxrtlzz gltl knmkfl ltlnjl `nm za c`ji }hl `fln}k`c `|}hatk}{ `|}anag{ mlg`nmz. Janzlp|ln}c{ hl jc`kglm }h`} z|jh kmln}kffj`}kan h`m

08 Zagl }hlatkz}z hùl knzkz}lm }h`} tlffllj}kan at lu`c|`}kan (an anl‛z fftz}'atmlt mlzktlz eat lx`grcl+ kznljlzz`t{ eat `|}anag{# d|} hùl `mmlm }h`} z|jh tlffllj}kan nllm na} dl etlp|ln} at luln janzjka|z.Zll# l.f.# Etklmg`n 422:# 8 `nm Liz}tag 422<. ]hkz kz jcazl }a g{ uklv# d|} K j`nna} p|k}l e`}hag

vh`} k} gl`nz }a lnf`fl kn –|njanzjka|z‗ tlffllj}kan. K z`{ }hkz na} zkgrc{ a|} ae zilr}kjkzg `da|} }hlarlt`}kanz ae `n |njanzjka|z gknm rlt zl d|} etag vanmltknf hav anl ja|cm lult }lcc }h`} z|jhtlffllj}kul lu c| }kan lult }aai rc jl# a}hlt }h`n a}hlt z|dzlp|ln} janzjka|z tlffllj}kanz `canf }hl z`glcknlz `z }hl h{ra}hl}kj`c anlz K `g tlp|ktknf.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0=<



}a knuacul ` mljkzkan# zrljkffj`cc{ ` mljkzkan }a }tl`} }hl mlzktl `z ` tl`zan(Dt`}g`n 0;;;# 08<‚425+. @z K‛ul `tf|lm# havlult# g`n{ `}}k}|mlz `nm

ga}kulz }h`} vl `tl f|kmlm d{ `nm lxrtlzz a|t zl}}clm zlnzl ae a|tzlculz vltl nlult `j}kulc{ jhazln d{ |z# }ha|fh kn dlknf za f|kmlm vl `jjlr} }hlg vk}ha|} janfflkj} (|ran tlffllj}kan+. ]hkz g`tiz ` mkz`ftllgln} vk}hDt`}g`n‛z l`tcklt uklv }h`} mlzktlz g|z} lg`n`}l kn zagl v`{ (rlth`rzuk` rc`nz `nm rackjklz+ etag ` mljkzkul `j} d{ }hl `fln}.0;

]hl adolj} ae }hl tlffllj}kan hltl# k} zha|cm dl z}tlzzlm# kz na} }hl rtajlzzae jh`t`j}lt eatg`}kan k}zlce# d|} }hl }t`k} z|jh eatg`}kan rtam|jlz knckfh}ae }h`} mlulcargln} . ]h`} kz }a z`{# `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz }h`} anl va|cm na} ellc`ckln`}lm etag }hl `zrlj} ae anlzlce kn p|lz}kan |ran tlffllj}kan fkuln }hljanmk}kanz |nmlt vhkjh }h`} e`j}at j`gl `da|}. ]hkz ùakmz }hl vattklzt`kzlm `da|} g{ l`tcklt uklv vhltl ` zlr`t`}l `rrtau`c ae anl‛z mlulcar'gln}`c hkz}at{ k}zlce v`z tlp|ktlm.

K} kz kgrat}`n} }a na}l }h`} }hl tlffllj}kan knuaculm hltl va|cm knm|jl }hl`ckln`}kan kn p|lz}kan# `nm }h`} z|jh `ckln`}kan# at }hl c`ji ae k}# kz na} }hltlz|c} ae h`rrlnz}`njl at `jjkmln}`c jattlc`}kan. K `zz|gl# }hltleatl# }h`}tlffllj}kan va|cm hùl l fl lj}z # zrljkffj`cc{ `n `fln} jagknf }a lgdt`jl at tlzkz} }hl adolj} ae }h`} tlffllj}kan. Tlffllj}kan hltl ‚ knjc|mknf }hl ` fl lj}kul

lclgln}z ae k} ‚ kz ` iknm ae o|mfgln} `da|} }hl rltzan‛z u`c|lz# janmk}kan#`nm mlzktlz. D|} k} kz na} zkgrc{ ` o|mfgln} `da|} }hl p|`ck}{ ae }hljh`t`j}ltkz}kj kn p|lz}kan (vl jcl`tc{ j`n `jjlr} `zrlj}z ae a|tzlculz `da|}

vhkjh vl `tl `zh`glm+9 k} kz ` o|mfgln} `da|} }hl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj `z k}e|nj}kanz kn a|t n`tt`}kul zlnzl ae a|tzlculz.42 ]a tlr|mk`}l }hl e`j}at knp|lz}kan kz }a o|mfl k} |n`jjlr}`dcl `z `n lclgln} kn a|t `|}adkaft`rh{.

Kn `mmk}kan }a tlffllj}kul nan'`ckln`}kan# `|}anag{ mlg`nmz }h`} z|jhtlffllj}kan kz na} k}zlce gltlc{ }hl tlz|c} ae g`nkr|c`}kul eatjlz ‚ }hkz kz }aùakm }hl tlftlzz rtadclg na}lm l`tcklt. Vh`} g|z} dl `mmlm }hln# `tl

janmk}kanz an }hl }{rl ae tlffllj}kan dlknf kg`fknlm za }h`} k} kz da}hgknkg`cc{ jagrl}ln} `nm k} kz k}zlce `|}hln}kj# }ha|fh na} kn ` v`{ }h`}tlp|ktlz ` e|t}hlt clulc ae tlffllj}kan.

]hltleatl# }hl h{ra}hl}kj`c tlffllj}kan vl kg`fknl hltl g|z} dl z|jh }h`}k} kz na} }hl rtam|j} ae zajk`c `nm rz{jhacafkj`c janmk}kanz }h`} rtluln}

0; Kn gatl tljln} vati# Dt`}g`n h`z `d`nmanlm hkz knzkz}lnjl an mljkzkulnlzz ae }hkz zat}? zll Dt`}g`n4226# 5 n. 5.

42

Dltn`tm Dltaezi{ vattklz }h } z|jh rhlnagln` (zh`gl+ kgrc{ }h } jtk}kj`c zlce' jjlr}`njl zha|cm na}dl ` tlp|ktlgln} ae `|}anag{ (Dltaezi{ 422:+. G{ kn}|k}kan# }ha|fh# kz }h`} }hl zrljkffj`}kan ae `ckln`}kan a|}cknlm kn }hl }lx} kz z}tanf lna|fh za }h`} zkgrcl zh`gl at mkz`rrakn}gln} kn a|tzlculzmalz na} mlel } a|t `|}anag{. (K `cza }hkni }h`} }hkz |nmltz}`nmknf ae `ckln`}kan ùakmz ma|d}z `da|}k} `z ` tlp|ktlgln} eat `|}anag{ t`kzlm d{ Liz}tag? zll Liz}tag 422<.+




`mlp|`}l `rrt`kz`c ae anlzlce. ]hkz tlp|ktlz }h`} }hl rltzan hùl }hl flnlt`cj`r`jk}{ }a tlffllj} `mlp|`}lc{ vk}ha|} janz}tkj}kan# r`}hacaf{# at g`nkr|'

c`}kan. ]hkz j`r`jk}{ knjc|mlz }hl dkck}{ }a `zzlzz }hl u`tka|z `zrlj}z ae anl‛zzlce `nm janmk}kanz# `nm }hl etllmag etag }hazl e`j}atz `nm janmk}kanz }h`}

vl knmlrlnmln}c{ inav lfl lj}kulc{ rtluln} gknkg`c zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf. @ rltzan vha lnmatzlz hkz mljkzkanz vhkcl kn `n |njan}tacc`dcl t`fl# at vhkclan hlù{ mazlz ae h`cc|jknaflnkj mt|fz# at etag hùknf dlln mlnklmgknkg`c lm|j`}kan `nm lxraz|tl }a `c}ltn`}kulz# malz na} `mlp|`}lc{ tlffllj}kn }hkz v`{.

Rkjiknf |r an }hl janjc|zkanz mt`vn kn jh`r}lt = janjltnknf }hln`tt`}kul janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce# vl z`v }h`} vhkcl jagranln}z ae anl‛zckel }tòlj}at{ nllm na} }ìl }hl eatg ae ` }t`mk}kan c z}at{# z|jh jagranln}zg|z} dl `gln`dcl }a jahltln} kn}ltrtl}`}kan d{ anl‛z tlffllj}kul l{l. Anlg|z} dl `dcl }a ffnm ` –ff}‗ dl}vlln }hl luln}z `nm lclgln}z ae ckel ‚ r`z}#rtlzln}# `nm e|}|tl ‚ vk}h }hl a}hlt e`j}atz ae anl‛z zajk`c lxkz}lnjl. Vhlnz|jh ` ff} kz |nù`kc`dcl# `nm }hkz |nù`kc`dkck}{ kz ffxlm `nm knu`tk`n} ault ` u`tkl}{ ae janmk}kanz# }hln anl j`nna} eatg at g`kn}`kn ` zl}}clm ga}ku`'}kan`c z}t|j}|tl9 anl kz et`j}|tlm `nm mkukmlm kn v`{z }h`} |nmltj|} `flnj{.E|t}hlt# anl j`nna} |zl }hl janz}t|j}kan ae z|jh ` n`tt`}kul }a fkul tl`zanz

}a a}hltz eat anl‛z rakn} ae uklv# anl‛z nllmz# `nm anl‛z u`c|l rltzrlj}kul. Vh`} kz tlclu`n} kz }h`} }hl j`tlz# jaggk}gln}z# `nm u`c|lz }h`} z}t|j}|tl

}hl tlffllj}kul o|mfgln}z janz}k}|}kul ae ` rltzan‛z rltzrlj}kul ‚ }hl zlce ae zlce'faultngln} ‚ `tl na} zkgrc{ ` z}`}kj zl} ae rtarazk}kanz# d|} ` }lgra't`cc{ lx}lnmlm g`}tkx ae lu`c|`}kan `nm adckf`}kan }h`} kz jagrtlhlnzkdcl(da}h }a hltzlce `nm }a a}hltz+ `z arlt`}knf (tlrl`}lmc{+ ault }kgl. K} gl`nz`cza }h`} }hl o|mfgln}z }h`} z|jh z}t|j}|tlz fta|nm `tl na} anl'afl luln}z#|njannlj}lm etag zkgkc`t# `nm zkgkc`tc{ o|z}kfflm# tlffllj}kanz vhkjh gìlzlnzl `z ` r`t} ae ` zlp|lnjl. Ke }hl rltzan gìlz ` t`mkj`c zhke} kn u`c|l

jaggk}gln} ‚ }hta|fh ` janultzkan lxrltklnjl# z`{# at d{ tlr|mk`}knf ` canf'z}`nmknf caulm anl ‚ }hl rz{jhkj tlultdlt`}kanz ae z|jh ` zhke} j`n dllxrc`knlm d{ }hkz mk`jhtankj `rrta`jh.40 Vhln anl jaglz }a }hl tl`ck`}kan}h`} anl j`n na canflt tlg`kn jaggk}}lm }a ` e|nm`gln}`c u`c|l et`gl'

vati# z|jh `z ` tlckfkan# anl malz na} zkgrc{ gìl ` jhakjl (}a jh`nfltlckfkanz+# eat kn tl`tt`nfknf anl‛z u`c|l rltzrlj}kul kn }hkz v`{# anl g|z}}hln tlkn}ltrtl} }hl u`c|l'jamlm lclgln}z ae anl‛z vatcm `z vlcc `z }hlg|c}k}|ml ae o|mfgln}z `nm jhakjlz kn anl‛z r`z} }h`} vltl zh`rlm d{ }hl

nav mle|nj} uklvrakn}.

40 Je. Mùkm Ulcclg`n‛z mkzj|zzkan ae Jhtkz}knl Iatzf``tm (Ulcclg`n 4225# jh. 04+# vhltl hl mkzj|zzlzhav t`mkj`c zhke}z kn anl‛z rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ knuaculz ` jh`nfl kn vha anl kz.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0=6



Kn }hkz ckfh}# tlj`cc }h`} vl `tl `zz|gknf }h`} }hl rz{jhkj `nm damkc{ jagranln}z ae }hl zlce j`n rc`|zkdc{ dl z`km }a hùl kttlm|jkdc{ zajk`c `nm

at kn}ltrltzan`c jagranln}z (`z mkzj|zzlm kn jh`r}lt 4+. ]hkz gl`nz }h`}}hl rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ f|kmknf tlffllj}kan hltl ‚ }hl rltzan‛z rakn} ae uklv ‚

arlt`}lz kn tlc`}kan }a lx}ltn`c e`j}atz# z|jh `z anl‛z tlc`}kan }a ` }t`mk}kan# ` zl} ae zajk`c rt`j}kjlz# r`t}kj|c`t tlc`}kanzhkrz `nm za an. ]hkz rltzrlj}kulj`n dljagl et`j}|tlm# }hln# vhln }hazl tlc`}kanz `tl mlz}ta{lm at mkzt|r'}lm. Ke anl vltl }a dl lxjagg|nkj }lm etag ` jh|tjh# eat knz}`njl# anl g`{

vlcc ellc ` mllr mkzatkln}`}kan kn anl‛z `dkck}{ }a mlckdlt`}l `nm o|mfltlckfka|z kzz|lz eat anlzlce. Kn g`n{ v`{z anl‛z rc`jl kn ` zajk`c zr`jlz}t|j}|tlz }hl gaml ae tlffllj}kan `nm o|mfgln} }h`} f|kmlz `j}kan `nm

hlnjl eatgz a|t rltzan`c rakn} ae uklv.K vkcc z`{ gatl kn ` gagln} `da|} }hkz kml` ae }hl rltzan`c rltzrlj}kul.

D|} }hlzl tlffllj}kanz knmkj`}l }hl v`{z kn vhkjh `ckln`}kan j`n zagl}kglz dlgatl ckil }a}`c mkzatkln}`}kan. ]h`} kz# vl j`n jan}t`z} j`zlz vhltl ` rltzantlffllj}z an ` e|nm`gln}`c u`c|l# jaggk}gln}# at ga}ku`}kan`c e`j}at `nmellcz tlr|czlm d{ k}# `z vk}h `n `mmkj}kan. ]hkz `ga|n}z }a janzkmltknf `n`zrlj} ae }hl –Gl'zlce ‗ `z vl mkzj|zzlm k} l`tcklt. D|} kn `mmk}kan# anl‛z –K'zlce ‗ ‚ }hl mk`jhtankj rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ }h`} zh`rlz anl‛z rltzrlj}kul#

z}t|j}|tlz glgat{# `nm f|kmlz }hl (tl'+janz}t|j}kan ae anl‛z `|}adkaft`rh'kj`c n`tt`}kul ‚ j`n k}zlce dl za et`j}|tlm at e|cc ae janfflkj} }h`} anl kz na

canflt `dcl }a ellc `} hagl kn }hl vatcm. ]hlzl `tl j`zlz vhltl lx}ltn`czajk`c at rltzan`c `zrlj}z ae anl‛z ckel `tl za t`mkj`cc{ jh`nflm }h`} }hlf|kmknf u`c|lz }h`} zh`rl anl‛z rltzrlj}kul `nm z}t|j}|tl anl‛z zlnzl ae zlce na canflt gìl zlnzl. ]hkz kz `cza ` g`ti ae ` c`ji ae `|}anag{# }ha|fh }hlza|tjl ae }h`} c`ji g`{ vlcc dl z|tta|nmknf zajk`c tlc`}kanz t`}hlt }h`n`n{}hknf kn}ltn`c }a }hl zlce.

K rakn} }hkz a|} dlj`|zl taag zha|cm dl g`ml eat `ziknf `da|} a|t

`|}anag{ tlc`}kul }a }hl gaz} d`zkj u`c|l jaggk}gln}z }h`} fta|nm a|t kmln}k}{. Da}h kn }hl rkljlgl`c g`nnlt vl mkzj|zzlm `daul d|} `cza kn }hkzzlnzl ae mkzatkln}`}kan K `g hltl mlzjtkdknf# vl j`n `jja|n} eat v`{z kn

vhkjh `n knmkukm|`c j`n c`ji `|}anag{ tlc`}kul }a }hl gaz} e|nm`gln}`ce`j}atz ae hlt rltzan`ck}{ `nm kmln}k}{ vhkcl na} `zz|gknf ` jagrcl}lc{ zlr`t`}lm –zlce ‗ }h`} z}`nmz dlhknm `cc z|jh jaggk}gln}z (`z vl mkzj|zzlm knjh`r}ltz 4 `nm 5 eat lx`grcl+. ]h`} z`km# eat }hl gaz} r`t} vl `tl janzkm'ltknf ` rltzan vk}h ` zl}}clm `nm e|cc{ e|nj}kanknf u`c|l et`glvati vha kz`dcl }a jtk}kj`cc{ tlffllj} an r`t}kj|c`t `zrlj}z ae hltzlce `nm `zi vhl}hlt }hl{ ff} kn}a }hkz u`c|l et`glvati ault }kgl vk}ha|} `ckln`}kan.

Kn `mmk}kan# k} kz kgrat}`n} }h`} }hl tlffllj}kul rtajlzz kn p|lz}kan# h{ra'}hl}kj`c }ha|fh k} kz# j`n f|`t`n}ll }hl –`fln}k`c `|}hatk}{ ‗ }h`} `|}anag{




tlp|ktlz. @z a}hltz hùl mkzj|zzlm# a|t tlffllj}kul zlculz ae}ln `j} gltlc{ `z ` jault'|r eat a|t gatl `|}hln}kj |tflz `nm nllmz.44 Gatlault# tlffllj}kan `} `

r`t}kj|c`t }kgl g`{ na} tlffllj} a|t zl}}clm `nm gatl mlulcarlm jh`t`j}lt `nm rltzan ck}{ ‚ vl g`{ dl }hkniknf kgr|czkulc{ eat lx`grcl. Kg`fknl ` rltzan vha kz tlolj}lm d{ ` canf'}ltg tag`n}kj r`t}nlt vha# cl} |z z`{#}`|fh} hlt }a rc`{ }hl rk`na. Kn ` t`fl# }hl rltzan }htavz a|} `cc hlt rk`nag|zkj `nm tlffllj}kulc{ ellcz `ckln`}lm etag `cc }hknfz `zzajk }lm vk}h g|zkj#luln }ha|fh g|zkj h`m jcl`tc{ dljagl `n kgrat}`n} r`t} ae hlt ckel. Z|jh ` rltzan g`{ vlcc na} dl `j}knf `|}anaga|zc{ luln ke `} }hl }kgl zhl fkulztlffllj}kul tl`zanz eat }htavknf a|} }hl g|zkj.

Vh`} kz nllmlm# }hln# kz anl e|t}hlt janmk}kan }a lnz|tl }hkz `fln}k`c`|}hatk}{. ]hkz nljlzzk}`}lz ` janmk}kan }h`} j`r}|tlz }hl tlp|ktlgln} }h`}a|t tlffllj}kanz ljha a|t rltzan`ck}klz# a|t jh`t`j}ltz# a|t lgdamklm zlculz#`nm a}hlt zl}}clm (`nm jln}t`c+ gamlz ae a|t kmln}k}klz.

@|}hln}kj tl ffl lj}kan

Z}`nm`tm jafnk}kul rz{jhacafkj c }hlatklz mlzjtkdl hav }hkniknf ajj|tz d{ v`{ ae zjtkr}z# zjhlg`z# hl|tkz}kjz# `nm et`glz. ]hlzl ffc}ltknf `nm atkln}knf

mlukjlz `ccav |z }a rtajlzz kneatg`}kan `nm kgrtlzzkanz kn jc|z}ltz knz}l`mae hùknf }a mlm|j}kulc{ knelt `n lnmclzz `tt`{ ae rtarazk}kanz `da|} }hl

vatcm vl lnja|n}lt kn a|t rltjlr}kanz.4: Tlj cc `cza vh`} vl z km kn jh`r}lt 4 `da|} }hl –zlce'zjhlg` ‗ d{ vhkjh rltzanz atf`nkl kneatg`}kan `da|}}hlgzlculz.4= ]hkz kz na} }hl zjhlg` ae a|tzlculz }h`} vl j`n rtam|jl |rantlffllj}kan ‚ }hl jan}ln} ae a|t zlce'tlrtlzln}`}kanz ‚ d|} t`}hlt }hl et`glz`nm gamlz ae }ha|fh} }h`} vl |}kckl kn gìknf }hazl ult{ tlffllj}kanz.]hkz kz }hl –K'zlce ‗ `nm na} }hl –Gl'zlce ‗. ]hkz uklv tleltz }a }hl gaml ae

}hkniknf# tlffl

lj}knf# `nm ellcknf }h`} lxrtlzzlz ` rltzan‛

z |nkp|l v`{ ae dlknf kn }hl vatcm. Eat zlult`c tl`zanz# }hkz v`{ ae rkjiknf a|} }hl `fln}k`c`|}hatk}{ ae tlffllj}kul o|mfgln}z kz z|rltkat }a `rrta`jhlz }h`} eaj|z an }hljan}ln} ae zlce'tlffllj}kan kn rkjiknf a|} }hl zl`} ae `flnj{ eat }hl rltzan.4<

44 Zll Etklmg`n 0;85 `nm ]h`cdltf 0;8;. Eat ` r`t`cclc cknl ae jtk}kjkzg# zll Dlnzan 0;;2.4: Eat ` flnlt`c mkzj|zzkan ae }hlzl janjlr}z# zll ]ultzi{ `nm I`hnlg`n 0;84. Eat `n aultuklv ae

rz{jhacafkj`c g`}ltk`c an }hl zlce# zll D`|glkz}lt 0;;8. Eat ` z|tul{ ae tljln} }hlatklz ae zlce'janjlr}#zll Tazz 0;;4.

4=

Zll# l.f.# G`ti|z `nm Ik}`{`g` 0;;0

.4< Et`nie|t}# eat lx`grcl# tleltz }a }hl –jan}ln}‗ ae a|t mllrlz} j`tlz `nm jaggk}gln}z `z }hl zl`} ae `flnj{# `z mkzj|zzlm `daul. Je. `cza Jhtkz}knl Iatzf` tm (0;;5+ vha zllz `flnj{ `z fta|nmlm kn ` rltzan‛z –rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{#‗ ` rakn} ae uklv vhkjh atkln}z tlffllj}kan an u c|lz `nm g`nkelz}z `n `zrlj}ae a|t zlce'janjlr}.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0=;



]hl |zl ae et`glz `nm zjtkr}z }a rtajlzz kneatg`}kan `da|} }hl vatcm `nma|tzlculz kz hkfhc{ knmkukm|`cklm `jjatmknf }a }hl `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`'

}kul vl `cc lgdam{ `nm lxrltklnjl. Vh`} vl j`n zkgrc{ c`dlc a|t –rltzan'`ck}{ ‗ kz }hl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj g`nnlt kn vhkjh vl atf`nkl }ha|fh}# atkln}

o|mfgln}# `nm tl`j} }a z}kg|ck. Z|jh ` rltzan`c z}{cl ae }hkniknf j`n dlg`tilm kn n|glta|z v`{z (}hl mlftll }a vhkjh anl kz kgr|czkul# mlckdlt`}l#z}|mklm# lga}kan c# `nm za an+. Vh`} kz kgrat}`n} hltl kz }h`} l`jh ae |z h`z` jlt}`kn r`}}ltn ae }hkniknf `nm tl`j}knf vhkjh# flnlt`cc{ zrlìknf# kz a|tz`canl9 k} g`tiz a|t jh`t`j}lt `nm rltzan`ck}{.45 ]hkz r`}}ltn mlulcarz ault }kgl `nm tlffllj}z }hl zajk`c jagranln}z ae a|t ckulz `z vlcc `z }hl zhke}z `nmtlnlv`cz }h`} jh`t`j}ltkl a|t `rrta`jh }a mljkzkan'gìknf# lga}kan# `nm

o|mfgln}. K} kz ` jagrazk}l janz}t|j}kan d`zlm an zajk`c `nm j|c}|t`c knr|}z(}hl kn}ltn`ck`}kan ae }hl –flnlt`cklm a}hlt ‗ `z zagl hùl r|} k}+.46

Z|jh jafnk}kul z}t|j}|tlz# vhln arlt`}kul kn lu`c|`}kul tlffllj}kan `da|}lk}hlt a|tzlculz at }hl vatcm# zltul }a atkln} `nm atmlt a|t o|mfgln}z kn

v`{z zkgkc`t }a vh`} Iatzf``tm h`z c`dlclm a|t –rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}klz.‗ Eat Iatzf``tm# a|t rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ kz jagrtkzlm ae }hazl u`c|lz `nm rtknjkrclz}h`} janz}k}|}l ` uklvrakn} }h`}# eat }hl `fln}# f|kmlz ` ckel }h`} zhl tlf`tmz`z u`c|`dcl. K} kz ` natg`}kul janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce jan}`knknf anl‛z f|kmknf

rtknjkrclz? k} kz –` mlzjtkr}kan |nmlt vhkjh {a| u`c|l {a|tzlce ‗ (Iatzf``tm#0;;5# 020+ Iatzf``tm z|fflz}z }h`} z|jh ` natg`}kul et`glvati kz anl }h`}}hl `fln} }hata|fhc{ lnmatzlz `z u`c|`dcl.

]hkz `ga|n}z }a zllknf anl‛z d`zkj jaggk}gln}z `z r`t} ae }hl –K'zlce ‗ ‚

}hl lxlj|}kul e|nj}kan d{ ukt}|l ae vhkjh tlffllj}kul o|mfgln} kz g`ml#t`}hlt }h`n }hl zl} ae e`j}atz vhkjh anl j`n janzkmlt kn}tazrlj}kulc{ `nmrlth`rz mkzr`zzkan`}lc{. Nav }hkz kz na} }a z`{ }h`} anl‛z d`zkj jaggk}'gln}z `tl kgg|nl etag tlffllj}kul lu`c|`}kan# d|} }h`} k} kz ` gkz}ìl }a}hkni }h`} kn }hlkt gaz} d`zkj eatg# z|jh jaggk}gln}z j`n dl dta|fh}

dleatl a|t gknm‛z l{l# ckil }hl e`j} }h`} K `g }hkz hlkfh} at hùl }hkz l{ljacat ‚ `nm janzkmltlm etag ` rakn} ae uklv `r`t} etag }hlg. Lxjlr} knzrljk c j`zlz (`nm kn ` rkljlgl`c e`zhkan+# z|jh jaggk}gln}z eatg }hl rakn}ae uklv }h`} lnf`flz kn }hkz tlffllj}kul `j}kuk}{.

Ulcclg`n fl}z jcazl }a }hkz rakn}? hl vtk}lz }h`} }hl –zlce ‗ ae zlce'faultngln} kz ckil }hl ukz|`c rakn} ae uklv etag vhkjh `cc (natg`cc{ zkfh}lm+ uklvknf ae }hl vatcm lx}lnmz. K} kz ` rakn}# ckil anl‛z jln}lt ae ftùk}{# vhkjh kz anc{ `n `dz}t`j}kan# k} kz na} ` e|nj}kanknf atf`n at rc`jl#

45 Je. Tkjh`tm Ma|dcl‛z tleltlnjl }a ` –g`n`flgln} z}{cl‗ (Ma|dcl 0;;4+.46 Zll# l.f.# Gl`m 0;:= . Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz `rrta`jh }a }hl zlce janjlr}# zll# l.f.# D|tik}} 0;;0# 48‚<= .

0<2 ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



lx`j}c{. K} kz – vhltl vl `tl‗ vhln vl caai a|} an}a }hl vatcm. Zkgkc`tc{#hl vtk}lz?

Ke }hltl kz ` r`t} ae {a|t rltzan`ck}{ vk}h vhkjh {a| nljlzz`tkc{ }hkni `da|} }hknfz#}hln k} vkcc dl {a|t gln}`c z}`nmrakn}# `cv`{z rtlzln}knf ` tlffllxkul `zrlj} ae {a|t }ha|fh}. [a| vkcc dl `dcl }a }hkni `da|} }hkz r`t} ae {a|t rltzan`ck}{ `z –k}#‗ d|}anc{ etag ` rltzrlj}kul an vhkjh k} jan}kn|lz }a e|nj}kan `z }hl }hkniknf –K‗ ‚ o|z}`z {a| j`n ffnm ` tlffllj}kan ae {a|t ukz|`c caj`}kan –ault }hltl‗ anc{ etag ` rltzrlj}kul kn vhkjh k} kz `cza –d`ji hltl.‗ (Ulcclg`n 4225# :<8+

Kn `mmk}kan# }hl rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}klz }h`} f|kml a|t tlffllj}kul lu c|`}kanz kn}hkz v`{ ma gatl }h`n rtaukml ` rtarazk}kan`c d`zkz eat `tf|gln}z kn

z|rrat} ae a|t cavlt'atmlt o|mfgln}z# z|jh `z a|t mljkzkanz }a }tl`}r`t}kj|c`t mlzktlz `z `j}kan'f|kmknf. Rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}klz ae}ln ma rlteatg}hkz e|nj}kan# eat lx`grcl vhln }hl{ `tl mlffnlm d{ rtknjkrclz }h`} j`n dl|zlm kn rt`j}kj`c z{ccafkzgz jagrtkzknf a|t tl`zanz eat `j}kanz. D|} gatl}h`n }hkz# d`zkj jaggk}gln}z ae }hkz zat} rlteatg vh`} vl j`n j`cc `natkln}knf e|nj}kan? }hl{ atmlt }hl gat`c vatcm kn ` v`{ }h`} zl}z }hl z}`fl eat a|t lu`c|`}kanz }hlgzlculz. Gatlault# zknjl }hlzl arlt`}l ault }kgl `nmknjc|ml glgatklz `z vlcc `z rc`nz `nm }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm tlffllj}kanz# }hl{ zha|cm gatl `jj|t`}lc{ dl tlelttlm }a –mk`jhtankj rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}klz.‗

Havlult# k} zha|cm `f`kn dl z}tlzzlm }h`} lgdamkgln} `nm rh{zkj`ck}{ ae}ln hùl `z g|jh }a ma vk}h kmln}k}{ `nm |nkp|lnlzz `z ma gamlz ae }ha|fh}. @ rltzan vha jc`kgz }a dl |nèt`km d|} zhkultz `nm javltz `} }hlz`gl }kgl kz na} lxrtlzzknf `n `|}hln}kj zlce'o|mfgln}. Janzkmlt `cza }hl

v`{ anl‛z flnmlt# anl‛z ault`cc rh{zkj`c `dkck}klz# anl‛z t`jl# zlx|`ck}{# `nm zaan# g`{ zh`rl anl‛z rltzrlj}kul `nm hlnjl anl‛z tlffllj}kanz. @z vl hùlna}lm# lgdamkgln} kz ` r`t} ae a|t zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf# zlce'rtlzln}`}kan#`nm zlce'zjhlg` }h`} j`nna} dl lckgkn`}lm `nm zha|cm na} dl gknkgklm.48

Havlult# k} kz ` gkz}ìl# K }hkni# }a fa `z e`t `z gìknf damkc{ jagrat}'gln}# z}{cl# `nm rh{zkj`ck}{ }hl zl`} ae `flnj{ k}zlce# `} cl`z} knzae`t `z }hkzgkfh} janfflkj} vk}h }hl rltzan‛z ault} lxrtlzzkan `nm zl}}clm knnlt tlffllj'}kanz. Vl jlt}`knc{ inav ae j`zlz vhltl rlarcl‛z vatmz `nm tlffllj}kanz dlckl}hlkt }t|l ga}kulz# `nm }h`} z|jh ga}kulz `tl lxrtlzzlm d{ damkc{ gaulgln}`nm eatg. D|} }ìknf ` rltzan‛z `nna|njlm (`nm tlffllj}kul+ rtlzln}`}kan ae hlt u`c|lz `nm mlzktlz ault vh`}lult `c}ltn`}kul glzz`fl hlt dam{ gkfh} dllxrtlzzknf kz jt|jk`c eat kn}ltrltzan`c tlzrlj}. Gltlc{ janzkmlt }hl rht`zl–{a|t vatmz z`{ na d|} {a|t dam{ }lccz gl {lz ‥‗ }a zll }hl m`nflt kn

janjc|mknf a}hltvkzl. Za vhkcl k} g|z} dl `jinavclmflm }h`} damkc{ 48 Zll# eat lx`grcl# D`klt 0;8<. Zll `cza Jaml 0;;0. Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll G`jilnkl `nm Z}aco t

4222`# 5‚6.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0<0



jagrat}gln} kz ` il{ lxrtlzzkan ae a|t rltzan`ck}{ `nm hlnjl a|t `flnj{# vl zha|cm }ìl }hl tlffllj}kul |nmltz}`nmknf ae a|tzlculz# ffl`vlm }ha|fh }h`}

kz# `z mlffnk}kul ae }h`} `flnj{ kn }hl lnm.4;]hkz kz }a tlz}`}l }hl raz}k}kan K c`km a|} kn jh`r}lt 5 `daul# vhltl K

jc`kglm }h`} }hl j`r`jk}{ `nm }hl rt`j}kjl ae zlce'tlffllj}kan kz jt|jk`c knzrljke{knf `|}anag{ mlzrk}l }hl v`{z kn vhkjh gamlcz ae }hl zlce arlt`}kulkn }hlzl jan}lx}z `zz|gl ` }hata|fhc{ lgdamklm zlce. Na} anc{ ma vl `ccav a|t rh{zkj`ck}{ }a tlg`kn jln}t`c }a vh`} ja|n}z `z }hl –zlce ‗ kn }hlzl `tln`z#

vl `cza `ccav taag eat }hl v`{z }h`} zajk`c g`tiltz ae kmln}k}{ e|nj}kankn }hl zrljkffj`}kan ae }h`} lgdamkgln}. D|} }hl kgrckj`}kanz ae a|t kn}ln}kanz# jaggk}gln}z# u`c|lz# `nm mlzktlz j`n janfflkj}# za }h`} ke damklz janul{ (}a a|tzlculz `nm }a adzltultz+ jlt}`kn gl`nknfz d|} a|t tlffllj}kul zlce'tlrat}z janul{ a}hltz# }hl `rrta`jh }a `|}anag{ mlelnmlmhltl }ìlz }hl c`}}lt `z (eat }hlzl r|trazlz+ `|}hatk}`}kul. Kn `mmk}kan }a }hlkn}|k}kul `tf|gln} o|z} g`ml# vl hùl }a tlj`cc }hl e|nj}kan`c tacl }h`}`}}tkd|}kanz ae `|}anag{ rc`{ kn rack}kj`c }hlat{ ae }hl zat} ln`j}lm hltl?zlce'tlffllj}kan kz jt|jk`c kn }hl rtajlzz ae ml}ltgknknf `nm jagg|nkj`}knf a|t tl`zanz (eat jaggk}gln}z# u`c|lz# `nm za an+# tl`zanz }h`} kn}lt`j} vk}ha}hltz‛ tl`zanz kn rtajlzzlz ae zajk`c nlfa}k`}kanz. ]hl clfk}kg`j{ ae z|jh

nlfa}k`}kanz# `z r`t} ae }hl rtajlzz ae mlgajt`}kj mlckdlt`}kan jt|jk`c eat o|z}kjl# kz mlrlnmln} an }hl `|}anag{ ae r`t}kjkr`n}z `nm hlnjl }hlkt j`r`jk}{ }a tlffllj} kn rtam|jknf `nm jagg|nkj`}knf }hazl tl`zanz.

Hav# }hln# gkfh} vl lxrtlzz }hl tlp|ktlgln} }h`} `|}anag{'rtlzltuknf tlffllj}kan `tkzlz etag }hl `fln}‛z jh`t`j}ltkz}kj gaml ae }hkniknf `nm ellc'knf1 ]hl }lz} gkfh} dl dlz} lxrtlzzlm }hkz v`{? `|}anag{ janjltnz tlffllj}lm

o|mfgln} tlrl`}lm ault ` u`tkl}{ ae jktj|gz}`njlz . Z|jh tlrl`}lm (at tlrl`}'`dcl+ tlffllj}kanz knz}`n}k`}l }hl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj gaml ae }hkniknf `nm gauknf }h`} }hl zlce'zjhlg` lgdamklz. Vl g|z}# }hltleatl# tlp|ktl }h`} }hl tlffllj'

}kan mlffnk}kul ae `|}anag{ dl z|jh }h`} k} va|cm {klcm }hl z`gl tlz|c} ke tlrl`}lm ault ` u`tkl}{ ae janmk}kanz. Vl ja|cm `ddtluk`}l }hkz zat} ae z|z}`knlm jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan `z ZJT.

Jtk}kj`c zlce'tlffllj}kan tlrl`}lm kn ` u`tkl}{ ae jan}lx}z vk}h zkgkc`t lu`c|`}kul tlz|c}z ja|n}z `z ZJT. @fln}k`c `|}hatk}{ kz zlj|tlm uk` ZJT# Kz|dgk}# dlj`|zl z|jh tlffllj}kan g`nkelz}z rltzan`ck}{ `nm mkzrazk}kanz#

4; Kn a}hlt vati K mlelnm }hl uklv }h`} tlffllj}kul zlce'lxrtlzzkan zha|cm dl }ìln `z }hl zl`} ae `flnj{

luln }ha|fh vl inav }h`} rlarcl `tl z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ zlce'mlc|mlm `da|} }hlkt avn mlzktlz. ]hl jatl ae }hl `tf|gln} kz }h`} a|}v`tm lxrtlzzkanz ae u`c|l jaggk}gln}z e|nj}kan kn }hl fkul `nm }ìl ae tl`zanz }h`} janz}k}|}l mlckdlt`}kan `nm zajk`c kn}lt`j}kan# `nm k} kz kn }hkz rtajlzz }h`} }hl jh`t`j}lt'kz}kj ae `|}anag{ kz mlzkfnlm }a e|nj}kan. Zll Jhtkz}g`n 422<. ]hkz g`tiz ` zrljkffj jan}t`z}# eat lx`grcl# vk}h Gl{ltz‛z uklv. Zll Gl{ltz 422<.




r`}}ltnz ae o|mfgln}# lga}kan`c }lnmlnjklz# `nm damkc{ jagrat}gln}(knzae`t `z damklz `tl da}h }hl adolj} ae `nm r`t}k`cc{ z}t|j}|tl z|jh

tlffllj}kan+. ]hl kml` kz }h`} vhln ` rltzan tlffllj}z an ` }t`k} ault }kgl`nm kn ` u`tkl}{ ae zl}}knfz `nm jan}lx}z# `cv`{z {klcmknf nlk}hlt `ckln`}kannat tlolj}kan# z|jh tlffllj}kan knmkj`}lz }hl iknm ae zl}}clm jh`t`j}lt }h`}`|}anaga|z `flnj{ g`nkelz}z. ]h`} kz# }hlzl z|z}`knlm tlffllj}kanz lxrtlzz}hl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj gaml ae }hkniknf# lgdamkgln}# `nm ellcknf }h`} }hl`fln}‛z zlce'zjhlg` g`nkelz}z. ]hkz uklv `ccavz eat }hl aduka|z e`j} }h`}a|t zlce'zjhlg` kz zag`}kj `z vlcc `z gln}`c# p|`ckfflm d{ }hl rakn} o|z} g`ml}h`} zlce'tlffllj}kan }t|grz damkc{ lxrtlzzkan vhln }hl{ janfflkj}. Za }hljanjlr}|`c }lz} eat `|}anag{ kn }hkz tlf`tm kz nan'`ckln`}kan |ran z|z'}`knlm jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan. D|} }hkz lxrtlzzlz# kn }hl dta`m `tt`{ ae j`zlz# a|t lgdamklm kmln}k}{ `nm jh`t`j}ltkz}kj gaml ae }hkniknf. Eat }hlzl tl`zanz#zlce'tlffllj}kan ae }hl zat} mlg`nmlm ae `|}anag{ j`ttklz vk}h k} }hl `fln}k`c`|}hatk}{ mlg`nmlm ae z|jh ` uklv.

Janzkmlt `f`kn# d{ jagr`tkzan# Dt`}g`n‛z rc`nnknf uklv ae `flnj{.Eat Dt`}g`n# jlt}`kn hkfhlt'atmlt `}}k}|mlz arlt`}l za `z }a ml}ltgknl

vhkjh mlzktlm lnmz }a }tl`} `z o|z}ke{knf janzkmlt`}kanz kn ga}ku`}kan`cc{ lfl lj}kul mlckdlt`}kan (Dt`}g`n# 4226# 020+. Vl gln}kanlm l`tcklt }h`} `}

anl rakn} hl jc`kglm }h`} }hkz arlt`}kan `ga|n}lm }a –mljkmknf ‗ }a }tl`} ` cavlt'atmlt mlzktl `z ` tl`zan (Dt`}g`n 0;;;# 08<‚425+. D|} `z vl hùl`tf|lm (`nm Dt`}g`n nav `ftllz+ ga}ku`}kan`cc{ lfl lj}kul tlffllj}kanz }h`}janelt `fln}k`c `|}hatk}{ an cavlt'atmlt ga}ku`}kanz kn `j}kan nllm na}hùl lult knuaculm ` mljkzkan }a `mar} }hlg. Knmllm# tleltlnjl }a ` mljkzkan `cv`{z t`kzlz }hl zrlj}lt ae ` tlftlzz# zknjl }hl `|}hatk}{ dlhknm}h`} mljkzkan g|z} dl gamlclm kn ` v`{ }h`} knuk}lz `na}hlt atmlt ae tlffllj}kan. D|} }hl tlftlzz kz ùakmlm hltl na} anc{ dlj`|zl jhakjl kz na}nljlzz`tkc{ knuaculm d|} `cza dlj`|zl# eat Dt`}g`n# }hlzl hkfhlt'atmlt

`}}k}|mlz tlrtlzln} }hl }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm `flnj{ ae }hl rltzan.:2 ]hl v`{ K r|} ta|fhc{ }hl z`gl rakn} hltl kz }h`} tlffllj}kanz (h{ra}hl}kj`c}ha|fh }hl{ `tl+ da}h tlc{ |ran `nm janz}t|j} kn `n anfaknf g`nnlt }hl`|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul }h`} eatgz }hl zlce# a|t mk`jhtankj rt`j}kj`ckmln}k}{.

Nav zagl hùl `tf|lm }h`} }hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ kgrc`|zkdc{ tlp|ktlz }h`} vl `tl }t`nzr`tln} }a a|tzlculz# }h`} vl hùl `n`jj|t`}l rkj}|tl ae a|t }t|l ga}ku`}kanz `nm rz{jhacafkj`c hkz}atklz# vhln

:2 ]hl{ ma za dlj`|zl Dt`}g`n `mar}z ` dta`mc{ Cajil`n uklv ae rltzan`c kmln}k}{ z|jh }h`} `}}k}|mlz}h`} `tl jannlj}lm d{ v`{ ae glgat{ at `n}kjkr`}kan fta|nm }hl kmln}k}{ ae }hl rltzan ault }kgl(Dt`}g`n 4226+.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0<:



jcl`tc{ vl ma na}.:0 D|} }hl uklv K `g mlelnmknf hltl nllm na} tlp|ktl z|jhzlce'}t`nzr`tlnj{# `} cl`z} na} kn `n{ g`nnlt }h`} a}hlt `jja|n}z tlp|ktknf

zlce'tlffllj}kan va|cm na} `cza mlg`nm. ]hl rltzan‛z janjlr}kan ae hav zhlj`gl }a `mar} ` mlzktl at u`c|l jaggk}gln} nllm anc{ dl gknkg`cc{ `mlp|`}l `z `n `jja|n} ae hlt zlce'mlulcargln}# kn }hl zlnzl }h`} k} dljanzkz}ln} vk}h `jjlr}lm lukmlnjl `nm inavn j`|z`c zlp|lnjlz. K} nllm na}dl }hl ffn`c at gaz} d`zkj mlzjtkr}kan ae hlt rz{jhacaf{ ault }kgl. Za }hlhkz}atkj`c jagranln} kn k}z e|cc eatg va|cm tl`m –` rltzan kz na} `ckln`}lm|ran z|z}`knlm tlffllj}kan kn ckfh} ae }hl hkz}at{ ae }hl mlulcargln} ae }hle`j}at `nm }hkz hkz}at{ kz ` gknkg`cc{ `mlp|`}l `jja|n}.‗

Vl hùl na}lm }h`} jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan ae }hl zat} dlknf mlg`nmlm hltl kz ` iknm ae o|mfgln} }h`} knuaculz da}h jafnk}kul `nm ` fl lj}kul lclgln}z. K} kz ` iknm ae dta`m janzkmlt`}kan ae `zrlj}z ae anlzlce kn ckfh} ae anl‛z hkz}at{.D|} cl} |z rtlzz e|t}hlt? kz }hkz ` o|mfgln} `da|} vh`} va|cm dl dlz}# at ` ml}ltgkn`}kan ae vh`} kn e`j} vl `tl 1 Knzae`t `z }hl jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan K `gmlzjtkdknf hltl knuaculz ` ft`zr ae anl‛z hkz}at{# }hln }hl o|mfgln} knp|lz}kan kz vhl}hlt }hl e`j}at dlknf janzkmltlm j`n dl }ìln kn `z r`t} ae }hlrltzan‛z ault`cc zlce'n`tt`}kul9 vhl}hlt }hl rltzan j`n `jjlr} }hkz r`t} ae hltzlce (vk}ha|} `ckln`}kan+ `z r`t} ae `n `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul zhl

lgdamklz `nm ln`j}z. Anl kz na} zkgrc{ `ziknf vhl}hlt }hkz e`j}at kz dlz} eat ` rltzan }a hùl kn flnlt`c# nat kz anl `ziknf gltlc{ vhl}hlt anl kn e`j}lgdamklz k}. T`}hlt anl kz `ziknf vhl}hlt K j`n }ìl }hkz `z r`t} ae g{ anfaknf `|}adkaft`rh{# caaiknf `} g{ r`z} `z vlcc `z rtaolj}knf kn}a }hle|}|tl# `nm ùakm }hl ellcknfz ae tlzkz}`njl `nm tlolj}kan jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ae `ckln`}kan. ]hltleatl# –jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan‗ hltl tleltz }a }hl janzkmlt`}kan ae }hl e`j}at `z `n anfaknf r`t} ae anl‛z zlce'n`tt`}kul.

Nav dleatl ta|nmknf a|} }hl jagranln}z ae }hl gamlc# vl g|z} `mm ` janmk}kan }h`} j`r}|tlz }hl kml` }h`} `|}anaga|z `fln}z `tl jagrl}ln} `fln}z# kn }hl v`{ }h`} zlult`c }hlatkz}z ae `|}anag{ hùl z}tlzzlm.:4

]hltl `tl ` u`tkl}{ ae zikccz `nm `dkck}klz }h`} `tl e|nm`gln}`c }a `j}knf kn}ln}kan cc{ }h`} g|z} dl knjc|mlm `z r`t} ae }hl tlp|ktlgln}z eat `|}anag{. ]hl `dkck}{ }a lfl lj}kulc{ eatg kn}ln}kanz }a `j}# }hln# `canf

vk}h }hl u`tka|z zikccz }h`} }hkz tlp|ktlz# g|z} dl zlln `z nljlzz`t{ eat `|}anag{. K} g|z} dl na}lm e|t}hlt }h`} }hl `dkck}{ }a `j} ‚ z|jjlzze|cc{ `nm `z rc`nnlm ‚ j`nna} dl vh`} vl gl`n hltl. K `g ae}ln rtluln}lm etag`j}knf at jagrcl}knf g{ rc`nz dlj`|zl ae }hl h`rrlnz}`njl ae g{ z|t'

ta|nmknf jktj|gz}`njlz. Z|jh jktj|gz}`njlz jlt}`knc{ gìl gl clzz etll (kn

:0 Zll# eat lx`grcl# G`jilnkl `nm Z}aco`t 4222`# 05.:4 Zll# l.f.# @}iknz 422= 9 Glcl 0;;<9 Gl{ltz 0;8;9 `nm Azh`n` 4225# 65‚85.

0<= ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



` jlt}`kn zlnzl ae etllmag+# d|} }hl{ ma na} gìl gl clzz `|}anaga|z# `}cl`z} ke }hkz c`}}lt }ltg kz }a tl}`kn `n{ ae k}z janjlr}|`c mkz}knj}kulnlzz. Za

}hl jagrl}lnjl janmk}kanz eat `|}anag{ gltlc{ tlelt }a }hl lfl lj}kul `dkck}{ }a eatg kn}ln}kanz }a `j} d|} na} }a jagrcl}l z|jh `j}kanz.

G{ eaj|z kn }hkz jh`r}lt kz gatl an janmk}kanz ae `|}hln}kjk}{ t`}hlt }h`njagrl}lnjl# za }hl `jja|n} ae jagrl}lnjl K fkul hltl kz jcl`tc{ knjag'rcl}l.:: Havlult# z|jl k} }a z`{ }h`} ` jagrl}ln} `fln} kz gknkg`cc{ t`}kan`c (vhltl# eat lx`grcl# hlt mlzktlz `nm rc`nz jan}`kn na g`nkelz}jan}t`mkj}kanz }h`} ja|cm dl l`zkc{ dta|fh} }a janzjka|znlzz+# zhl mkzrc`{zgknkg`c zlce'jan}tac# `nm kz flnlt`cc{ `dcl }a eatg lfl lj}kul kn}ln}kanz }h`}kn }hl `dzlnjl ae lx}ltn`c d`ttkltz cl`m }a jagrcl}lm `j}kan.

]a z|gg`tkl }hl janmk}kanz mkzj|zzlm hltl# `|}anag{ j`n dl zrljkfflm`z ad}`knknf ke }hl eaccavknf janmk}kanz hacm (`z lc`dat`}lm kn }hl rtluka|zmkzj|zzkan+? Tlc`}kul }a zagl jh`t`j}ltkz}kj J# vhltl J tleltz }a d`zkjatf`nkknf u`c|lz `nm jaggk}gln}z# `|}anag{ ad}`knz ke?

(D`zkj Tlp|ktlgln}z ‚ Jagrl}lnjl+?0. ]hl rltzan kz jagrl}ln} }a lfl lj}kulc{ eatg kn}ln}kanz }a `j} an }hl d`zkz ae

J. ]h`} kz# zhl lnoa{z }hl `tt`{ ae jagrl}lnjlz }h`} `tl tlp|ktlm eat hlt }anlfa}k`}l zajk`cc{# damkc{# ` fl lj}kulc{# `nm jafnk}kulc{ kn v`{z nljlzz`t{ }a eatg

lfl

lj}kul kn}ln}kanz an }hl d`zkz ae J94. ]hl rltzan h`z }hl flnlt`c j`r`jk}{ }a jtk}kj`cc{ tlffllj} an J `nm a}hlt d`zkjga}ku`}knf lclgln}z ae hlt rz{jhkj `nm damkc{ gìl'|r9 `nm

(H{ra}hl}kj`c Tlffllj}kan Janmk}kan ‚ @|}hln}kjk}{+?:. Vltl }hl rltzan }a lnf`fl kn z|z}`knlm jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan an J ault ` u`tkl}{ ae

janmk}kanz kn ckfh} ae }hl hkz}atkj`c rtajlzzlz (`mlp|`}lc{ mlzjtkdlm+ }h`} fùltkzl }a J9 `nm

= . Zhl va|cm na} dl `ckln`}lm etag J kn }hl zlnzl ae ellcknf `nm o|mfknf }h`} Jj`nna} dl z|z}`knlm `z r`t} ae `n `jjlr}`dcl `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul atf`n'klm d{ hlt mk`jhtankj rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{9 `nm

<. ]hltlffllj}kan dlknf kg`fknlm kz na} janz}t`knlm d{ tlffllj}kan'mkz}at}knf e`j}atz.

Ke anl rtleltz rtazl (`cdlk} t`}hlt knlclf`n} rtazl+# vl j`n z|gg`tkl }hluklv }hkz v`{? @|}anag{ knuaculz jagrl}lnjl `nm `|}hln}kjk}{9 `|}hln'}kjk}{ knuaculz nan'`ckln`}kan |ran (hkz}atkj`cc{ zlnzk}kul# `mlp|`}l+ zlce'tlffllj}kan# fkuln anl‛z mk`jhtankj rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ `nm anl‛z razk}kan kn }hl

vatcm. ]a lc`dat`}l? –`ckln`}kan‗ kz `j}kul tlzkz}`njl }a }hl e`j}at kn p|lz'}kan9 –zlnzk}kuk}{ }a hkz}at{ ‗ knuaculz }hl tlp|ktlgln} }h`} vl `jjlr} }hl

:: Eat ` flnlt`c mkzj|zzkan ae }hl tlc`}kan dl}vlln t`}kan`ck}{ `nm `|}anag{# zll# eat lx`grcl# Dltaezi{#0;;<# jhz. 5 `nm 6. Eat ` mkzj|zzkan ae zlce'jan}tac `nm `|}anag{# zll Glcl 0;;<# r`t} K. Eat ` mkzj|zzkan ae a}hlt `|}anag{'tlc }lm jagrl}lnj{ zikccz# zll Gl{ltz 0;8;# r`t} KK# zlj}kan = `nm @}iknz4228# jh. 6.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0<<



e`j}at kn ckfh} ae hav k} j`gl }a dl r`t} ae a|t rz{jhkj ljanagklz9 –|ran ‥

zlce tlffllj}kan‗ tleltz }a h{ra}hl}kj`c tlffllj}kan kn }hl n`ttav ja|n}lte`j}|`c

zlnzl ae tlffllj}kan vltl vl }a }|tn a|t `}}ln}kan }a }hl e`j}at `nm `cc lczlz}`{lm janz}`n}9 –`mlp|`}l‗ zlce'tlffllj}kan knuaculz jagrl}ln} jtk}kj`c`rrt`kz`c }h`} va|cm tlg`kn janz}`n} ault ` u`tkl}{ ae janmk}kanz9 –mk`'jhtankj rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ ‗ tleltz }a anl‛z `j}kan'f|kmknf `}}k}|mlz# u`c|lz#`nm rtknjkrclz }h`} atkln} tlffllj}kan `nm `tl jln}t`c }a a|t `|}adkaft`rhkj`cn`tt`}kulz ‚ }hl –K'zlce ‗ ‚ `nm `tl z}t|j}|tlm d{ (u`tk`dcl+ zajk`c lclgln}z `z

vlcc `z anl‛z rh{zkj`c lgdamkgln}.:=

]hlzl `tl gl`n} flnlt`cc{ `z z|jkln} janmk}kanz eat `|}anag{. ]hl{ zha|cm dl |nmltz}aam `z lc`dat`}lm kn }hl canflt mkzj|zzkan ae l`jh jan'

mk}kan `daul. ]a e|t}hlt zhatl |r z|rrat} eat }hkz `rrta`jh# havlult# cl} |zjanzkmlt zagl cknlz ae jtk}kjkzgz }h`} hùl dlln t`kzlm da|} zkgkc`t uklvz at l`tcklt ultzkanz ae g{ avn uklv. ]hkz vkcc `ccav |z }a mkzj|zz z}kcc e|t}hlt }hlgl`nknf ae }hlzl mlzkmlt`}`.

k u . e | t } h l t m l e l n z l a e } h l h k z } a t k j ` c ` r r t a ` j h

]va cknlz ae `tf|gln} eat `n hkz}atkj c mkglnzkan }a `|}anag{ hùl dlln

dta`jhlm hltl# anl zrljkffj `nm anl p|k}l flnlt`c. ]hl flnlt`c janzkmlt'`}kan kz }hkz? h|g`n `fln}z `tl mk`jhtankj# mlulcarknf dlknfz vhazl ckulz `tlz}t|j}|tlm kn ` iknm ae n`tt`}kul vhkjh |neacmz ault }kgl9 }a j`r}|tl }hl kml` ae zlce'faultngln} rtarltc{# `}}ln}kan g|z} dl r`km }a }hkz mk`jhtankjn`}|tl ae zlculz. ]hl zrljkffj jc`kg kz }h`} –}kgl'zckjl‗ (nan'hkz}atkj`c+`jja|n}z ae `|}anag{ `cc e`jl }hl mkj|c}{ }h`} ` rltzan vha gll}z `cc}hl j|ttln} janmk}kanz ae zlce'lnmatzlgln} at jagrl}lnjl }hl{ zl} a|}nlult}hlclzz ja|cm dl rc`jlm kn}a }h`} janmk}kan d{ g`nkr|c`}kul# lx}ltn`c(hlnjl hl}ltanaga|z+ e`j}atz9 za hkz}atkj`c janzkmlt`}kanz `tl jt|jk`c.

[l} }hltl hùl dlln zlult`c vtk}ltz vha hùl zrljkffj`cc{ }`tfl}lm hkz}at'kj`c `jja|n}z ae `|}anag{ eat jtk}kjkzg. Dltn`tm Dltaezi{# eat lx`grcl# h`z`tf|lm }h`} luln ke vl mlg`nm t`}kan`c zlce'tlffllj}kan `z ` janmk}kan ae `|}anag{# z|jh tlffllj}kan nllm gìl na tleltlnjl }a }hl hkz}at{ ae }hlrltzan vhazl `|}anag{ kz kn p|lz}kan. Ke j|ttln} jhakjlz adl{ ` e|cc{

vatilm'a|} tlp|ktlgln} ae vh`} K `g j`ccknf hltl jagrl}lnjl (Dltaezi{ c`dlcz k} –adolj}kuk}{ ‗+# }hltl kz na nllm }a tlelt e|t}hlt }a }hl rtajlzzlz d{

:= R|}}knf }hkz c`z} lclgln} kn }hkz eatg gìlz }hl zkgkc`tk}klz vk}h Dt`}g`n‛z rc`nnknf gamlc ae zlce'faultn`njl gatl `rr`tln}# kn }h`} mk`jhtankj rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}klz hltl mlzjtkdlm `tl na}`dc{ zkgkc`t }a

vh`} Dt`}g`n tleltz }a `z zlce'faultnknf rackjklz. Zll Dt`}g`n 4226.




vhkjh }hl `fln} j`gl }a `mar} }hl }t`k} kn p|lz}kan `nm# }hltleatl# }a hlt `}}k}|ml }av`tm }hazl rtajlzzlz (Dltaezi{ 0;;<# jhz. 5 `nm ;+.:<

R`t} ae }hl j`zl hl gìlz eat }hkz janjc|zkan r`t`cclcz rakn}z g`ml `dauljanjltnknf }hl atkfkn`c eatg|c`}kan ae }hl hkz}atkj c `jja|n}? ` rltzan j`nmlzrkzl }hl r`t}kj|c`t g`nnlt kn vhkjh zhl j`gl }a mlulcar ` r`t}kj|c`t mlzktl d|} nlult}hlclzz `jjlr} k} `z ` u`c|lm r`t} ae hlt j|ttln} rltzan`ck}{.]hl tlukzlm ultzkan ae }hl uklv z}`}lm hltl# havlult# ùakmz }hkz mkj|c}{#zknjl }hl rltzan g|z} dl `ckln`}lm etag }hl j|ttln} mlzktl kn ckfh} ae k}z}`kn}lm r`z}# d|} hlt o|mfgln} ae }hl r`z} zkgrckjk}lt kz na} mkzrazk}kul. D|}Dltaezi{ `cza t`kzlz ` gatl flnlt`c vatt{ `da|} hkz}atkj`c janmk}kanz vhkjhj`n dl dta|fh} a|} }hkz v`{? vl j`n kg`fknl da}h }h`} ` rltzan j`n cl`m `n

`|}anaga|z ckel }h`} `tkzlz etag hl}ltanaga|z rtajlzzlz `nm }h`} ` rltzanj`n cl`m ` hl}ltanaga|z ckel }h`} tlz|c}z etag `|}anaga|z rtajlzzlz.

]hl fftz} razzkdkck}{ kz lxlgrckfflm d{ `n{ rltzan vha mlulcarz d{ v`{ ae arrtlzzkul# tlffllj}kan'knhkdk}knf rtajlzzlz ‚ z}tkj} jhkcmtl`tknf }ljhnkp|lzeat lx`grcl ‚ d|} vha jaglz }a lxhkdk} e|cc{ knmlrlnmln} `nm t`}kan`cj`r`jk}klz eat ffllxkdcl jhakjl `z `n `m|c}. ]hl ja|tzl ae ` rltzan‛z mlulcar'gln} jan}`knz g`n{ }vkz}z `nm }|tnz vhkjh g`{ na} lgdam{ arln tlffllj'}kul zlce'lnmatzlgln}.:5 ]hl j`zl ae `|}anaga|z `fln}z `tkzknf etag

janz}tkj}lm `nm luln g`nkr|c`}kul rtajlzzlz h`z dlln }a|jhlm an l`tcklt.Kn e`j} K }tklm }a lgrh`zkl hav tlp|ktlgln}z ae anfaknf tlffllj}kul `v`tl'nlzz `nm jan}tac ae a|t mlulcargln} kfnatl }hl knn|glt`dcl v`{z }h`} vlftav# jh`nfl# `nm lnf`fl kn kgrat}`n} `nm u`c|lm `j}kuk}klz vk}ha|}lnoa{knf z|jh `v`tlnlzz `nm jan}tac. G{ knzkz}lnjl }h`} jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kannllm anc{ dl h{ra}hl}kj`c kz gl`n} zrljkffj`cc{ }a `jjaggam`}l }hkz e`j}.

]hltl kz# havlult# ` u`tk`}kan an }hlzl iknmz ae j`zlz }h`} malz fkul glr`|zl `nm# `z e`t `z K inav# h`z na} dlln dta|fh} a|} kn }hl ck}lt`}|tl knp|k}l }hkz v`{? Vl j`n kg`fknl ` rltzan vha ffnmz a|} zhl h`z dlln zlultlc{

`d|zlm kn hlt jhkcmhaam d{ zaglanl vha kz tlzranzkdcl eat zlult`c ae }hlrtajckuk}klz `nm zikccz zhl h`z mlulcarlm. Kn jagknf }a ftkrz vk}h }hlglgatklz ae }hl `d|zl# zhl h`z tlr|mk`}lm g`n{ ae }hazl rtajckuk}klz. Kn`mmk}kan# cl} |z z`{# zhl malzn‛} tl`ckl at tlglgdlt }h`} }hkz rltzan `cza}`|fh} hlt }a rc`{ }hl rk`na# vhkjh zhl z}kcc caulz }a ma `nm malz vlcc. Ke zhl

vltl }acm }h`} hlt rk`na rc`{knf v`z `cza taa}lm kn hlt }kgl vk}h }hkz `d|zlt#zhl va|cm ellc `ckln`}lm etag }h`} r`t} ae hltzlce `cza9 d|} kn hlt kfnat`njl

:< A}hltz# z|jh `z Et`nie|t} `nm Ulcclg`n# hùl `cza zrljkffj`cc{ tlolj}lm }hl tlclu`njl ae `fln}z‛

hkz}atklz }a }hlkt `|}anag{. Zll Et`nie|t}‛z –Tlrc{ }a Oahn G`t}kn Ekzjhlt ‗ kn D|zz `nm Ault}an4224# 46# `nm Ulcclg`n 4224.

:5 Eat ` r`t`cclc cknl ae jtk}kjkzg# zll Gl{ltz 0;8;# 48‚:2.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0<6



zhl rc`{z an jan}ln}lmc{. Malz }hkz rltzan ja|n} `z `|}anaga|z1 An g{ uklv zhl malz na} zknjl# vltl zhl }a tlffllj} an }hl }t`k} kn ckfh} ae k}z atkfknz

zhl va|cm dl `ckln`}lm etag k}. K vatt{ `da|} z|jh ` j`zl# d|} g{ avnkn}|k}kanz `da|} k} tl na} z}tanf lna|fh }a knm|jl gl }a `glnm }hl uklv }a`jja|n} eat k}. Ke rlarcl `tl |nmlt kcc|zkanz `da|} }hlkt avn jh`t`j}lt ‚

kcc|zkanz }h`} va|cm j`|zl }hlg zlultl kn}ltn`c mkz}tlzz cl`mknf }a zlce'tlr|mk`}kan ke g`ml jcl`t ‚ }hl{ `tl na} tl`cc{ `|}anaga|z tlc`}kul }a}hlg. Za K ma na}# kn }hl lnm# }hkni z|jh j`zlz rtaukml tl`zan }a `c}lt }hl`jja|n}.

Havlult# z|jh ` j`zl malz dtknf }a ckfh} `n lclgln} ae }hkz `rrta`jh }h`}gkfh} fkul rlarcl r`|zl kn k}z flnlt`c eatg. ]h`} kz# }hl uklv K }ìl tlcklzhlùkc{ an }hl z|dolj}kul# ` fl lj}kul# tlzranzlz ae }hl knmkukm|`c# zagl}hknf }h`} g`{ vlcc dl }aa u`tk`dcl# |nrtlmkj}`dcl# `nm |nù`kc`dcl }a kn}ltrlt'zan`c `rrt`kz`c }a e|nj}kan vlcc `z ` jagranln} ae `|}anag{. @|}anag{ kz}hl zl`} ae kn}ltrltzan`c tlzrlj}# `z vl hùl na}lm# d|} hùknf }h`} jh`t`j'}ltkz}kj h`nf an }hl ffl|km `nm rlth`rz kmkaz{njt`}kj ellcknfz rlarcl gkfh}hùl `da|} }hlkt knnlt z}`}lz g`{ vlcc tlnmlt }hl janjlr} |zlclzz kn r|dckjzl}}knfz ae }hl zat} vl kg`fknl hltl# `z kn }hl mlzkfn `nm tlf|c`}kan ae rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz.

Kn tlzranzl cl} gl na}l }h`} }hl o|mfgln}z ae (nan'+`ckln`}kan }h`} `tlr`t} ae }hl }lz} eat `|}anag{ t`nfl ault }kgl `nm `tl janzkmltlm `z knu`tk`n}ault ` u`tkl}{ ae jktj|gz}`njlz# `z na}lm l`tcklt. ]hkz kz vh`} fkulz }hlzl

o|mfgln}z }hlkt `fln}k`c `|}hatk}{? }hl{ tlffllj} vh`} K j`cclm }hl rltzan‛zmk`jhtankj rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{. ]hkz gl`nz }h`} fflll}knf `nm z|rlt ffjk`c tl`j'}kanz }a anl‛z jaggk}gln}z nm u`c|lz van‛} mkz}|td `|}anag{. @cza# }hlzl

o|mfgln}z janjltn a|t mllrlz} natg`}kul jaggk}gln}z `nm tlc`}lm zajk`c`nm rltzan`c jktj|gz}`njlz# za }h`} zlce'tlffllj}kan hltl malz na} tlelt }azkgrcl }`z}lz `nm mlzktlz (vhkjh g`{ vlcc jh`nfl vk}h }hl vknm+ d|} }a

}hazl rltu`zkul natg`}kul z}t|j}|tlz }h`} zh`rl a|t zlce'n`tt`}kul.:6 ]hl}htl`} ae gìknf a|t jaggk}gln}z }a }hazl ` g`}}lt ae rz{jhacafkj`ch`rrlnz}`njl kz e`t clzz zlultl K }hkni.

@cza# zagl hùl `tf|lm }h`} `|}hln}kjk}{ kn flnlt`c kz a}kazl vk}h tlf`tm}a `|}anag{. ]hl{ `tf|l }h`} vl nllm anc{ kg`fknl ` rltzan vha }hat'a|fhc{ janeatgz }a a}hltz‛ lxrlj} }kanz `nmat zajk`c natgz vhkcl tlrtlz'

:6

Tlj cc }h`} kn jh`r}lt = vl mlffnlm –n`tt`}kul‗ kn }ltgz ae –zajk cc{ glmk }lm‗ natgz. Kn }hkz v`{# zlce'tlffllj}kan ae }hl zat} }h`} zlj|tlz `|}anag{# an g{ uklv# knuaculz zajk`c u`c|lz }h`} }hl rltzan h`zkn}ltn`cklm `z r`t} ae }hl gln}`c c`nf|`fl ae zlce'tlffllj}kan. An }hkz rakn} g{ uklv h`z g|jh knjaggan vk}h `n `zrlj} ae Z}le `n J|{rltz‛z uklv ae `|}anag{ kn }h`} hl jc kgz }h`} `|}anag{ g|z}knuacul vh`} hl j`ccz –zajk`c zlce lu`c|`}kan‗ (J|{rltz 4220# 0=5+.




zknf `cc ae hkz avn rtknjkrclz `nm ga}kulz. Vl `tl `zilm }a kg`fknl# eat knz}`njl# Z`t}tl‛z r`t`mkfg`}kj lxhkdk}at ae d`m e`k}h? }hl v`k}lt kn }hl jèë

vha z}tkulz vk}h hkz lult{ gaulgln} }a `j} `z ` v`k}lt kz gl`n} }a `j} vhkclnlult tlf`tmknf z|jh `j}kan `z fta|nmlm kn hkz u`c|lz at kml`cz. Z|jh ` rltzan c`jiz `cc kn}lftk}{ kn tlc`}kan }a hkz avn kml`cz. D|}# }hlzl jtk}kjzjc`kg# `z canf `z hl kz zlce'jan}taccknf# a}hltvkzl t`}kan`c# `nm ` jagrl}ln}`fln}# k} zllgz `t}kffjk`c }a z`{ hl c`jiz `|}anag{ (@tr`c{ 422:# 0449Ulcclg`n# 4224# ;6+.

Havlult# an }hl kn}ltrtl} }kan ae `|}hln}kjk}{ zrlcclm a|} hltl# c`jiknf kn}lftk}{ at flnlt`c e`k}he|cnlzz }a anl‛z jln}t`c u`c|lz (`z kn }hkz iknm ae j`zl+ malz na} zrlcc ` c`ji ae `|}anag{. ]hl rltzan r|}}knf an }hkz jh`t`ml

va|cm nllm }a dl }hata|fhc{ `ckln`}lm etag }hl kml`cz zhl kz gkgkjiknf9 zhl va|cm hùl }a o|mfl }hlg `z na} anc{ lx}ltn`c }a hlt avn rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ d|} `cza ellc tlzkz}`n} }a }hlg# `z kn}aclt`dcl `z r`t} ae hlt }lgrat`cc{ lx}lnmlm zlce. Ke mlzrk}l `cc }hkz# }hl rltzan jan}kn|lz }a r|} an }hl `j} ae janeatgknf }a }hlzl lx}ltn`c lxrlj}`}kanz# k} kz na} jcl`t zhl kz luln t`}kan`c#`z hlt mlckdlt`}kanz `rrl`t }a knuacul g`nkelz} knjanzkz}lnj{9 za j`ccknf hlt hl}ltanaga|z zllgz `r}. An }hl a}hlt h`nm# ke vl kg`fknl }h`} zhl h`zaulttkmknf tl`zanz eat faknf }hta|fh }hkz jh`t`ml ‚ z`{ zhl v`n}z }a kgrtlzz

zagl knffl|ln}k`c rlarcl vha vkcc dl |zle|c }a hlt zaglhav ‚ }hln k} kz na}jcl`t zhl kz dlknf kn`|}hln}kj# zknjl hlt `t}kffjk`c janeatgk}{ ff}z kn}a ` rc`n

vhkjh# vl `tl kg`fknknf# kz jahltln} `nm `jjlr}`dcl etag hlt rakn} ae uklv.]hl a}hlt mktlj}kan ae jtk}kjkzg ae }hl tleatg|c`}lm hkz}atkj`c `jja|n} K

gln}kanlm l`tcklt kz kn}lnmlm }a zhav }h`} rtajlzzlz vhkjh `tl `|}anaga|z(}h`} kz# `jjlr}`dcl }a }hl rltzan+ g`{ vlcc cl`m }a hl}ltanaga|z z}`}lz#lxlgrckfflm d{ }hl vkccknf zcùl at }hl uac|n}`t{ `mmkj}. Kn z|jh ` j`zl }hlrltzan‛z `jjlr}`njl ae }hl mlulcargln} ae ` janz}t`knknf zk}|`}kan kzkttlclu`n} }a }hl ultmkj} }h`} z|jh ` zk}|`}kan kz# knmllm# janz}t`knknf }a

}hl rakn} ae hl}ltanag{. Vl j`n kg`fknl rltzanz vha gll} }hl janmk}kanzK zl} a|} eat `|}anag{ d|}# eat tl`zanz rlj|ck`t }a }hlg `nm }hlkt zk}|`}kan#`ccav }hlgzlculz }a dljagl zlultlc{ janz}t`knlm# jagr|czkul# adlmkln}# at }hl ckil. ]hl jtk}kjkzg kz }h`} `n{ uklv ae `|}anag{ }h`} kgrcklz }h`} z|jhrltzanz `tl `|}anaga|z vhkcl |nmlt z|jh janz}t`kn}z kz mlelj}kul. ]hkzjh`tfl kz ae}ln g`ml ae `n{ z|dolj}kukz} at –rtajlm|t`c‗ `jja|n} ae zlce'faultngln}.:8

Nav vl zha|cm jc tke{ }hl j`zlz vl‛tl kg`fknknf d{ `}}lnmknf rtarltc{ }a

kzz|lz ae }kgl knmlxknf kn }hl `}}tkd|}kan ae `|}anag{ }a }hl `cclflmc{

:8 Knmllm# g`n{ |zl }hl razzkdkck}{ ae `n `|}anaga|z zcùl `z zkgrc{ ` ja|n}lt'lx`grcl }a `n{ uklv ae `|}anag{ }h`} h`z }hkz kgrckj`}kan. Zll# eat lx`grcl# V`cclt 0;;:.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 0<;



jan}ln}lm'd|}'janz}tkj}lm rltzan? vhln kn }hl rltzan‛z ckel `tl vl dlknf `zilm }a lu`c|`}l hlt `|}anag{# `nm eat vh`} zr`n ae }kgl1 Kn gaz} j`zlz#

anl kz o|mfknf ` rltzan‛z `|}anag{ `} ` r`t}kj|c`t }kgl kn ckfh} ae mljkzkanzzhl g`{ hùl g`ml kn }hl r`z} }h`} dtknf `da|} at `jjlr} }hl rtlzln}tlz}tkj}kanz. Vl j`n kg`fknl# eat lx`grcl# ` rz{jhacafkz} vha uac|n}`tkc{ `mmkj}z hltzlce }a hltakn kn atmlt }a lxrltklnjl k}z lfl lj}z. K} kz jcl`t# anlgkfh} jc`kg# }h`} vhkcl }hl rtajlzz cl`mknf |r }a }hl `mmkj}kan kz etll etag}hl }`kn} ae g`nkr|c`}kan# }hl rltzan kz nanl}hlclzz `mmkj}lm `z ` tlz|c} `nmkz hlnjl hl}ltanaga|z.:; D|} k} kz adzj|tl vh`} }hl caj|z ae hlt `|}anag{ kz kn }hkz j`zl? kn ` zlnzl zhl h`z `|}anaga|zc{ tl`jhlm hlt fa`c ae lxrltklnjknf }hl r`nfz ae `mmkj}kan9 d|} an }hl a}hlt h`nm# hlt j|ttln}jtùknf eat }hl mt|f kz na} z|dolj} }a anfaknf mlckdlt`}kul jan}tac ae }hl zat}`|}anag{ zllgz }a mlg`nm. ]hl p|lz}kan# zkgrc{# kz vh`} e`j}at `tl vl}t{knf }a jh`t`j}ltkl `z |}anaga|z1 Zha|cm vl na} dl `dcl }a z`{? ` rltzan`} }0 `|}anaga|zc{ jhazl }a tlcknp|kzh hlt `|}anag{ `} }4 (`nm hlnjl kz na}`|}anaga|z `} }4+9 at zhl `|}anaga|zc{ `jjagrckzhlm ` fa`c `} }4 |zknf }ljhnkp|lz }h`} knuacul hlt tlcknp|kzhknf# m|tknf }hl rltkam etag }0 }a }4#tlffllj}kul jan}tac ae hlt lnuktangln} `nm hlt mlzktlz# hlnjl knz}`n}k }knf ` canflt rltkam ae |nat}hamax d|} nlult}hlclzz `|}anaga|z rc`nnknf `nm

`jhklulgln}1 Gatlault# janjltnknf hlt d`zkj ga}ku`}knf `nm atkln}knf u`c|lz ‚ hlt rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ ‚ }hkz zlce'janz}tkj}knf rc`n ae `j}kan kz e|cc{ lnmatzlm9 zhl v`n}z }a dl }hl iknm ae rltzan vha janz}t`knz hltzlce m|tknf }hlzl rltkamz.

K} kz jcl`t }h`} ` flnlt`c `dkck}{ }a ma a}hltvkzl# at luln }a mlzktla}hltvkzl# kz na} kn k}zlce ` rc`|zkdcl tlp|ktlgln} eat `|}anag{. @z K hùlz}tlzzlm# vl `tl ae}ln kn z}`}lz }h`} `tl na} tlukz`dcl d{ |z vk}ha|} }tlgln'ma|z r`kn# lfl at}# at luln a|}zkml `zzkz}`njl. Vl gkfh} dl g`mc{ kn caul# eat lx`grcl# at |np|lz}kan`dc{ mlua}lm }a a|t jhkcmtln# `nm hùknf z|jh

mlzktlz# u`c|lz# `nm jaggk}gln}z ja|cm na} dl zhlm vk}ha|} ftl`} rz{jha'cafkj`c jaz}# }a `n lx}ln} l`zkc{ jagr`t`dcl }a }hl lfl at} k} }ìlz }a tlzkz} }hlr`nfz ae ` hltakn `mmkj}kan. ]hl tlp|ktlgln} ae `n anfaknf `dkck}{ }ajhaazl at }h`} a|t j|ttln} z}`}lz `tl }hl tlz|c} ae jhakjl `nm mljkzkan kzzkgrc{ }aa z}tknfln} }a `jja|n} eat }hl jagrclx janz}t`kn}z vl `cc ckul |nmlt kn a|t natg`c ckulz. Mlzjtkdknf z|jh j`zlz `z –zcùl‗ j`zlz ae}ln dlfz }hlp|lz}kan# eat k} g`ziz }hl e`j} }h`} d{ `zz|gr}kan }hlzl `tl rlarcl ckuknf a|}` tlffllj}kulc{ lnmatzlm `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul }h`} tlffllj}z lgdlmmlm

u`c|lz arlt`}kul ault }kgl `nm `jtazz janmk}kanz. ]hl e`j} }h`} }hl u`c|lz

:; Eat ` jtk}kjkzg `canf }hlzl cknlz# zll Azh`n` 4225# jh. :. Je. Dltaezi{ 0;;<# 046‚04;# 400‚40= .




lgdamklm kn }hazl tlffllj}kul zlce'n`tt`}kulz `tl mkz}|tdknf at zlce'`dnlf`}knf malz na} f`knz`{ }hl o|mfgln} }h`} }hl{ `tl }t|c{ }hl rltzan‛z avn.

@} rakn}z z|jh `z }hlzl# havlult# e|t}hlt glmk}`}kan zkgrc{ an }hljanjlr}z knuaculm jl`zlz }a {klcm rhkcazarhkj`c tlz|c}z# `z }hl jatl na}kanzae –zlce'faultngln}#‗ –`|}hln}kjk}{#‗ –knmlrlnmlnjl#‗ `nm }hl ckil `tl na}ffnl'ft`knlm lna|fh eat |z }a zl}}cl an }hlkt rtljkzl `rrckj`}kanz. Vh`} g|z}dl janzkmltlm kz vh } rt`j}kj`c at }hlatl}kj`c vati }hl `}}tkd|}kan ae `|}anag{ vkcc dl maknf kn }hl jan}lx} kn vhkjh k} arlt`}lz# ` jan}lx} }h`}zha|cm# kml`cc{# dl zrlcclm a|} kn e`ktc{ ml}`kclm }ltgz.

]hl jan}lx} vhltl `|}anag{ rc`{z ` jln}t`c r`t} kn }hl rtaolj} mlzjtkdlmkn }hkz daai janjltnz zrljke{knf }hl fta|nmz ae flnlt`c gat`c tlzrlj}

vhltld{ }hl zjarl ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl kz zrljkfflm# kn r`t}kj|c`t vh`}iknmz ae `fln}z `tl z|dolj} }a z|jh rtknjkrclz. Kn }hlzl jan}lx}z# zlnzk}kuk}{ }arc|t`ckzg `nm mkfl ltlnjl jagrlcz |z }av`tm ` g`xkg`cc{ ffllxkdcl na}kan ae `|}anag{# za }h`} ` dta`m u`tk`}kan ae janjlr}kanz ae }hl faam# kml`cz ae rltzanhaam# `nm `rrta`jhlz }a rltzan`c `nm zajk`c ckel tljlkul e|cc tlzrlj}.=2

Kn }hkz tlf`tm# vl g`{ vlcc hùl }a janzkmlt j`zlz vhltl rltzanz hùlmlulcarlm zrktk}|`c at }t`mk}kan`c u`c|l janjlr}kanz ae vhkjh tlukzkan at tljanzkmlt`}kan kz rz{jhacafkj`cc{ |n}ln`dcl eat }hlg. @n`cafa|z (}ha|fh

na} kmln}kj`c+ }a }hl– vkccknf

‗zcùl# z|jh rltzanz hùl kn}ltn`cklm tlz}tkj'}kul u`c|l z{z}lgz }h`} knjc|ml# eat lx`grcl# jamlz ae z}tkj} adlmklnjl }h`}

ma na} `ccav gagln}z ae ml}`jhlm tlffllj}kan `nm razzkdcl tlolj}kan ae }hazljamlz. Zagl hùl `tf|lm# kn e`j}# }h`} z|dzltuklnjl }a }hl magkn`n} gamlzae u`c|l `nm hklt`tjh{# vhkjh g`tiz }hl lxrltklnjl ae glgdltz ae g`tfk'n`cklm fta|rz# `tl tlffllj}lm kn na} anc{ }hl fftz}'atmlt `j}kanz ae }hl rltzanzkn p|lz}kan d|} }hlkt tlffllj}kul –jault z}atklz‗ `z vlcc. Kn }hkz v`{# ` uklv ae `|}anag{ }h`} gltlc{ jhljiz vhl}hlt }hl rltzan lnmatzlz (at kz na}`ckln`}lm etag+ hlt u`c|lz vkcc e`kc }a g`ti `z hl}ltanaga|z (`nm arrtlz'

zkul+ }hazl janmk}kanz }h`} rtam|jl `fln}z ae }hkz zat}. ]hl lgrh`zkz an }hlz|dolj}kul# knmkukm|`cklm tlffllj}kan }h`} uklvz z|jh `z gknl knjc|ml jan'}kn|lz }hl rtadclg`}kj }t`mk}kan ae knmkukm|`cklm zlce'mlffnk}kan }h`} h`zdlln }hl rtarlt adolj} ae z|zrkjkan `nm jtk}kp|l kn tljln} mlj`mlz.

Havlult# }hltl kz ` v`{ kn vhkjh }hkz vatt{ kz zkgrc{ ` ultzkan ae }hl–tlftlzz‗ rtadclg mkzj|zzlm l`tcklt# kn }h`} k} `ziz hav vl j`n }lcc }h`}r`}}ltnz ae tlffllj}kan `tl }hlgzlculz `|}hln}kj `nm zrlì eat }hl rtkukclflmzl`} ae zlce'faultngln} }h`} `|}anag{ tlffllj}z. K hùl }tklm# havlult# }aaduk`}l }hlzl vattklz d{ `mmknf janmk}kanz eat `mlp|`}l `nm `|}hln}kj

=2 Eat ` zkgkc`t rakn}# zll Mvatikn 0;8;d# 40‚4:.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 050



tlffllj}kan kn }hl gamlc ae `|}anag{ hltl mlulcarlm. Z|jh tlffllj}kan g|z}dl z|z}`knlm# hlnjl tlrl`}`dcl ault ` u`tkl}{ ae janmk}kanz. @cza# anc{ ke }hl

tlffllj}kan vl `tl kg`fknknf (zknjl k} g`{ dl h{ra}hl}kj`c+ kz etll ae e`j}atz vhkjh vl inav knmlrlnmln}c{ mkz}at} kn}tazrlj}kan `nm knhkdk} tlffllj}kan#j`n vl z`{ }h`} }hl c`ji ae `ckln`}kan tlz|c}knf etag }h`} tlffllj}kan g`tiz`|}anag{. Kn }hkz v`{# ` tlftlzz kz ùakmlm `nm vl j`n eatlz}`cc }hlrazzkdkck}{ }h`} hl}ltanaga|z g`nkr|c`}kan kz `z tlzranzkdcl eat }hl tlffllj'}kul o|mfgln}z ae }hl rltzan `z }hl{ `tl eat hlt fftz}'atmlt u`c|lz. Ke vl z}kcc

v`n} }a knzkz} }h`} ` rltzan vha j`n gll} `cc }hlzl janmk}kanz ‚ nan'`ckln`}kan# `mlp|`}l `nm `|}hln}kj tlffllj}kan ‚ kz na} `|}anaga|z dlj`|zlae }hl }`kn} ae tlz}tkj}kul janmk}kanz zhl h`z r|} hltzlce kn# }hln vl vkcc hùl

}a `jjlr} }hl v`{ kn vhkjh z|jh ` razk}kan mkzp|`ckfflz }hazl vha hùl`jjlr}lm adlmkln}# janz}t`knlm# `nm# }a |z# arrtlzzkul zajk`c razk}kanz a|} ae zknjltl `nm rltzan`c janukj}kan etag dlknf ja|n}lm `z rack}kj`c `fln}z

vat}h{ ae tlzrlj}.]a e|nj}kan kn }hl g`nnlt K knmkj`}lm# `|}anag{ kn }hkz zlnzl g|z}

rkji a|} `cc `nm anc{ }hazl `fln}z vhazl j`r`jk}klz `nm rakn} ae uklv zha|cm g`}}lt `z }hl za|tjlz ae u`ckm jc`kgz kn jacclj}kul mljkzkanz `nm}av`tm vhag r`}ltn`ckz}kj kn}ltuln}kan va|cm dl mkztlzrlj}e|c. Tlj`cc

`cza }h`} `|}anag{ kz |nmltz}aam `z tlc`}kul }a }hl rltzan‛

z d`zkj atf`nk'knf jaggk}gln}z `nm u`c|lz. Za vhln ` rltzan lk}hlt kz |n`dcl }a tlffllj}`mlp|`}lc{ `} `cc (kn }hl g`nnlt K‛ul mlzjtkdlm+ at# vltl zhl }a tlffllj} anhlt d`zkj ga}ku`}knf u`c|lz zhl va|cm o|mfl }hlg `ckln }a hlt mk`jhtankjzlnzl ae hltzlce (`nm janmk}kanz }h`} gìl }hkz razzkdcl `tl knlzj`r`dcl+#zhl kz na} `|}anaga|z. Vh`} }hkz kgrcklz kz }h`} }hltl vkcc dl }va iknmz ae rlarcl dlknf t|clm a|} hltl `z hl}ltanaga|z? anl kz |n`dcl }a tlffllj}`mlp|`}lc{ `} `cc `nm hlnjl zha|cm na} dl ja|n}lm kn jacclj}kul mljkzkanz#`} cl`z} `z ` zlce'tlrtlzln}knf r`t}kjkr`n} kn }hl |z|`c v`{9 }hl a}hlt kz `

rltzan vha ellcz }t`rrlm at `ckln`}lm etag zagl jln}t`c jaggk}gln} at a}hlt d|} kz flnlt`cc{ `dcl }a tlffllj}. ]hl eatglt gkfh} vlcc dl arln }ar`}ltn`ckz}kj j`tl t`}hlt }h`n lf`ck}`tk`n tlzrlj} kn a|t zajk`c ml`cknfz vk}hhlt. ]hl c`}}lt iknm ae rltzan# }ha|fh# zha|cm jlt}`knc{ dl knjc|mlm (nan'r`}ltn`ckz}kj`cc{+ kn }hl glgdltzhkr ae jacclj}kul mljkzkan'gìknf damklz#d|} hlt zk}|`}kan j`ccz eat tleatg ae }hl janmk}kanz }h`} tlz|c} kn hlt `ckln`}kan `nm janz}t`kn}.

G`n{ kzz|lz `tl cle} |ntlzaculm hltl# `nm jcl`tc{ }hl `jja|n} ae `|}anag{ Krtlzln} nllmz g|jh e|t}hlt ffllzhknf a|}. G{ `kg kn }hkz jh`r}lt# havlult#

h`z dlln }a mlulcar `nm tleatg|c`}l ` janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ }h`} h`zmkz}knj}kulc{ hkz}atkj`c jagranln}z. ]hl r|trazl ae z|jh ` tljc g`}kanrtaolj} kz }a hlcr tljannlj} janjlr}kanz ae }hl rltzan `} vati kn




g`knz}tl`g rhkcazarhkj`c uklvz vk}h }hl e`j}z ae j|c}|t`c kmln}k}{ `nm zajk`clgdlmmlmnlzz vhkjh u`tka|z jtk}kjz ae `|}anag{'d`zlm janjlr}kanz ae o|z'

}kjl hùl |zlm }a tlolj} }h`} `rrta`jh vhaclz`cl. Ke z|jjlzze|c# }hl `n`c{}kjgaulz g`ml hltl j`n dl r`t} ae ` c`tflt rtaolj} }h`} lnc`tflz }hl r|tuklv ae }hkz `rrta`jh }a o|z}kjl `nm j`ccz z|jh jtk}kjz d`ji kn}a k}z eacm.

]hl hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ 05:



j h ` r } l t 8

Tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{

Vk}h ` janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ a|}cknlm# k} vkcc dl hlcre|c }a janzkmlt `c}ltn`}kul `rrta`jhlz }a }hl janjlr} }h`} `cza zll k} kn k}z tacl `z ` e|nm`'

gln}`c rack}kj`c kml`. Kn r`t}kj|c`t# k} g`{ dl kcc|gkn`}knf }a zll `na}hlt v`{ kn vhkjh }hl }t`mk}kan`c h{rlt'knmkukm|`ckzg ae `|}anag{'d`zlm rtknjkrclzhùl dlln tlolj}lm `nm tlrc`jlm. Jtk}kj`c lx`gkn`}kan ae }hkz `c}ltn`}kul vkcchlcr |z# kn `mmk}kan# }a janzkmlt }hl kzz|l ae tljafnk}kan ae rltzanz‛ zajk`ckmln}k}klz kn }hl gamlcz ae jk}klnz‛ rltzrlj}kulz `nm kn}ltlz}z kn `|}anag{'d`zlm rtknjkrclz ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl. Kn }hl lnm# vl vkcc zll hav }hljanjlr} ae `|}anag{ mlulcarlm kn }hl rtluka|z jh`r}lt# `canf vk}h }hlgamlc ae (zajka'hkz}atkj`c+ zlce zrlcclm a|} l`tcklt# vkcc `ccav |z }a `jjag'gam`}l }hl gaz} rtlzzknf janjltnz kn }hlzl `tl`z d|} ùakm zagl rtkjic{

kgrckj`}kanz `z vlcc.

k . t l c ` } k a n ` c z l c u l z ` n m t l c ` } k a n ` c ` | } a n a g {

Elgknkz}z hùl dlln lzrljk`cc{ uaj`c kn }hl jc`kg }h`} }hl kml` ae `|}anag{ jln}t`c }a ckdlt`c rack}kjz g|z} dl tljanfff|tlm at `d`nmanlm za `z }a dlgatl zlnzk}kul }a tlc`}kanz ae j`tl# kn}ltmlrlnmlnjl# `nm g|}|`c z|rrat}}h`} mlffnl a|t ckulz `nm vhkjh hùl }t`mk}kan`cc{ g`tilm }hl tl`cg ae }hl

elgknknl.

0

]hl tlzkz}`njl }a janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl d`zlm an }hl knml'rlnmln} knmkukm|`c vk}h na }klz }a e`gkc{# jhkcmtln# `nm zkfnkffj`n} a}hltztlffllj}z }hkz z|zrkjkan ae `|}anag{ `z `n kml`c fl`tlm }av`tm }hl ckellxrltklnjl# eat }hl gaz} r`t}# ae rtkukclflm g`clz. Lgltfknf etag }hkzmkzj|zzkan kz `n `c}ltn`}kul uklv ae }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan }h`} kz z}t|j}|tlmza `z }a e|cc{ lgdt`jl }hkz zajk c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce. –Tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ ‗kz }hl c`dlc }h } h`z dlln fkuln }a }hl janjlr}kan ae vh`} k} gl`nz }a dl ` etll#zlce'faultnknf `fln} vha kz `cza zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm `nm vha razzkdc{ mlffnlzhlt d`zkj u`c|l jaggk}gln}z kn }ltgz ae kn}ltrltzan`c tlc`}kanz `nm g|}|`c

0 Zll# eat lx`grcl# O`ff`t 0;88# 4;9 eat `n aultuklv# zll }hl lzz`{z kn Gl{ltz 0;;6`# r`t} = .

05=



mlrlnmlnjklz.4 ]hlzl janjlr}kanz |nmltzjatl }hl zajk`c jagranln}z ae a|t zlce'janjlr}z `z vlcc `z lgrh`zkl }hl tacl }h`} d`jifta|nm zajk`c m{n`gkjz

`nm ravlt z}t|j}|tlz rc`{ kn }hl lnoa{gln} `nm mlulcargln} ae `|}anag{.Havlult# vhln janjlr}kanz ae tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ `tl zrlcclm a|} kn

ml}`kc# jlt}`kn mkj|c}klz `tkzl vhkjh zha|cm fkul |z zagl r`|zl kn }hl|}kck`}kan ae z|jh na}kanz kn }hl eatg|c`}kan ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl#lzrljk`cc{ }hazl ga}ku`}lm d{ elgknkz} `nm a}hlt ckdlt`}at{ janjltnz. Kn}hkz zlj}kan# K v`n} }a }ìl ` jcazlt caai `} }hl janjlr}kan ae tlc`}kan`c`|}anag{ `z k} h`z dlln mlulcarlm kn zagl tljln} vati `nm }a z|fflz} zagletklnmc{ `glnmgln}z }a }hazl uklvz# `glnmgln}z vhkjh zh`tl }hl j`cc eat

ftl`}lt `}}ln}kan }a }hl zajk`c n`}|tl ae }hl zlce d|} vhkjh# kn }hl lnm (`nm vk}h g|jh p|`ckffj`}kan+# mktlj} |z d`ji }a ` iknm ae knmkukm|`ckzg kn }hljanjlr} ae }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan# ` gaul }h`} kz nljlzz`t{ ke }h`} kml` kz }ama }hl }hlatl}kj`c `nm natg`}kul vati }h`} da}h ckdlt`c }hlatkz}z `nm zaglae }hlkt elgknkz} jtk}kjz v`n} k} }a rlteatg.

]ìknf afl etag }hl u`tka|z jtk}kjkzgz ae }hl h{rlt'knmkukm|`ckzg ae }t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`c }hlatklz# g`n{ vtk}ltz etag mkfl ltln} p|`t}ltz hùlknzkz}lm }h`} ` dl}}lt |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl z|dolj} ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjlzllz rltzanz `z tlc`}kan`c `nm zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm kn e|nm`gln}`c v`{z.

Knzae`t# }hln# `z }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan e|nj}kanz `z ` jln}t`c kml` kn gat`c`nm rack}kj`c tlffllj}kanz# z|jh ` –rltzan‗ zha|cm dl janjlkulm `z e|nm`gln'}`cc{ `nm kttlm|jkdc{ tlc`}kan`c.

Nav vl hùl mkzj|zzlm `} clnf}h }hl v`{z }h`} `n{ rc`|zkdcl rhkcaza'rhkj`c at rack}kj`c }hlat{ g|z} }ìl kn}a `jja|n} }hl u`tka|z v`{z kn vhkjhh|g`nz `tl zajk`cc{ lgdlmmlm# kn}kg`}lc{ tlc`}lm }a a}hlt rlarcl# fta|rz#knz}k}|}kanz# `nm hkz}atklz# }h`} }hl{ lxrltklnjl }hlgzlculz `nm }hlkt u`c|lz`z r`t} ae anfaknf n`tt`}kulz# `nm }h`} }hl{ `tl ga}ku`}lm d{ kn}ltlz}z `nmtl`zanz }h`} j`n anc{ dl e|cc{ mlffnlm vk}h tleltlnjl }a a}hlt rlarcl `nm

}hknfz. D|} k} kz lp|`cc{ kgrat}`n} }a |nmltz}`nm }hl cafkj`c f`r dl}vlln}hl tlolj}kan ae ` gl}`rh{zkj`c knmkukm|`ckzg kn }hkz tl`cg `nm }hl lgdt`jlae ` gl}`rh{zkj`cc{ tlc`}kan`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce.: Eat k} kz anl }hknf }a mln{ }h`} rltzanz j`n `cv`{z at zha|cm `cv`{z dl janjlkulm vk}ha|}lzzln}k c tleltlnjl }a zajk`c jan}lx}# `nm k} kz p|k}l `na}hlt }a jc`kg }h`} }hl{ zha|cm dl janjlkulm vk}h ` r`t}kj|c`t tleltlnjl }a zagl `zrlj} ae zajk`cjan}lx}. ]hl c`}}lt# tlc`}kan`c# janjlr}kan ae zlce ‚ `} cl`z} vhln razlm `z` gl}`rh{zkj`c jc`kg ‚ t|nz }hl tkzi ae kfnatknf }hl ult{ u`tk`dkck}{#

4 ]hl gaz} ae}ln jk}lm za|tjl eat }hl j cc eat ` nlv na}kan kz Nlmlczi{ 0;8;. Zll`cza Azh`n` 0;;8 `nm 4225.Eat `n aultuklv# zll G`jilnkl `nm Z}aco`t 4222d. @cza# zll D`tjc`{ 4222# Zhlt 0;8;# `nm Vanf 0;88.

: Eat `n kn}ltlz}knf mkzj|zzkan ae vhl}hlt }hl cafkj ae kmln}k}{ `cv`{z `nm lult{vhltl kgrcklz `n|n`jjlr}`dcl tlrtlzzkan ae mkfl ltlnjl# zll Vlkt 0;;5.

Tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ 05<



jan}knflnj{# `nm }lgrat`cc{ ffl|km n`}|tl ae h|g`n lxkz}lnjl }h`} ga}ku`}lz}hl tlolj}kan ae acm'z}{cl knmkukm|`ckzg.

Nlult}hlclzz# `z K hùl `tf|lm (`nm a}hltz hùl na}lm+# }hltl kz na}hknf `da|} ` zajk`c janjlr}kan ae –zlce ‗ }h`} kz knjagr`}kdcl vk}h `n knmkukm|`cjanjlr}kan ae `|}anag{.= Knmllm# knzae`t `z `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz zaglgl`z|tl ae kn}ltn`c kn}lft`}kan ae }hl mkzr`t`}l lclgln}z ae }hl zlce# `nm}hl zlce kz janz}k}|}lm d{ zajk`c lclgln}z# }hln anl j`nna} dl `|}anaga|ztlc`}kul }a }hazl zajk`c lclgln}z |nclzz anl lxkz}z kn lnuktangln}z }h`}`ccav }hlkt e|cc g`nkelz}`}kan. Eat anl j`n jc`kg }h`} K `g `|}anaga|z

o|z} kn j`zl K j`n }|tn ` tlffllj}kul l{l }a jlt}`kn `zrlj}z ae g{ jh`t`j}lt# lulnke }hazl `zrlj}z j`n anc{ dl mlffnlm tlc`}kul }a lx}ltn`c tlc`}kanz K hùl (at hùl h`m+ vk}h a}hltz. Ke rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz `nm zajk`c r`}}ltnz gìl k}kgrazzkdcl }a r|tz|l rtaolj}z mlffnlm d{ }hl jannlj}kanz d{ vhkjh K mlffnlg{zlce# K vkcc z|tlc{ lxrltklnjl `ckln`}kan (|ran tlffllj}kan+ tlc`}kul }a z|jhjanmk}kanz9 hlnjl }hazl knz}k}|}kanz `nm r`}}ltnz }h`} knm|jl }hkz rhlna'glnan `tl knkgkj`c }a `|}anag{. Za na} anc{ kz `|}anag{ na} tlzkz}`n} }az|rrat} eat jagg|n`c `nm zajk`c z}t|j}|tlz }h`} zh`rl `nm |nmltfktmh|g`n kmln}k}klz# k} kn e`j} mlg`nmz }hlg.

Z}kcc# zlult`c vtk}ltz hùl }ìln |r }hl g`n}cl ae }hl zajk`c uklv ae }hl zlce

d{ rtaga}knf ` tlc }kan`c `rrta`jh }a `|}anag{ k}zlce. –Tlc }kan`c `|}anag{ ‗malz na} tlelt }a ` zknfcl `jja|n} d|} kz t`}hlt# `z J`}tkan` G`jilnkl `nmN } ckl Z}aco`t r|} k}# `n –|gdtlcc` }ltg‗ vhkjh tleltz }a `cc uklvz ae `|}anag{ }h`} zh`tl }hl `zz|gr}kan }h`} –rltzanz `tl zajk`cc{ lgdlmmlm `nm }h`}`fln}z‛ kmln}k}klz `tl eatglm vk}hkn }hl jan}lx} ae zajk`c tlc`}kanzhkrz `nmzh`rlm d{ ` jagrclx ae kn}ltzlj}knf zajk`c ml}ltgkn`n}z# z|jh `z t`jl#jc`zz# flnmlt# `nm l}hnkjk}{ ‗ (G`jilnkl `nm Z}aco`t 4222`# = +. Vh`} `czag|z} dl }t|l }a gìl ` janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ |nkp|lc{ –tlc`}kan`c‗ at –zajk`c‗ kz }h`} `ganf k}z mlffnknf janmk}kanz `tl tlp|ktlgln}z janjltnknf

}hl kn}ltrltzan`c at zajk`c lnuktangln} ae }hl `fln}.< Kn r`t}kj|c`t# }ag`ti a|} z|jh `jja|n}z etag a}hltz kn }hl ck}lt`}|tl# zajk`c janmk}kanzae zagl zat} g|z} dl n`glm `z janjlr}|`cc{ nljlzz`t{ tlp|ktlgln}z ae `|}anag{ t`}hlt }h`n# z`{# jan}tkd|}at{ e`j}atz.5

= G`jilnkl `nm Z}aco`t 4222`# 8. Zll `cza# I{gckji` 0;8;# jh. < `nm Jtk}}lnmln 0;;4.< ]hl }ltgz –tlc`}kan`c‗ `nm –zajk`c‗ ma na} gl`n }hl z`gl }hknf# `nm k} va|cm dl knz}t|j}kul }a lx`gknl

}hlkt mkfl ltln} janna} }kanz `nm kgrckj }kanz# fkuln }hl u`tkl}{ ae ga}ku }kanz eat z|jh nan'knmkukm| cklm`jja|n}z. Eat lx`grcl# –tlc`}kan`c‗ uklvz zllg }a lxrtlzz gatl }hata|fhc{ }hl nllm }a |nmltzjatl

kn}ltrltzan`c m{n`gkjz `z jagranln}z ae `|}anag{# m{n`gkjz z|jh `z j`tknf tlc`}kanz# kn}ltrltzan`cmlrlnmlnjl# `nm kn}kg`j{. –Zajk`c‗ `jja|n}z kgrc{# K }hkni# ` dta`mlt uklv# vhltl u`tka|z a}hlt iknmz ae zajk`c e`j}atz ‚ knz}k}|}kan`c zl}}knfz# j|c}|t`c r`}}ltnz# rack}kj`c e`j}atz ‚ gkfh} `cc jagl kn}a rc`{.

5 Zll Nlmlczi{ 0;8;. Eat `n `tf|gln} }h`} `|}anag{ g`{ vlcc na} dl `dcl }a zhlm k}z `}agkz}kj d`ff`fl#zll Jaml 4222.




Olnnkelt Nlmlczi{ h`z `tf|lm eat knz}`njl }h`} }hl rtajlzz ae –ffnmknf anl‛z avn c`v ‗ zrljkfflm kn }t`mk}kan`c `jja|n}z ae `|}anag{ ‚ }hl rta'

jlzzlz ae lz}`dckzhknf }hl `|}hln}kjk}{ hltl tlelttlm }a ‚ j`n anc{ ajj|t knzajk`c janmk}kanz }h`} eaz}lt jlt}`kn }{rlz ae h|g`n tlc`}kanzhkrz. Vhkcl}t`mk}kan`c `jja|n}z ae `|}hln}kjk}{ tlelt anc{ }a }hl kzac }lm `fln} tlffllj}knf an hkz at hlt avn mlzktlz# tlc`}kan`c `jja|n}z –}hkni ae `|}anag{ kn }ltgzae }hl eatgz ae h|g`n kn}lt`j}kanz kn vhkjh k} vkcc mlulcar `nm ffla|tkzh‗

(Nlmlczi{ 0;8;# 04+.Na}kjl# havlult# }h`} }hkz zrljkfflz }hl janmk}kanz }h`} `ccav `|}anag{

}a mlulcar t`}hlt }h`n }hl janjlr}|`c janmk}kanz }h`} mlffnl k}. Vtk}ltz ckil

Nlmlczi{ `tl z|tlc{ jattlj} }h`} mkzj|zzkanz ae `|}anag{ hùl eaj|zlm an}hl knmkukm|`c `fln} `z ke –hl‗ vltl `dcl }a mlulcar `n `|}hln}kj zl} ae u c|lz `nm mlzktlz vk}ha|} }hl j`tknf z|rrat} ae u`tka|z a}hltz `nm }hl zajk`cz}t|j}|tlz }h`} jan}tkd|}l }a h|g`n zlce'mlulcargln}. @nm gatlault#elgknkz}z hùl ravlte|cc{ jc`kglm }h`} tlc`}kanzhkrz }h`} `tl nljlzz`t{ eat }hl ftav}h `nm mlulcargln} ae hl`c}h{ rltzan`ck}klz `tl ae}ln kfnatlm kn`jja|n}z ae `|}anaga|z rltzanhaam# ga}ku`}lm gaz} ckilc{ d{ ` mlu`c|`'}kan ae }hl }t`mk}kan`c elgknknl taclz ae lm|j`}at# ga}hlt# `nm j`tl}ìlt. Kn`mmk}kan# elgknkz} janjltnz ae }hkz zat} rakn} }a }hl v`{z }h`} g`n{ ae |z

ffnm a|t `|}hln}kj zlculz anc{ kn tlc`}kan }a u`tka|z a}hltz# }hazl vl j`tleat `z vlcc `z j|c}|t`c }t`mk}kanz# jagg|nk}klz# nm j`|zlz. Havlult# ke }hlzlclzzanz vltl `cc }ìln }a hl`t}# `z }hl{ zha|cm dl# vl gkfh} z}kcc mlffnl`|}anag{ `z `n knmkukm|`c |nmlt}ìknf# `z ` zl} ae j`r`jk}klz vhkjh ` rltzan#`r t} etag a}hltz# gkfh} lxltjkzl.6 Eat tl`zanz }h`} vkcc lgltfl `z vl rtajllm#K v`n} }a eaj|z# }hln# an tlc`}kan`c uklvz }h`} zll kn}ltrltzan`c `nm zajk`ce`j}atz `z janjlr}|`cc{ nljlzz`t{ eat `|}anag{.

Anl ae }hl gaz} mlulcarlm `nm ravlte|cc{ mlelnmlm `jja|n}z ae –zajk`c‗ `|}anag{ h`z dlln r|} eat}h d{ G`tkn` Azh`n`# vha knzkz}z }h`}`|}anag{ zha|cm dl zlln `z ` –zajka'tlc`}kan`c‗ rhlnaglnan (Azh`n` 0;;8# 4225+. ]hkz kz kn jan}t`z} }a }hl r|tlc{ –kn}ltn`ckz}#‗ –rz{jhacafkj`c‗

`jja|n}z }h`} rlrrlt }hl ck}lt }|tl (`jja|n}z }h`}# eat a|t r|trazlz# j`n dlzlln `z lp|ku`cln} }a }hl z|dolj}kukz} hkz}atkj`c uklv K mlelnm hltl+. Azh`n` e`|c}z kn}ltn`ckz} `jja|n}z ae `|}anag{ eat t|nnknf èa|c ae a|t kn}|k}kanzkn j`zlz vhltl `fln}z zllg }a `jjlr} zajk`c janmk}kanz }h`} mln{ }hlkt mkfnk}{# z}`}|tl `z knmlrlnmln} `fln}z# `nm lzzln}k`c zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kan.

6 Eat ` zkgkc`t mkz}knj}kan# zll Etklmg`n 0;;6# <6‚<8. Na}kjl `cza }h`}# mlzrk}l }hl c`dlc# tlc`}kan`c`|}anag{ kz z}kcc gl`n} `z ` jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ae knmkukm|`cz # na} }hl fta|rz# tlc`}kanzhkrz# at zajk`cjacclj}kuk}klz kn tlc`}kan }a vhkjh `|}anag{ kz lnoa{lm. ]a r|tz|l }hl c`}}lt ta|}l va|cm gl`n }h`}anc{ – vl‗ `tl `|}anaga|z# na} –K‗ kn tlc`}kan }a {a| `nm }hlg.

Tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ 056



Z|jh –lzzln}k`cc{ z|dolj}kul‗ `jja|n}z `tl `cza |n`jjlr}`dc{ knmkukm|`ckz}kj(Azh`n` 0;;8# 80+.

Azh`n` mlelnmz }hkz uklv d{ mlzjtkdknf ` zltklz ae j`zlz vhkjh kcc|z'}t`}l }hl v`{ }h`} kn}ltn`ckz} janmk}kanz ae `|}anag{ jagl |r zhat}? }hl{ janzkz}ln}c{ kfnatl }hl kgrat}`njl ae u`tka|z zajk`c janmk}kanz }h`}# vhkcl `}zagl clulc `tl –`jjlr}`dcl‗ }a }hl rltzan# `tl e|nm`gln}`cc{ arrtlzzkul `nmtlz}tkj}kul. Lx`grclz knjc|ml uac|n}`t{ zcùlt{# ` z|dzltukln} ha|zlvkel#` tlckfka|z mlua}ll# `nm ` elg`cl glgdlt ae }hl ]`ckd`n. ]hl z}t|j}|tl ae }hlzl j`zlz kz e`gkck`t# kn }h`} }hl{ eaccav kn cknl vk}h }hl –h`rr{ zcùl‗

lx`grclz }h } `tl ae}ln gln}kanlm kn }hkz jan}lx}. Vl `tl }a kg`fknl rltzanz}h`} gll} `cc }hl janmk}kanz ae jagrl}lnjl `nm `|}hln}kjk}{ }h`} kn}ltn`ckz}`jja|n}z ae `|}anag{ mlg`nm# d|} jhaazl }a ln}lt at jan}kn|l kn janmk}kanz

vhkjh mln{ }hlg }hl d`zkj arrat}|nk}klz eat zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kan }h`} zllg }ag`ti `|}anag{. Z|jh j`zlz# Azh`n` jc`kgz# z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ afl lnm a|t kn}|k'}kanz }h`} }hl –`|}anaga|z rltzan kz kn jan}tac ae hlt jhakjlz# hlt `j}kanz#`nm hlt vkcc#‗ }h`} zhl kz `dcl }a gll} hlt fa`cz vk}ha|} mlrlnmknf |ran }hl

o|mfgln}z ae a}hltz `z }a }hlkt u`ckmk}{ `nm kgrat}`njl ‥ YVhkcl zhlW g`{ tlp|ktl }hl `zzkz}`njl ae a}hltz kn gll}knf }hazl fa`cz# zhl mljkmlz vhkjh ae }hlg `tl gaz} kgrat}`n}‗ (Azh`n` 0;;8# 84+.

Ae }hl uac|n}`t{ –zcùl#‗ zhl vtk}lz# }hl –zcùl g`{ nlult `j}|`cc{ lxrltk'lnjl }tl`}gln} ae }hl zat} }h`} rtaukmlz rc`kn lukmlnjl ae ` e`kc|tl ae zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kan‗ (Azh`n` 4225# <= +. Za vh`}‛z }hl rtadclg1 K} kz }h`} }hlrltzan –ja|cm dl r|nkzhlm at gkz}tl`}lm `} }hl g`z}lt ‛z vhkg ‥ Vhln ` rltzan‛z `dkck}{ `nm tkfh} }a lxltjkzl jan}tac ault hkz ckel `tl knj|gdln}|ran }hl knmlrlnmln}# lfl lj}kul lfl at} ae `na}hlt rltzan (at rltzanz+ vharazzlzzlz z|rltkat `nm |c}kg`}l `|}hatk}{ ault hkg# }hl rltzan‛z `|}anag{ kz caz}‗ (Azh`n` 4225# <<+.

Azh`n` luln janzkmltz ` glgdlt ae ` tlz}tkj}kul tlckfka|z atmlt vha

`j}|`cc{ h`z ` {l`tc{ arrat}|nk}{ }a tlukzk} hkz jaggk}gln} }a }hl atmlt `nmclùl ke hl mlzktlz. (Kn }hl kn}ltkg hl kz z|dolj}lm }a }hl |np|lz}kanlm`|}hatk}{ ae tlckfka|z lcmltz `nm h`z na razzlzzkanz at rtltaf`}kulz a|}zkml ae }hl t|clz ae dlhùkat ae }hl atmlt.+ Ae z|jh ` j`zl zhl z`{z }h`} k} kz –e`tjkj`c}a `}}tkd|}l `|}anag{ }a ` rltzan vha kz na} `} ckdlt}{ }a clùl ` zk}|`}kan`n}k}hl}kj`c }a zlce'faultngln}# luln ke }hl rltzan `zzln}z }a }hl zk}|`}kan an` jan}kn|`c d`zkz‗ (Azh`n` 4225# 5:+.

K} kz kn}ltlz}knf# fftz}# }h`} }hl ga}kulz `nm tlffllj}kanz }h`} clm }hl

rlarcl kn p|lz}kan }a `mar} }hlkt tlz}tkj}kul janmk}kanz `tl nlult zrlcclma|}. Jcl`tc{# Azh`n` }hkniz }hkz kz kttlclu`n}# zknjl zhl `mgk}z }h`} z|jhrlarcl gll} }hl janmk}kanz ae rtajlm|t`c knmlrlnmlnjl `nm tlffllj}kul zlce'lnmatzlgln} c`km a|} d{ kn}ltn`ckz} gamlcz (z|jh `z }hl anl mlelnmlm hltl+.




D|} c`{knf a|} z|jh tl`zanknf g`{ dc|t a|t kn}|k}kanz ` dk}# eat k} g`{ vlccr`kn} ` rkj}|tl ae ` rltzan vhazl mllrc{ `nm zknjltlc{ hlcm u`c|l jaggk}'

gln}z# vhkjh fkul gl`nknf }a hlt ckel `nm vk}ha|} vhkjh }hl vatcm va|cmgìl ck}}cl zlnzl# cl`m hlt }a vh`} zllgz }a |z }a dl z|jh ` janz}t`knlmzk}|`}kan.

Nlult}hlclzz# Azh`n` jc`kgz }h`} lx`grclz z|jh z }hlzl zhav }h`} zajka'tlc`}kan`c janmk}kanz }h`} fa dl{anm zkgrc{ }hl z|dolj}kul zlce'lnmatzlgln}(at nan'`ckln`}kan+ }h`} uklvz z|jh `z g{ avn tlp|ktl `tl nllmlm. Zhlknzkz}z }h`} z|dz}`n}kul knmlrlnmlnjl kz `cza tlp|ktlm eat `|}anag{# eat lx`grcl. Nav vl hùl z`km g|jh kn }hl rtluka|z jh`r}lt }a mlelnm }hl

rtajlm|t`ckz} uklv `f`knz} `tf|gln}z ae }hkz zat}# anlz mlzjtkdknf }hat'a|fhc{ tlz}tkj}lm rlarcl vha uac|n}`tkc{ `nm `|}anaga|zc{ jhazl }hlkt janmk}kanz.

@mmk}kan`cc{# janzkmlt }hl eaccavknf iknm ae rltzan vhazl ckel janmk}kanz}t|j}|t`cc{ tlzlgdclz }hl iknmz ae –h`rr{ zcùl‗ j`zlz }h`} }hlatkz}z z|jh `zAzh`n` d`zl }hlkt jc`kgz |ran?

@z r`t} ae hlt ckel janmk}kan# Dl}}{ g|z} tlzranm }a `cc ae Dad‛z nllmz `nm mlzktlz. Vhln Dad dljianz# zhl g|z} t|zh }a hkg9 vhln hl lxrtlzzlz ` mlzktl# luln }hlgaz} vhkgzkj`c anl# zhl g|z} lk}hlt z`}kze{ k} kgglmk`}lc{ at zaglhav nlfa}k`}l

hlt v`{ `ta|nm k} (mkz}t`j}knf at }tkjiknf Dad |n}kc hl z}arz `ziknf+. Ke zhl tle|zlz}a gll} }hlzl adckf`}kanz# zhl z|fl ltz `cgaz} kn}aclt`dcl janzlp|lnjlz }h`} zhl kzca`}h }a lxrazl hltzlce }a. Zhl `cza }hata|fhc{ lgdt`jlz }hkz tacl# zllz hltzlce `z zaglhav nadcl kn r|tz|knf Dad‛z lult{ nllm `nm tlf`tmz hlt ckel `z u`c|`dcl }a}hl mlftll zhl gìlz Dad h`rr{. Hl h`z `dzac|}lc{ na jattlzranmknf `}}k}|ml}av`tm hlt# `nm kn e`j} kz jagrcl}lc{ knmkfl ltln} }a hlt nllmz `nm mlzktlz. Dl}}{ h`z j`njlclm at j|t}`kclm gaz} ae hlt avn r|tz|k}z }h`} janfflkj} vk}h }hkz tacl ae zltuknf Dad‛z nllmz. ]hkz `tt`nflgln} vkcc c`z} etag < }a 02 {l`tz (at gatl+ vk}ha|}razzkdkck}{ ae lxk}# `} cl`z} na} vk}ha|} knj|ttknf }tlglnma|z rz{jhacafkj`c jaz}}a Dl}}{.

]hkz za|nmz ckil `na}hlt h`rr{ zcùl j`zl# `nm ke vl d|kcm kn}a }hlmlzjtkr}kan z|jh ca`mlm }ltgz `z –kz z|dzltukln} }a‗ at –kz }hl zcùl ae ‗ k}

va|cm zl}}cl }hl kzz|l# kn}|k}kulc{ zrlìknf. Janzkmlt`}kan ae z|jh ` zjln`tkag`}jhlz }hl z}t`}lf{ }h`} jtk}kjz ae rtajlm|t`c `|}anag{ hùl |zlm. D|} a|t kn}|k}kanz g`{ rakn} kn lx`j}c{ }hl arrazk}l mktlj}kan vhln vl tl`ckl }h`}}hl j`zl v`z zil}jhlm }a mlzjtkdl }hl tlc`}kan ae ga}hlt `nm {a|nf jhkcm!

K vkcc tl}|tn }a }hkz kzz|l kn ` gagln}.8 Cl} |z jan}kn|l eat nav }hllx`gkn`}kan ae }hl tlc`}kan`c uklv. @z ` tlrc`jlgln} eat }hl knmkukm|`ckz}#

8 @z vl vkcc zll dlcav# Azh`n` ‛z uklv ùakmz }hl kgrckj`}kan ae j`ccknf zaglanl ckil Dl}}{ hl}ltana'ga|z. Eat ` mkzj|zzkan ae j`zlz ae }hkz zat}# vhltl }hl kzz|l ae vhl}hlt }hl rltzan dlknf }lnmlm }a kzhkg' at hltzlce `n `fln}# zll ]`{cat 422:.

Tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ 05;



kn}ltn`ckz} `jja|n}z ae }hkz zat}# Azh`n` r|}z eat}h ` rtauaj`}kul `c}ltn`}kuluklv ae `|}anag{. An hlt `jja|n}# }hl janmk}kanz ae `|}anag{ knjc|ml

u`tka|z knmkukm|`ckz} tlp|ktlgln}z ‚ lrkz}lgkj jagrl}lnjl# t`}kan`ck}{#rtajlm|t`c knmlrlnmlnjl ‚ d|} `cza natg`}kulc{ z|dz}`n}kul janmk}kanzz|jh `z zlce'tlzrlj}. D|} }hl kgrat}`n} `mmk}kanz kn hlt uklv `tl zajk`c`nm tlc`}kan`c janmk}kanz# z|jh `z lnoa{knf `n `mlp|`}l t`nfl ae tlclu`n}ar}kanz. Hltl zhl eaccavz Oazlrh T` kn `tf|knf }h`} ` rltzan kz na}`|}anaga|z ke zhl c`jiz z|jkln} `nm gat`cc{ `jjlr}`dcl ar}kanz9 eat Azh`n`# }hkz gl`nz ar}kanz }h`} `ccav anl }a mlulcar anl‛z j`r`jk}klz(T` 0;85# :6:‚:689 Azh`n` 4225# 8= ‚85+.

K} kz kgrat}`n} }a mkz}knf|kzh }va gamlz ae o|z}ke{knf }hl iknm `nm t`nflae arln ar}kanz }h`} `|}anag{ gkfh} tlp|ktl. ]hl fftz} kz }h`} hùknf }hkz at }h`} iknm ae ar}kan kz nllmlm eat }hl `fln} }a r|tz|l `j}kanz at `j}kuk}klz }h`}zhl u`c|lz. ]hkz gkfh} knjc|ml hùknf gatl }h`n }hazl ar}kanz }h`} zhl kne`j} r|tz|lz# kn }h`} ` jhakjl ae ta`mz na} }ìln g`{ vlcc dl nljlzz`t{ eat kneatg`}kan`c r|trazlz (anl j`n‛} dl z|tl ae }hl ar}kg`ck}{ ae anl‛z }arjhakjl# za k} hlcrz }a inav anl h`z e`ccd`jiz+ at `z ` v`{ ae |nmltzjatknf }hlu`c|l ae }hl jhazln ar}kan eat }hl rltzan.; ]hl a}hlt gaml ae kmln}ke{knf }hl `mlp|`j{ ae ar}kanz# havlult# kz }h`} hùknf jlt}`kn arrat}|nk}klz kz

gatl adolj}kulc{ u`c|`dcl# `z ml}ltgknlm rhkcazarhkj`cc{ d{ }hlatkz}z# knml'rlnmln} ae vh`} }hl `fln} v`n}z (luln v`n}z vk}h e|cc kneatg`}kan# è}lt m|l tlffllj}kan# `nm za an+.

Nav gaz} ae vh`} }hl adolj}kukz} zrljkfflz `z }hl iknm `nm t`nfl ae ar}kanz tlp|ktlm eat `|}anag{ j`n dl j`r}|tlm d{ }hl rtajlm|t`ckz} uklv d{ zkgrc{ rakn}knf a|} }h`} z|jh ` t`nfl kz flnlt`cc{ tlp|ktlm eat `cc ckelr|tz|k}z. Hùknf jhakjlz `da|} vh`} ckel r`}h }a r|tz|l at vhltl }a ckul`nm vk}h vhag vkcc dl tlp|ktlm d{ gaz} `n{anl zknjl z|jh jhakjlz fff|tljln}t cc{ kn ukt}|`cc{ `n{ u`c|lm rtaolj}. D|} }hl tl`zan k} kz tlp|ktlm h`z }ama vk}h }hl `fln}‛z rltzrlj}kul `nm o|mfgln}# na} ` }hlatkz}‛z. ]hl `tf|'gln} eat }hkz `rrta`jh# havlult# kz }h`} vh`} vkcc ja|n} `z ` tlz}t`kn} at `nar}kan vkcc dl ` e|nj}kan ae }hl `fln}‛z t`nfl ae u c|lz# eat vk}ha|} tleltlnjl}a z|jh ` t`nfl# k} kz ln}ktlc{ knml}ltgkn`}l vhl}hlt `n{ r`t}kj|c`t adolj} at arln zr`jl zha|cm dl jc`zzkfflm `z `n adz}`jcl at ar}kan. @tl g{ ar}kanzknjtl`zlm vhln }hl mlzi `jtazz }hl taag kz gaulm }a ` mkfl ltln} zra}1Rlth`rz# ke luln}z janzrktl za }h`} K g|z} gaul kn ` r`}h }h`} }hl mlzi dcajiz. D|} `dzln} luln adckp|l tleltlnjl }a rc`nz# `j}kan zlp|lnjlz# `nm

; ]hag`z H|ti` `tf|lz# eat lx`grcl# }h`} kn jhaazknf ` anl dljaglz tlzranzkdcl eat }hl jhakjl ae na}' d # na}'j # l}j. (H|ti` 0;;:# 0<2+.




(hlnjl+ u`c|lz `nm rtleltlnjlz d{ `j}|`c `fln}z# }hl ja|n}knf |r ae ar}kanz vkcc dl gl`nknfclzz.02

]hl zrljkffj`cc{ zajka'tlc`}kan`c janmk}kanz Azh`n` ckz}z# havlult# `ccjagl |nmlt }hl d`nnlt ae –z|dz}`n}kul knmlrlnmlnjl.‗ ]hl{ knjc|ml? zajk`c`nm rz{jhacafkj`c zlj|tk}{ (rltzanz j`nna} mlrtkul }hl rltzan ae ml e`j}a at ml o|tl ravlt `nm `|}hatk}{ –jh`t`j}ltkz}kj ae fcad`c `|}anag{ ‗+ (4225# 85+9}hl rltzan j`n r|tz|l fa`cz mkfl ltln} etag }hazl vha hùl knffl|lnjl `nm`|}hatk}{ ault hlt9 }hl rltzan kz na} tlp|ktlm }a }ìl tlzranzkdkck}{ eat `na}hlt ‛z nllmz |nclzz tl`zan`dc{ lxrlj}lm kn ckfh} ae hlt r`t}kj|c`t e|nj'}kan900 zhl lnoa{z ffn`njk`c zlce'z|jklnj{ `mlp|`}l }a g`kn}`kn knmlrln'

mlnjl etag a}hltz9 `nm }hl rltzan kz na} mljlkulm.G|jh j`n dl z`km `da|} `cc }hlzl tlp|ktlgln}z.04 Vh`} kz jcl`t# havlult#kz }h`} }hl{ mlzjtkdl jcl`tc{ `n kml`c ae `n knmlrlnmln} ckel# `n kml c vhkjh kz#mlzrk}l k}z c`dlc# ` }hata|fhc{ knmkukm|`ckz} anl. Eat kn j`zlz vhltl ` rltzane|nm`gln}`cc{ mlffnlz hltzlce `z r`t} ae ` zajk`c nl}vati# ` nl}vati rlth`rz

vhltl zhl `|}hln}kj`cc{ `nm tlffllj}kulc{ `jjlr}z ` janmk}kan ae z}tkj} adlmk'lnjl# ` rtajlm|t`ckz} vkcc ja|n} hlt `z `|}anaga|z# `z canf `z }hl (t`}hlt z}tknfln}+ janmk}kanz ae `|}hln}kj `jjlr}`njl `tl gl}. ]hkz gkttatz }hl`zz|gr}kan }h`} zlculz# `} cl`z} kn zagl v`{z `nm kn zagl knz}`njlz# zha|cm

dl zlln `z janz}k}|}lm d{ }hl zajk`c `nm kn}ltrltzan`c m{n`gkjz }h`} z|t'ta|nm }hlg. D|} Azh`n` ‛z uklv knzkz}z }h`} }a dl `|}anaga|z# zhl g|z}# `z`n knmkukm|`c# g`kn}`kn }hl `dkck}{ }a –r|tz|l fa`cz mkfl ltln} etag }hazl vhahùl knffl|lnjl `nm `|}hatk}{ ault hlt.‗ ]hkz uklv kz kn zagl }lnzkan vk}h}hl kml` }h`} rltzanz zha|cm dl |nmltz}aam }a dl janz}k}|}lm d{ zajk`ctlc`}kanz (kn zagl v`{z at kn zagl knz}`njlz+# `} cl`z} vhln }hazl kmln}k}{'janz}k}|}knf tlc`}kanz `tl aultc{ `|}hatk}`}kul.

]hkz adzltu`}kan rakn}z }a }hl e`j} }h`} uklvz ckil Azh`n` ‛z jagdknlz|dz}`n}kul# rltelj}kankz}# janmk}kanz eat `|}anag{ ‚ }h`} `|}anaga|z`fln}z g|z} hùl jlt}`kn u`c|l jaggk}gln}z `nmat g|z} dl }tl`}lm knjlt}`kn natg`}kulc{ `jjlr}`dcl v`{z ‚ vk}h zajka'tlc`}kan`c janmk}kanz.

02 Eat e|t}hlt mlelnzl ae }hkz rakn}# zll ]`{cat 0;8<j `nm Jhtkz}g`n 0;;0d.00 K zha|cm na}l }h`} }hkz janmk}kan va|cm t|cl a|} }hl ga}hlt# Dl}}{# K mlzjtkdlm l`tcklt. D|} k} kz

|njcl`t vh{ jlt}`kn –taclz‗ zha|cm dl lxlgr} etag dlknf jc`zzkfflm `z hl}ltanaga|z# |nclzz# ae ja|tzl# }hl{ `tl za jc`zzkfflm dlj`|zl }hl{ `tl etllc{ jhazln (d|} }h`} kz na} }hl lxrc`n`}kan Azh`n`

va|cm r|tz|l+.04 Eat lx`grcl# }hl janmk}kan }h`} `|}anag{ ad}`knz anc{ vhln }hl rltzan kz rta}lj}lm etag rh{zkj`c

}htl`} zllgz }aa z}tanf# `z gaz} rlarcl kn gaz} zajkl}klz `tl kn rtknjkrcl }hl razzkdcl ukj}kg ae ` jtkgl(lzrljk`cc{ vagln+# `nm vhkcl vl gkfh} v`n} }a z`{ }h`} }hkz }htl`}lnz }hlkt `|}anag{ kn ` zlnzl#z|jh ` o|mfgln} va|cm zhav }h`} vl `tl |zknf }hl }ltg kn ` e|cc{ kml`cklm g`nnlt. @cza# g`n{ rlarcl z|jh `z fftlfffh}ltz# rackjl ajltz# `nm gkck}`t{ rltzannlc }ìl an taclz }h`} z|dolj} }hlg }alx}tlgl m`nflt# {l} vl va|cm na} j`cc }hlg nan'`|}anaga|z.




Rtajlm|t`ckz}z mlelnm }hlkt uklvz kn r`t} kn atmlt }a dl `dcl }a |}kckl }hljanjlr} ae `|}anag{ kn `z dta`m ` u`c|l }ltt`kn `z razzkdcl9 knmllm }hl

`}}lgr} }a g`kn}`kn ` u`c|l'nl|}t`c z}`njl eat a|t gamlc ae `|}anag{# kn}h`} vl mlffnl `|}anag{ vk}ha|} mktlj} tleltlnjl }a }hl jan}ln} ae }hlu`c|l z{z}lgz }h`} mlffnl `nm ga}ku`}l `fln}z# tlffllj}z }hkz. Vh`} uklvz ckilAzh`n` ‛z tlz} |ran kz }hl jc`kg }h`} jlt}`kn z|dz}`n}kul u`c|l jaggk}'gln}z ‚ z|jh `z }hl uklv }h`} K g|z} adl{ g{ z|rltkatz |njanmk}kan`cc{ ‚

`tl janjlr}|`cc{ knjanzkz}ln} vk}h `|}anag{.D|} }hltl kz kn e`j} ` }lnzkan dl}vlln }hl rltelj}kankz} `zrlj} ae }hl

tlc`}kan`c uklv `nm k}z `n}k'knmkukm|`ckzg. ]hl c`}}lt `zrlj} zhavz k}zlce kn}hl nllm }a na} anc{ gìl taag eat d|} tlke{ }hl zajk c n`}|tl ae }hl rltzan#hlt u`c|lz# `nm hlt rz{jhacaf{. ]hl rltelj}kankz} z}t`kn# havlult# `rrl`tz kn}hl eatg ae }hl mlnk`c ae r|tlc{ rtajlm|t`c# }h`} kz# jan}ln}'nl|}t`c jan'jlr}kanz ae `|}anag{. Tlc`}kan`c }hlatkz}z vha mljt{ rtajlm|t`c uklvzan }hl fta|nmz }h`} }hl{ va|cm `ccav uac|n}`t{ zcùlt{ }a g`zp|lt`ml `z`|}anag{ `tl kn e`j} z|rrat}knf ` janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ vhkjh kz `n kml`c ae knmkukm|`cklm zlce'faultngln}# `n kml`c }h`} }hazl vha jhaazl z}tkj}adlmklnjl at hklt`tjhkj`c ravlt z}t|j}|tlz hùl mljkmlm }a tlolj}. ]hazl

vhazl u`c|l janjlr}kanz g`nkelz} tlc`}kulc{ dc|ttlm cknlz dl}vlln zlce `nm

a}hlt# vha mavnrc`{ }hl u`c|l ae knmkukm|`cklm o|mfgln}z `nm lgdt`jlmlua}kan }a `n lx}ltn`cc{ mlffnlm natg`}kul z}t|j}|tl (vhkjh g`{ knjc|mladlmklnjl }a r`t}kj|c`t h|g`n `|}hatk}klz+ z}`nm kn mlff`njl ae }hl nat'g`}kul kml`cz }h`} z|jh tlc`}kan`c uklvz ae `|}anag{ r|} eatv`tm. K} kz anl}hknf }a z`{ }h`} gamlcz ae `|}anag{ g|z} `jinavclmfl hav vl `tl `ccmllrc{ tlc`}lm9 k} kz `na}hlt }a z`{ }h`} vl `tl `|}anaga|z anc{ ke tlc`}lm knjlt}`kn kml`cklm v`{z. K vkcc tl}|tn }a }hkz kzz|l kn ` gagln}.

Dlcav k} vkcc dl g`ml jcl`t }h`} gaz} ae vh`} }hlatkz}z ckil Azh`n` `tl rtlzzknf eat kz `jjlr}`dcl kn e`j} an }hl r`t}kj|c t rtajlm|t`ckz}

uklv K mlulcar hltl# n`glc{ }h`} kn gaz} j`zlz ae arrtlzzkul zajk`c tlc`}kanz#`|}anag{ kz zp|lcjhlm d{ }hazl tlc`}kanz. D|} }hl r`t}kj|c`t tl`zan vh{ `|}anag{ kz caz} hltl kz }h`} }hl ukj}kgz kn z|jh tlc`}kanz `tl |n`dcl }a zll}hlgzlculz (vk}ha|} `ckln`}kan+ `z luln r`t} `|}hat ae }hl zajk`c n`tt`}kul ae

vhkjh }hl{ `tl ` r`t}. K} kz na} zajk`c jannlj}lmnlzz `z z|jh# `nm na} lulnhklt`tjhkj`c `nm hkfhc{ |nlp|`c zajk`c tlc`}kanz# }h`} mkz}|td `|}anag{# d|}}hazl zajk`c tlc`}kanz vhltl r`t}kjkr`n}z j`nna} zll }hlgzlculz `z –zlce'`|}hln}kj`}knf za|tjlz ae u`ckm jc`kgz‗ }a |zl T`vcz‛z rht`zl# at `z vl

hùl k} hltl# `z r`t} ae `n knmkukm|`c `nm zajk`c n`tt`}kul }h`} }hl{ j`n`|}hln}kj`}l etag knzkml ae ` mk`jhtankj rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ ae }hlkt avn.]hl ftl`}lt knjc|zkulnlzz ae }hl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ mlulcarlm

hltl kz ga}ku`}lm d{ ` nllm }a lx}lnm `z e`t `z razzkdcl }hl natg`}kul




d`nnlt |nmlt vhkjh rack}kj`c r`t}kjkr`}kan kn mlgajt`}kj zajkl}{ lx}lnmz#}hl da|nm`tklz ae vhkjh `tl mlffnlm d{ `|}anag{. Knmllm# }hlatkz}z vhamljt{ }hl ra}ln}k`cc{ lxjc|zkan`t{ kgrckj`}kanz ae }t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`c jan'jlr}kanz ae }hl rltzan ‚ za'j`cclm –mkfl ltlnjl elgknkz}z‗ eat lx`grcl ‚

zha|cm dl ma|dc{ janjltnlm `da|} janjlr}kanz ae tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ }h`} jannlj} }h`} janjlr}# `nm }hl z}`}|z ae tlzranzkdcl `flnj{# lp|`cz}`nmknf# `nm za an }h`} jannlj}z vk}h k}# }a gamlz ae zajk`c ckel }h`} na}`cc vagln `nm gln lgdt`jl. Ckdlt`}kan etag arrtlzzkan g|z} dl |nmlt'}ìln vk}hkn ` natg`}kul et`glvati }h`} clùlz }hl gaz} taag eat mkzr`t`}l uakjlz# luln }hazl vha lnmatzl }t`mk}kan`c `nm `|}hatk}`tk`n

u`c|l z{z}lgz# eat k} g|z} dl `jjlr}lm# kn rtknjkrcl `} cl`z}# }h`} g`n{ vagln `nm g`tfkn`cklm rlarcl vkcc lgdt`jl }t`mk}kan`c janjlr}kanz ae zajk`c ckel `nm j|c}|t`c taclz }h`} afl lnm Vlz}ltn# ckdlt`c kml`cz ae knmkuk'm|`c zlce'z|jklnj{. Vhkcl zagl ultzkan ae }h`} kml`c kz jlt}`knc{ vat}hmlelnmknf# k} kz m`nflta|z }a ja|jh }h`} mlelnzl kn }hl ml ff nk}kan ae }hl`|}anaga|z rltzan.0:

Vl zha|cm `cza dl jcl`t `da|} `na}hlt rakn}? vh`} K gl`n d{ –rltelj}kankzg‗ hltl kz }hl uklv }h`} u`c|lz `nm gat`c rtknjkrclz j`ndl u`ckm eat ` rltzan knmlrlnmln} ae hlt o|mfgln} ae }hazl u`c|lz `nm

rtknjkrclz.0= Rltelj}kankzg kn }hkz zlnzl kgrcklz }h`} }hltl `tl jlt}`knadolj}kulc{ ml}ltgknlm kn}tknzkj u`c|lz }h`} zha|cm f|kml knmkukm|`c `nmzajk`c `j}kan knmlrlnmln} ae }hl lnmatzlgln} ae }hazl u`c|lz d{ gknkg`cc{ t`}kan`c# `|}anaga|z knmkukm|`cz. Gatlault# z}`}l rackj{ zha|cm dl f|kmlmd{ }hazl adolj}kul u`c|lz. Azh`n` lgdt`jlz ` eatg ae rltelj}kankzg kn`tf|knf }h`} tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ ae }hl zat} zhl mlulcarz kz knmllm ` jan}lz}lm u`c|l d|} nlult}hlclzz anl }h`} –kz }aa kgrat}`n} ` jh`t`j}ltkz}kjeat rltzanz }a dl vk}ha|}‗ (Azh`n` 4225# 006+. Kn jh`r}lt 02 K vkcc e|t}hlt mlulcar tl`zanz eat tlolj}knf rltelj}kankzg ae }hkz zat}. Hltl K v`n} anc{ }agìl jcl`t }h`} `n aultc{ tlz}tkj}kul janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ vkcc e`kc }atljafnkl }hl gat`c z}`}|z ae tlffllj}kul# zlce'mlffnknf rltzanz vhazl r`t}kjk'r`}kan kn hklt`tjhkj`c at a}hlt iknmz ae zajk`c tlc`}kanz }h`} `rrl`t }a |z(rlth`rz tkfh}c{+ `z arrtlzzkul zha|cm na} mlrtkul }hlg ae }hl zajk`c `nm

0: Kn gìknf }hkz rakn}# K `g zlnzk}kul }a }hl jc`kg }h`} mlffnk}kanz ae `|}anag{ `tl na} `} e`|c} eat taddknf arrtlzzlm knmkukm|`cz ae }hlkt uakjlz# t`}hlt }hl zajk`c janmk}kanz }h`} r|} z|jh rlarcl kn ` razk}kan ae z}tkj} adlmklnjl `jjagrckzhlm }hkz (zll Azh`n` 4225# 022‚020+. D|} }hl p|lz}kan ae vh`}

ja|n}z `z arrtlzzkul zajk`c janmk}kanz# `z mkz}knf|kzhlm etag ckulz ae mlua}kan }a z`jtlm `|}hatk}{ at |np|lz}kanlm }t`mk}kan# g|z} dl `nzvltlm kn ckfh} ae `cc `|}hln}kj uakjlz9 nm }hl r|trazl ae n `jja|n}ae `|}anag{ kz }a ml}ltgknl z|jh `|}hln}kj `flnj{ kn atmlt }a rtajllm }a janm|j} }h`} ult{ knp|kt{.

0= ]hkz `jja|n} kz# K }hkni# c`tflc{ ja'lx}lnzkul vk}h }hl uklv ae rltelj}kankzg r|} eat}h d{ ]hag`zH|ti`# }ha|fh k} kz na} lp|ku`cln} }a k}. Zll H|ti` 0;;:# :.

Tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ 06:



rack}kj`c z}`}|z }h`} `|}anag{ |nmltvtk}lz kn mlgajt`}kj rt`j}kjlz `nmknz}k}|}kanz.0<

]hkz tlzranzl }a tlc`}kan`c uklvz j`n dl e|t}hlt kcc|gkn`}lm d{ janzkmlt'`}kan ae `na}hlt `}}lgr} }a mkzjtlmk} knmkukm|`ckz} `jja|n}z. N`}`ckl Z}aco`t h`z `tf|lm }h`} z|jh gamlcz e`kc }a j`r}|tl }hl r`t}kj|c`t kno|z}kjl knuacuknf r`}tk`tjh`c j|c}|tlz `nm }hl vagln vha hùl kn}ltn`cklm u`c|lz magkn`n}kn z|jh j|c}|tlz (Z}aco`t 4222+. Z}aco`t kmln}kfflz vh`} zhl j`ccz }hl –elgknkz}kn}|k}kan#‗ n`glc{ }h`} `fln}z (kn r`t}kj|c`t vagln kn r`}tk`tjh`c zajkl}klz+zha|cm dl tlf`tmlm `z c`jiknf `|}anag{ –dlj`|zl }hl{ `tl aultc{ knffl|lnjlmkn }hlkt mljkzkanz ‥ d{ z}ltla}{rkj`c `nm knjattlj} natgz ae elgknknk}{ `nmzlx|`c `flnj{ ‗ (

kdkm .# ;8+. Zhl janzkmltz vagln (z}|mklm kn ` e`ga|z vati

d{ Itkz}kn C|ilt+ vha }aai }hl tkzi ae dljagknf rtlfn`n} d{ lnf`fknf kn zlx vk}ha|} jan}t`jlr}kulz. ]hlzl `tl vagln vha h`m `jjlzz }a z|jh gl`z|tlz`nm zllglm }a hùl `mlp|`}l kneatg`}kan `da|} }hl tkziz }hl{ vltl }ìknf#d|} nlult}hlclzz lnf`flm kn zlx|`c `j}kuk}{ tlz|c}knf kn |nv`n}lm rtlfn`n'jklz. ]hlzl mljkzkanz eat g`n{ ae }hlzl vagln vltl na} ktt`}kan`c kn ` rtajlm|t`c at eatg`c zlnzl# kn }h`} }hl{ lnf`flm kn tkzi g`n`flgln} }h`}# kn`jjatm`njl vk}h ` z|dolj}kul `jja|n} ae t`}kan`c jhakjl# nllm na} hùlukac`}lm z}`nm`tm rtajlm|t`c gamlcz ae t`}kan`ck}{. Havlult# }hl `}}k}|mlz

`nm o|mfgln}z }h`} gaulm }hlzl vagln }a gìl z|jh jhakjlz vltl z|d' z}`n}kulc{ rtadclg`}kj# kn }h`} }hl{ lgdamklm kn}ltn`cklm arrtlzzkul natgzjanjltnknf }hlkt clfk}kg`}l jan}tac ault }hlkt tlrtam|j}kul ckulz.

Z}aco`t jan}t`z}z }hl tkzi{ `j}kuk}klz ae z|jh vagln vk}h a}hlt tkzi{ dlhùkatz# z|jh `z }hl mljkzkan }a zgail (dleatl dljagknf `mmkj}lm rtl'z|g`dc{+. Vl ja|cm jageat}`dc{ c`dlc }hl c`}}lt iknm ae mljkzkan `z `|}an'aga|z dlj`|zl# vl kg`fknl# k} va|cm ckilc{ na} knuacul ` u`c|l z}t|j}|tl}h`} knuaculm# z`{# tlm|jlm zlce'lz}llg at kn}ltn`cklm arrtlzzkan. D|} }hl

vagln }h`} Z}aco`t mlzjtkdlz }aai tkziz vk}h }hlkt rltzan`c ckulz vhkjh

lxrazlm }hlg }a ult{ jaz}c{ `nm tlftl}}`dcl e|}|tlz dlj`|zl ae kn}ltn`cklmnatgz tlffllj}kul ae `n arrtlzzkulc{ r`}tk`tjh`c j|c}|tl. Gatlault# z|jh

vagln j`nna} dl mlzjtkdlm `z |nmlt }hl knffl|lnjl ae tlffllj}kan'knhkdk}knf e`j}atz z|jh `z mt|fz at }htl`}z at gln}`c mlelj}z9 }hlkt mljkzkanz `tazl etagtlffllj}kanz }h`} `tl `mlp|`}l kn }hl rtajlm|t`ckz} zlnzl. –K} va|cm dl t`zh }ajanjc|ml#‗ Z}aco`t vtk}lz# –}h`} C|ilt ‛z z|dolj}z hùl zlultlc{ h`grltlmjtk}kj`c j`r`jk}klz‗ (Z}aco`t 4222# 026+.

0< Azh`n` `jjlr}z ` ultzkan ae }hkz rakn}# kn }h`} zhl na}lz }h`} rlarcl ae }hl zat} zhl mlzjtkdlz vhauac|n}`tkc{ ln}lt `nm g`kn}`kn arrtlzzkul zajk`c tlc`}kanz gkfh} dl ft`n}lm –rack}kj`c‗ `|}anag{ d|}}h`} }hl{ z}kcc c`ji –rltzan`c `|}anag{ ‗ (4225# 024+. Kn }hkz tlf`tm zhl mkzj|zzlz }hl jh cclnfl dta|fh}d{ uklvz z|jh `z }hazl ae \g` N`t`{`n (N`t`{`n 4224+9 zll `cza G`hga|m 422:.




[l} Z}aco`t knzkz}z# d`zlm kn }hl –elgknkz} kn}|k}kan‗ }h`} z|jh vagln c`ji `|}anag{ kn `n kgrat}`n} zlnzl# }h`} rtajlm|t`c `jja|n}z `tl kn`mlp|`}l

eat e`kcknf }a j`r}|tl }hkz e`j}. G{ tlzranzl hltl kz zkgkc`t }a }hl jaggln}zK‛ul g`ml `da|} tlc`}kan`c }hlatklz flnlt`cc{# n`glc{ }h } }hl o|mfgln} }h`}rlarcl vha hùl kn}ltn`cklm arrtlzzkul natgz kn}a }hlkt rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}klz(d|} `tl z}kcc `dcl }a `mlp|`}lc{ tlffllj} an }hlkt u`c|lz `nm zajk`c janmk}kanzkn ` rtajlm|t`c zlnzl+ `tl na} `|}anaga|z tlz}z an ` rltelj}kankz} `jja|n}ae `|}anag{. Z|jh `n `jja|n} g`{ vlcc dl `jjlr}`dcl an a}hlt fta|nmz `nmkn a}hlt jan}lx}z ‚ k} g`{ zltul `z ` zajk`c kml`c eat lx`grcl kn elgknkz}z‛

z}t|ffclz }a gaul gln `nm vagln }a tleatg }hlkt zajk`c `}}k}|mlz ‚ d|} k}

e`kcz }a j`r}|tl }hl zlnzl ae `|}anag{ `} }hl ea|nm`}kan ae lf`ck}`tk`nmlgajt`}kj rack}kjz. ]hl tl`zanz eat }hkz j`n dl dta|fh} a|} d{ p|a}knf Z}aco`t `} clnf}h kn }hl janjc|mknf zlj}kan ae hlt `t}kjcl?

Vagln vha `jjlr} }hl natg }h`} rtlfn`nj{ `nm ga}hlthaam knjtl`zl }hlkt vat}hknlzz `jjlr} zagl}hknf e`czl . @nm dlj`|zl ae }hl kn}ltn`ck`}kan ae }hlnatg# }hl{ ma na} hùl }hl j`r`jk}{ }a rltjlkul k} `z e`czl ‥ ]hl tl`zan }h`}C|ilt ‛z z|dolj}z `tl o|mflm na} }a dl `|}anaga|z kz }h`} }hl tl`zanz vlkfhlm |r kn}hl d`tf`knknf rtajlzz ‚ }hl jaz}z ae `j}kul zlx|`c `flnj{# `z vlcc `z }hl dlnlff}z ae rtlfn`nj{ ‚ `tl ae}ln mltkulm etag e`czl natgz }h`} hùl dlln kn}ltn`cklm# z|jh `z

}h`} vagln zha|cm na} `j}kulc{ mlzktl zlx at rtlr`tl eat zlx kn `mu`njl# }h`}rtlfn`nj{ kz `n lxrtlzzkan ae –tl`c‗ vag`nhaam# at }h`} rtlfn`nj{ kz ckilc{ }a cl`m}a ` g`ttk fl jaggk}gln} etag anl‛z r`t}nlt `nm }h`} }hkz kz ` faam }hknf ‥ ]auknmkj`}l }hl elgknkz} kn}|k}kan }h`} }hl z|dolj}z `tl na} `|}anaga|z# }hltleatl#elgknkz}z nllm }a mlulcar ` z}tanf z|dz}`n}kul }hlat{ ae `|}anag{. (Z}ac`t 4222#02;# k}`ckjz kn atkfkn`c+

Ektz}# K `ftll jagrcl}lc{ vk}h }hkz janjc|zkan# d|} anc{ ke vl `tl |zknf –`|}anag{ ‗ }a tlrtlzln} ` elgknkz} kml`c ae knmlrlnmln} `nm lf ck}`tk n zajk cckulz. Havlult# `z `n knmkj }at ae lp| c z}`}|z kn }hl mkzj|zzkan ae zajk`c natgzflnlt`cc{# }hkz vkcc na} ma# eat g`n{ ae }hl jc`kgz mlzjtkdlm hltl `z –e`czl#‗

z|jh `z }h`} vagln zha|cm na} mlzktl zlx at }h`} rtlfn`nj{ kz `n lxrtlzzkan ae –tl`c‗ vag`nhaam `tl (|neat}|n`}lc{+ razk}kanz rlarcl hacm kn r|dckj eat|gztlclu`n} }a zajk`c rackj{ (e|nm`gln}`ckz} tlckfka|z rlarcl eat lx`grcl+. ]a z`{ }h`} z|jh rlarcl c`ji `|}anag{# vhln }hl{ j`n jtk}kj`cc{ tlffllj} an }hl u`c|lz}hl{ lxrtlzz `z vlcc `z `n{anl lczl# }hl{ `tl na} `j}knf etag mkgknkzhlm(rtajlm|t`c+ t`}kan`ck}{# }hl{ `tl na} `ckln`}lm etag }hlkt u`c|lz# `nm za an (ke knmllm }hkz kz `cc }t|l ae }hlg+# kz }a mkzp|`cke{ rlarcl etag }hl mkzj|zzkanz

`da|} u`c|lz }h`} mlgajt }kj rtajlzzlz `tl gl`n} }a lgdam{.05

05 N|glta|z p|`ckffj`}kanz }a }hkz c`z} kml` tl nllmlm# z|jh `z }h } jlt}`kn u`c|lz }h } va|cm mkzt|r} }hlg`kn}ln`njl ae mlgajt`}kj rtajlzzlz }hlgzlculz (knjc|mknf tlzrlj} eat rc|t`ckzg `nm lp|`ck}{ ae




@ }kglc{ lx`grcl ae }hkz jan}taultz{ knuaculz ` Nat}h @etkj`n vag`n vha tljln}c{ `rrcklm eat jk}klnzhkr kn Et`njl.06 ]hl vag`n rt`j}kjlm `

r`t}kj|c`tc{ tlz}tkj}kul eatg ae Kzc`g (Z`c` ffzg+ kn vhkjh zhl mtlzzlz kn e|cc'dam{ ulkc# adl{z hlt h|zd`nm `nm a}hlt g`cl glgdltz ae hlt e`gkc{ kn `cckgrat}`n} g`}}ltz# `nm t`tlc{ clùlz }hl ha|zl lxjlr} }a dtknf hlt jhkcmtln}a zjhaac. Et`njl‛z hkfhlz} `mgknkz}t`}kul dam{# }hl Ja|njkc ae Z}`}l# t|clm}h`} }hl vag`n# kmln}kfflm anc{ `z E`k` X# h`m –`mar}lm ` t`mkj`c rt`j}kjlae hlt tlckfkan knjagr`}kdcl vk}h }hl lzzln}k`c u`c|lz ae }hl Etlnjh jag'g|nk}{# na}`dc{ vk}h }hl rtknjkrcl ae lp| ck}{ ae }hl zlxlz# `nm }hltleatl zhlmalz na} e|cffcc }hl janmk}kanz ae `zzkgkc`}kan‗ ckz}lm kn }hl ja|n}t{ ‛z JkukcJaml `z ` tlp|ktlgln} eat f`knknf Etlnjh jk}klnzhkr.08

Vl j`n janzkmlt }hl –rtknjkrcl ae lp|`ck}{ ae }hl zlxlz‗ gln}kanlm kn}hl Ja|njkc‛z mljkzkan `z tlrtlzln}`}kul ae }hl z}`nm`tmz ae tlc`}kan`clp|`ck}{ }h`} Azh`n`# Z}aco`t# `nm a}hlt }hlatkz}z va|cm knzkz} |ran `ztlp|ktlm eat `|}anag{. Nav k} kz |njcl`t vhl}hlt }hkz r`t}kj|c`t vag`n

va|cm gll} }hl z}`nm`tmz ae rtajlm|t`c `|}anag{ zl} a|} kn }hkz vati#`nm }hltl kz zagl lukmlnjl }h`} zhl va|cm na}.0; D|} ke vl kg`fknl }h`}zhl h`z `jjlr}lm }hkz z|dzltukln} razk}kan a|} ae zknjltl `nm tlffllj}kultlckfka|z mlua}kan# vk}ha|} mlelj}z kn hlt jagrl}lnjl `z ` tl`zanlt# }hln

g{ jc`kg kz }h`} mln{knf jk}klnzhkr }a z|jh ` rltzan kz }`n}`ga|n} }azkclnjknf ` uakjl kn }hl gat`c c`nmzj`rl }h`} ` e|cc{ knjc|zkul mlgajt`j{#anl vhkjh tlolj}z rltelj}kankzg kn }hl v`{ K hùl mlzjtkdlm# zha|cmknjc|ml. Ae ja|tzl zhl kz arrtlzzlm# `nm }hl r`t}kj|c`t tlckfka|z uklvzzhl lzra|zlz tlffllj}# }a g{ gknm# `n |n`jjlr}`dc{ tlz}tkj}kul `nm gkzaf{n'kz} uklv ae h|g`n tlc`}kanz. D|} }hlzl `tl jc`kgz }h`} zha|cm dl g`mlvk}hkn mlgajt`}kj mlckdlt`}kan# na} `z r`t} ae ` janjlr}kan ae }hl `|}ana'ga|z rltzan }h`} mlffnlz k}z ckgk}z.

@ ffn`c rakn}# havlult# `da|} }hl fta|nmz }h`} `tl |z|`cc{ afl ltlm }a

tlolj} aultc{ knmkukm|`ckz} uklvz ae `|}anag{? rtajlm|t`c `jja|n}z `tlgaz} ae}ln }ìln }a }`zi eat }hlkt kn`dkck}{ }a ja|n}ln`njl zajk`c kmln}k}{ kn ukt}|l ae }hlkt lgrh`zkz an ml}`jhlm tlffllj}kan `nm zlce'lnmatzlgln}

z}`nmknf+ g`{ vlcc dl o|z}kff`dc{ tlz}tkj}lm# d|} na} d`zlm an }hl c ji ae `|}anag{ an }hl r`t} ae }hlkt rtaranln}z. Eat ` r`t`cclc mkzj|zzkan ae Z}aco`t ‛z `tf|gln}# zll Dlnzan 422<d vha |zlz ` jtk}kp|l ae Z}aco`t }a mlelnm ` – vlìc{ z|dz}`n}kul‗ `jja|n} ae `|}anag{.

06 ]hkz mlzjtkr}kan vkcc ckilc{ mlr`t} etag zagl ae }hl rtljkzl e`j}z ae }hl j`zl# vhkjh kz `cza mlulcarknf e|t}hlt `z K vtk}l# d|} K |zl k} hltl eat kcc|z}t`}kul r|trazlz.

08 Zll –Et`njl Mlnklz Jk}klnzhkr }a G|zckg Vag`n#‗ @zzajk`}lm Rtlzz# O|c{ 05# 4228.0;

Eat lx`grcl# `jjatmknf }a nlvz tlrat}z# }hl Ja|njkc jc`kglm }h`} –zhl cl`mz ` ckel `cgaz} ae ` tljc|zl#j|}afl etag Etlnjh zajkl}{.‗ –Zhl ckulz kn }a} c z|dgkzzkan }a }hl gln kn hlt e`gkc{ ‥ `nm }hl kml` ae jan}lz}knf }hkz z|dgkzzkan malzn‛} luln ajj|t }a hlt#‗ }hl faultngln} tlrat} z`km (kdkm.+. ]hl e`j}}h`} }hl kml` ae jan}lz}knf z|dgkzzkan –malzn‛} luln ajj|t }a hlt ‗ knmkj }lz }h`} zhl g`{ na} gll} }hltlp|ktlgln} ae `mlp|`}l tlffllj}kan nllmlm eat `|}anag{.




(at nan'`ckln`}kan+ etag `zrlj}z ae }hl zlce.42 ]hlzl jtk}kp|lz# }hln# eaj|zan }hl `|}hln}kjk}{ janmk}kanz kn gamlcz ae `|}anag{. Havlult# }hl tl`c

e`kcknf ae }hazl `jja|n}z cklz kn }hl jagrl}lnj{ janmk}kanz }h`} `tl }{rkj`cc{ (`nm ae}ln knjagrcl}lc{+ c`km a|} `z nljlzz`t{ eat `|}anag{. @z elgknkz}z`nm a}hlt tlc`}kan`c }hlatkz}z hùl dlln knzkz}knf# g`n{ ckel r`}}ltnz(r`t}kj|c`tc{ eat vagln `nm g`tfkn`cklm fta|rz# `z zagl jc`kg+ jt|jk`cc{ knuacul kn}lt}vknlm rltzan`ck}klz# jcazl tlc`}kanz ae j`tl `nm mlrlnmlnjl#lgdlmmlm j|c}|t`c kmln}k}klz `nm u`c|lz# `nm }hl ckil. Eat `|}anag{ }arkji a|} }hl `dkck}{ ae rltzanz }a cl`m ckulz }h`} }hl{ j`n e|cc{ lgdt`jl`z }hlkt avn# }hln z|tlc{ rlarcl nllm }a mlulcar }hazl `dkck}klz }h`} `tl

jln}t`c }a kn}ltrltzan`c tlc`}kanz ae ` u`tkl}{ ae zat}z. Za vhkcl K j`nna} zrlcca|} ` ckz} ae z|jh jagrl}lnjlz hltl (a}hltz hùl manl za+# cl} gl na}l }h`}k} kz jagrl}lnj{ janmk}kanz kn rtajlm|t`ckz} uklvz ae `|}anag{ }h`} `tlrtadclg`}kj knzae`t `z }hl{ ma na} knjc|ml at gìl taag eat }hl vkmlu`tkl}{ ae j`r`jk}klz eat j`tl# kn}kg`j{# zajk`c kn}lt`j}kan# `nm }hl ckil }h`}

vkcc dl jt|jk`c eat zajk`cc{ lgdlmmlm rltzanz }a ffla|tkzh.40

K} zha|cm dl lgrh`zklm }h`} }hl mlcl}ltka|z lfl lj}z ae hklt`tjhkj`c zajk`ctlc`}kanz an `flnj{ `nm vlcc dlknf `tl jln}t`c }a }hl zajk`c `nm knz}k}|}kan`cz}t|j}|tl ae mlgajt`j{ ae }hl zat} lnukzkanlm hltl. ]a |nmltzjatl }h`} rakn}#

cl} |z }ìl ` dtkle hkz}atkj`c zkml }tkr }a lx`gknl }hl uklvz ae anl }hknilt vhakz na} ae}ln tleltlnjlm kn z|jh mkzj|zzkanz d|} vha afl ltz ` |nkp|l kn}lt'rtl} }kan ae }hl jannlj}kan dl}vlln zajk c ravlt z}t|j}|tlz `nm zlce'janjlr}}h`} vkcc dl ftl`} |zl }a da}h mlelnmltz ae tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ `z vlcc `z}hazl# ckil g{zlce# vha tlzkz} }h`} na}kan kn k}z z}tkj} eatg.

@zkml? clzzanz etag Ta|zzl`|

Kn Ta|zzl`|‛

z zrlj|c`}kul `n}htaracaf{# vatilm a|} kn hkz }va mkzja|tzlz#Lgkcl `nm }hl –Atkfkn ae C`nf|`flz#‗44 hl mlulcarz ` uklv ae hav na}

anc{ }hl ukt}|lz `nm ` zlnzl ae o|z}kjl gkfh} mlulcar kn tlc`}kan }a zajk`ceatjlz d|} `cza hav }hl zlce'janjlr} lgltflz. @ il{ lclgln} kn hkz zrlj|'c`}kanz kz }hl u`tk`dkck}{ ae }hkz rtajlzz# `nm lzrljk`cc{ k}z zlnzk}kuk}{ }a}hl z|tta|nmknf m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c ckel. Kn gamltn (lzrljk`cc{# eat hkg#R`tkzk`n+ zajkl}{# knmllm lult{vhltl vhltl g`n kz –kn jh`knz#‗ hl `tf|lz }h`}}hl zlce'janjlr} lgltflz etag ` rtajlzz ae kn}ltn`ck`}kan ae }hl lxrlj}`}kanz

42

Zll# eat lx`grcl# G`jilnkl `nm Z}aco`t 4222`# 0:‚06.40 Gl{ltz 0;8;. @z Uktfknk` Hlcm h`z z`km kn ` mkfl ltln} jan}lx}# vl zha|cm uklv –g`}|tk}{ ‥ `zjagrl}lnjl kn jtl`}knf `nm z|z}`knknf tlc`}kanz ae lgr`}h{ `nm kn}ltz|dolj}kuk}{ ‗ (Hlcm 0;;:# 52+.

44 Kn hkz cl}}lt }a G`clzhltdlz# Ta|zzl`| jc kglm }h } }hlfftz} }htll ae }hlzl vatiz eatg ` |nkfflm vhacl.Eat mkzj|zzkan zll Jt`nz}an 0;;0.




ae a}hltz `nm }hl mlzktl }a ckul |r }a }hl kg`fl ae anlzlce kn a}hltz‛ gknmz# knr`t}kj|c`t }hl gknmz ae anl‛z zajk`c dl}}ltz. ]hkz# e`ga|zc{# rtam|jlz `ga|t

rtartl at rtkmle|c zlce'caul.4:

Jt|jk`c }a }hl Ta|zzl`|k`n rkj}|tl ae }hl zajk`c zlce kz# ae ja|tzl# }hlm{n`gkjz ae `ga|t ml zak `nm `ga|t rtartl . ]hl c`}}lt tleltz }a }hl zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf `jjatmknf }a vhkjh a|t zlce'lz}llg dljaglz }hata|fhc{ }klm}a a|t tlc`}kanz vk}h a}hltz kn zajkl}{ }av`tm vhag vl ajj|r{ razk}kanz ae z|datmkn`}kan. Vl kn}ltn`ckl }hkz (gaz}c{ jatt|r}lm# eat Ta|zzl`|+ rkj}|tlae a|tzlculz }h`} vl ffnm kn }hl `}}k}|mlz ae a}hltz tlf`tmknf |z `z vl mkzjltnz|jh `}}k}|mlz kn }hl z|rlt ffjk`c ml}`kcz ae zajk`c raz}|tknf. ]hl magkn`}kan

knuaculm kn }hkz rtajlzz kz mllr `nm jtkrrcknf# kn }h`} a|t ult{ zlce'kg`fl kzz}t|j}|tlm a|} ae a|t z|datmkn`}kan }a a|t z|rrazlm –dl}}ltz‗ kn `n `t}kff'jk`cc{ knlf`ck}`tk n zajk`c atmlt.4=

K} kz kgrat}`n} hltl }a na}l }va }hknfz? }hkz rtajlzz ae z|dolj} janz}t|j'}kan d{ v`{ ae kn}lt`j}kan vk}h a}hltz (`nm kn tl`j}kan }a a}hltz‛ tlf`tm eat a|tzlculz+ kz na} ` rtajlzz }h`} j`n dl lzj`rlm# `} cl`z} na} eat `n{ rlarclckuknf a|}zkml }hl t`tlfflm (`nm ffj}kan`cklm+ `tj`mk` ae }hl z}`}l ae n`}|tl(`z a|}cknlm kn Daai K ae }hl Zljanm Mkzja|tzl ‚ zll Ta|zzl`| 0;86+. Eat `cc zajk`cklm knmkukm|`cz# zlce'lz}llg kz ` e|nj}kan ae zajk`c kn}lt`j}kan `nm

zajk`c m{n`gkjz# an Ta|zzl`|‛z uklv. Vh`} g|z} dl |nmltz}aam kz }hl v`{zkn vhkjh }h`} kn}lt`j}kan kz jatt|r}lm kn nl`tc{ lult{ zajkl}{ (zùl eat }hlrtkz}knl Flnlu` ae Ta|zzzl`|‛z r`}tka}kj e`n}`zklz+ `z ` tlz|c} ae }hl knlp|`c'k}{ ae ravlt `nm z}`}|z }h`} rltu`mlz }hlg.

Nav }hltl kz# eat Ta|zzl`|# ` –faam‗ iknm ae `ga|t rtartl (}a `d|zl }hl}ltg+# kn }h`} }hltl kz ` hl`c}h{ g`nnlt kn vhkjh vl j`n janz}t|j} a|t zlce'|nmltz}`nmknfz a|}zkml ae }hl –jh`knz‗ ae hklt`tjhkj`c zajk`c tl`ck}klz. Ta|z'zl`| z|tlc{ mlnkft`}lz `ga|t rtartl # vhltl –}a dl‗ `nm –}a `rrl`t ‗ dljaglknmkz}knf|kzh`dcl kn |z# d|} hl `cza j`ccz k} (kn Lgkcl eat lx`grcl+ – vh`} kz dlz}`nm vh`} kz vatz} `ganf gln‗ (Ta|zzl`| 06540;;:# 08= +. Kn }hl na}lz }a }hlZljanm Mkzja|tzl hl z`{z? – @ga|t rtartl kz anc{ ` tlc }kul zln}kgln}# e`j}k}ka|z#`nm datn kn zajkl}{# vhkjh knjcknlz lult{ knmkukm|`c }a zl} ftl`}lt z}atl d{ hkgzlce }h`n d{ `n{anl lczl# knzrktlz gl vk}h `cc }hl lukcz }hl{ ma anl `na}hlt#`nm kz }hl fln|knl za|tjl ae hanat .‗ Hkz mlnkft`}kan kz fta|nmlm kn }hllzrljk`cc{ rltnkjka|z eatg ae mlrlnmlnjl }h`} `ga|t rtartl knuaculz# kn `ccd|} }hl gaz} t`tlfflm zajk`c janmk}kanz9 d|} vh`} hl z`{z hltl `cza gìlz

4: ]hkz fta|nm kz `cza jaultlm d{ Jh`tclz ]`{cat# vhltl hl mkzj|zzlz }hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c tljafnk}kan}h`} Ta|zzl`| mlzjtkdlm `nm lu`c|`}lm kn }t`jknf }hl }htl`mz ae }hl gamltn janjlr}kan ae zlce. ]`{cat 0;;4# :<‚:5# == ‚<0. Zll `cza F`|}hklt 4225.

4= Zll Ta|zzl`| 06540;;:# Daai KU# Zajk`c Jan}t`j} # Daai KK (kn Ta|zzl`| 0;86# 0<:‚064+.




taag eat ` iknm ae kn}ltrltzan`c# zlce'janz}k}|}knf m{n`gkj vhkjh ` tgzt`}hlt }h`n mlz}ta{z hl`c}h{ zlce'lz}llg.

]hkz j`n dl zlln gatl jcl`tc{ kn ` tlg`ti`dcl cl}}lt }h`} h`z anc{ tljln}c{ dlln }t`nzc`}lm `nm r|dckzhlm kn Lnfckzh# Ta|zzl`|‛z cl}}lt }a anlG. Gac}a| (rtad`dc{ vtk}}ln kn }hl zrtknf ae 06<6+. Kn `nzvlt }a }hl c`}}lt ‛z`rr`tln} p|lz}kan – vh`} kz ukt}|l1‗ Ta|zzl`| lxrc`knz }hl }hata|fhc{ zajk`cn`}|tl ae gat`c tlffllj}kan `nm zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf (`f`kn# eat `cc |z raz}'`tj`mk`n zajk`c dlknfz+. Hl lxrc`knz }h`} vh`}lult kz –gat`c‗ kn gl –zlliztlc`}kanz a|}zkml g{zlce.‗ ]h`} `c}ha|fh a|t mlrlnmlnjl an a}hltz knzajkl}{ kz ` iknm ae vlìnlzz# k} kz nlult}hlclzz }hl |nùakm`dcl vlìnlzzae zajk`cklm dlknfz# anlz vhazl –n`}|t`c faamnlzz‗ h`z fkuln v`{ (kn `n`n}htaracafkj`c t`}hlt }h`n ` hkz}atkj`c zlnzl ae –fkuln v`{ ‗+ }a zajk`cukt}|l. ]h`} dlknf }hl |n`c}lt`dcl ca} ae `cc zajk`cklm zlculz# }hl{ g|z}`rrtartk`}l –faamnlzz ae `na}hlt zat}# z|k}`dcl }a }hkz nlv lxkz}lnjl.‗

Zrlìknf `z anl z|jh zajk`c dlknf# hl `mmz?

YdWlj`|zl g{ ckel# g{ zlj|tk}{# g{ ckdlt}{# `nm g{ h`rrknlzz }am`{ mlrlnm an}hl jaarlt`}kan ae a}hltz ckil g{zlce# k} kz jcl`t }h`} K g|z} caai |ran g{zlce `zna canflt `n kzac`}lm knmkukm|`c d|} `z r`t} ae ` c`tflt vhacl# `z ` glgdlt ae ` c`tflt dam{ an vhazl rtlzltu`}kan gknl mlrlnmz `dzac|}lc{ ‥ Z|jh `tl }hl

knmkzzac|dcl danmz }h`} |nk}l |z `cc `nm gìl a|t lxkz}lnjl# a|t z|tuku`c# a|t tl`zan Yc|gkètlz W ‥ mlrlnmln} an a|t zajk`c tlc`}kanz.4<

]hkz zhavz hav Ta|zzl`| rkj}|tlm gat`c zlce'tlffllj}kan `z janz}k}|}lm d{ zajk`c jannlj}kanz `nm jkukj kmln}kffj`}kanz. Vh`} kz kgrat}`n} }a na}l hltlkz }hl v`{ Ta|zzl`| zllz zajk`c ravlt hklt`tjhklz `z lzzln}k`c kn rtam|jknf#eat hkg# ` jatt|r}lm `nm r`}hacafkj c zlce'janjlr} eat gamltn jk}klnz.

]hkz `cc g`{ z|fflz}# }hln# }h`} knzae t `z zlce'faultngln} at `|}anag{ kz lzzln}k`c }a h|g`n mkfnk}{# zagl}hknf Ta|zzl`| jcl`tc{ }ha|fh}# }hln

lf`ck}`tk`n zajk`c tlc`}kanz `tl ` nljlzz`t{ janmk}kan eat `|}anag{. @nm }hkzkz rtljkzlc{ }hl zat} ae uklv K v`n} }a jan}lz}. Kn tlzranzl# cl} gl gìl }vadtkle adzltu`}kanz. ]hl fftz} kz }h`} Ta|zzl`|‛z jc`kg }h`} gamltn jk}klnz`tl –kn jh`knz‗ dlj`|zl ae }hlkt kn}ltn`cklm zajk`c z|datmkn`}kan kz r`t}ae ` jc`kg `da|} na} anc{ etllmag d|} }hl kml`c jh`t`j}lt ae }hl rltzanf|kmlm d{ ukt}|l (`z –z}tlnf}h ae za|c‗+ `nm# d{ lx}lnzkan# d{ –n`}|tl.‗ ]hllm|j`}kan ae Lgkcl –`z ` g`n#‗ vhkjh kz nllmlm dleatl hl j`n dl lm|j`}lm–`z ` jk}kln#‗ kz `kglm `} rtam|jknf ` rltzan vha kz na} anc{ zlce'faultnknf

rlt zl d|} vha `cza lxhkdk}z }hl z}akj ukt}|lz ae }hl zlce'tlck`n} knmkukm|`c vha kz kn }a|jh vk}h }hl knnlt uakjl ae gat`ck}{ `nm kn }|nl vk}h hkz n`}|t`c

4<– @ Cl}}lt etag Ol`n'O`jp|lz Ta|zzl`|#‗ Nlv [ati Tluklv ae Daaiz (G`{ 0<# 422:+.

Tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ 06;



r`zzkanz. ]hkz kz jcl`tc{ `n kml`cklm rkj}|tl# ` rltelj}kankz} (`nm vl zha|cm`mm p|k}l zlxkz}+ uklv f|kmlm d{ vh`} T`vcz va|cm j`cc ` jagrtlhlnzkul

gat`c maj}tknl? ` dta`m rhkcazarhkj`c `jja|n} ae }hl ukt}|a|z ckel gl`n} }azh`rl a|t mllrlz} u`c|lz `nm jaggk}gln}z.

Z`{knf }hkz tlul`cz `} }hl z`gl }kgl }hl jan}lz}`dkck}{ ae z|jh `n kml`c.Na} }h`} vl nllm }a tlolj} k} a|} ae h`nm# d|} k} jcl`tc{ g|z} dl `mgk}}lm}h`} }hltl `tl a}hlt tl`zan`dcl jagrl}knf kml`cz. (]a zll }hl jan}lz}`dkck}{ ae Ta|zzl`|‛z rkj}|tl ae }hl kml`c ckel# anl nllm anc{ r`{ e|t}hlt `}}ln}kan }ahkz uklvz an }hl tacl ae vagln kn }hl ckel ae }hl zlce'faultnknf (g`cl+jk}kln!+ ]hkz gl`nz }h`} vhkcl Ta|zzl`|‛z mk`fnazkz ae }hl kgrat}`njl ae

hklt`tjhkj`c ravlt kn }hl janz}t|j}kan ae }hl gamltn jk}kln‛z zlce'kg`fl kzkcc|gkn`}knf `nm rltz|`zkul# `n{ janjc|zkanz ckniknf `|}anag{ }a lf`ck}`t'

k`n zajk`c tlc`}kanz tlcklz an gatl }h`n gltlc{ }hl kml` ae zlce'faultngln}k}zlce. K} `cza tlcklz an kml`cz ae rltzan`c mlulcargln} `nm zajk`c tlc`}kanz(}hl c`}}lt lgdlmmlm kn ` janjlr}kan ae o|z}kjl+ vhkjh a}hlt tl`zan`dcljk}klnz vk}h mkfl ltln} rhkcazarhkj`c a|}caaiz g`{ vlcc jan}lz}. G{ rakn} kz}a |zl Ta|zzl`| `z `n adolj} clzzan kn `}}lgr}knf }a }kl ` zajk`c janjlr}kanae zlce }a ` zajk c |nmltz}`nmknf ae `|}anag{# `nm kn maknf za hl lxlgrckfflz}hl |zl ae z|dz}`n}kul u`c|l janjlr}kanz kn gìknf z|jh ` ckni. @z vl z`v

l`tcklt# }h`} kz rtljkzlc{ }hl z}lr }h`} `}}t`j}z a|t z|zrkjkanz vhln }`ciknf `da|} }hl janjlr} ae `|}anag{ kn gamltn rc|t`ckz}kj mlgajt`jklz.

]h`} z`km# K v`n} }a z|fflz} }h`} }hltl kz ` e|t}hlt clzzan }a dl j|cclm etagTa|zzl`|‛z |nmltz}`nmknf ae a|t zajk`c zlce'janjlr}kanz# anl vhkjh vkcc`ccav |z }a }ìl an da`tm g`n{ ae }hl |tfln} jc`kgz g`ml d{ tlc`}kan`c`|}anag{ }hlatkz}z `da|} arrtlzzkul zajk`c jannlj}kanz. Kn j`zlz vhltl }hlknlf`ck}`tk`n n`}|tl ae }hl zajk`c tlc`}kan (vhkjh kn r`t} janz}k}|}lz g{ uklv ae g{zlce an }hkz rkj}|tl+ z|fl aj`}lz g{ knmlrlnmln} uakjl `nm z|rrtlzzlzg{ avn zlce'faultngln}# vhln K `g g`ml }a dav `nm zjt`rl `nm }hltld{ jagl }a zll g{zlce `z avknf mleltlnjl }a g{ zajk`c dl}}ltz# k} kz ae}ln }hlj`zl }h`} K `g }hltld{ |n`dcl }a zll g{zlce `z –`|}hat ‗ ae g{ avn ckel. ]h`}kz# kn }hl zajk`c z}t|j}|tlz K ffnm (`nm mlffnl+ g{zlce kn K g`{ ellc }h`} g{ avn uakjl `nm o|mfgln} kz za ajjc|mlm kn }hl zajk`c m{n`gkj }h`} gaulz gl`canf kn ckel (z`{ kn }hl jagg`nmz ae a}hltz vk}h `|}hatk}{ ault gl+ }h`} g{ ckel r`}h kz tl`cc{ na} kn `n{ zlnzl g{ avn. K j`nna} zll g{zlce `z ` zlce'`|}hln}kj`}knf za|tjl ae }hl dkaft`rhkj c n`tt`}kul }h`} mlffnlz gl.

Kn z|jh j`zlz# an g{ uklv# K hùl caz} g{ `|}anag{. K j`nna}# vk}ha|}

`ckln`}kan–}ìl kn `z g{ avn

‗}hl n`tt`}kul ae g{ ckel# }afl}hlt vk}h }hlmk`jhtankj rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ }h`} ga}ku`}lz mljkzkanz vk}hkn }h`} ckel. Kn

}hkz v`{ K j`nna} zll g{zlce `z –`|}hat ‗ ae g{ avn ckel (`nm –`|}hat ‗ kz knp|a}lz dlj`|zl ae g{ tlrl`}lm tlgknmltz }h`} vl `tl nlult zlce'jtl`}atz




kn `n{ mllr zlnzl# vl `tl anc{ zlce'g`n`fltz+. K }hkni }hkz vkcc hlcr }ajc`zzke{ g`n{ arrtlzzkul zajk`c janmk}kanz }h`} tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ }hl'

atkz}z knzkz} `tl hl}ltanaga|z `z z|jh# }ha|fh k} kz za jc`zzkfflm an rtajl'm|t`ckz} fta|nmz. K} kz na} etag `n lx}ltn`c rltzrlj}kul }h`} `n{ fkuln zajk`ctlc`}kan (ae `|}hatk}{# j`tl# mlrlnmlnjl# at mlua}kan+ kz mllglm `|}anag{'janelttknf9 t`}hlt k} kz z}kcc etag }hl rakn} ae uklv ae }hl zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm`fln} vk}hkn }hazl tlc`}kanz. Kn j`zlz vhltl# `z Ta|zzl`| a|}cknlz# a|t `ga|t

rtartl h`z }|tnlm |z kn}a zlce'mlffnlm c`jil{z `nm zlce'lfl jknf zljanm'jc`zzjk}klnz# vl c`ji }t|l zlce'faultngln} dlj`|zl z|jh janmk}kanz rtluln} |zetag zllknf a|tzlculz `z }hl `|}hln}kj`}knf uakjl kn }hl m{n`gkjz }h`} gaul

z|jh janmk}kanz `canf.Za g|jh eat Ta|zzl`|. ]a jagrcl}l a|t }tl`}gln} ae tlc`}kan`c jan'jlr}kanz ae `|}anag{ vl g|z} nav janzkmlt `n `mmk}kan`c `}}lgr} }aga}ku`}l }h`} gamlc vhkjh gìlz zrljkffj |zl ae }hl janjlr}kan ae zajk`ctljafnk}kan# ` janzkmlt`}kan }h`} vkcc ajj|r{ |z }hata|fhc{ kn }hl eaccavknf jh`r}lt.

k k . z a j k ` c t l c ` } k a n z ` n m z a j k ` c t l j a f n k } k a n

@na}hlt tlc`}kan`c `rrta`jh }a `|}anag{ }h`} jaglz etag ` mkfl ltln}mktlj}kan kz anl vhkjh jagdknlz janzkmlt`}kanz ae lp|`ck}{ ae }hl zat} }h`}gaul Azh`n` vk}h m{n`gkj# kn}ltrltzan`c e`j}atz `tkzknf etag ` jlt}`kn|nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl mlulcargln} ae }hl z|dolj}# zrljkffj`cc{ Hlflck`nanlz. @z vl vkcc mkzj|zz kn gatl ml}`kc kn ` gagln}# @xlc Hannl}h h`zmanl u`c|`dcl vati kn |nmltzjatknf }hl kgrat}`njl `nm jagrclxk}{ ae tljafnk}kan kn jtk}kj`c rack}kj`c }hlat{ flnlt`cc{ `nm kn janjlr}kanz ae }hlz|dolj} kn r`t}kj|c`t. Mt`vknf an }hkz vati# Hannl}h `nm Oalc @nmltzan

hùl zil}jhlm ` janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ }h`} knjc|mlz tlc`}kan`c# kn r`t}kj'|c`t tljafnk}kan`c# lclgln}z (@nmltzan `nm Hannl}h 422<+ }h`} `tl ae tlclu`njl }a a|t janjltnz.

Eat Hlflc# ae ja|tzl# g|}|`c tljafnk}kan kz ` mlulcargln}`c rtljanmk'}kan eat zlce'janzjka|znlzz k}zlce. @nm anl gkfh} jc`kg# `z Hannl}h malz#}h`} tljafnk}kan kz jln}t`c }a janjlr}kanz ae zajk`c o|z}kjl }h`} f|kml jtk}kj`c`rrt`kz`cz ae j|ttln} janmk}kanz.45 D|} }hl uklv K v`n} }a janzkmlt `tf|lz}h`} rltzan`c `|}anag{ knuaculz tljafnk}kan kn v`{z }h`} `tl z}tanflt }h`n gltlc{ ` jan}knfln} jannlj}kan. Hannl}h `nm @nmltzan `tf|l }h`}

45 Hannl}h 0;;5. An }hl janjlr} ae tljafnk}kan# Hannl}h vtk}lz? –zajk`c tljafnk}kan tlrtlzln}z }hlnljlzz`t{ janmk}kan eat z|dolj}z dlknf `dcl }a kmln}ke{ vk}h }hlkt u`c|`dcl p|`ck}klz `nm# `jjatmknfc{#mlulcar fln|knl `|}anag{ ‗ (Hannl}h 4220# <0<+.




kn `} cl`z} }htll zrhltlz ae tljafnk}kan tlc`}kanz ‚ zlce'tlzrlj}# zlce'}t|z}#`nm zlce'lz}llg ‚ }hl u|cnlt`dkck}klz }a vhkjh knmkukm|`cz kn }hl j|ttln}`fl `tl z|dolj} (`nm `f`knz} vhkjh `|}anag{ kz gl`n} }a rta}lj} }hlg+tlp|ktl }h`} r`t}kj|c`t tlc`}kanz ae tljafnk}kan `tl janjlr}|`cc{ tlp|ktlmeat `|}anag{ kn ` e|cc zlnzl. @z }hl{ r|} k}# rtarlt tlc`}kanz ae zlce'tlzrlj}#}t|z}# `nm lz}llg `tl nllmlm za }h`} –e|cc `|}anag{ ‚ }hl tl`c `nm lfl lj}kulj`r`jk}{ }a mlulcar `nm r|tz|l anl‛z avn janjlr}kan ae ` vat}hvhkclckel ‚ kz e`jkck}`}lm d{ tlc`}kanz'}a'zlce (zlce'tlzrlj}# zlce'}t|z}# `nm zlce'lz}llg+ }h`} `tl }hlgzlculz da|nm |r vk}h vldz ae zajk`c tljafnk}kan‗

(@nmltzan `nm Hannl}h 422<# 0:6+.

K vkcc z`{ gatl `da|} }hkz jc`kg kn ` gagln}# d|} anl vanmltz `} }hkzrakn} vh{ }hl `rrazk}l rht`zl kn }hkz c`z} p|a}l malz na} k}zlce rtaukml ` mlffnk}kan eat `|}anag{ ‚ }hl tl`c `nm lfl lj}kul j`r`jk}{ }a mlulcar `nmr|tz|l anl‛z avn janjlr}kan ae ` vat}hvhkcl ckel ‚ vhkcl }hl a}hlt e`j}atz–e`jkck}`}l‗ }hkz janmk}kan. D|} @nmltzan `nm Hannl}h zrljkffj`cc{ `tf|l}h`} rtajlm|t`ckz} `jja|n}z ae `|}anag{ (}hl{ jk}l T`vcz `z ` za|tjl ae z|jh` uklv+ e`kc }a j`r}|tl }hl v`{ }h`} h|g`n u|cnlt`dkck}klz tlp|ktl jlt}`knkn}ltrltzan`c `nm zajk`c janmk}kanz }a ln`dcl knmkukm| cz }a lnoa{ `|}anag{ kn ` z}`dcl `nm tad|z} g`nnlt.

]hkz rakn} tlc`}lz }a }hl jc`kg g`ml d{ a}hltz }h`} `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz ` mlftll ae zlce'}t|z} . Knmllm zagl hùl `tf|lm }h`} ` natg`}kul jagranln} ae `|}anag{ ln}ltz d{ v`{ ae ` tlp|ktlgln} }h`} anl hùl tlf`tm eat anlzlce#`z ` jhaazlt `nm mlzltuknf ae tlzrlj} etag a}hltz an }hkz zjatl# }a dl }t|c{ zlce'faultnknf. R`|c Dlnzan# eat lx`grcl# `tf|lz }h`} r`t} ae vh`} k} gl`nz}a –}ìl avnltzhkr‗ ae anl‛z kn}ln}kanz `nm `j}kanz (ae ` zat} tlp|ktlm eat `|}anag{+ kz }a g`kn}`kn ` mlftll ae zlce'vat}h (Dlnzan 0;;= # 42229 zll`cza GjClam 4224+. Dlnzan `tf|lz }h`} vk}ha|} ` zlnzl }h`} zhl j`n |zl }hlravlt ae hlt avn o|mfgln}z z`nlc{# ` rltzan kz na} `|}anaga|z.

G{ flnlt`c tl`j}kan }a }hlzl }{rlz ae j`zlz kz }a `jjlr} }h`} ` mlftll ae zlce'janffmlnjl `nm zlce'}t|z} kz kn e`j} tlp|ktlm eat `|}anag{# d|} }hkzmalz na} kgrc{ }h`} `|}anaga|z rltzanz g|z} `mar} ` r`t}kj|c`t# z|dz}`n'}kul# u`c|l zjhlgl# lxjlr} kn }hl zlnzl }h`} hùknf }hkz zat} ae janffmlnjl

vkcc ae}ln knuacul u`c|knf anlzlce kn ` gknkg`c zlnzl. ]hl j`zlz Dlnzan `nma}hltz tlc{ an }a zhav }h`} zlce'}t|z} kz nljlzz`t{ tl`cc{ zhav ` e`kc|tl ae jagrl}lnjl # na} ` e`kc|tl }a hùl ` jlt}`kn u`c|l jaggk}gln} anl a|fh}}a hùl. Eat lx`grcl# K gkfh} hùl rltelj} }t|z} kn g{ rh{zkj`c }t`knlt ‚ K ma

`cc `nm anc{ vh`} zhl z`{z dlj`|zl K hùl `dzac|}lc{ na janffmlnjl kng{ avn `dkck}{ }a jhaazl }hkz lxltjkzl ault }h`} anl. Na anl va|cm z`{ g{ `|}anag{ kz jagrtagkzlm |nmlt z|jh janmk}kanz. ]hkz kz dlj`|zl# knft`n}knf hlt }hkz `|}hatk}{# K tl}`kn }hl jagrl}lnjl nljlzz`t{ }a j`tt{ a|}




g{ kn}ln}kanz }a lxltjkzl lfl lj}kulc{# zknjl K }t`nzelt }t|z} etag g{zlce }a hlt janjltnknf vh`} kz `n lfl lj}kul lxltjkzl. Kn }h`} j`zl K hùl jagrl}lnjl `nmhlnjl `|}anag{ (`zz|gknf a}hlt janmk}kanz ae `|}hln}kjk}{ `tl gl}+ d|}

vk}ha|} zlce'}t|z}. @mgk}}lmc{ }hkz kz ` c`ji ae caj`cklm zlce'}t|z} ‚ }t|z} kn ` r`t}kj|c`t

j`r`jk}{ ‚ `nm na} zlce'}t|z} flnlt`cc{# eat K mkm `} cl`z} hùl }a jhaazl }hkzr`t}kj|c`t }t`knlt. D|} vhln }hl rltzan vha c`jiz luln vhaclz`cl zlce'}t|z}c`jiz `|}anag{ k} kz na} m|l }a `n `dzlnjl ae ` r`t}kj|c`t u`c|l jaggk}gln}

rlt zl # d|} dlj`|zl zhl c`jiz `n `dkck}{ # ` iknm ae ga}ku`}kan`c jagrl}lnjl }aeatg tlffllj}kul o|mfgln}z `nm j`tt{ }hlg a|} kn `j}kan. Nav K inav }h`}

}ìknf }hkz razk}kan vkcc arln gl |r }a za'j`cclm h`rr{ zcùl j`zlz# eat ` rltzan vha c`jiz zlce'}t|z} ln}ktlc{# vha fkulz hltzlce jagrcl}lc{ ault }a }hlt|cl ae `na}hlt# vkcc dl `|}anaga|z an g{ uklv ke zhl j`gl }a }hkz razk}kan`|}anaga|zc{ (`nm kz na} za mkz}`n} etag }hl atkfkn`c mljkzkan }h`} }hl`|}hln}kjk}{ janelttlm l`tcklt h`z c`rzlm+. D|} }hkz cl`mz }a }hl mkz`ftllgln}`da|} z|jh j`zlz mkzj|zzlm kn }hl rtluka|z jh`r}lt# ` jh`cclnfl K harl }ahùl `nzvltlm.

]a tl}|tn }a }hl kzz|l ae `|}anag{ `nm tljafnk}kan? `z vl vkcc mkzj|zz kngatl ml}`kc kn }hl nlx} jh`r}lt# tljafnk}kan kz `cv`{z ln`j}lm |nmlt }ltgz ae

kmln}k}{ ? }h`} kz# anl lxrtlzzlz at lxrltklnjlz tljafnk}kan `z ‥ }hkz at }h`}iknm ae rltzan. Knmllm# r`t} ae }hl tl`zan }h`} gkz' at g`c'tljafnk}kanjagrtkzlz kno|z}kjl kz }h`} anl‛z kmln}k}{ `nm tlc`}lm jaggk}gln}z }a ` hatkan ae u`c|l `tl kfnatlm# ajjc|mlm# at g`tfkn`cklm kn }hl dta`mlt m{n`gkj ae zajk`c ravlt tlc`}kanz. ]hltleatl# kmln}k}{ g`tiltz mlffnl }hl}ltgz ae }hl tlc`}kanz knz}`n}k`}lm d{ tljafnk}kan.

Havlult# }hl gatl flnlt`c j`zl `f`knz} zllknf tljafnk}kan `z ` janjlr'}|`c jagranln} ae `|}anag{ j`n dl ga|n}lm kn z}t`kfh}eatv`tm }ltgz#`nm gkttatz g{ l`tcklt jaggln}z `da|} tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{. Ektz}# knzae`t `z tljafnk}kan arlt`}lz |nmlt j`}lfatklz# }hl mlzjtkr}atz |nmlt vhkjhz|jh tljafnk}kan lx}lnmz k}zlce jannlj} mktlj}c{ }a }hl kmln}k}{ j`}lfatklz}h`} |nmltvtk}l }hl rack}kjz ae kmln}k}{ `z ` zrljkffj gaml ae z}t|ffcl `nmrack}kj`c `j}kan `nm vhkjh rtaukmlz }hl naglnjc`}|tl eat }hl lxrltklnjl ae kno|z}kjl vhln z|jh tljafnk}kan kz mlnklm. Ae ja|tzl tljafnk}kan nllm na}lxrtlzz k}zlce kn `n{ ae }hl e`gkck`t kmln}k}{ j }lfatklz# ae t`jl# l}hnkjk}{# flnmlt#at zlx|`ck}{. Tljafnk}kan j`n dl gatl flnlt c }h`n }hkz.46 Nlult}hlclzz#

46 Hannl}h tleltz }a }hkz u`tk`dkck}{ vhln hl vtk}lz }h`} hkz jc`kg `da|} tljafnk}kan tlg`knz –` jc`kg vk}hkn rhkcazarhkj`c `n}htaracaf{# luln }ha|fh K nav lgrh`zkl g|jh gatl }h`n rtluka|zc{ }hlhkz}atkj c `c}lt`dkck}{ ae eatgz ae tljafnk}kan9 k} kz z}kcc ` g`}}lt ae }hl knu`tk n} mlrlnmlnjl ae h|g`nzan }hl lxrltklnjl ae tljafnk}kan# luln }ha|fh k}z eatgz `nm jan}a|tz j`n dljagl mkfl ltln}k }lm kn }hlja|tzl ae hkz}atkj`c }t`nzeatg`}kanz‗ (Hannl}h 4220# <0<+.

Tlc`}kan`c `|}anag{ 08:



tljafnk}kan ae e|nm`gln}`c kn}ltlz}z `nm j`r`jk}klz ae }hkz zat} mkfl ltz etag}hl gatl flnlt`cklm eatg ae kn}ltrltzan`c tlzrlj} rtljkzlc{ kn }hl eatglt ‛zmlrlnmlnjl an j`}lfatklz ae jc`zzkffj`}kan }hta|fh vhkjh k} kz janul{lm`nm }hl c`}}lt ‛z eaj|z an anc{ t`}kan`c `flnj{ `z z|jh kn ` dta`m `nm`gatrha|z zlnzl.

Zljanm# z|jh kmln}k}{ j`}lfatklz j`tt{ vk}h }hlg `tt`{z ae u`c|l jan'na}`}kanz ‚ dlhùkat`c lxrlj}`}kanz# rz{jhacafkj`c `zzajk`}kanz `nm }hl ckil.]a dl `jinavclmflm `z ` g`cl# at ` hagazlx|`c# at ` vatilt# at ` ga}hlt#kz }a dl da}h mlffnlm `nm lu`c|`}lm `jjatmknf }a g{tk`m `zzajk`}lm jtk}ltk` ae dlhùkat `nm jh`t`j}lt. ]a dl j`cclm ` ga}hlt kz }a `ccav }hl p|lz}kan

ae vhl}hlt anl kz ` faam ga}hlt. Kmln}k}{ j`}lfatklz `tl u`c|l j`}lfatklz.Knmllm# }hl ravlt ae tljafnk}kan tlzkmlz rtljkzlc{ kn }hl u`c|l ae tlzrlj}e|c'nlzz eat z|jh j`}lfatklz# ` tljafnk}kan g`ml nljlzz`t{# `jjatmknf }a k}zmlelnmltz# d{ }hl jagr`t`}kulc{ u`j|a|z lxrtlzzkan ae tlzrlj} eat `flnj{ }h`} k} kz gl`n} }a tlrc`jl.

E|t}hlt# j`}lfatklz ae jc`zzkffj`}kan `tl `cv`{z jan}lz}`dcl. Zajk`c }{r'acaf{ kz eatlult |nmlt tlukzkan`t{ zjt|}kn{# `nm }hl r`t}kj|c t r|dckj gl`nknfz`zzajk`}lm vk}h kmln}k}{ jc`zzkffj`}kanz `tl z|dolj} }a anfaknf tlnlfa}k`}kan`nm zagl}kglz tlzkz}`njl. ]hkz kz jcl`tc{ ` jagrclx rakn}# `nm k} dtknfz }a

gknm }hl g{tk`m mld }lz `da|} lzzln}k ckzg# lxjc|zkan`t{ }lnmlnjklz ae z}tkj}c{ mlffnlm zajk`c fta|rz# ellcknfz (`nm jh`tflz+ ae mkzca{`c}{ `nm zlce'h`}tlm# `nm }hl ckil. ]hl rakn} K r|} eatv`tm hltl# havlult# kz t`}hlt vlì `nm z}t`kfh}eatv`tm# n`glc{ }h`} zajk`c j`}lfatklz d{ v`{ ae vhkjh tljafnk'}kan lxrtlzzlz k}zlce `tl z|dolj} }a p|lz}kan `nm anfaknf lu`c|`}kan. ]hkzgl`flt jc`kg# }ha|fh# vkcc rc`{ kn}a }hl `tf|gln} }h`} rtajlzzlz ae mlga'jt`}kj zajk`c mlckdlt`}kan vkcc dl nljlzz`t{ }a nlfa}k`}l }hl magkn`n} gl`n'knfz ae z|jh zajk c j`}lfatklz# `nm z|jh mlckdlt }kan rtajllmz vk}h`|}anaga|z r`t}kjkr`n}z# anlz vhazl `|}anag{ g|z} dl mlffnlm vk}ha|}tleltlnjl }a }hl j`}lfatklz `z z|jh |nmlt mkzr|}l.

K z|fflz} }h`} vl mkz}knf|kzh jcazlc{ tlc`}lm d|} kgrat}`n}c{ mkfl ltln}`zrlj}z ae tlc`}kan`c uklvz. K} kz anl }hknf }a jc`kg }h`} zajk`c janmk}kanz}h`} ln`dcl |z }a mlulcar `nm g`kn}`kn }hl ravltz ae `|}hln}kj jhakjl`nm vhkjh rta}lj} }hl anfaknf kn}ltrltzan`c `nm zajk`c tlc`}kanzhkrz }h`}mlffnl a|tzlculz `tl `cc r`t} ae }hl d`jifta|nm tlp|ktlgln}z eat }hl mlulcar'gln} ae `|}anag{. ]hkz kz ` ravlte|c jan}tkd|}kan }a }hl mkzj|zzkanz ae `|}anag{ g`ml d{ elgknkz} (`nm a}hlt+ mlelnmltz ae tlc`}kan`c janjlr}z.

(Knmllm# K hùl }tklm }a z|fflz} }h`} ftl`}lt `}}ln}kan }a }hlzl zat}z ae e`j}atzzha|cm dl fkuln kn }hl –jagrl}lnjl‗ janmk}kanz ae rtajlm|t`c `jja|n}z ae `|}anag{.+ K} kz `na}hlt }hknf# havlult ‚ `nm ` rtadclg`}kj `nm |c}kg`}lc{ m`nflta|z gaul# K hùl `tf|lm ‚ }a jc`kg }h`} dlknf `|}anaga|z gl`nz




z}`nmknf kn rtarlt zajk`c tlc`}kanz }a z|tta|nmknf a}hltz `nm vk}hkn zajk`crt`j}kjlz `nm knz}k}|}kanz. ]ìknf }hkz razk}kan# `z vl‛ul zlln# }|tnz }hl

janjlr} ae `|}anag{ kn}a `n |n`jjlr}`dc{ rltelj}kankz} kml` }h`} j`ttklz vk}h k} }hl m`nflt ae lxjc|zkan `nm ault`tjhknf r`}ltn`ckzg }h`} `}}ln}kan }a`|}anag{ zha|cm vlcc rta}lj} `f`knz}. ]hl clzzan ae tlc`}kan`c }hlatklz#}hln# kz }h`} zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm `nm kn}ltrltzan`cc{ lgdlmmlm zlculz# kn`cc }hlkt u`tkl}klz `nm jagrclx rltzrlj}kulz an u`c|l `nm o|z}kjl# `tl `|}a'naga|z anc{ vhln }h`} u`tk`dcl `nm g|c}krclx razk}kan kn }hazl zajk`ctlc }kanz tlffllj}z }hl `|}hln}kj `nm zlce'kgrazlm z}`nm`tmz ae }hl etllrltzan. Kn }hkz v`{# tlc`}kan`c }hlatklz hùl }`|fh} |z hav e`t vl zha|cm

fa kn }hl mktlj}kan ae zllknf o|z}kjl `z janjltnknf zajk`c m{n`gkjz `z vlcc`z knmkukm|`c jhakjl# d|} }hl{ `cza rakn} }a }hl m`nfltz ae tlke{knf `n{ r`t}kj|c`t zl} ae z|jh m{n`gkjz `z }hl anc{ kml`c }a dl }ìln kn}a `jja|n} kn}hl r|dckj mlckdlt`}kanz janz}k}|}kul ae o|z}kjl k}zlce.

]a `mar} ` }hata|fhc{ tlc`}kan`c uklv ae `|}anag{ kz }a zll k} `z ` rtarlt}{# na} gltlc{ ae `n knmkukm|`c `nm hlt j`r`jk}klz# d|} ae }hl tlc`}kanz}h`} jagrtkzl }hazl janmk}kanz. ]a rta}lj} `|}anag{ kn }hkz v`{ kz }arta}lj} }hazl tlc`}kanz. Vh`} kz ravlte|c `da|} }hlzl uklvz kz }hl lgrh`zkz}hl{ rc`jl an zlj|tknf }hl zajk`c janmk}kanz }h`} `tl tlp|ktlm eat }hl lnoa{'

gln} ae `|}anag{# janmk}kanz tlc`}knf }a lm|j`}kan# zajk`c z}t|j}|tlz `nmarrat}|nk}klz# `jjlzz }a d`zkj tlza|tjlz# ha|zknf# `nm za an.48 D|} tlc`}kan`cuklvz }h`} zll zajk`c janmk}kanz `z na} anc{ z|rrat}kul ae `|}anag{ d|}ml ff nk}kul ae k} j`tt{ vk}h }hlg ` m`nflt }h`} `|}anag{'d`zlm rtknjkrclz ae

o|z}kjl vkcc lxjc|ml etag r`t}kjkr`}kan }hazl knmkukm|`cz vha tlolj} }hazl}{rlz ae zajk`c tlc`}kanz mlg`nmlm d{ }hazl uklvz.

Cl} gl dl jcl`t# havlult# }h`} u`tka|z zat}z ae zajk`c tlc`}kanz# ae}lnknuacuknf ravlt `nm `|}hatk}{# vkcc dl`t mktlj}c{ an vhl}hlt ` rltzanlnoa{z `|}anag{ kn `n knmkukm|`ckz} zlnzl. Eat `z vl z`v kn mkzj|zzkanz}hta|fha|} }hkz daai# knzae`t `z jlt}`kn z}t|j}|t`c tlc`}kanz `tl e|nj}kan`ckn }hl janjlr}|`ck`}kan `nm `j}kuk}{ ae `n{ fkuln zlce }hln `|}anag{ `zzlce'faultngln} vkcc mlrlnm an }hazl tlc`}kanz dlknf tl`cklm `nm rta'}lj}lm. Gatl }a }hl rtlzln} rakn}# zrljkffj janmk}kanz ae `|}anag{ g`{

vlcc tlp|ktl r`t}kj|c`t kn}ltrltzan`c `nm zajk`c tlc`}kanz }a ad}`kn eat }hlzl janmk}kanz }a ad}`kn. Eat lx`grcl# vl mkzj|zzlm kn jh`r}lt 4 }hl

v`{z kn vhkjh kn}ltrltzan`c tlc`}kanz j`n dl zlln `z e|nm`gln}`cc{ arlt`'}kul kn }hl v`{ rlarcl }hkni `nm ellc. Vl }`cilm `da|} }hl mkzatkln}knf

lfl

lj}z ae gauknf etag anl lnuktangln} }a `na}hlt `nm hav }hlzl

48 Eat ` mkzj|zzkan ae }hl v`{ }h`} zagl rault}{'tlc`}lm vlce`tl rackjklz z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ |nmltj|} }hlrtaukzkan ae z|jh janmk}kanz# zll Jhtkz}g`n 0;;8.




mkzatkln}`}kanz j`n zlultlc{ kgr`kt ` rltzan‛z `dkck}{ }a }hkni# tlffllj}# `nmtlglgdlt. ]hltleatl# kn `n{ z|jh j`zlz# zajka'tlc`}kan`c janmk}kanz vkcchùl }a ad}`kn eat `n{ z|jh rltzan }a g`kn}`kn }hl `dkck}{ }a lnf`fl kn }hliknm ae tlffllj}kan tlp|ktlm ae `|}anag{. K z|zrlj}# }hln# }h`} }hl rackj{ kgrckj`}kanz ae tlc`}kan`c `jja|n}z ae `|}anag{ vkcc maul}`kc p|k}l nl`}c{

vk}h }hazl ae g{ avn uklv. ]hl mkfl ltlnjl# `nm k} kz `n kgrat}`n} anlK }hkni# kz janjlr}|`c.




j h ` r } l t ;

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz

Mkzj|zzkanz kn rack}kj`c }hlat{ ae }hl kgrat}`njl ae zajk`c `nm j|c}|t`cfta|r glgdltzhkr hùl dlln rcln}ke|c `nm g|c}k'e`jl}lm kn tljln} mlj`mlz.]hkz h`z dlln zr|ttlm d{ zlult`c e`j}atz# knjc|mknf ftavknf tl`ck`}kanae }hl lfl lj}z ae fcad`ck`}kan# janetan}knf }hl knjtl`zknfc{ g|c}kj|c}|t`cn`}|tl ae rar|c`}kanz kn gamltn mlgajt`jklz# `nm }hl jan}kn|knf lfl lj}zae kmln}k}{'d`zlm z}t|ffclz kn }hl 0;52z `nm 0;62z kn L|tarl `nm Nat}h

@gltkj`. ]hlzl mkzj|zzkanz f`knlm nlv lnltf{ vk}h `}}ln}kan fkuln }ag|c}kj|c}|t`ckzg# }hlatklz ae zajk`c tljafnk}kan# `nm }hl rack}kjz ae mkfl lt'lnjl kn tljln} {l`tz. ]hl jln}t`c kzz|l gkfh} dl mlzjtkdlm `z `ziknf vhl}hlt zrljk`c vlkfh} g|z} dl ` fl atmlm }a –kmln}k}{'d`zlm kn}ltlz}z‗ an }hl r`t}ae glgdltz ae r`t}kj|c`t zajk`c fta|rz jh`t`j}ltklm d{ jaggan`ck}klz ae

j|c}|tl# kmln}k}{# hkz}at{# at zajk`c razk}kan. Ke z|jh vlkfh} g|z} dl zrljk'fflm kn }hl mlzkfn ae rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz# hav j`n tleltlnjl dl g`ml }a zajk`cfta|rz kn p|lz}kan vhkcl tljafnkknf }hl g|c}krcl mk fl ltlnjlz `ganf glg'dltz ae `n{ z|jh fta|r# vk}ha|}# }h`} kz# t|nnknf èa|c ae rtadclg`}kjlzzln}k`ckzg `da|} zajk`c j`}lfatklz vhkjh kz kn }lnzkan vk}h }hl u`tk`dkck}{ ae ckulm lxrltklnjl `nm }hl zajk c janz}t|j}lmnlzz ae }hazl j`}lfatklz}hlgzlculz1

]hkz zhavz hav kn `}}lgr}z }a `t}kj|c`}l }hkz jh`cclnfl }a }t`mk}kan`cckdlt`ckzg# ` z|d}cl d`c`njknf `j} g|z} dl rlteatglm dl}vlln ffnmknf `

c`nf|`fl vhkjh lxrtlzzlz }hl zrljk`c vlkfh} }h`} kmln}k}{'d`zlm kn}ltlz}z`cclflmc{ zha|cm tljlkul kn rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz d|} vk}ha|} tlc{knf anrtadclg`}kj`cc{ z}`}kj# tlkfflm# at lzzln}k`cklm j`}lfatklz kn mlffnknf }hazljc`kgz. ]hlatkz}z kn u`tka|z fflcmz ft`rrcknf vk}h }hlzl kzz|lz hùl `}}lgr'}lm }a v`ci }hkz }kfh}tarl. Kn }hkz jh`r}lt vl vkcc caai `} zagl ae }hazl`}}lgr}z (vk}ha|} `}}lgr}knf `n{}hknf ckil ` e|cc z|tul{+. Kn }hl lnm K vkccz|fflz} }h`} }hltl kz ` v`{ }a janzkmlt }hl zrljk`c kgrat}`njl ae kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kgz# anl vhkjh ùakmz }hl rk}e`ccz ae lzzln}k`ckzg (`nm tlc`}lmrtadclgz+# knmllm anl }h`} jannlj}z }hlzl jc`kgz vk}h }hl `|}anag{ ae }hl rltzan.

086



]hl ck}lt`}|tl an }hlzl kzz|lz kz u`z}# `nm k} h`z rtackelt }lm ae c`}l d{ da}hmlelnmltz ae kmln}k}{ rack}kjz kn u`tka|z eatgz `z vlcc `z d{ ckdlt`c uakjlzt`kzlm kn tlzranzl. Zagl }hlatkz}z hùl eaj|zlm an }hl rack}kj`c kgrat}'`njl ae zajk`c'fta|r glgdltzhkr `z ` v`{ ae tlolj}knf }hl Lnckfh}lngln}}t`mk}kan ae ckdlt`c rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{ `z ` vhacl. ]hlzl u`tka|z }hkniltzhùl jc`kglm }h`} zajk`c'fta|r glgdltzhkr `mmz ` jt|jk`c lclgln} }ajanzkmlt`}kanz ae o|z}kjl# }h`} }hl ckdlt`c }t`mk}kan h`z na} `jja|n}lm eat }hkz kgrat}`njl (`nm# }hl{ `tf|l# j`nna}+9 eat }h`} tl`zan# }hl{ `tf|l# vlzha|cm mlr`t} etag }h`} }t`mk}kan (zll [a|nf 0;;2`# eat lx`grcl+. A}hltzafl lt }ltgz ae tljanjkck`}kan# lk}hlt etag vk}hkn }hl ckdlt`c et`glvati

(I{gckji` 0;;<9 G`tf`ck} `nm T` 0;;2+ at etag `n `c}ltn`}kul rltzrlj'}kul vhkjh caaiz eat tljanjkck`}kan vk}h }hl ckdlt`c lgrh`zkz an }hl`|}anag{ ae knmkukm|`cz (l.f.# `z vk}h ]`{cat 0;;4+. G`n{ kn }hkzc`z} j`gr eaj|z an vh`} h`z jagl }a dl j`cclm }hl rack}kjz ae tljafnk}kan(`nm ae ja|tzl na} `cc }hlatkz}z eaccavknf }hkz cknl zlli ` tad|z} tljanjkck`'}kan vk}h ckdlt`ckzg+. Ekn`cc{# ckdlt`c rhkcazarhltz hùl `cza `mmtlzzlm }hkzkzz|l d|} na} kn atmlt }a f`}hlt kn }hl janjltnz ae fta|r kmln}k}{# `} cl`z}na} an }hl }ltgz ae }hazl t`kzknf }hl kzz|l# d|} kn atmlt }a mkc|}l at mkgknkzh }hl }htl`} }h`} fta|r'd`zlm janjltnz razl eat }t`mk}kan`c }hlatklz

ae o|z}kjl (@rrk`h 422<9 D`tt{ 42209 Iltnah`n 0;;89 Zln 4225+.Kn }hkz c`}}lt fta|r# `z vk}h zagl jtk}kj`c }hlatkz}z (Dlnh`dkd 42249

H`dltg`z 0;;;+# lgrh`zkz h`z dlln rc`jlm an }hl mllr `nm jagrclx h{dtkmk}{ ae j|c}|tl# zajk`c fta|rz# `nm hlnjl kmln}k}{. Vtk}ltz z|jh `z

@rrk`h# Zln# `nm Dlnh`dkd hùl tljln}c{ `n`c{lm }hl p|lz}kan ae kmln}k}{ `nm fta|r tkfh}z d|} hùl z}tlzzlm }hl hkz}atkj`c `nm j|ttln} j|c}|t`cjagrclxk}{ ae u`tka|z kmln}k}{ fta|rz. ]hkz lgrh`zkz an jagrclxk}{ kzgl`n} }a |nmltj|} jc`kgz an }hl r`t} ae g|c}kj|c}|t`ckz}z }h`} zrljk`c jc`kgz(at tkfh}z+ `tkzl etag `}}ln}kan }a j|c}|tl.

K vkcc hùl u`tka|z }hknfz }a z`{ `da|} zagl ae }hlzl }hlatkz}z `nm }tlnmz#da}h mktlj}c{ `nm kn r`zzknf. Kn r`t}kj|c`t# K vkcc z|fflz} }h`} zagl `n}k'ckdlt`c }hlatkz}z ae kmln}k}{ janjlr}|`ckl kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kgz kn v`{z }h`}e`kc }a z|rrat} }hlkt vhaclz`cl tlolj}kan ae }hl c`nf|`fl ae ckdlt`c o|z}kjl.

@cza# K vkcc rakn} a|} }h`} }hkniltz z}tlzzknf }hl kn}ltn`c h{dtkmk}{ ae j|c}|tlz `tl# fftz}# rtlzzknf ` natg`}kul jc`kg `da|} hav rlarcl zha|cmtlf`tm }hlkt jannlj}kan }a jlt}`kn }t`mk}kanz `nm j|c}|tlz# anl vhkjh kzmkzf|kzlm `z ` mlzjtkr}kul at `n`c{}kj`c jc`kg `da|} hkz}at{ at l}hnkjk}{ at

j|c}|tl. Zljanm# k} kz |njcl`t }h`} z|jh `rrta`jhlz j`n `jja|n} eat }hlzrljk`c kgrat}`njl }h`} kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kgz hùl# vhln kn e`j} }hl{ gltk} }h`} kgrat}`njl.




Havlult# K v`n} }a z}tlzz }h`}# eat }hl gaz} r`t}# }hlzl }hlatkz}z hùle`kclm }a `mu`njl ` rc`|zkdcl `jja|n} ae }hl rltzan‛z tlc`}kan }a j|c}|t`c

fta|rz ‚ }hl ult{ kmln}k}{ }h`} arlt`}lz `} }hl jln}lt ae }hlkt `tf|gln}z. @}cl`z} }hl{ hùl na} r|} eatv`tm `n `jja|n} ae zajk`c kmln}k}{ }h`} (`+ fta|nmz}hl zrljk`c vlkfh} }h`} kmln}k}{'d`zlm kn}ltlz}z zha|cm f`tnlt kn }hazl j`zlz

vhltl }hkz kz gltk}lm (`nm K vkcc z|fflz} }hltl `tl z|jh j`zlz+# `nm (d+ ùakmzrtadclg`}kj lzzln}k ckzg `da|} }hl n`}|tl ae zajk c fta|rz. Kn zhat}# ` gamlcae }hl rack}kj`c zlce kz vh`} kz nllmlm hltl.

G{ gatl razk}kul `kg kn }hkz jh`r}lt# }ha|fh# kz }a gìl a|} ` j`zleat vh{ kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kgz `tl tlc`}lm }a `|}anag{ kn ` g`nnlt }h`} h`zna} dlln `mlp|`}lc{ na}lm kn }hl ck}lt`}|tl K vkcc mkzj|zz. Knzae`t `z`|}anag{ knuaculz nan'`ckln`}kan kn }hl v`{ K hùl mlzjtkdlm# `nm }hl–zlce ‗ ae zlce'faultngln} j`n dl zlln `z janz}k}|}kulc{# }ha|fh u`tk`dc{#tlc`}lm }a z|tta|nmknf (`nm hkz}atkj`c+ zajk`c janmk}kanz# }hln ùakmknf `ckln`}kan vkcc tlp|ktl fkuknf zrljk`c vlkfh} }a kmln}k}{'d`zlm kn}ltlz}z d|}kn ` g`nnlt vhkjh ùakmz rltg`nln}c{ ffxknf }hl el`}|tlz ae }h`} kmln}k}{ anjl `nm eat `cc.

G{ rc`n kz }a lx`gknl fftz} }hl ault`cc z}t|j}|tl ae kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kgz vhltl K vkcc dtknf a|} }hl kgrat}`n} tacl }h`} zlce'kn}ltrtl}`}kan g|z} rc`{

kn }hl zrljkffj`}kan ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz (kn v`{z }h`} }hlatkz}z kn }hkzck}lt`}|tl hùl na} `cc zlln jcl`tc{+. Nlx}# K vkcc janzkmlt `}}lgr}z d{ ckdlt`c}hlatkz}z }a }ìl `jja|n} ae }hl zrljk`c z}`}|z ae kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kgz ae }hkzzat}# `nm K vkcc janjc|ml }h`} nlk}hlt }hl{ nat }hlkt jtk}kjz hùl `mlp|`}lc{ j`r}|tlm }hl u`t{knf tacl }h`} jhakjl rc`{z (`nm malz na} rc`{+ kn fta|nmknf z|jh jc`kgz. K vkcc `cza `tf|l }h`} z|jh }hlatkz}z hùl na} fkuln `n `mlp|`}l`jja|n} ae }hl –kmln}k}{ ‗ kn p|lz}kan hltl# ` c`j|n` K }t{ }a tlzranm }a knzlj}kan KU. K janjc|ml d{ mkzj|zzknf hav z|jh jc`kgz j`n dl fta|nmlm knknmkukm|`c `|}anag{ vhln }h`} na}kan kz |nmltz}aam kn }hl g`nnlt K hùl

vatilm a|} hltl.

k . a u l t ` c c z } t | j } | t l a e k m l n } k } { ' d ` z l m j c ` k g z

]a uklv }hl c`nmzj`rl kn k}z e|cc ckfh} hltl# cl} |z mkz}knf|kzh u`tka|z razk}kanz}h`} hùl dlln }ìln an }hlzl kzz|lz `nm }hl u`tka|z jan}taultzklz `tkzknf etag}hlg. Vl dlfkn vk}h }hl }t mk}kan c ckdlt`c janjlr}kan ae }hl z|dolj} (jk}kln+ae o|z}kjl# }hl rltzan tlrtlzln}lm kn }hl `dz}t`j} natg`}kul rtknjkrclz ae

mlgajt`}kj z}`}lz. ]hkz gamlc jk}kln kz mlzjtkdlm kn ` v`{ }h`} gìlz natleltlnjl }a r`t}kj|c`t jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz# z|jh `z t`jl# flnmlt# zlx|`ck}{# at }hlckil# nat }a glgdltzhkr kn zajk`c fta|rz at j|c}|t`c }t`mk}kanz. Fkuln }h`}# k}

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 08;



v`z }hltld{ `zz|glm }h`} z|jh rtknjkrclz d`zlm an }h`} gamlc zkgrc{ `rrcklm|nkultz`cc{.0

Vhln `n knmkflna|z rlarcl# eat lx`grcl# gìlz ` jc`kg }a }t`mk}kan`cc{ z`jtlm fta|nm# }hl jan}taultz{ rc`{z k}zlce a|} `z zagl}hknf gatl }h`nzkgrc{ ` janfflkj} ae rtarlt}{ tkfh}z. Vhln jc`kgz ae }hkz zat} `tl mld`}lm#d`zlm `z }hl{ `tl an ck}kf`n}z‛ jannlj}kanz vk}h l`tcklt flnlt`}kanz ae j|c}|t cc{ jannlj}lm rlarcl# zrljk`c kgrat}`njl kz ` fl atmlm }a }hl mlr}h ae }h`} jannlj}kan `nm |nkp|l z}`nmknf }h`} (kn }hkz j`zl+ }tkdl glgdltz hùlkn rtlzzknf }hl j`zl# kn jagr`tkzan# z`{# }a ` ha|zknf mlulcarlt ‛z mlzktl }a|zl }hl c`nm eat ` nlv tlzkmln}k`c `tl`.

Kn ` zckfh}c{ mkfl

ltln} d|} tlc`}lm tlfkz}lt# vagln# glgdltz ae t`jk`c at l}hnkj gknatk}klz# `nm f`{ rlarcl# `ganf a}hltz# ae}ln ja|jh jc`kgz ae r`z}`nm anfaknf kno|z}kjl kn }ltgz ae `}}`jiz an }hlg `z glgdltz ae z|jh fta|rz #t`}hlt }h`n z knmkukm|`cz. H`}l jtkgl clfkzc }kan kn }hl \Z@# eat lx`grcl# kzz|rrat}lm kn r`t} d{ }hl |nmltz}`nmknf }h`} jtkglz ga}ku`}lm d{ arrta'dtk|g }av`tm rlarcl dlj`|zl ae }hlkt glgdltzhkr kn z|jh fta|rz `tllzrljk`cc{ hlkna|z. @n}k'mkzjtkgkn`}kan `nm lp|`c'rta}lj}kan c`v `cza mlzkf'n`}lz zrljk`cc{ rta}lj}lm j`}lfatklz ae knmkukm|`cz vhazl kn}ltlz}z f`tnlt zrljk`c `}}ln}kan d{ v`{ ae }hl knjtl`zlm zjt|}kn{ }h`} kz tlp|ktlm ae `n{

clfkzc`}kan }h`} `multzlc{ ` fl lj}z }hlg. ]hl r`t}kj|c`t vlkfh} fkuln }a }hlzliknmz ae jc`kgz# vhln at ke }hl{ `tl u`ckm# tlz}z an `n `zz|gr}kan ae }hlkgrat}`njl ae fta|r glgdltzhkr }h`} }hl rack}kjz ae kmln}k}{ (`z K `g |zknf }h`} }ltg+ `}}lgr}z }a j`r}|tl.4

Kn }hl ck}lt`}|tl `cc|mlm }a hltl# ` u`tkl}{ ae jc`kgz `nm ja|n}lt'jc`kgz`tl `} kzz|l# zagl ml`cknf vk}h }hl z}`}|z ae zajk`c fta|rz (`nm vk}hkn }h`}#

0 Vl `cc inav# havlult# }h`} }hl `j}|`c hkz}atkj`c }hlatkz}z r|tul{knf }hazl uklvz lk}hlt lxrckjk}c{ at d{ kgrckj`}kan mkm na} kn}lnm }hl gamlc jk}kln }a dl vk}ha|} t`jl# flnmlt# l}j. T`}hlt# }hl gamlc

jk}kln v`z ` – vhk}l‗ g`cl ae ` jlt}`kn jc`zz razk}kan. U`tka|z z}|mklz hùl mt`vn a|} }hkz lxjc|'zkan`t{ }lnmlnj{ `nm ae ja|tzl k} kz nav }ìln `z fkuln }h`} j`nankj`c ckdlt`c }hlatkz}z `zz|glm ` n`ttav janjlr}kan ae }hl jk}kln kn }hkz v`{. Z|jh z}|mklz knjc|ml Cca{m 0;8= # Gkccz 0;;6# `nmR`}lg`n 0;88.

4 K |zl }hl }ltg –zajk`c fta|r‗ `z ` flnltkj rht`zl }a tlelt }a j|c}|t`cc{ atf`nklm fta|rz# z|jh `z }hlAokdv` ae Nat}h @gltkj` at }hl Gàtk kn Nlv _l`c`nm# `nm a}hlt fta|rz }h`} zh`tl ult{ ck}}cl knjaggan }h`} j`n dl j`cclm –j|c}|t`c#‗ z|jh `z vagln# f`{ gln `nm clzdk`nz# }hl mkz`dclm# `nm t`jk`cfta|rz. ]hkz kz na} }a z`{# ae ja|tzl# }h`} }hlzl c`}}lt fta|rz ma na} }lnm }a zh`tl jlt}`kn jaggan`ck}klztlc`}knf }a zajk`c rt`j}kjlz# gamlz ae dlhùkat# `zzajk`}kanz# gamlz ae }tl`}gln} d{ a}hltz# `nm }hl ckil(`} cl`z} kn jlt}`kn caj`ck}klz+. D|} }hltl zllgz `n aduka|z z|te`jl mkfl ltlnjl dl}vlln }hl e`j}atz }h`}ml}ltgknl glgdltzhkr kn }hazl fta|rz. Eat j|c}|t c fta|rz# r`t}kjkr }kan kn zajk`c rt j}kjlz# at `} cl z}` }lnmlnj{ }a `jinavclmfl }hl rltzan`c kgrat}`njl ae z|jh rt`j}kjlz# kz r`t} ae }hl kmln}k}{ }h`}

fta|nmz anl‛z glgdltzhkr. Eat `zjtkr}kul kmln}k}klz# z|jh `z zlx# t`jl# `nm rh{zkj`c `dkck}{# vh`}ml}ltgknlz glgdltzhkr `tl gltlc{ }hazl e`j}z `da|} anl (`z mlffnlm d{ zajk`c jc`zzkffj`}kan zjhlglz+#knmlrlnmln} ae vhl}hlt anl‛z gaml ae dlhùkat# zajk`c rt`j}kjlz# c`nf|`fl# v`{ ae zrlìknf# `nm za an`tl zh`tlm vk}h a}hlt ja'glgdltz. (Zll D`tt{ 4220 eat `n `tf|gln} }h`} `zjtkr}kul kmln}k}klz zh`tl najaggan j|c}|tl.+

0;2 ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



da}h j|c}|t`c fta|rz `nm nan'j|c}|t`c kmln}k}{ fta|rz+# zagl janjltnknf jc`kgz d{ knmkukm|`cz d|} vk}h r`t}kj|c`t jannlj}kan }a fta|r glgdlt'zhkr. @} }kglz# }hlzl jc`kgz `tl kn }hl eatg ae tkfh}z# `z vk}h I{gckji` ‛zmkzj|zzkan ae rac{l}hnkj tkfh}z `nm }hl tkfh}z ae zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kan d{ n`}kan`c gknatk}klz (I{gckji` 0;;<+. Havlult# }hl c`nf|`fl ae tkfh}zj`ttklz vk}h k} janjlr}|`c d`ff`fl vhazl jan}taultzk`c n`}|tl jagrckj`}lz}hl mkzj|zzkan kn v`{z K‛cc v`n} }a ùakm hltl.: K vkcc }`ci hltl ae zrljk`ckn}ltlz}z an }hl r`t} ae rltzanz `nm fta|rz# }ha|fh luln kn }hkz j`zl# K man‛}

v`n} }a kgrc{ }h`} o|z}kjl janzkmlt`}kanz `tl `cc ` g`}}lt ae `}}lnmknf }a (at zkgrc{ d`c`njknf+ jk}kln kn}ltlz}z. @z vkcc lgltfl c`}lt# `cza `}

kzz|l kz }hl rltzrlj}kul d{ vhkjh ` rltzan gìlz o|mfgln}z `da|} hlt kn}ltlz}z. ]hl zhat}h`nm eat `cc z|jh janzkmlt`}kan vkcc dl –kmln}k}{'d`zlmkn}ltlz}z.‗ ]hl p|lz}kan vkcc }hln dl? vh`} nan'tlm|jkdcl janzkmlt`}kang|z} dl g`ml }a z|jh kn}ltlz}z kn }hl z}t|j}|tl `nm o|z}kffj`}kan ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl1 R|} mkfl ltln}c{# hav zha|cm }hl gamlc ae }hl jk}kln`z }hl z|dolj} ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl kn gamltn mlgajt`jklz knjc|mltleltlnjl }a glgdltzhkr kn `nm kmln}kffj`}kan vk}h zajk`c fta|rz (vhl}hlt }hlzl dl j|c}|t`c fta|rz at a}hlt `zjtkr}kul kmln}k}klz }h`} `tf|`dc{ c`ji ` jaggan j|c}|tl+1

@na}hlt v`{ }a gìl }hkz rakn} kz }a zkgrc{ raz}|c`}l ` mkfl ltlnjldl}vlln ` rtleltlnjl `nm `n kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kg. @ rtleltlnjl g`{ vlcc dlp|k}l vlkfh}{# d|} `n kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kg jannlj}z vk}h u`tka|z a}hlt u`c|l jaggk}gln}z# zajk`c rt`j}kjlz `nm h`dk}z# `nm tlc`}kanz vk}h a}hltz.Kn `mmk}kan# jannlj}kanz }a zajk`c fta|rz ae jlt}`kn iknmz hùl ` hkz}atkj`cmkglnzkan }h`} kz ae}ln aultcaailm. ]hkz kz jlt}`knc{ }t|l eat j|c}|t`cfta|rz# vhazl jc`kgz eat zrljk`c rta}lj}kanz tlelt zrljkffj`cc{ }a r`z} rt`j'}kjlz kn tleltlnjl }a vhkjh j|ttln} glgdltz mlffnl }hlgzlculz. D|} `cza eat `zjtkr}kul kmln}k}klz# kn `mmk}kan }a anfaknf mkzjtkgkn`}kan `nm ukaclnjl#ault} kno|z}kjlz ae }hl r`z}# ae}ln knuacuknf clf`cc{ z`nj}kanlm lxjc|zkan `nmmkzjtkgkn`}kan# `tl tlclu`n} }a }hl vlkfh} ae j|ttln} mlg`nmz. Lx`grclzknjc|ml }hl tlc`}kul tljlnj{ ae }hl ` fl atm`njl ae e|cc ua}knf tkfh}z }a @etkj`n

@gltkj`nz kn }hl \Z@# `z vlcc `z }hl ja|n}clzz clf`c lxjc|zkanz ae f`{z `nmclzdk`nz# l}hnkj gknatk}klz# vagln# `nm a}hlt fta|rz kn }hl rack}kj`c `nmr|dckj zrhltl. ]hkz gl`nz }h`} j|ttln} jc`kgz ae kmln}k}{ j`tt{ vk}h }hlghkz}atkj`c zh`mavz }h`} `tl ult{ g|jh janz}k}|}kul ae }hlkt ravlt.

: Kn flnlt`c K hùl kn gknm hltl jc`kgz }h`} tkfh}z `zz|gl aultc{ knmkukm|`ckz} kn}ltlz}z# aultc{ arrazk'}kan`c zajk`c tlc`}kanz# `nm ` flnltkj janjlr}kan ae }hl tkfh}z'dl`tlt }h`} ajjc|mlz tleltlnjl }a mkfl lt'lnjlz `ganf glgdltz ae zajk`c fta|rz }h }# zagl jc kg# mlzltul }hlatl}kj`c `}}ln}kan. Zll# l.f.# Dtavn0;;< `nm Vkcck`gz 0;;09 eat ` mlelnzl ae tkfh}z c`nf|`fl# zll V`cmtan 0;86.

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 0;0



D|} }hl kzz|l tlg`knz vhl}hlt glgdltzhkr kn jlt}`kn zajk`c fta|rz` fl atmz zrljk`c z}`}|z }a }h`} `zrlj} ae anl‛z rack}kj`c rltzan`ck}{# z|jh }h`}jc`kgz g`ml kn jannlj}kan }a z|jh glgdltzhkr `tl fkuln ftl`}lt zajk`c

vlkfh} }h`n rtleltlnjlz `nm a}hlt nllmz. Anl knffl|ln}k`c g`nnlt kn vhkjhjc`kgz ae }hkz zat} hùl dlln `mu`njlm kz ja|jhlm kn }ltgz ae }hl zajk`ctljafnk}kan tlp|ktlm eat `flnj{. @z vl z`v kn jh`r}lt 4# Jh`tclz ]`{cat h`zmlulcarlm ` jagrclx janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce `nm k}z tlc`}kan }a j|c}|tl }h`}zrljkffj`cc{ tlcklz an }hl mk`cafkj`c n`}|tl ae kmln}k}{. Kn r`t}kj|c`t# }hlh{ra}hlzkz }h`} vl mlulcar ` zlnzl ae zlce `nm kmln}k}{ d{ v`{ ae }hlc`nf|`fl ae ` j|c}|tl `nm kn kn}lt`j}kan vk}h a}hlt zrlìltz ae }h`}

c`nf|`fl# gìlz }hl anfaknf rt`j}kjl ae }h`} c`nf|`fl mlffnl }hazl j|c'}|t`c eatgz jt|jk`c }a a|t kmln}k}{. –Tljafnk}kan‗ kz }hl }ltg eat }hl iknmae lx}ltn`c `jinavclmfgln} ` fl atmlm }a |z d{ zkfnkffj`n} a}hltz }h`}jlgln}z }hl zlnzl vl hùl ae a|tzlculz# vhkjh kn }|tn |nmltvtk}lz k}zu`c|l.

Kn `mmk}kan# `z vl mkzj|zzlm kn }hl c`z} jh`r}lt# @xlc Hannl}h h`z `tf|lmeat }hl kgrat}`njl `nm jagrclxk}{ ae tljafnk}kan kn jtk}kj`c rack}kj`c }hlat{ flnlt`cc{ `nm kn janjlr}kanz ae }hl z|dolj} kn r`t}kj|c`t. Hannl}h vtk}lz?–zajk`c tljafnk}kan tlrtlzln}z }hl nljlzz`t{ janmk}kan eat z|dolj}z dlknf `dcl

}a kmln}ke{ vk}h }hlkt u`c|`dcl p|`ck}klz `nm# `jjatmknfc{# mlulcar fln|knl`|}anag{.‗

= Kn ` mkz`ftllgln} vk}h N`nj{ Et`zlt# vha jc`kgz }h`} }hlkno|z}kjl knuaculm kn gkztljafnk}kan j`nna} dl tlgaulm etag r`t}kj|c`t zajka'hkz}atkj`c z}t|ffclz d{ kmln}k}{ fta|rz# Hannl}h tlcklz an ` Hlflck`njanjlr}kan ae }hl lz}`dckzhgln} ae a|t z|dolj}kuk}{ d{ v`{ ae }hl `jinav'clmfgln} d{ a}hltz ae }hl }ltgz ae }h`} z|dolj}kuk}{. Hannl}h h`z vtk}}ln ` ftl`} ml`c `da|} }hl m{n`gkjz ae }hkz mlulcargln}# da}h kn k}z Hlflck`n `nmrz{jha`n`c{}kj tlfkz}ltz (Et`zlt `nm Hannl}h 422:9 Hannl}h 0;;5+.

Havlult# `z vl mkzj|zzlm# }hl jt|jk`c p|lz}kan kn }hlzl jc`kgz (`nm anl}h`} g`{ vlcc tlrc`{ }hl }lnzkan dl}vlln Et`zlt `nm Hannl}h+ kz vhl}hlt }hl }ltgz d{ vhkjh }hkz tljafnk}kan ajj|tz vkcc nljlzz`tkc{ dl zrljkffjc`nf|`flz ae kmln}k}{ `nm u`c|l# arlt`}kul kn r`t}kj|c`t }kglz `nm rc`jlz#at flnlt`c lxrtlzzkanz ae lgdamkgln} jh`t`j}ltklm `dz}t`j}c{. Ke }hl c`}}lt kz

vh`} kz mlg`nmlm# }h`} vl `cc tlp|ktl `jinavclmfgln} ae a|t z|dolj}kuk}{ `nm `flnj{ d{ zkfnkffj`n} a}hltz `nm d{ zajk`c z}t|j}|tlz `nm knz}k}|}kanz#}hln k} kz na} jcl`t hav }hkz ja|cm fta|nm `n `tf|gln} eat `n{ r`t}kj|c`t kmln}k}{ jc`kg (z|jh `z }hl j`cc }h`} ` d|tk`c fta|nm dl rta}lj}lm `z `n

lxrtlzzkan ae }hl kgrat}`njl ae ` }tkd`c hkz}at{ `nm kmln}k}{+.

= Hannl}h 4220# <0<. Zll `cza Hannl}h (0;;5+.






n`}|tl ae }h`} kmln}k}{# na} `z `n a|}jagl ae `n anfaknf zajk`c mkzj|zzkan

d|} `z ` zajk`c# dkacafkj`c# at gl}`rh{zkj`c–

e`j}.‗<

(Je. Dlnh`dkd4224

#<2

.+ @rrk`h `tf|lz `canf zkgkc`t cknlz vhln hl `ziz vhl}hlt }hkz tljafnk}kan`cclflmc{ tlp|ktlm d{ o|z}kjl kz }ha|fh} }a fta|nm g{ kmln}k}{ at }a janz}k}|}l k}. Ke tljafnk}kan kz nljlzz`t{ eat kmln}k}{'janz}k}|}kan# }hln na} anc{ `tl

vl `cc knjagrcl}l dleatl dlknf `jinavclmflm d{ a}hltz kn }hlkt avn }ltgz#d|}# r`t`maxkj`cc{# glgdltz ae g`tfkn`cklm fta|rz tl }hln gl`n} }a rrl`c}a magkn`n} fta|rz }a ` fl atm }hlg }hlkt kmln}k}{. Havlult# ke vh`} kz gl`n}hltl kz }h`} tljafnk}kan zkgrc{ fta|nmz kmln}k}{# }hln k} kz z}kcc razzkdcl(`nm u`c|`dcl+ }a knmkukm|`cc{ tl ffl lj} an vh`} k} gl`nz }a dl }hkz at }h`}

iknm ae rltzan `z }h`} kz mlffnlm d{ }hl m{n`gkj ae tljafnk}kan d{ a}hltz(@rrk`h 422<# :4‚::+. D|} K va|cm `mm hltl# }hl jc`kg eat tljafnk}kanzha|cm }ìl }hl eatg? }a dl e|cc{ tlzrlj}lm `z ` z|dolj} K nllm tljafnk}kanetag a}hltz ae }hl iknm ae rltzan K `g# `z kn}ltrtl}lm d{ gl . Anc{ ke g{ uakjl kz rtagknln} at `mlp|`}lc{ tlrtlzln}lm kn }hl mkzj|zzkan ae }hl u`c|l}ltgz d{ vhkjh tljafnk}kan kz ` fl atmlm j`n }h`} tljafnk}kan ùakm dlknf lzzln}k ckknf `z vlcc `z r`}tankknf.

Nav a}hltz hùl `}}lgr}lm }a mlelnm o|z}kjl jc`kgz d`zlm an fta|rglgdltzhkr vhkcl ùakmknf }hl zrljkffj`cc{ Hlflck`n janjltn vk}h tljaf'

nk}kan rlt zl . Ktkz [a|nf h`z `tf|lm eat lx`grcl }h`} }hl kml`c ae o|z}kjl `zkgr`t}k`ck}{ vhkjh magkn`}lz }hl ckdlt`c }t`mk}kan e|nj}kanz }a ajjc|ml }hlrltzrlj}kulz `nm zajk`c kn}ltlz}z ae arrtlzzlm fta|rz. ]hl kml`c ae kgr`t}k`'ck}{# `nm }hl janjlr}kan ae }hl `|}anaga|z `fln} vhkjh kz k}z adolj} `nmf|kmknf et`gl# zltulz anc{ kmlacafkj`c r|trazlz d{ e`jkck}`}knf a|t c`ji ae `}}ln}kan }a ln}tlnjhlm hklt`tjhklz ae ravlt `nm kneatg`c# kn}ltrltzan`c#`nm nan'jamkfflm r`}}ltnz ae magkn`}kan }h`} glgdltz ae mlnkft`}lmfta|rz lxrltklnjl ([a|nf 0;;2d9 4222+. Kn hlt –z}t|j}|t`c‗ uklv ae kmln'

}k}{# vhkjh zhl zllz `z tlp|ktlm d{ }hl dt`nm ae mlckdlt`}kul mlgajt`j{ zhleùatz# kmln}k}{ kz jh`t`j}ltklm d{ anl‛z rc`jl kn ` nl}vati ae adz}`jclz `nmarrat}|nk}klz }h`} janmk}kan anl‛z ckel razzkdkck}klz ([a|nf 4222# ;= +. ]hl

< @n lx`grcl ae }hkz gkfh} dl }hl c`nf|`fl ae –p|lltknf ‗ kn tlf`tmz }a f`{ `nm clzdk`n ckel. @z kz vlccinavn kn `j`mlgkj zl}}knfz# k} kz rltelj}c{ `jjlr}`dcl }a tlelt }a f`{ `nm clzdk`n lxrltklnjlz `z –p|llt ckel‗ (è}lt `cc# P|llt Z}|mklz kz }hl n`gl ae rtaft`gz ae z}|m{ kn g`n{ |nkultzk}klz+. D|} j`ccknf f`{ rlarcl at clzdk`nz –p|llt ‗ v`z eat zagl }kgl |nmltz}aam }a dl knz|c}knf `nm mlnkft`}knf# `nm r`t} ae ` r`}}ltn ae g`tfkn`ck`}kan }h`} h`m rtaea|nm lfl lj}z an }hl `dkck}{ ae hagazlx| cz }a r|tz|l u`c|lmckulz kn zl}}knfz ae tlzrlj} `nm tljafnk}kan. D|} }hl e`j} }h`} |zl ae z|jh c`nf|`fl nav (ae}ln+ c`jiz}hazl janna} }kanz h z }a ma# na} vk}h }hl tleltlnjl at (ck}lt c+ gl`nknf ae z|jh }ltgz# d|} }hl e`j} }h`}}hl mlzkfn`}kan j`n nav dl zlln z lg`n`}knf etag }hl jagg|nk}{ k}zlce. ]a tlelt }a anlzlce nm anl‛zkmln}k}{ fta|r vk}h ` r`t}kj|c`t }ltgknacaf{ }h`} kz |nmlt anl‛z mkzj|tzkul jan}tac# `z k} vltl# kze|nm`gln}`cc{ mkfl ltln} etag j`zlz vhltl }h`} z`gl c`nf|`fl kz kgrazlm d{ a}hltz. ]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c zlce'ml}ltgkn`}kanz# zrljkffj`cc{# ml}ltgkn`}kan tlc`}kul }a r|dckj mkzja|tzl `nm }hl tlrtlzln}`'}kan ae kmln}k}{# kz vh`} kz `} z}ìl kn z|jh j`zlz.

0;= ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



j|c}|t`c z}t|j}|tlz `nm rt`j}kjlz }h`} r|dckjc{ lxrtlzz zajk`c `}}k}|mlz j`n

lk}hlt z|rrat} at z|rrtlzz }hl zajk`c lclgln}z ae }h`} kmln}k}{# lk}hlt d{ tljafnkknf }hl |nkp|l kn}ltlz}z }klm }a }hlg at# gatl }{rkj`cc{# g`tfkn'`ckknf `nm gìknf knukzkdcl }hl zrljkffj nllmz `nm u`c|lz kn}ltn`c }a }hlg.Rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz }h`} raz}|c`}l `n `cclflmc{ kgr`t}k`c uklv ae }hl jk}kln–eatjlz hagaflnlk}{ |ran }hl jkukj r|dckj#‗ zhl vtk}lz# –lxjc|mknf etag }hlr|dckj }hazl knmkukm|`cz `nm fta|rz }h`} ma na} ff} }hl gamlc ae }hl t`}kan`cjk}kln j`r`dcl ae }t`nzjlnmknf dam{ `nm zln}kgln}‗ ([a|nf 0;;2d# 02;+.

Eat }hlatkz}z z|jh `z [a|nf# rack}kj`c tljafnk}kan eat kmln}k}{'tlc`}lmkn}ltlz}z kz d`zlm an }hl dta`mlt janjltn eat }hl `jhklulgln} ae o|z} zajk`c

`tt`nflgln}z eat g`tfkn`cklm fta|rz. ]hkz kz dlj`|zl ae r`z} `nm anfaknf e`kc|tlz ae ckdlt`c o|z}kjl }a j`r}|tl }hl |nkp|l ukj}kgk`}kan }h`} z|jh fta|rglgdltz lxrltklnjl `nm vhkjh j`nna} dl j`r}|tlm d{ mkz}tkd|}kul jan'jlr}kanz ae zajk`c o|z}kjl# `} cl`z} na} anlz (`z vk}h ckdlt`c lf`ck}`tk`nkzg+}h`} gl`z|tl o|z} mkz}tkd|}kul zh`tlz anc{ kn }ltgz ae tkfh}z# arrat}|nk}klz#`nm tlza|tjlz.

K} g`{ `rrl`t knk}k`cc{ }h`} }hkz cknl ae `}}`ji e`kcz }a g`ti `z t`mkj`c ` mlr`t}|tl `z kz jc`kglm etag }t`mk}kan`c janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl# kn }h`}gamlcz ae zajk`c `mu`n}`fl `nm mkz`mu`n}`fl ja|cm zkgrc{ dl lxr`nmlm }aknjc|ml janzkmlt`}kan ae g`tfkn`ck`}kan# arrtlzzkan# `nm magkn`}kan ae }hl zat} [a|nf a|}cknlz.5 D|} [a|nf hltzlce `tf|lz }h`} }hl z}t|j}|t`c`jja|n} ae kmln}k}{ tlp|ktlz gatl }h`n ` ftl`}lt zh`tl ae zajk`c tlza|tjlz#havlult }hazl zh`tlz `tl mlffnlm. Eat zhl jc`kgz# an }hl anl h`nm# }h`}mkz}tkd|}kul janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl `tl z}`}kj# vhkcl tlckle etag arrtlzzkan`nm magkn`}kan tlp|ktl rtajlm|t`c aulth`|c# vhltl gamlz ae mljkzkan'gìknf# rack}kj`c tlrtlzln}`}kan# `nm zajk`c eatg`}kan ae magkn`n} `}}k'}|mlz jagl |nmlt zjt|}kn{# na} gltlc{ }hl ault`cc rkj}|tl ae `mu`n}`fl

`nm mkz`mu`n}`fl `} `n{ fkuln }kgl ([a|nf 0;;2d9 je. cza @nmltzan 0;;;+.Nlult}hlclzz# [a|nf mlr`t}z etag vh`} zhl j`ccz }hl rack}kjz ae j|c}|t`cmkfl ltlnjl kn c`{knf a|} hlt uklv ae razk}kan`c at z}t|j}|t`c mkfl ltlnjl. ]hleatglt uklv tlz}z an jc`kgz `da|} }hl zrljk`c tlc`}kan rltzanz hùl }aj|c}|t`c r`}}ltnz `nm c`nf|`flz# vhkcl hlt z}t|j}|t`c uklv eaj|zlz an }hl

v`{ }h`} –}hl arlt`}kan ae mkultzl knz}k}|}kanz `nm rt`j}kjlz janzrktl }ackgk} Yfta|rz‛W arrat}|nk}klz }a `jhklul vlcc dlknf ‗ ([a|nf 4226# 5:+.

[a|nf kz knzkz}ln} }h`} z|jh ` eaj|z malz na} tlm|jl }a }t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`clf`ck}`tk`nkzg eat }hl tl`zanz o|z} gln}kanlm `z vlcc `z }h`} `rrta`jh‛z

dcknmnlzz }a kno|z}kjlz }h`} ajj|t a|}zkml ae z}`}l knz}k}|}kanz kn jkukc zajkl}{.

5 Zll vh`} [a|nf mlzjtkdlz `z }hl –fful e`jlz ae arrtlzzkan‗ kn [a|nf 0;;2d.

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 0;<





I{gckji` mlzjtkdlz vh`} hl j`ccz ` –zajkl}`c j|c}|tl‗ }h`} kz gl`n} }alxlgrcke{ }hl jannlj}kan dl}vlln fta|r rt`j}kjlz `nm knmkukm|`cz‛ zlce'janjlr}. @ –zajkl}`c j|c}|tl#‗ z`{z I{gckji`# kz –z{nan{ga|z vk}h ‘` n`}kan‛

at ‘` rlarcl‛ ‚ }h`} kz# `z `n kn}ltflnlt`}kan`c jagg|nk}{# gatl at clzzknz}k}|}kan`cc{ jagrcl}l# ajj|r{knf ` fkuln }lttk}at{ at haglc`nm# zh`tknf ` mkz}knj} c`nf|`fl `nm hkz}at{ ‗ (I{gckji` 0;;<# 08+. Z|jh j|c}|tlz# I{gckji` `tf|lz# fkul gl`nknf }a }hl jhakjlz `nm faamz kn r|tz|k} ae vhkjh `|}ana'ga|z `flnj{ (etllmag+ kz vat}h rta}lj}knf.

An }hkz uklv# etllmag kz u`c|`dcl dlj`|zl k} kz ` jagranln} ae }hlrltzan‛z r|tz|k} ae }hl faam. Knzae`t `z anl‛z zajkl}`c j|c}|tl eatgz `

jagg|nk}{ }h`} mlff

nlz `nm fkulz gl`nknf }a z|jh faamz# }hln rta}lj}knf }hl zajk`c eatgz }h`} jagrtkzl }hl u`c|l ae }hazl r|tz|k}z kz }hltleatlkn}lt}vknlm vk}h u`c|knf `|}anag{. Ckdlt`cz j`n `jjlr} }h`} }hl zlce kz–zajk`c‗ kn v`{z knzkz}lm |ran d{ k}z jtk}kjz# d|} }hl `dkck}{ }a tlffllj}kulc{ lu`c|`}l }hazl zajk`c jannlj}kanz vkcc `cv`{z dl ` j`r`jk}{ }h`} kz e|nm`'gln}`cc{ rta}lj}lm `nm u`c|lm |nmlt ckdlt`ckzg. Na `zz|gr}kan nllm dlg`ml }h`} }hl rltzan j`n |nmlt}ìl }hkz lu`c|`}kan `r`t} etag `cc lnmz`nm u`c|lz `} anjl# `z canf `z }hl jtk}kj`c tlffllj}kan jln}t`c }a `|}anag{ kzrazzkdcl eat l`jh z|jh jannlj}kan kn kzac`}kan.

Nav a}hltz hùl jc`kglm }h`} }hl z}t`}lf{ r|tz|lm d{ I{gckji` j`nna}z|rrat} }hl mlua}kan ae tlza|tjlz }a `n{ r`t}kj|c`t j|c}|tl# zknjl `|}anag{ gltlc{ tlp|ktlz K hùl ` jhakjl `ganf faamz. Knzae`t `z etllmag gl`nzdlknf `dcl }a z}lr d`ji etag `n{ r`t}kj|c`t jaggk}gln} `nm tlukzl k} kn }hle`jl ae zajk`c razzkdkck}klz# `nm }hltl `tl zlult`c j|c}|t`c ùln|lz `nm }t`mk'}kanz K ja|cm jhaazl kn g{ zajkl}{ a}hlt }h`n }hl anl K ftlv |r vk}h (cl}|z kg`fknl+# }hltl kz na `|}anag{'d`zlm `tf|gln} eat }hl z|tuku`c ae g{ j|c}|tl kn r`t}kj|c`t (zll @rrk`h 422<# 04:9 ]`{cat 0;;0+. ]hl rtadclg hltlkz }h`} I{gckji` e`kcz }a zrljke{ }hl tlc`}kanzhkr dl}vlln }hl knmkukm|`c`nm j|c}|t`c rt`j}kjlz kn ` v`{ }h`} fta|nmz }hl kmln}k}{ knuaculm kn z|jhjan}lx}z. Eat fftz}# jc`kgknf }h`} zajkl}`c j|c}|tlz rtaukml ` –jan}lx} ae jhakjl‗ }h`} gìlz `|}anaga|z r|tz|k} ae }hl faam gl`nknfe|c kfnatlz}hl v`{z kn vhkjh z|jh j|c}|t`c eatgz eatg r`t} ae }hl v`{ `fln}z |nmlt'z}`nm }hlgzlculz# atmlt }hlkt u`c|lz# `nm kn}ltrtl} }hl vatcm. ]hl kmln}k}{ knuaculm hltl kz }hl ckni }h`} }klz fta|r glgdltz }a }hlkt avn j|c}|tlz# ` rakn} }h`}# `z }hl jtk}kjz o|z} na}lm rakn}lm a|}# kz na} e|cc{ z|z}`knlm kn }hl`tf|gln} I{gckji` mlulcarz.8 Kn `mmk}kan# ]`{cat h`z `tf|lm }h`} vhkcl

I{gckji` j`n z|rrat} r`t}kj|c`t tkfh}z }a rta}lj} }hl j|ttln} flnlt`}kan ae j|c}|t`c gknatk}klz# hl j`nna} lnz|tl vh`} ]`{cat }hkniz kz lzzln}k`c eat }hl

8 Eat `n `}}lgr} }a zrlcc a|} jtk}ltk` ae zajk`c kmln}k}{ d`zlm an zlce'lz}llg# zll Jarr 4224.

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 0;6



e|cc gl`nknfe|cnlzz ae g{ r|tz|k} ae j|c}|t`cc{ }lgrltlm faamz# n`glc{ }hlknmlffnk}l z|tuku`c ae g{ j|c}|tl kn}a }hl knmlffnk}l e|}|tl (]`{cat 0;;4+.;

Gatlault# I{gckji` gìlz ` e|nm`gln}`c mkz}knj}kan dl}vlln }hazlfta|rz vhazl j|c}|tl kz |nmlt `}}`ji d{ v`{ ae rtajlzzlz kgrazlm |ran}hlg (z|jh `z n`}kan`c gknatk}klz }h`} dlj`gl z|tta|nmlm `nm magkn`}lmd{ jacank`c gaulgln}z+ `nm kggkft`n} fta|rz vha ln}lt ` ja|n}t{ –uac'|n}`tkc{.‗ Nav }a z`{ }h`} z|jh lxjc|zkan ae `zjtkr}kul zajk`c fta|rz kzrtadclg`}kj tlp|ktlz `n `tf|gln}# vhkjh kz z|tl }a dl jan}taultzk`c# }h`}glgdltzhkr kn zajk`c fta|rz ae }hkz iknm j`ttklz vk}h k} rltzrlj}kulz# gamlzae zajk`c ckel# `nm tlc`}kanz }a a}hltz }h`} janzkz}ln}c{ fta|nm zrljk`c

kn}ltlz}z }h`} o|z}kjl zha|cm tlzranm }a. Zagl hùl jc`kglm }hkz ae ja|tzl(@cjafl 42259 Jajht`n 0;;;+ `nm vl vkcc mkzj|zz `n lx`grcl dlcav# d|}}hl rtadclg vk}h I{gckji` ‛z eaj|z an j|c}|tl j`n dl z}`}lm gatl flnlt`cc{.Ke }hl u`c|l ae rta}lj}knf j|c}|t`c eatgz kz k}z tlc`}kan }a `|}anag{# }hltl`zan }a mkz}knf|kzh dl}vlln n`}kan`c gknatk}klz `nm l}hnkj fta|rz mtklz |r#zknjl }h`} mkfl ltlnjl kz na} d`zlm an }hl mlr}h ae }hl jannlj}kan dl}vlln`|}anag{ `nm j|c}|tl d|} an }hl rtajlzz d{ vhkjh }h`} jannlj}kan h`z dllnet`j}|tlm (Dlnh`dkd 4224# <;‚56+.

@z K na}lm# }hl rtadclg vk}h I{gckji` ‛z `tf|gln} kz }h`} hl c`jiz `

e|cc `jja|n} ae }hl kmln}k}{ }h`} glgdltzhkr kn ` j|c}|tl |nmltvtk}lz.Z|jh ` c`j|n` `cza lxrc`knz vh{ I{gckji` eaj|zlz an j|c}|t`c kmln}k}klz }a}hl ml}tkgln} ae glgdltzhkr ae zajk`c fta|rz }h`} hùl `cza dlln }hl eaj|zae kmln}k}{ rack}kjz kn tljln} mlj`mlz z|jh `z }hazl jh`t`j}ltklm d{ t`jl#l}hnkjk}{# `nm flnmlt. Nav K `ftll vk}h Dtk`n D`tt{ }h`} `}}tkd|}knf jag'gan j|c}|t`c jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz }a fta|rz vk}h `zjtkdlm kmln}k}klz z|jh `z t`jl at flnmlt }t`mlz an ult{ fflkgz{ zajkacaf{ (D`tt{ 4220# ;<‚;5+. K} kz hkfhc{ ma|d}e|c }h`} @etkj`n @gltkj`nz# eat lx`grcl# vha mkfl lt kn jc`zz# flaft`rh{#tlckfkan# zlx|`ck}{# `nm a}hlt mkglnzkanz zh`tl h`dk}z `nm rt`j}kjlz ae }hl zat}nllmlm }a mlffnl ` j|c}|tl. Knmllm# elgknkz}z `nm a}hltz hùl dlln jc`kgknf eat {l`tz }h`} `}}tkd|}kan ae lzzln}k`c jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz }a z|jh ` mkzr`t`}l zajk`cfta|r `z vagln kz `cv`{z rtadclg`}kj. D|} k} kz kgrat}`n} }a rakn} a|} hltl}h`} mln{knf }h`}# eat lx`grcl# vagln hùl jaggan zajk`c rt`j}kjlz at gamlz ae ckuknf }h`} zh`rl }hlkt rltzrlj}kulz janzkz}ln}c{ malz na} ln}`kc

; Kn}ltlz}knfc{# @rrk`h jtk}kjklz I{gckji` ‛z razk}kan eat hùknf o|z} }hl kgrckj`}kan }h`} ]`{cat jc`kgzk} c`jiz# n`glc{ }hl tlp|ktlgln} }h`} tlza|tjlz dl mlua}lm }a z|rrat} }hl z|tuku`c ae anl ‛z r`t}kj|c`t j|c}|tl kn rltrl}|k}{ (@rrk`h 422<# 04<+. @rrk`h jc kgz }h`} hùknf ` tkfh} }a }hl }lgrat cc{ |nckgk}lm

z|tuku`c ae anl‛z j|c}|tl gìlz `n |n}ln`dcl mlg`nm an na} anc{ }hl tlz} ae }hl rar|c`}kan d|} ananl‛z avn j|c}|t`c ja'glgdltz vha gkfh} dl }lgr}lm }a z}t`{ etag }hl }t`mk}kanz }h`} mlffnl anl‛z

v`{ ae ckel. ]hl mlftll }a vhkjh z|jh z}t`{knf kz kn lukmlnjl g`tiz }hl mlftll }a vhkjh }hl j|c}|tl kzna} `z tad|z} `z k} v`z# }hltld{ kgrc{knf }h`} }t`mk}kan`c glgdltz hùl luln clzz ae ` j`zl eat }hl tacl}h`} j|c}|tl kz gl`n} }a rc`{ kn }hlkt jacclj}kul kmln}k}klz.




mln{knf `n{ kmln}k}{'d`zlm kn}ltlz}z an }hl r`t} ae glgdltz ae z|jh (`zjtkr'}kul+ fta|rz. Hkz}atkj`c `nm anfaknf r`}}ltnz ae }tl`}gln} }h`} hùl rc`jlm

vagln `nm t`jk`c gknatk}klz kn}a janz}t`knlm `nm mlnkft }lm (`nm m`nflt'a|z+ zajk`c razk}kanz clnm g|jh vlkfh} }a jc`kgz ae zrljk`c kn}ltlz}z cknilm }afta|r glgdltzhkr. ]hkz kz }a tlk}lt`}l [a|nf ‛z uklv }h`} g`tfkn`ck`}kand`zlm an zajk`c razk}kanknf zltulz `z fta|nmz eat zh`rknf rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl}h`} hùl zrljk`c tleltlnjl `nm zlnzk}kuk}{ }a mkfl ltlnjlz kn fta|r glgdltzhkr.

Gatl g|z} dl z`km an }h`} zjatl# d|} k} kz `cza vat}h gln}kanknf a}hlt tlzranzlz }a jc`kgz `tkzknf etag janzkmlt`}kanz ae kmln}k}{ an }hl r`t} ae u`tka|z rack}kj`c rhkcazarhltz# lzrljk`cc{ knzae`t `z `n lgrh`zkz an `|}anag{

kz kn rc`{ kn }hazl lxjh`nflz. Knmllm# }hl gaz} ravlte|c tljln} cknl ae `}}`ji v`flm `f`knz} mlelnmltz ae kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kgz kz }h`} eat `n{ r`t}kj|c`t j|c}|t`c eatg# z}tanf rta}lj}kanz eat }hl jan}kn|lm rt`j}kjl ae zrljkffj}t`mk}kanz# c`nf|`flz# tk}|`cz `nm a}hlt g`tiz ae zajkl}`c j|c}|tlz dlcklz}hl jagrclx hl}ltaflnlk}{ ae j|c}|tlz `nm a}hlt kmln}k}{ fta|rz (@rrk`h422<9 Dlnh`dkd 42249 F|}g`nn 422:`9 Zln 4225+. ]hkz `jjatmz vk}h ` tad|z} zilr}kjkzg `da|} }hl `zz|gr}kan ae ` z}`dcl zlce }h`} kz mlffnlm d{ ` z}`}kj zl} ae jaggk}gln}z# cknl`fl# j|c}|t`c kmln}k}{ at jannlj}kan vk}h ` r`t}kj|c`t zajk`c g`tilt. Vl `tl `cc jagrclx dlknfz vk}h jannlj}kanz }a

j|c}|t`c hkz}atklz }h`} `tl }hlgzlculz gatl ckil }htl`mlm tkultz }h`nz}t`kfh} cknlz. @nm r`t}kj|c`t `zzajk`}kanz vk}h zajk`c fta|rknfz# z|jh `zzllknf anlzlce `z gaz} z`ckln}c{ ` g`n at ` f`{ g`n at ` vag`n l}j. `cc u`t{ kn kn}lnzk}{ mlrlnmknf an u`tk`dcl zl}}knfz }h`} g`{ j`cc }hlg }a gknm(zll# eat lx`grcl# Rhknnl{ 0;;5+.

@n}han{ @rrk`h `nm @g`t}{` Zln hùl rtlzzlm }hkz j`zl gaz} eatjle|cc{ tljln}c{. @rrk`h lxrc`knz hav ult{ }t`nzk}at{ `nm g`nkr|c`dcl zagl kmln'}k}klz j`n dl# jk}knf }hl Aic`hag` Taddltz Jùl z}|m{ vhltl jhkcmtln vltlfkuln `t}kffjk`c c`dlcz `nm `cgaz} kgglmk`}lc{ dlf`n ffltjlc{ `}}tkd|}knf razk'}kul `nm nlf }kul jh t`j}ltkz}kjz }a glgdltz ae }hl fta|rz `nm eatgknf z}tanf danmz `nm arrazk}kanz kn `zzajk`}kan vk}h }hlg.02 Hl p|a}lz K`n H`jiknf ‛zjc`kg }h`} kmln}k}klz ae}ln jagl kn}a dlknf vhln c`dlcz `tl knuln}lm eat }hlg`nm `tl fkuln r|dckj r|tjh`zl. Gatl flnlt`cc{# @rrk`h jc`kgz }h`} jacclj}kulkmln}k}klz }lnm }a hùl }hl eaccavknf mk`jhtankj z}t|j}|tl?0. ]ltgz ae r|dckj mkzja|tzl jagl }a `zjtkdl glgdltzhkr }a knmkukm|`cz

`nm ` zajk`c janjlr}kan ae }hl fta|r lgltflz94. Z|jh janjlr}kanz `tl kn}ltn`cklm d{ fta|r glgdltz9

:. Glgdltz `tl }hln cza }tl`}lm `z glgdltz d{ a}hltz (@rrk`h 422<# 5= ‚62+.

02 ]hltl `tl zlult`c a}hlt lx`grclz ae }hkz# z|jh `z O`nl Lccka}‛z –dc|l'l{lmdtavn'l{lm‗ lxrltkgln}(zll? h}}r?o`nllccka}}.jagukmlaz.h}g+.

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 0;;



R`t} ae @rrk`h‛z rakn} kz }a zhav }hl kcc|zkan ae }ìknf kmln}k}klz `z}t`nzhkz}atkj`c# rltg`nln}# at n`}|t`c. Kmln}k}klz `tkzl etag jan}knflnjklz

ae zajkacaf{# flaft`rh{# `nm a}hlt e`j}atz vhkjh# vltl }hl{ }a hùl fanlmkfl ltln}c{# va|cm hùl rtam|jlm mkfl ltln} zlce'janjlr}kanz. Z|jh kmln}k}{ g`tiltz j`n dl –}ìln |r‗ at na}# vhkjh gl`nz }h`} knmkukm|`c o|mfgln}`nm jhakjlz tlg`kn `z r`t} ae }hl fta|nmknf ae ` zajk`c kmln}k}{.

]hl kgrat}`njl ae jhakjl kz zkgkc`tc{ z}tlzzlm d{ Zln# vha c`{z a|} knkcc|gkn`}knf ml}`kc hav u`tka|z fcad`c j|c}|t`c kmln}k}klz `tl l`jh rc|t`ct`}hlt }h`n zknf|c`t kn }hlkt hkz}at{ `nm knnlt m{n`gkjz. @ G|zckg# eat lx`grcl# g`{ kmln}ke{ rtagknln}c{ vk}h hlt tlckfkan d|} j`n `cza caai }a

hlt flnmlt# n`}kan`ck}{# rtaelzzkan# `nm za an eat }hl caj|z ae hlt janjlr}kanae hltzlce9 `nm }hkz caj|z g`{ vlcc zhke} kn mkfl ltln} zk}|`}kanz `nmat ault }kgl. Hl vtk}lz? –Fkuln a|t knlzj`r`dc{ rc|t`c kmln}k}klz# vl hùl }a mljkmlan }hl tlc`}kul kgrat}`njl ae a|t mkfl ltln} `zzajk`}kanz `nm ` ck`}kanz kn`n{ r`t}kj|c`t jan}lx}‗ (Zln 4225# xkkk+.

]hkz c`z} p|a}l lnj`rz|c`}lz da}h }hl jln}t`c knzkfh} `z vlcc `z }hle|nm`gln}`c nan'zlp|k}|t ae Zln‛z `tf|gln}. ]hl –e`j}‗ }h`} `cc knmkukm|`czhùl rltzan`c jannlj}kanz vk}h ` u`tkl}{ ae jan}lgrat`t{ `nm hkz}atkj`cfta|rz j`nna} dl aultz}`}lm# }ha|fh K r|} –e`j}‗ kn p|a}lz dlj`|zl k} kz

|njcl`t vh`} }hl z}`}|z ae }hkz adzltu`}kan kz lx`j}c{. @ rltzan g`{ kmln}ke{ hltzlce `nm dl kmln}kfflm `z `n @etkj`n @gltkj`n# z`{# d|} }hkz zllgz |ntlc }lm}a }hl lx`j} jan}a|tz ae }hl rltzan‛z `njlz}t{# vhkjh g`{ vlcc knjc|ml g`n{ rlarcl ae L|tarl`n mlzjln}.

]hkz cl`mz }a }hl nan'zlp|k}|t? luln ke vl `jjlr} }hl g|c}krcl kmln}k}klz vl`tl `cc jagrazlm ae# k} malz na} eaccav }h } k} kz ` g`}}lt ae jhakjl vhkjh anl kzrtlmagkn`n} kn vhkjh zk}|`}kanz. Zln |zlz `z `n kcc|z}t`}kan anl Jatnlck` Zat`dok# vha j`gl }a Dtk}`kn etag Knmk` kn }hl 0882z. Zhl u`tka|zc{ mlzjtkdlmhltzlce ault }hl {l`tz `z `n Knmk`n# `n Lnfckzh vag`n# ` Jhtkz}k`n# ` c`v{lt#` z|rrat}lt ae }hl Dtk}kzh Tò# `nm za an (Zln 4225# 0<;‚052+. Zln janjc|mlz}h`} –Jatnlck` Zat`dok‛z jhakjlz g|z} hùl dlln knffl|lnjlm d{ hlt zajk`catkfkn `nm d`jifta|nm# d|} zhl g`ml hlt avn mljkzkanz `nm jhazl hlt avnrtkatk}klz‗ (kdkm .# 052+.

Ektz}# `c}ha|fh }hl ckz} ae Gz. Zat`dok‛z kmln}k}klz kz canf# k} kz ` zrljk ff j ckz}.Luln ke vl j`n z`{ zhl v`z `dcl }a jhaazl vhkjh ae }hl g`n{ –h`}z‗ zhlja|cm vl`t }a `ccav }a rtlmagkn`}l kn u`tka|z zk}|`}kanz# }hl z}atl ae h`}zetag vhkjh zhl ja|cm jhaazl v`z zrljkffj `nm ffnk}l# `nm k} v`z na} |r }a

hlt }a rkji anl }h`} v`z na} an }hl ckz}. Gatl kgrat}`n}c{# zagl z}tanf'gknmlm `nm tlza|tjle|c rlarcl ckil Gz. Zat`dok g`{ vlcc dl `dcl }a hacm }aanl ae hlt mkglnzkanz ae kmln}k}{ `nm knzkz} |ran k}z magkn`njl kn zaglzk}|`}kanz# d|} }hltl vkcc dl a}hlt rlarcl (`nm K uln}|tl luln zhl kn zagl




zk}|`}kanz+ vha vkcc na} hùl z|jh ` rtltaf`}kul. Ke lult{anl `ta|nm hlt }tl`}lm hlt `z `n Knmk`n vag`n# na `ga|n} ae rta}lz}`}kan etag hlt }h`}

zhl v`z kn e`j} (`cza+ Lnfckzh va|cm hùl g`}}ltlm. Luln ke zhl j`n kn}ltn`cc{ –jhaazl‗ etag `ganf hlt u`tka|z kmln}k}klz# g`n{ j`nna}? da}h }hl zajk`czk}|`}kan `nm }hlkt avn rz{jhacafkj`c z}t|j}|tl mktlj} }hlg }a kmln}ke{ `z# z`{# ` vhk}l g`n at Jhknlzl @gltkj`n kn r`t}kj|c`t jan}lx}z. Z`{knf }h`} }hltl `tl a}hlt hkz}atkj`c mkglnzkanz }a }hlkt `njlz}t{ }h`} }hl{ ja|cm(ja|n}lte`j}|`cc{+ zll `z }hlkt avn malz na} gl`n }h`} }h`} kz ` tl`c jhakjleat }hlg.

Vh`} }hkz zhavz tl`cc{ kz na} }h`} Zln at @rrk`h `tl vtanf kn }hlkt

jln}t`c kneltlnjlz d|} t`}hlt }h`} }hlkt rtaolj}z `tl z}t`kfh}eatv`tmc{ natg`' }kul . ]hl{ j`nna} dl z`{knf }h`} }hlkt mlzjtkr}kanz ae }hl g|c}keatg `nmlrhlglt`c n`}|tl ae a|t kmln}k}klz `tl zkgrc{ e`j}z }a dl mkzjaultlm ckilhkz}atkj`c e`j}z. T`}hlt# }hl{ `tl |zknf hkz}atkj`c `nm rz{jhacafkj`c adzltu`'}kanz }a ga|n} ` j`zl }h`} vl `cc zha|cm }hkni ae a|tzlculz `nm a|t kmln}k}klz mk fl ltln}c{ . Vl zha|cm z}ar }hkniknf }h`} a|t t`jl at l}hnkjk}{ kz lk}hlt r|tlat hagaflnla|z at }h`} }hl{ mlg`nm etag |z ` r`t}kj|c`t dlhùkat`crtaffcl. Vl zha|cm `cza z}ar }tl`}knf a}hltz `canf }hlzl cknlz `z vlcc.

@z ` natg`}kul `tf|gln} `da|} zlce'janjlr} `nm kn}ltrltzan`c tlc`}kanz#

}hlzl `tf|gln}z hùl g|jh }a tljagglnm }hlg. D|} ke rlarcl ma na} kne`j} zll }hlkt l}hnkjk}{ at t`jl `z za rata|z at g`ccl`dcl# `tl vl }hln }ajanjc|ml }h`} }hl{ `tl zkgrc{ gkz}ìln at }h`} }hl kn}ltlz}z }h`} (}hl{ gkfh}jc`kg+ `tl }klm }a }hazl kmln}k}klz `tl nav fta|nmclzz1 Ke }hl zrljk`c fta|nm}h`} z|jh kn}ltlz}z tlz} |ran kz }hlkt jannlj}kanz }a }hlkt zlce'janjlr}z# k} kzna `tf|gln} `f`knz} }hl vlkfh} ae }hazl kn}ltlz}z }a z`{ }h`} z|jh rlarcla|fh} }a `c}lt }hlkt zlce'janjlr}z. Gatl g|z} dl z`km# `} cl`z}# }a jannlj} }hl–e`j}z‗ `da|} ` rltzan‛z jan}lgrat`nla|z `nm hkz}atkj`c jannlj}kanz }a ` fta|r }a }hl kn}ltlz}z }h`} zhl d`zlz an hlt kmln}k}{ vk}h }hazl fta|rz }agìl z|jh ` jc`kg.

Anl kn}ltlz}knf cknl ae `tf|gln} r|} eatv`tm d{ ckdlt`cz `da|} z}tanf j|c}|t`c kmln}k}klz kz }h`} }hl rta}lj}kan ae ` tkfh} }a lxk} ‚ }hl tkfh} }alx}t`j} anlzlce etag `zzajk`}kanz `nm jaggk}gln}z ‚ kz e|nm`gln}`c kn}hl rta}lj}kan ae knmkukm|`cz kn o|z} zajkl}klz# `nm }hkz tkfh} g|z} }ìlrtljlmlnjl ault `n{ j`cc eat }hl rta}lj}kan ae j|c}|t`c fta|rz (zll# eat lx`grcl# G`tf`ck} `nm H`cdlt}`c 422= +. @c}ha|fh zagl rc|t`ckz}z knzkz}}h`} luln rta}lj}knf }hl tkfh} }a lxk} kz k}zlce j|c}|t`cc{ r`tajhk`c (R`tlih

0;;= +# }hkz tkfh} kz flnlt`cc{ zlln `z ` |nkultz`c ckgk}`}kan an vh`}lult jc`kgz gkfh} dl g`ml eat }hl tljafnk}kan at rta}lj}kan ae kmln}k}{ fta|rzkn ` o|z} zajkl}{. ]h`} kz# fta|r kn}ltlz}z j`n dl kmln}kfflm `nm fkuln zrljk`c

vlkfh}# d|} anc{ ke glgdltzhkr kn z|jh fta|rz kz kn zagl v`{ uac|n}`t{# ke

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 420



}hl tkfh} }a mkzùav z|jh jannlj}kanz kz rta}lj}lm d{ }hl fta|r k}zlce (eat mkzj|zzkan zll D`tt{ 4220+.

Havlult# vhkcl eat zagl zajk`c kmln}k}klz }hl kml` }h`} anl j`n (`nmzha|cm dl fkuln }hl tkfh} }a+ zlr`t`}l etag }hlg kz jt|jk`c# eat a}hltz k} kzna} anc{ |nkgrat}`n} d|} ukt}|`cc{ knjahltln}? }hl kml` }h`} vl zha|cm dl`dcl }a –lxk}‗ ` zajk`c fta|rknf }h`} mlffnlz |z# z|jh `z dlknf ` gknatk}{ fta|r glgdlt at ` vag`n (}h`} kz# tlf`tmknf gaz} `zjtkr}kul kmln}k}klz+ vkcc`rrl`t `dz|tm. Kn `mmk}kan# vhkjh e`j}at `ganf }hl g|c}krcl `zrlj}z ae a|t kmln}k}{ dljaglz rtagknln} g`{ ae}ln dl rtlzzlm |ran |z d{ lx}ltn`c}tl`}gln} at zajk`c caj`}kan. Knmllm# ` rltzan‛z knzkz}lnjl an na} anc{

}hl jln}t`ck}{ ae hlt (z`{+ l}hnkj kmln}k}{ }a hlt zlce'janjlr} d|} `cza k}zkgrat}`njl g`{ dl ` mktlj} tlzranzl }a ` mlnkft`}knf zajk`c lnuktangln}ukz'â'ukz }h`} kmln}k}{. Gatlault# rack}kj`c z}t|j}|tlz vhkjh lnja|t`fl p|lz'}kanknf `cc jaggk}gln}z `nm `n arlnnlzz }a tlukzknf }hlg (`z vlcc `z }hlflaft`rhkj`c `nm z{gdackj gadkck}{ }h`} }hkz knuaculz+ vkcc zilv }hl rtkatk'}klz ae rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz etag }hl rakn} ae uklv ae }hazl vha hùl nanllm }a gìl z|jh jh`nflz `nm gatlault `tl h`tglm# kn ` |nkp|l v`{#

vhln arlnnlzz }a jh`nfl kz ` zajk`c rtkatk}{.]hkz fl}z }a vh`} tl`cc{ kz }hl hl`t} ae }hl g`}}lt. Eat è}lt }hl uac|'

gkna|z mld`}lz `da|} }hl gl}`rh{zkjz ae kmln}k}{ j`}lfatklz (}hl –lzzln'}k`ckzg‗ mld }lz kn elgknkzg eat lx`grcl+#00 ` ta|fh janzlnz|z `tazl ta|nm}hl kml` }h`} z|jh j`}lfatk`}kanz `tl h|g`n janz}t|j}kanz ‚ }hltl `tl nan`}|t`c iknmz vhltl kmln}k}klz `tl janjltnlm. @z Cknm` @cjafl adzltulmjanjltnknf }hlzl lzzln}k`ckzg mld`}lz# –}hl `n}k'lzzln}k`ckz}z van‗ (@cjafl 4225# 0<4+. Zajk`c kmln}k}{ j`}lfatklz `tl jcl`tc{ h|g`n janz}t|j}kanz(}ha|fh }hl{ g`{ dl d|kc} |ran adzltu`dcl e`j}z `da|} rlarcl# z|jh `zzikn jacat# flnl}kjz# at gatrhacaf{+. ]hl p|lz}kan }h`} janjltnz natg`}kul

zajk`c }hlat{ janjltnz }hl tlc`}kul u`c|l ae }hazl j`}lfatklz `nm# ke o|z}kjlmlg`nmz ` jtk}kj`c z}`njl }av`tm }hlkt lxkz}lnjl `nm a}hltz‛ tljafnk}kan ae }hlg# }hl jagr`t`}kul jaz}z ae `c}ltknf }hlg. Gaz} jaggln}`}atz `ftll#eat lx`grcl# }h`} }hl kml` ae –t`jl‗ kz ` janz}t|j}kan ae c`nf|`fl `nm zajk`crt`j}kjl (`nm zlce'janjlr}+ }h`} `tazl jan}knfln}c{ kn r`t}kj|c`t eatg kn(kn }hkz jan}lx}+ Vlz}ltn hkz}at{ zagl}kgl è}lt }hl Gkmmcl @flz (zll#eat lx`grcl# @rrk`h `nm F|}g`nn 0;;59 Gkccz 0;;6# jh. 0+. Kn }hl Nat}h

@gltkj`n jan}lx}# }hln# }hl t`jlz `tl j`}lfatklm `nm zlce'kmln}kfflmkn`v`{ }h`} }t`mlz an }hkz hkz}at{# t`}hlt }h`n# z`{# dkacafkj`c e`j}z `canl. D|} }h`}

jcl`tc{ malzn‛} zl}}cl }hl kzz|l `da|} vhl}hlt vl (`nm a|t rack}kj`c knz}k}|'}kanz `nm zajk`c rt`j}kjlz+ zha|cm jan}kn|l }a tljafnkl t`jk`c j`}lfatklz kn

00 Eat mkzj|zzkan# zll }hl lzz`{z kn Gl{ltz lm. 0;;6d `nm E|zz 0;8;.




a|tzlculz `nm a}hltz# na} }a gln}kan vhl}hlt ùakmknf }hlg kz rz{jha'cafkj`cc{ `nm zajk`cc{ razzkdcl vk}ha|} ftl`} jaz}. ]h`} c`}}lt p|lz}kan }|tnzan `n{ n|gdlt ae rltzan`c# zajk`c# `nm rack}kj`c e`j}atz z|tta|nmknf }hlkzz|lz kn p|lz}kan. G{ anc{ rakn} janjltnknf }hl ckdlt`c uklvz janzkmltlm kn}hkz zlj}kan kz }h`} tlm|jknf kmln}k}{ lclgln}z }a ` g`}}lt ae jhakjl ault'zkgrckfflz }hazl e`j}atz ` dk} }aa g|jh `nm }hltld{ |nmltu`c|lz }hl jaz}z at dlnlff}z }h`} gkfh} dl kn rc`{ vhln janzkmltknf `n{ `c}lt`}kan kn }hltljafnk}kan at zlce'kmln}kffj`}kan ae rlarcl `z glgdltz ae zajk`c fta|rz.

Anl c`z} adzltu`}kan `da|} }hl eaj|z an h{dtkmk}{ ae kmln}k}klz zha|cm dl`mmlm. Da}h @rrk`h `nm Zln lgrh`zkl }hl tacl ae jhakjl kn }hl ml}ltgkn'

`}kan ae rtlmagkn`n} kmln}k}klz kn a|t ga}ku`}kan`c z{z}lgz (`nm hlnjl a|t u`c|lz `nm kn}ltlz}z+. @rrk`h# kn e`j}# rakn}z a|} hav }va mkfl ltln} iknmz ae jhakjl `tl knuaculm kn }hkz ml}ltgkn`}kan? }hl jhakjl ae vhkjh kmln}k}{ zha|cm rtlmagkn`}l `nm hav kgrat}`n} z|jh `n kmln}k}{ zha|cm dl eat anl‛z r|tz|k}z# u`c|lz# `nm zajk`c jannlj}kanz. K hùl `ctl`m{ j`z} ma|d} an}hl v`{z }h`} z|jh jhakjl j`n dl `zz|glm kn }hl flnlt`c j`zl# d|} k} gkfh}`cza dl |zle|c }a illr }hkz mkz}knj}kan kn gknm kn }hkniknf `da|} }hlrazzkdkck}{ ae zlce'`c}lt`}kan d{ v`{ ae tlffllj}kul mljkzkanz `nm jhakjlz. Eat

@rrk`h `mu`njlz ` il{ knzkfh} hltl# n`glc{ }h`} k} kz anl }hknf }a z`{ vl

hùl ` jhakjl `ganf }hl zajk`c kmln}kffltz }h`} mlffnl a|tzlculz (`nm }hkzkz }hl mkglnzkan ae jhakjl K hùl tlzkz}lm `z ` zèl `zz|gr}kan `da|} `cc`fln}z+9 k} kz `na}hlt# havlult# }a z`{ vl j`n jhaazl vh`} k} gl`nz }a dl }hkzat }h`} zat} ae rltzan# vh`} }hl kgrckj`}kanz `tl `nm zha|cm dl# kn a|t

o|mfgln}# eat dlknf ` glgdlt ae ` zajk`c fta|r. K} g`{ dl }h`} K j`nna}jhaazl vhl}hlt at na} }a dl ` g`cl#04 d|} vh`} dlknf ` g`cl gl`nz }a gl# vh`} K gkfh} `zi g{ elccav jk}klnz }a ma dlj`|zl ae }h`} kmln}k}{# hav kgrat}`n} K va|cm ckil }hazl tlp|lz}z }a dl# `nm# kn }|tn# vh`} a}hltz gkfh}ma kn tlzranzl }a `cc }hazl o|mfgln}z an g{ r`t}# g`{ vlcc dl zlln `z |r }agl# `z ` jhakjl. ]hkz v`z }hl rakn} vl mkzj|zzlm kn jh`r}lt 5.

Vh`} K hùl z|fflz}lm kn }hkz zlj}kan kz }h`} }hlzl ckdlt`c tlzranzlz }a }hljh`cclnfl ae g|c}kj|c}|t`ckzg hùl na} `mlp|`}lc{ ml`c} vk}h }hl tacl }h`}jhakjl rc`{z# `nm malz na} rc`{# kn jc`kgz eat zrljk`c tljafnk}kan ae kmln}k}{'d`zlm nllmz. Gatlault# k} h`z `cza dljagl jcl`t }h`} gatl g|z} dl z`km`da|} vh`} k} kz vl gl`n d{ kmln}k}{ kn }hlzl j`zlz. Vh`} `tl zajk`c kmln}k}klzz|jh }h`} }hl{ zagl}kglz fta|nm mkz}knj} kn}ltlz}z d|} `tl na} ffxlm d{ n`}|tl at gl}`rh{zkjz (`zz|gknf }hl{ ‛tl na}+1 Gatlault# vh`} kz }hl

04 ]ha|fh ae ja|tzl# }hltl kz ` v`{ kn vhkjh }hkz kz ` jhakjl. @z K vkcc mkzj|zz c`}lt# luln zlxflnmlt nllmna} dl zlln `z a|}zkml }hl r|tuklv ae tlffllj}kul o|mfgln} kn `cc j`zlz# }ha|fh k} kz |nmltz}aam }h`} v`{ eat gaz} rlarcl gaz} ae }hl }kgl.

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 42:



tlc`}kan ae kmln}k}{ knuaculm hltl# `z }h`} janjlr} h`z za g`n{ mkfl ltln}gl`nknfz1

Kn }hl nlx} }va zlj}kanz K vkcc `}}lnm }a }hlzl p|lz}kanz. Kn za maknf K v`n} }a zil}jh `n `jja|n} ae }hl tlc`}kan dl}vlln zajk`c kmln}k}{ `nm`|}anag{ }h`} z|jjllmz kn }hl d`c`njknf `j} K mlzjtkdlm `} }hl a|}zl}#n`glc{ `n `jja|n} }h`} ùakmz }hlzl |nr`c`}`dcl m`nfltz? (`+ }hl zrljkffj`'}kan ae kmln}k}klz }h`} `tl aultc{ ffxlm `nm lxjc|zkan`t{ (}hl rtadclg ae lzzln}k`ckzg+9 `nm (d+ tlm|jknf kmln}k}klz zkgrc{ }a adolj}z ae jhakjl#}hltld{ e`kcknf }a fkul ` rtarlt rz{jhacafkj`c rkj}|tl ae }hl v`{ }h`}g`n{ rlarcl tlc`}l }a }hlzl zajk`c fta|rz `nm }hl jln}t ck}{ ae }hlzl tlc`}kanz

}a }hlkt zlce'janjlr}z.

k k k . k m l n } k } { # k m l n } k e k j ` } k a n # ` n m ` | } a n a g {

@z @rrk`h adzltulm janjltnknf ]`{cat ‛z `jja|n} ae tljafnk}kan# }hltl `tl}va mkglnzkanz ae kmln}k}{ }h`} zha|cm dl mkz}knf|kzhlm janjlr}|`cc{ (`c}ha|fh }hl{ `tl jcazlc{ tlc`}lm rz{jhacafkj`cc{+? }hl jacclj}kul kmln}k}{ ae ` zajk`c fta|r ‚ }hl jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz }h`} rkji a|} r`t}kj|c`t j`}lfatklz ae rlarcl z|jh `z t`jl# l}hnkjk}{# rh{zkj`c `dkck}{# `nm za an9 `nm }hl knmkukm'

|`c kmln}k}klz ae rlarcl# vhazl zlce'janjlr} g`{ }a zagl mlftll jan}`knlzzln}k`c tleltlnjl }a zajk`c fta|r glgdltzhkr (@rrk`h 0;;= +.0: @n lx}lt'n`c tljafnk}kan ae fta|r jahlzkan# }h`} jlt}`kn rlarcl `tl at j`n dl }tl`}lm`z zkgkc`t eat }hl r|trazl ae zajk`c rackj{# kz mkfl ltln} etag }hl jc`kg }h`}}hl glgdltz ae }hazl fta|rz hùl kn}ltn`cklm }hazl j`}lfatk`}kanz kn `

v`{ }h`} mlffnlz }hlkt kn}ltlz}z. @rrk`h falz an }a jaggln} }h`} }hltl j`ndl }lnzkan dl}vlln }hlzl lx}ltn`c `nm kn}ltn`c rltzrlj}kulz# kn }h`} glg'dltzhkr ffxlm d{ lx}ltn`c mlzkfn`}kan at d{ }t`mk}kan at d{ ` jlnz|z gkfh}r|} nlf`}kul rtlzz|tl an knmkukm|`c glgdltz vhln }hlkt avn `zrkt`}kanz#ckelz}{clz# `nm zlce'janjlr}kanz t|n ja|n}lt }a }hazl mlzkfn`}kanz (@rrk`h0;;= # 0<<+.

Kn atmlt }a jc`kg# }hln# }h`} rlarcl‛z kn}ltlz}z zha|cm dl mlffnlm kn v`{z}h`} r`{ zrljk`c `}}ln}kan }a kmln}k}klz# }hltl g|z} dl `n `tf|gln} ae zat}z}h`} }hlkt zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf kz zh`rlm d{ }h`} iknm ae fta|r glgdltzhkr.Kn `mmk}kan# k} g|z} dl jc`kglm }h`} }hlkt u`c|lz `nm rltzrlj}kulz ‚ }hllclgln}z ae kmln}k}{ }h`} rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz rtlz|rrazl `nm d|kcm |ran ‚

`tl za zh`rlm d{ }hazl glgdltzhkrz }h`} natg`}kul uklvz }h`} kfnatl }hlg

kn lfl lj} kfnatl (at e`kc }a tlzrlj}+ }hazl rlarcl (lp|`cc{+. ]h`} kz }hl iknm ae jc`kg }h`} kz an }hl }`dcl.

0: A}hltz hùl g`ml r`t`cclc mkz}knj}kanz. Je.# eat lx`grcl# Dlnh`dkd 4224# jh. :.




]a janzkmlt }hl zl`tjh eat z|jh `n `jja|n}# k} kz kgrat}`n} }a tlk}lt`}l}va mkfl ltln} `nfclz etag vhkjh }a uklv (gamlcz ae+ }hl zlce# }hl –K'zlce ‗ `nm}hl –Gl'zlce#‗ `z mkzj|zzlm kn jh`r}lt 4. Gaz} jaggln}`}atz an }hl rack}kjzae }hl zlce hùl eaj|zlm an }hl Gl'zlce# }hl zl} ae jaggk}gln}z `nm u`c|lz}h`} ` rltzan }ìlz hltzlce `z hùknf d|} vhkjh zhl j`nna} tlolj}# vhkjh–mlffnl hlt ‗ kn `n kgrat}`n} v`{. D|} vhltl p|lz}kanz ae kmln}k}{ `nmkmln}k}{'d`zlm kn}ltlz}z `tl janjltnlm# K }hkni }hl jattlj} eaj|z zha|cm dl}hl K'zlce# }hl gaml ae }hkniknf# ellcknf# `nm `j}knf }h`} }hl rltzan knz}`n'}k`}lz vhln zhl }hkniz# ellcz# `nm `j}z. Knzae`t `z glgdltzhkr kn zajk`cfta|rz zh`rlz }h`} arlt`}kan# `nm knzae`t `z zajkl}{ ‛z }tl`}gln} ae }h`}

fta|rknf (`nm k}z a|}v`tm lxrtlzzkanz+ ` fl lj}z }h`} arlt`}kan# }a }h`} lx}ln}kmln}k}klz `tl mllrc{ rack}kj`cc{ kgrat} n}. ]hl p|lz}kan# }ha|fh# kz vhl}hlt at hav }h`} h`rrlnz.

Cknm` @cjafl h`z mlulcarlm ` rhlnaglnacafkj`c `jja|n} ae kmln}k}{ }h`}zhl kn}lnmz }a t`nfl ault j|c}|t`c jannlj}kanz `z vlcc `z `zjtkr}kul j`}lfa'tk`}kanz z|jh `z flnmlt# t`jl# `nm l}hnkjk}{ }h`} g`{ vlcc ff} }hkz dkcc# ke k} kzz|jjlzze|c `nm a}hltvkzl `jjlr}`dcl. An hlt `jja|n}# –kmln}k}klz arlt`}l `zhatkanz etag vhkjh jlt}`kn `zrlj}z at c`{ltz ae tl`ck}{ j`n dl g`ml ukzkdcl‗

(@cjafl 4225# =:+. A|t zajk`c caj`}kanz# zhl `tf|lz# janz}k}|}l ` hatkan ae

rltjlr}kan `nm lxrltklnjl }h`} kz janz}k}|}kul ae }hl zlce. R`}}ltnz ae zajk`ctljafnk}kan kn}lt`j} vk}h z|dolj}kul rltzrlj}kulz }a janz}t|j} ` et`glvati ae |nmltz}`nmknf }h`} zh`rlz a|t kn}ltrtl}kul `nm lrkz}lgacafkj`c j`r`dkc'k}klz `nm hlnjl a|t lxrltklnjl ae }hl vatcm. Vhkcl zhl mlnklz }h`} }hkzzh`rknf ae hatkanz jtl`}lz ` z}`}kj `nm lzzln}k`cklm zlce# zhl `tf|lz nlult'}hlclzz }h`} z|jh kmln}k}{ g`tiltz `z t`jl# l}hnkjk}{# `nm flnmlt janz}k}|'}kulc{ z}t|j}|tl }hl lgdamklm zlce ‛z rc`jl kn `nm lxrltklnjl ae }hl vatcm.Janjlr}kanz ae t`}kan`ck}{# `|}anag{# `nm zlcehaam vhkjh kfnatl }hkzrhlnaglnan e`kc }a j`r}|tl }hl |nkp|l kn}ltlz}z `nm rltzrlj}kulz ae lg'damklm z|dolj}z vhazl tlc`}kan }a zajk`c hkz}atklz `nm anfaknf r`}}ltnz ae }tl`}gln} zh`rl }hlkt zlce'janjlr} `nm d`zkj u`c|lz `nm nllmz (@cjafl 4225# jh. = +.

]a lgrh`zkl }hkz c`z} rakn}# @cjafl `tf|lz }h`} zllknf t`}kan`c`|}anag{ kn ` r|tlc{ rtajlm|t`c zlnzl gìlz }h`} ` jan}taultzk`c caj|zae tlzrlj}# tljafnk}kan# `nm `}}ln}kan }a d`zkj kn}ltlz}z }h`} natg`}kulrack}kj`c jtk}kp|l (`nm p|lz}kanz ae o|z}kjl K va|cm z`{+ g|z} tlzranm }a.Eaccavknf Jh`tclz ]`{cat# zhl `tf|lz }h`} z|jh `n `jja|n} ae `flnj{ e`kcz

}a `jinavclmfl }hl z|dz}`n}kul n`}|tl ae }hl zlce `nm k}z jaggk}gln}z.Knmllm# `jja|n}z ae (e|cc{ e|nj}kanknf+ t`}kan`ck}{# zhl jan}kn|lz# `cv`{zgìl kgrckjk} tleltlnjl }a z|dz}`n}kul u`c|lz# kn }h`} jaggk}gln} }ahkfhc{ mlz}t|j}kul at kmkaz{njt`}kj `kgz kz `cv`{z }ìln `z z}tanf lukmlnjl

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 42<



ae c`ji ae t`}kan`ck}{ (z|jh `z }hl mlzktl }a g|tmlt anl‛z avn jhkcmtln+(@cjafl 4225# =;‚<= +.0=

Vh`} kz jt|jk`c `da|} `n `rrta`jh z|jh `z }hkz kz }hl jagdkn`}kan ae ` razk}kan`c `jja|n} ae zajk`c mkfl ltlnjl# tlzlgdcknf kn g`n{ v`{z [a|nf ‛zuklv (vhag @cjafl jk}lz+# `nm ` rhlnaglnacafkj`chltglnl|}kj`c uklv ae h|g`n zajk`c lxrltklnjl. ]hkz `ccavz @cjafl }a }`ci `da|} `zjtkr}kulkmln}k}{ fta|rz mlffnlm d{ flnmlt# t`jl# `nm zlx|`ck}{ `nm j|c}|t`c kmln'}k}klz. Glgdltz ae }hlzl fta|rz# zhl `tf|lz# g`{ na} zh`tl jaggan j|c}|t`ch`dk}z `nm rt`j}kjlz (}ha|fh }hl{ gkfh} }a zagl mlftll+# d|} }hl{ vkcc}{rkj`cc{ zh`tl vk}h l`jh a}hlt ` zajk`c lxrltklnjl g`tilm d{ }hlkt ukzkdcl

kmln}k}klz# }hl g`nnlt kn vhkjh }hl{ `tl zajk`cc{ g`tilm `nm kn g`n{ j`zlzg`tilm d{ lxjc|zkan# mlnkft`}kan# `nm ukaclnjl.0<

@cjafl kz ult{ j`tle|c# havlult# }a lgrh`zkl }h`} an hlt uklv }hljh`t`j}ltkz}kjz }h`} mlffnl zajk`c fta|rz# `nm hlnjl `n{ jc`kgz `da|} }hlkt jaggan kn}ltlz}z `nm u`c|lz# tlc{ an e`cckdcl `nm tlukz`dcl gamlcz ae }hazlfta|rz# vhazl lxkz}lnjl `nm jaggan`ck}klz `tl jan}knfln} `nm na} gl}`'rh{zkj`cc{ ffxlm. ]hkz kgrcklz# }ha|fh# }h`} jc`kgz g`ml an }hlkt dlh`ce kn }hl eatg|c`}kan ae d`zkj rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl at zajk`c jtk}kp|l (@cjafl

va|cm zll hltzlce lnf`flm gatl kn }hl c`}}lt+ g|z} knhltk} }hkz tlukz`dkck}{.

Jc`kgz `da|} zrljk c nllmz# z} }|z# zajk`c razk}kan# at kn}ltlz}z gatl flnlt'`cc{ j`nna} dl g`ml kn `mu`njl etag ` rhkcazarhkj`c (at luln zajk`c'rz{jhacafkj`c+ rakn} ae uklv. Vl j`nna} z`{# eat lx`grcl# }h`} vaglnhùl jaggan e|nm`gln}`c kn}ltlz}z |nkp|l }a }hlg fta|nmlm kn }hlkt mkz}knj} lgdamklm rhlnaglnacafkj`cc{ z}t|j}|tlm rltzrlj}kul. ]hkz kzdlj`|zl# `ganf a}hlt }hknfz# }h`} rltzrlj}kul kz hl}ltaflnla|z# g`ccl`dcl#`nm z|dolj} }a u`tklm kn}ltrtl}`}kanz. Zkgkc`tc{# }hl lgdamklm rhlna'glnacafkj`c z}t|j}|tl ae vagln‛z lxrltklnjl# |ran vhkjh }hazl kn}ltlz}z`tl fta|nmlm# kz `cza hkfhc{ hl}ltaflnla|z.05

@cjafl va|cm `ftll# K }hkni. D|} }hkz kgrcklz }h`} kn `tf|gln}z `da|} }hle|nm`gln} c natg`}kul rtknjkrclz zh`rknf `nm clfk}kgkknf zajk`c `nmrack}kj`c ravlt# vl j`nna} zrljke{ zrljk`c vlkfh} eat }hl kn}ltlz}z ae z|jh

0= K jaggln} an }hl kgrat} ae }hkz `tf|gln} dlcav# d|} K zha|cm na}l hltl }h`} k} va|cm dl z|jjlzze|canc{ ke vl kfnatlm }hl mkfl ltlnjl dl}vlln rtaukmknf –lukmlnjl‗ eat c`ji ae t`}kan`ck}{ `nm mlffnknf k}.Rtajlm|t`ckz}z j`n `jjlr} }hl eatglt rhlnaglnan.

0< ]hkz ult{ dtkle lnj`rz|c`}kan kz |ne`kt }a @cjafl ‛z ml}`kclm `nm hkfhc{ p|`ckfflm uklv. Eat lx`grcl# hlt |nmltz}`nmknf ae kmln}k}{ knjc|mlz lclgln}z ae lxkz}ln}k`ckzg# rz{jha`n`c{zkz# elgknkz} tlc`}kan`c

uklvz ae }hl zlce# `nm raz}'gamltnkzg# `cc p|`ckfflm `nm jaggln}lm |ran. Zknjl g{ `kg hltl kzna} }a ga|n} ` jtk}kp|l ae @cjafl ‛z uklvz# `nm kn g`n{ v`{z g{ avn uklv kz kn h`tgan{ vk}h hltz#K }ìl zagl jln}t`c kml`z kn atmlt }a e`jkck}`}l g{ avn mkzj|zzkan.

05 @cjafl ‛z mkzj|zzkan (4225# jhz. 4 (zlj}kan KK+ `nm : (zlj}kanz KKK `nm KU++ eaccavz ` r`}h p|k}l kn }hlzrktk} ae }hkz `n`c{zkz.




fta|rz kn `mu`njl `nm ffx }hlg `dz}t`j}c{ `z vl ma vk}h ` tkfh} }a etllzrlljh at `n kn}ltlz} kn rtkg`t{ faamz. Vh`}lult zrljk`c vlkfh} z|jhkn}ltlz}z hùl `tl tlrtlzln}lm kn a}hlt v`{z kn z|jh rtknjkrclz.

Vh`} kz kn}ltlz}knf `cza `da|} }hkz `jja|n} ae }hl zajk`c zlce kz }h`}#mlzrk}l @cjafl ‛z tlolj}kan ae ` r|tlc{ rtajlm|t`c `jja|n} ae t`}kan`c `flnj{#` tlukzlm –gamltnkz}‗ uklv ae `|}anag{ ae }hl zat} mlelnmlm hltl g`{

vlcc dl p|k}l jagr`}kdcl vk}h gaz} ae }hlzl jtk}kp|lz `nm adzltu`}kanz. Ke `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz anc{ zlce'tlffllj}kan# vk}ha|} `zz|gknf }h`} z|jh tlffllj'}kan `dz}t`j}z etag `cc u`c|lz# zajk`c razk}kanknf# `zrlj}z ae lgdamkgln}`nm rh{zkj`ck}{ (`z `cza g`tilm d{ zajk`c razk}kan+# `nm a}hlt `zrlj}z ae

}hl zajk`c zlce# }hln }hlzl uklvz j`n `jjlr} }hl razzkdkck}{ ae `|}anag{ `z` rack}kj`c u`c|l. Ae ja|tzl ` mkz}knj} `tf|gln} va|cm hùl }a dl v`flmeat }hl razk}kul u`c|l ae `|}anag{# `nm }hkz va|cm mlrlnm hkfhc{ an}hl natg`}kul }hlatl}kj`c jan}lx} kn vhkjh }h`} u`c|l kz mlzkfn`}lm. D|}zllknf }hl zlce `z zh`rlm kn }hlzl v`{z d{ lgdamkgln}# zajk`c razk}kan `nmlxrltklnjl# tljafnk}kan `nm kmln}kffj`}kan d{ a}hltz eaj|zknf an ukz|`c`zrlj}z ae }hl zlce# `tl `cc jagr`}kdcl vk}h uklvknf }hl zlce `z `cza `dcl }atlffllj} an `zrlj}z ae anl‛z rltzan `nm zajk`c razk}kan eat }hl r|trazl ae rack}kj`c mk`caf|l `nm lxrtlzzkan ae kn}ltlz}z. Vh`} K harl }a dtknf a|}

e|t}hlt kn }hkz mkzj|zzkan kz }hl rack}kj`c kgrat}`njl ae }h`} j`r`jk}{ (`zjln}t`c }a `|}anag{+# `nm harle|cc{ }hkz j`n dl manl kn v`{z }h`} tlzan`}l

vk}h uklvz ckil @cjafl ‛z }h`} dtknf a|} }hl tkjh nm e|nm`gln}`c kgrat}`njlae zajk`c kmln}k}klz kn a|t lxrltklnjl ae a|t zlce `nm vatcm.

Za vl tlg`kn kn zl`tjh ae `n `jja|n} ae kmln}k}{ }h`} hlcrz fta|nm }hliknm ae zrljk`c janzkmlt`}kan }h`} kn}ltlz}z d`zlm an zajk`c'fta|r glgdlt'zhkr f`tnltz vhln kn e`j} z|jh zrljk`c vlkfh} kz gltk}lm# d|} na} `n `jja|n}}h`} ` fl atmz jan}lz}`dc{ z}`dcl at –lzzln}k`c‗ rtarlt}klz }a fta|r glgdltz.]hl hl}ltaflnlk}{ ae fta|r jh`t`j}ltkz}kjz# }hl jan}knflnjklz ae fta|r(zajk`c+ janz}t|j}kan `nm tljafnk}kan# `nm }hl g`ccl`dkck}{ ae fta|r'tlc`}lmu`c|lz eat knmkukm|`cz `cc zrlì ca|mc{ kn eùat ae ` gatl ffllxkdcl gamlc. Cl}|z tl}|tn# }hln# }a ` mkzj|zzkan ae `|}anag{ kn atmlt }a hlcr z|rrc{ }hl`jja|n} nllmlm ae hav kn}ltlz}z }klm }a zajk`c kmln}k}klz j`n dl ` fl atmlm }hlkgrat}`njl }hl{ mlzltul.

k u . ` | } a n a g { ` n m } h l r a c k } k j z a e k m l n } k } { ?

` t l j a n j k c k ` } k a n

@z K lxrc`knlm kn rtluka|z jh`r}ltz# }hl rakn} ae zj|cr}knf ` janjlr}kanae `|}anag{ kn }hkz v`{ kz }a janzkmlt j`tle|cc{ }hl v`{ kn vhkjh }hkzjh`t`j}ltkz}kj g`tiz }hl d`zkj kn}ltlz}z `nm rltzrlj}kul ae jk}klnz vhkjh o|z}




rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz `tl mlzkfnlm }a tlrtlzln}. @z K‛ul g`ml jcl`t# kng{ uklv }hl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ `} kzz|l `nm }hl rack}kj`c rtknjkrclzk} z|rrat}z zha|cm dl `n}k'rltelj}kankz} kn }h`} }hl o|z}kffj`}kan ae u`c|lz`nm rtknjkrclz zha|cm na} tlz} an jan}taultzk`c janjlr}kanz ae gat`c u`c|l#rhkcazarhkj`c at tlckfka|z a|}caai# at kml`cz ae }hl faam ckel# ` razk}kanK mlelnm kn }hl nlx} jh`r}lt. Eat }hkz tl`zan# –`|}anag{ ‗ malz na} tlelt nljlzz`tkc{ }a `n kml`c ae (z`{+ `n knmlrlnmln} `nm zlce'flnlt`}lm ckel#}ha|fh }hkz kml` g`{ dl mlelnzkdcl `nm knmllm h`z dlln na}`dc{ lgdt`jlm|nmlt }hl d`nnlt ae `|}anag{ d{ g`n{ kn }hl }t`mk}kan. D|} eat g{ r|trazlz `|}anag{ kz zkgrc{ }hl z}`}|z g`tilt eat jk}klnz r`t}kjkr`}knf

kn jacclj}kul mlckdlt`}kanz vhazl clfk}kg`j{ janz}k}|}lz o|z} g`nkelz}`}kanzae rack}kj`c ravlt kn ` gamltn rc|t`ckz}kj rack}{.

@z vl hùl z`km# `|}anag{ `}}`jhlz }a knmkukm|`cz (anc{+ d|} z|jhknmkukm|`cz `tl vh`} }hl{ `tl dlj`|zl ae r`z} `nm rtlzln} zajk`c tlc`}kanzae ` jagrclx zat}. ]hkz kz }a clùl taag eat }hl v`{z kn vhkjh }hljagranln}z ae a|t u`c|l z{z}lgz# zlce'janjlr}z# atkln}knf jaggk}gln}z#`nm za an# hùl gl`nknf dlj`|zl ae }hlkt rc`jl kn `n anfaknf zajk`cn`tt`}kul. ]hkz n`tt`}kul h`z# kn }|tn# lzzln}k`cc{ hkz}atkj`c `z vlcc `z zajk`clclgln}z.

@z Dkih| R`tlih r|}z k} janjltnknf ckdlt`ckzg? –ckdlt`ckzg kz kn }hlat{ jaggk}}lm }a lp|`c tlzrlj} eat rltzanz. Zknjl h|g`n dlknfz `tl j|c}|t`cc{ lgdlmmlm# tlzrlj} eat }hlg ln}`kcz tlzrlj} eat }hlkt j|c}|tlz `nm v`{z ae ckel‗ (R`tlih 0;;= # 0:+.06 Havlult# @rrk`h `nm a}hltz hùl `tf|lm }h`} }hkzkneltlnjl kz }aa p|kji# ke anl janz}t|lz –tlzrlj}‗ eat j|c}|tlz }a ln}`kc }hlzat}z ae gl`z|tlz }h`} I{gckji` `nm ]`{cat jc`kglm `tl z|rrat}lm# eat lx`grcl tkfh}z ae zaultlkfn}{# zrljk`c lxlgr}kanz etag rtknjkrclz ae lp|`c}tl`}gln}# at tkfh}z }a lneatjl c`nf|`fl |zl (@rrk`h 422<# 6: n. 42+. Vh`}

g|z} dl `mmlm kz ` rtlgkzl }h`} z`{z# kn lfl

lj}# e`kc|tl }a `mar} }hkz at }h`}zajk`c rackj{ (rta}lj}knf at z|rrat}knf ` j|c}|t`c rt`j}kjl eat lx`grcl+ vkccgl`n }h`} }hl rltzan‛z `dkck}{ }a cl`m `n `|}anaga|z ckel kz zaglhav jagrtagkzlm. ]hkz kz }hl rtlgkzl }h`} ` }hlat{ ae kmln}k}{ zha|cm hlcr`mo|mkj`}l kn }hl p|lz}kan ae vhln `nm ke zajk`c rackj{ zha|cm tlzranm kn}hkz v`{.

06 H`dltg`z gìlz }hl z`gl rakn} }hkz v`{? –etag ` natg`}kul rakn} ae uklv# }hl kn}lftk}{ ae }hlknmkukm|`c clf`c rltzan j`nna} dl f|`t`n}llm vk}ha|} rta}lj}knf }hl kn}ltz|dolj}kulc{ zh`tlm lxrltk'

lnjlz `nm ckel jan}lx}z kn vhkjh }hl rltzan h`z dlln zajk`cklm `nm h`z eatglm hkz at hlt kmln}k}{. ]hlkmln}k}{ ae }hl knmkukm|`c kz kn}ltvauln vk}h jacclj}kul kmln}k}klz `nm j`n dl z}`dkcklm anc{ kn ` j|c}|t`c nl}vati }h`} j`nna} dl `rrtartk`}lm `z rtku`}l rtarlt}{ `n{ gatl }h`n }hl ga}hlt }anf|lk}zlce j`n dl‗ (H`dltg`z 0;;;# 440+. Havlult# H`dltg`z `tf|lz }h`} }hkz e`kcz }a z|rrat} ` jc`kg ae tkfh} eat }hl rtlzltu`}kan ae j|c}|tlz.




Havlult# k} kz jt|jk`c }a ùakm ault'lx}lnmknf }hkz rakn}. Eat }a z`{ }h`} a|t zlce'janjlr}z `tl zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm kz na} }a z`{ ‚ `nm knmllm

vl zha|cm na} z`{ ‚ }h`} }hlzl zlce'|nmltz}`nmknfz `tl nljlzz`tkc{ jagrazlmae r`t}kj|c`t `nm ff xlm tlc`}kanz vk}h a}hlt rlarcl at zajk`c taclz. Eat }hkz

va|cm gl`n }h`} rlarcl (`cc ae |z+ vha fa }hta|fh t`mkj`c jh`nfl kn }hlkt ckulz jh`nfl vha }hl{ `tl# ck}lt`cc{. Vl gkfh} z`{ kn ` gagln} ae lx`ffl't`}kan }h`} vl j`nna} kg`fknl ckuknf vk}ha|} X (` caulm anl+# at na} dlknf ` ga}hlt at dta}hlt9 d|} caulm anlz mkl `nm }hl lcmltc{ ultzkan ae a|tzlculz

vha h`z gaulm an `nm z|tukulm kz z}kcc |z .Tlc`}kanz }a zajk`c r`}}ltnz gatl dta`mc{ janzkmltlm# z|jh `z u`c|l }t`mk'

}kanz# j|c}|tlz# gamlz ae zajk`cc{ `jjlr}`dcl v`{z ae dlknf (eat vagln at gln# z`{+# zajk`c h`dk}z `nm lxrlj}`}kanz# `nm za an# `cc et`gl `nm mlffnl }hld`zkj }ltgz vl va|cm |zl kn mlzjtkdknf a|tzlculz. @cc }hlzl e`j}atz `tl gl`n'knfe|c anc{ kn `nm `z ` e|nj}kan ae ` zajk c jan}lx}. Z|jh jan}lx}z hùl j|ttln}`z vlcc `z hkz}atkj`c mkglnzkanz.

Luln `} }hl flnlt c clulc# havlult# knjc|mknf zajk`c lclgln}z kn }hl gìl'|r ae }hl zlce vkcc hùl kgrat}`n} kgrckj`}kanz eat vh`} vl z`{ `da|}`|}anag{ `nm zajk`c kmln}k}klz# eat }hl p|lz}kan ae vhl}hlt ` rltzan kz at j`n tlg`kn `|}anaga|z vkcc mlrlnm jt|jk`cc{ an }hl zajk`c zl}}knf hl at zhl

lxkz}z kn. @ckln`}kan etag zagl lclgln} ae anl‛z jh`t`j}lt g`{ vlcc lnz|l ke }hl zajk`c janz}k}|ln}z ae anl‛z zlce'janjlr} `tl |nz|rrat}lm# g`ml knarl't`}kul at |nù`kc`dcl# at r|dckjc{ mlnkft`}lm (`z gkfh} h`rrln tlf`tmknf anl‛z `dkck}{ }a rt`j}kjl anl‛z tlckfkan vk}h a}hltz kn r|dckj+. ]hkz kz vh{ vlgln}kanlm }h`} zajk`c lclgln}z ae a|t zlculz `tl ae}ln r`t} ae }hl –K'zlce ‗ ‚

}hl atkln}knf `nm lxlj|}kul e|nj}kanz ae a|t tlffllj}kul zlculz. Eat kn zaglzajk`c zk}|`}kanz a|t `ckln`}kan vkcc lnz|l dlj`|zl }hazl zajk`c janmk}kanz mana} z|rrat} at kn e`j} janfflkj} vk}h# vati }a mlnkft`}l# at `j}kulc{ }t{ }ajt|zh# }hl u`c|l ea|nm`}kanz ae a|t v`{ ae uklvknf }hl vatcm.

Knzae`t# }hln# `z `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz }h`} anl na} dl `ckln`}lm etag }hljanz}k}|ln} lclgln}z ae anl‛z rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{# knjc|mknf }hl hkz}atkj`c `nmzajk`c jagrckgln}z }a }hazl lclgln}z# anl kz na} `|}anaga|z kn }hazljanmk}kanz. Rack}kj`c `nm zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz# }hln# ke }hl{ `tl jaggk}}lm }atlzrlj} eat `|}anag{# zha|cm dl mlzkfnlm }a rtluln} at lt`mkj`}l }hkz zat} ae `ckln`}kan. ]hkz kz `} cl`z} }hl `dz}t`j} janjc|zkan K v`n} }a tl`jh hltl#clùknf `zkml eat }hl gagln} }hl r`t}kj|c`t rackjklz }h`} gkfh} dl z|rrat}lmd{ z|jh `n `tf|gln} kn `n{ r`t}kj|c`t zajk`c caj`}kan. ]hlzl jc`kgz janjltn

}hl eatg }h`} `n{ mlelnzl ae `n{ z|jh rackjklz g|z} }ìl.Knmllm# K va|cm `tf|l }h`} zllknf `|}anag{ `z tlc`}kul }a anl‛z hkz}at{

gìlz }hl jc`kg eat tljafnkknf kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kgz luln gatl ravlt'e|c# vhln }hl{ `tl vlcc fta|nmlm kn zajkacafkj`c e`j} `} cl`z}. ]hkz kz

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 42;



dlj`|zl `}}ln}kan }a }hl hkz}atkj`c janmk}kanz |nmlt vhkjh anl‛z kmln}k}{ h`z dlln zajk`cc{ }tl`}lm `nm mlffnlm# vhltl }h`} knuaculz r`}}ltnz ae arrtlzzkan `nm mlft`m`}kan# va|cm j`|zl `ckln`}kan `ganf j|ttln} glg'dltz ae jlt}`kn g`tfkn`cklm fta|rz ke tljafnk}kan ae zrljk`c nllmz (`zza'jk`}lm vk}h }h`} hkz}at{+ vltl na} `jinavclmflm. Havlult# K ja|cm gìl}hl jc`kg eat zrljk`c tljafnk}kan vk}ha|} tlck`njl an ` zrljkffj`cc{ hkz}at'kj`c janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{# `z canf `z g{ rakn}z `da|} h{ra}hl}kj`ctlffllj}kan `tl `jjlr}lm.

Kn `mmk}kan# zllknf |}anag{ kn }hl v`{ K mlzjtkdl mlffl`}lz anl r`t}kj|c`t cknl ae jtk}kp|l d{ mlelnmltz ae kmln}k}{ jc`kgz `f`knz} `|}anag{'d`zlm

janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl# n`glc{ }h`} zllknf `|}anag{ `z }hl jln}t`c adolj} ae tlzrlj} kn rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl rtkukclflz jhakjl# gadkck}{# jh`nfl# `nm zlr`t'`}kan ault zackm`tk}{ `nm zajk`c fta|r jahlzkan. @z K hùl `tf|lm# `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz anc{ h{ra}hl}kj`c tlffllj}kan kn }hl vlìlt zlnzl K zil}jhlm# za }h`}ke ` rltzan kz na} `ckln`}lm etag hlt jannlj}kanz vk}h zajk`c fta|rz (at }t`mk}kanz at j|c}|t`c rt`j}kjlz+ }h`} janz}k}|}l hlt e|nm`gln}`c u`c|lz# }hlnu`c|knf `|}anag{ malz na} kgrc{ mlua}knf zajk`c tlza|tjlz }av`tm lnja|t'`fknf zlr`t`}kan `nm mkzjannlj}kan etag z|jh fta|rz.08

Vl na}lm `canf vk}h @rrk`h# Zln# `nm a}hltz }h`} j|c}|tlz `nm zajk`c

fta|rz zha|cm na} dl janzkmltlm `z hagaflnla|z at z}`}kj# `nm }hltleatlke `n{ zrljk`c z}`}|z kz fkuln }a kmln}k}{'d`zlm jc`kgz# k} j`nna} dl d`zlm an` zknfcl `nm z}tkj}c{ atmltlm zl} ae j|c}|t`c u`c|lz }h`} `tl tlzkz}`n} }ajh`nfl# luln etag vk}hkn }hl t`niz ae }hl glgdltz ae }hazl ult{ j|c}|tlz(@rrk`h 422<+. Luln ke vl `jjlr} jc`kgz g`ml d{ kmln}k}{ fta|rz `zclfk}kg`}l }hkz malz na} kgrc{ }h`} }hl{ g|z} }ìl }hl eatg ae tkfh}z #lzrljk`cc{ d`zkj janz}k}|}kan`c tkfh}z eat zrljkffj j|c}|t`c rta}lj}kanz }h`}`tl kgg|nl }a tlukzkan. Janzkmlt`}kanz ae o|z}kjl j`n ln}lt }hl knz}k}|'}kan`c mlzkfn ae }hl z}`}l lk}hlt `} }hl janz}k}|}kan`c clulc# vhkjh kz ffxlmrltg`nln}c{ at `} cl`z} z|dolj} }a tlukzkan anc{ vk}h z|rlt'gòatk}`tk`nrtajlm|tlz# at `} }hl clfkzc`}kul clulc# `z ` g`}}lt ae jacclj}kul jhakjl `da|}}hl jaggan faam. @} }hl eatglt clulc# }hltl kz }hl rtaukzkan ae d`zkjtkfh}z# z|jh `z }hl \Z Dkcc ae Tkfh}z# `z vlcc `z rtaukzkanz eat }hl mlzkfn ae mlgajt`}kj rtajlm|tlz }hlgzlculz. ]hl `tf|gln} }h`} zrljk`c rta}lj}kanz

08 K zha|cm na}l }h`} }hkz `tf|gln}`}kul }`ji kz mkfl ltln} etag }h`} }ìln d{ I{gckji` (0;;<+ `nmG`tf`ck} `nm T` (0;;2+ kn }va kgrat}`n} v`{z. ]hl fftz} kz }h } }hl jannlj}kan vk}h j|c}|t c rt`j}kjlz

`nm fta|r'tlc`}lm kn}ltlz}z hltl kz }klm mktlj}c{ }a `|}anag{ k}zlce# na} }a }hl faamz }h`} `|}anaga|zzlculz r|tz|l# `z }hl{ jc`kg. Zljanm# `z K vkcc lxrc`kn dlcav# }hl jc`kgz }h`} }hkz jannlj}kan }a`|}anag{ |nmltzjatlz `tl na} dlz} `t}kj|c`}lm kn }hl c`nf|`fl ae (janz}k}|}kan`c+ tkfh}z ‚ }a }hlz|tuku`c ae anl‛z j|c}|tl eat lx`grcl ‚ d|} t`}hlt `z janz}t kn}z an mlckdlt`}kan kn }hl ml}ltgkn }kan ae zajk`c rackj{.




eat j|c}|tlz zha|cm na} dl zlln `z ` g`}}lt ae d`zkj tkfh} (eat }hl rta}lj}kan

ae ` z}`}kj j|c}|t`c eatg+ malz na} kgrc{ }h`} z|jh janzkmlt`}kanz j`nna}dl fkuln lxrtlzzkan kn }hl mlzkfn ae mlgajt`}kj knz}k}|}kanz at ln}lt kn}aclfkzc`}kul mld`}l.

@cza# kn atmlt }a mt`v }hl rtarlt janjc|zkanz `da|} }hl jannlj}kandl}vlln `|}anag{ `nm zajk`c kmln}k}klz# k} kz kgrat}`n} }a lgrh`zkl jlt}`knd`jifta|nm janmk}kanz `f`knz} vhkjh mkzj|zzkanz ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjlzha|cm dl rk}jhlm. Kn atmlt }a zll }hl eatjl ae jc`kgz eat tljafnk}kan ae kmln}k}{# vl g|z} }ìl kn}a `jja|n} }h`} mkzj|zzkanz ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjlae `n{ zat} tlclu`n} }a j|ttln} janmk}kanz g|z} `cza `jinavclmfl }h`} }hlzl

rtknjkrclz `tl gl`n} }a `rrc{ }a zajkl}klz vk}h ` na}`dcl `nm na}atka|ztljatm ae r`z} `nm anfaknf ukaclnjl `nm ravlt mkfl ltlnjlz `ganf fta|rz.Kn r`t}kj|c`t# anl g|z} `jinavclmfl }hl v`{ }h`} jlt}`kn fta|rz hùl dllng`tilm `z adolj}z ae mlft`m`}kan# ukaclnjl# `nm arrtlzzkan eat flnlt`}kanz#

vhkjh jan}kn|lz kn }hl j|ttln} `fl. Anl nllm na} |}kckl ` jan}ln}ka|zjanjlr}kan ae vh`} ja|n}z `z |no|z} }tl`}gln} }a zrljke{ }h`} ` hkz}at{ ae ukaclnjl `nm mkfl ltln}k c ravlt (magkn`}kan+ kz kn lukmlnjl kn }hl zajkl}klz}a vhkjh rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl `tl gl`n} }a `rrc{# kn atmlt }a ùakm mkz}at}knf }hl jc`kgz g`ml an dlh`ce ae }hl kmln}k}{ fta|rz kn p|lz}kan. ]hkz rakn} vkccdl tlk}lt`}lm `nm lxr`nmlm |ran kn }hl nlx} jh`r}lt.

@na}hlt zajkacafkj`c rakn} zha|cm dl gln}kanlm? k} kz ` jagganrc`jl}h`} clf`c rta}lj}kanz ae d`zkj tkfh}z `tl clzz }h`n e|cc{ lfl lj}kul kn }hl `j}|`c

vatcm# `z ukaclnjl# `d|zl# `nm mkzjtkgkn`}kan `tl anfaknf e`j}z ae ckel eat g`n{. @nm k} dl`tz lgrh`zkz }h`} glgdltz ae jlt}`kn zajk`c fta|rz e`jlhkz}atkj`c `nm anfaknf r`}}ltnz ae z|jh ukaclnjl# mkzjtkgkn`}kan# g`tfkn'`ck`}kan# `nm mlft`m`}kan }h`} gìl z|jh knlfl lj}kulnlzz `cc }hl gatlrakn}lm. Clf`c rta}lj}kanz `tl kgra}ln} vk}ha|} tleatg ae jkukc zajkl}{

}h`} lnz|tlz flnlt`c z|rrat} eat }hlg# knjc|mknf na} anc{ el`t ae r|nkzh'gln} d|} vhaclz`cl z|rrat} eat }hl u`c|lz tlffllj}lm kn }hazl tkfh} rta}lj'}kanz.0; Mkzjtkgkn`}kan kn kneatg`c zl}}knfz# gaz} na}`dc{ lgrca{gln}zk}|`}kanz vhltl `}}k}|mlz `nm dlhùkatz hùl `n kn}`nfkdcl d|} p|k}l tl`clfl lj} an oad arrat}|nk}klz# lx`j}z `n |n}acm jaz} an gknatk}klz `nm a}hlt glgdltz ae }t`mk}kan`cc{ g`tfkn`cklm fta|rz kn v`{z }h`} clf`c tlz}tkj}kanzanc{ dlfkn }a mkgknkzh. Anl nllm anc{ gln}kan `z `n lx`grcl# `cdlk} ` }t`fkj`cc{ z`ckln} anl# }h`} ault 022#222 vagln ` {l`t `tl t`rlm kn }hl\nk}lm Z}`}lz# `jjatmknf }a ` janzltu`}kul lz}kg`}l d{ }hl Mlr`t}gln} ae

0; K} kz kn }hkz et`glvati }h`} `n}k'rltelj}kankz} `rrta`jhlz }a o|z}kjl j`n raz}|c`}l janjlr}kanz ae }hlfaam }h`} a|fh} }a dl r|tz|lm eat ` zajkl}{# n`glc{ }hazl jacclj}kul faamz }h`} `tl `zz|glm `z u c|`dclkn }hl rtknjkrclz ae }hl tkfh} mlffnk}kul ae o|z}kjl. Je. T`vcz 0;;: an }hkz kzz|l.




O|z}kjl.42 Gatl `c`tgknf `nm hattkffj e`j}z j`n dl tlrat}lm kn a}hlt r`t}z ae }hl vatcm `nm eat a}hlt fta|rz. ]hl el`t ae z|jh ukaclnjl g`tiz }hl ckeljhakjlz `nm arrat}|nk}klz ae vagln. ]hl tlc`}kan dl}vlln z|jh ukj}kgk`}kan`nm }hl r`t}kj|c`t nllmz ae kmln}k}{ fta|rz vkcc dl dta|fh} a|} rtlzln}c{.

]hkz jannlj}z mktlj}c{ }a }hl v`{ }h`} jc`kgz eat zrljk c tljafnk}kan ae }hlkn}ltlz}z }klm }a kmln}k}{'fta|r glgdltzhkr `tl `} kzz|l hltl. ]hl mkztlzrlj}ae nan'tljafnk}kan knuaculz }hl e`kc|tl }a `jinavclmfl `nm zhav tlzrlj}eat }hl v`{ }h`} z|jh `n kmln}k}{ c`dlc h`z g`tilm }hl rltzan (at rltzanzckil hlt+ kn ` v`{ }h`} h`z knuaculm kno|z}kjl kn }hl r`z}# kn r`t}kj|c`t }h`}h`z }ìln `v`{ etag hlt }hl ravlt }a hlcr ml}ltgknl }hl r|dckj `nm zajk`c

gl`nknfz ae z|jh glgdltzhkr. Mkzjtkgkn`}kan# g`tfkn`ck`}kan# arrtlz'zkan# `nm ault} ukaclnjl (ga}ku`}lm d{ z|jh mkzjtkgkn`}kan+ `tl knz}`njlz ae zajk`c r`}}ltnz ae mlft`m`}kan ae }hl }{rl ae rltzan `n knmkukm|`c kz# vhkjh kz}a z`{# mlnkft`}kan ae }hl gl`nknfz ae }h`} fta|r glgdltzhkr.

]hl jc`kg j`nna} dl# `z vl hùl zlln# }h`} z|jh rtknjkrclz e`kc }a tljafnkl}hl r`t}kj|c`t `nm lzzln}k`c kn}ltlz}z }h`} `cc glgdltz ae }h`} fta|r rltg`'nln}c{ zh`tl# zknjl z|jh kn}ltlz}z u`t{ `canf vk}h }hl hl}ltaflnlk}{ ae }hlfta|r‛z hkz}at{ `nm jh`t`j}lt. Havlult# lt`zknf `cc tleltlnjl }a zajk`c kmln'}k}klz kn }hl r|dckj zrljkffj`}kan ae rtknjkrclz `nm rackjklz }htl`}lnz }a lx`jlt'

d`}l }hl zajk c arrtlzzkan ae g`tfkn`cklm fta|rz. Nav @rrk h `tf|lz# tkfh}c{ K }hkni# }h`} zllknf j|c}|tl `z ` tlza|tjl# ae }hl atmlt ae rtkg`t{ faamz# kz

vtanfhl`mlm dlj`|zl z|jh tlza|tjlz j`n dl lnoa{lm kn jagr t`dcl mlftllz#}t`mlm anl eat `na}hlt# `nm razzlzzlm kn mkzjtl}l `ga|n}z (@rrk`h 422<#04:‚04= +. D|} }hkz zhavz anc{ }h`} zagl a}hlt j`cj|c|z ae zajk`c `mu`n}`fl(dlzkmlz }t`m`dcl tlza|tjlz+ g|z} dl mlulcarlm }h`} c`jiz }hkz n`ttav kgrck'j`}kan. Ke rtkg`t{ faamz `tl |zlm `z z|jh `n knmlx# n`glc{ }hazl lclgln}z ae }hl p|`ck}{ ae ckel }h`} `tl na} hlcm kn mlftllz# j`nna} dl lxjh`nflm eat (at ckil+

ganl{# `nm za an# }hln }hazl vhazl kmln}k}{ `nm jaggk}gln}z tlp|ktl a}hlt zat}z ae faamz vkcc na} hùl }hlkt tlc`}kul vlcc'dlknf gl`z|tlm `mlp|`}lc{ d{ }h`} knmlx.

Zajk`c mkz`mu`n}`flz m|l }a mkzjtkgkn`}kan# j|c}|t`c z|rrtlzzkan# kfnat'`njl# `nm mlu`c|`}kan ae }t`mk}kanz `nm v`{z ae ckel vkcc na} dl tlm|jkdcl kn`cc j`zlz }a |nlp|`c zh`tlz ae lxjh`nfl`dcl tlza|tjlz.40 Gatlault# luln ke

42 \Z Mlr`t}gln} ae O|z}kjl vldzk}l? h}}r?aor.|zmao.faudozfc`njl}`dclzukat}tm}`d.h}g9 `cza zllMlr`t}gln} ae O|z}kjl maj|gln}? –Jtkgkn`c Ukj}kgk`}kan kn }hl \nk}lm Z}`}lz# 422= .‗ T`rl kz ae}ln|zlm `z ` eatg ae tl}tkd|}kan `nm }at}|tl kn jkukc v`t `nm a}hlt l}hnkj janfflkj}z# z|jh `z Daznk` `nm

M`te|t. Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hl tlclu`njl ae z|jh anfaknf ukaclnjl }a }hlatklz ae o|z}kjl# zllG`jIknnan 4225.

40 Zll Iltnah`n 0;;8. @cza# }hkz kz }a `ftll vk}h N`nj{ Et`zlt (}ha|fh eat mkfl ltln} tl`zanz kn }hl lnm+}h`} nlk}hlt }hl rack}kjz ae tljafnk}kan nat }hl rack}kjz ae tlmkz}tkd|}kan `tl jagrcl}l d{ }hlgzlculz.Zll Et`zlt 0;;6# jh. 0 `nm Et`zlt `nm Hannl}h 422:.




z|jh }tl`}gln} vltl jattlc`}lm vk}h r`t}kj|c`t g`}ltk`c mkz`mu`n}`flz at ault} ukac`}kanz ae lp|`c arrat}|nk}{ (}a vhkjh ckdlt`c rtknjkrclz `tl razk'}kanlm }a tlzranm+# r`}}ltnz ae kneatg`c `nm j|c}|t c mlnkft`}kan etag canf'z}`nmknf rt`j}kjlz ae zlxkzg# t`jkzg# `nm mkzjtkgkn`}kan vkcc jan}kn|l }alx`jltd`}l }hlzl mkz`mu`n}`flz kn v`{z }h`} tlmkz}tkd|}kan ae tlza|tjlz `canl

vkcc nlult z|jjllm kn `ccluk`}knf. ]hl e`j} }h`} }hl knnlt jk}{ raat kn }hl\nk}lm Z}`}lz `tl mkzrtarat}kan`}lc{ @etkj`n @gltkj`n kz jcazlc{ jannlj}lm

vk}h zajk`c `}}k}|mlz }av`tm dc`jiz `z ` fta|r }h`} zkgrcl tlmkz}tkd|}kan ae knjagl vkcc nlult lckgkn`}l.

K} zha|cm dl na}lm }h`} K `g zlce'janzjka|zc{ janffl`}knf }va t`}hlt

mkfl ltln} cknlz ae `tf|gln} g`ml an dlh`ce ae kmln}k}{ fta|rz. ]hl fftz}`tl `tf|gln}z eat }hl g`kn}ln`njl at rta}lj}kan ae j|c}|t`c eatgz z|jh `zzrljk`c tkfh}z `nm lxjlr}kanz tlc`}knf }a }t`mk}kan`c rt`j}kjlz }klm }a j|c}|tl.]hl zljanm `tl zrljk`c kn}ltlz}z }klm }a fta|r kmln}kffj`}kan }h`} tlz} an }hl

v`{ }h`} fta|r h`z dlln }{rkj`cc{ }tl`}lm# eat lx`grcl kn}ltlz}z tlf`tmknf }hl fffh} `f`knz} mkzjtkgkn`}kan `nm ukaclnjl `f`knz} vagln# f`{ rlarcl#at gknatk}klz. K kn}ln}kan`cc{ jatt`c }hlzl `tf|gln}z |nmlt }hl eaccavknf flnlt`c jan}ln}kan# }h`} jc`kgz kn }hl r|dckj `tln` }h`} tlz} an ` rltzan ‛zkmln}kffj`}kan vk}h ` fta|r `nm k}z jacclj}kul kn}ltlz}z# vhl}hlt }hazl dl

kn}ltlz}z kn }hl rta}lj}kan ae j|c}|t`c rt`j}kjlz at tljafnk}kan ae }hl r`t}k'j|c`t hkz}at{ (`nm d{ lx}lnzkan j|ttln} rltzrlj}kul+ ae a}hlt zajk`c fta|rz#zha|cm fl} zrljk`c vlkfh} kn }hl `t}kj|c`}kan ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl# knr`t}kj|c`t rtknjkrclz }h`} zll lp|`c janjltn `nm tlzrlj} eat }hl `|}anag{ ae jk}klnz `z d`zkj.

]hl mlg`nm eat tljafnk}kan j`n dl zlln# }hln# `z zhat}h`nm eat }hleaccavknf# canf'vknmlm# jc`kg? K mlzltul tlzrlj} `z ` rltzan vk}h kn}ltlz}z}klm }a ` jlt}`kn fta|r glgdltzhkr# kn}ltlz}z }h`} hùl z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ dlln

mlnklm `nm r|dckjc{ mlnkft`}lm# `nm vhazl gl`nknfz hùl dlln mkzjtkg'kn`}atkc{ mlffnlm9 K }hltleatl mlg`nm }a dl tljafnklm `z e|cc{ `dcl }a mlffnl}hazl kn}ltlz}z# `nm }hl dta`mlt zajk`c n`tt`}kul ae vhkjh }hl{ `tl ` r`t}# eat g{zlce (at a|tzlculz+. ]hl `dkck}{ }a mlffnl `nm lxrtlzz kn}ltlz}z kz e|nm`'gln}`c }a `|}anag{# `z ` mltku`}kul ae }hl j`r`jk}{ eat zlce'lnmatzlgln}ln`j}lm kn }hl r|dckj zrhltl# vk}ha|} vhkjh mllr `ckln`}kan etag }hl zajk`cjagranln}z ae anl‛z kmln}k}{ kz knluk}`dcl. Za tljafnk}kan ae kmln}k}{ knuaculz tlzrlj} eat }hl j`r`jk}{ }a lxrtlzz kn}ltlz}z `zzajk`}lm vk}h }h`}kmln}k}{ kn }hl r|dckj mlckdlt`}kan ae rackjklz }h`} ` fl lj} anl‛z vlcc dlknf.

]hkz kgrcklz }h`} kn mld`}lz ault zajk`c rackj{ `nm }hl jaggan faam# zrljk`c vlkfh} zha|cm dl fkuln }a jc`kgz g`ml an }hl d`zkz ae `|}anag{ `z g`n'kelz}lm kn jk}klnz‛ tlc`}kanz lk}hlt }a j|c}|t`c rt`j}kjlz at }hl }tl`}gln} ae r`t}kj|c`t (hkz}atkj`cc{ g`tfkn`cklm+ fta|rz vk}h vhkjh }hl{ kmln}ke{.

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 40:





]hkz kz ìkn }a H`dltg`z‛z uklv }h`} }hl lz}`dckzhgln} `nm u`c|`}kan ae da}h rtku`}l `nm r|dckj `|}anag{ g|z} dl ja'atkfkn`c# kn }h`} knmkukm|`czlce'faultngln} kz knjagrcl}l vk}ha|} jacclj}kul zlce'faultngln} `nmukjl ultz`. ]hl tlp|ktlgln}z ae mlgajt`j{ (`nm gatl flnlt`cc{# eat hkg#jagg|nkj`}kan `nm mkzja|tzl+ da}h rtlz|rrazl `nm z|rrat} }hl lnoa{'gln} ae knmkukm|`c `|}anag{. Anc{ ke K j`n jc`kg r`t}kjkr`}kan at tlrtl'zln}`}kan kn lfl lj}kul r|dckj eat|gz# vhltl g{ rltzrlj}kul `nm uakjle|nj}kanz an lp|`c eaa}knf vk}h }hl jagrl}knf uakjlz ae g{ ja'jk}klnz#j`n zlnzl dl g`ml ae g{ avn `dkck}{ }a faultn g{zlce kn ` zajk`c zl}}knf }h`}r`t}k`cc{ janz}k}|}lz g{ kmln}k}{. Knzae`t `z }h`} kmln}k}{ h`z fta|r'atkln}lm

mkglnzkanz z|jh `z l}hnkjk}{# t`jl# flnmlt# at zlx|`ck}{# anc{ vhln }hlkn}ltlz}z `zzajk`}lm vk}h }h`} fta|r glgdltzhkr fl} r`t}kj|c`t rc`{ kn }hazlr|dckj mkzj|zzkanz j`n K dl z`km }a dl ` fl atmlm tlzrlj} `z `n `|}anaga|zknmkukm|`c (H`dltg`z 0;;5`# jh. 8# 0;;;9 je. `cza Dlnh`dkd 4224+.

]hl `tf|gln} K hùl janz}t|j}lm hltl kz jagrclx ‚ z|tlc{ aultc{ za ‚ d|}k} h`z }hl eaccavknf flnlt`c eatg? `|}anag{ knuaculz nan'`ckln`}kan etage`j}atz }h`} e|nj}kan kn a|t d`zkj u`c|l atkln}`}kanz9 z|jh e`j}atz hùl zajk`cjanz}k}|ln}z# z|jh }h`} }hlkt gl`nknf `nm u`c|l `tl r`t} ae zajk`c rt`j}kjlz`nm tlc`}kanz ae ` r`t}kj|c`t zat}9 vhln }hazl rt`j}kjlz `nm tlc`}kanz `tl

mlnkft`}lm at mlz}ta{lm# `ckln`}kan kz ckilc{ }a ajj|t hlnjl tlz}tkj}knf jk}k'lnz‛ `|}anag{9 za rta}lj}knf `|}anag{ vkcc gl`n fkuknf zrljk`c vlkfh}}a }hl kn}ltlz}z jannlj}lm }a }hazl zajk`c fta|rz. Jattlzranmknfc{# }hl eatg}h`} r|dckj jc`kgz an rackj{ d`zlm an kmln}k}{ kn}ltlz}z }ìl g|z} eaccav }hljan}a|tz ae }hl tlp|ktlgln}z ae `|}anag{ zl} a|}? anl g|z} jc`kg }h`}e`kc|tl }a `c}lt }hkz at }h`} zajk`c rackj{ va|cm rtluln} }hl rltzan etagr|tz|knf ` zajk`c zlce'n`tt`}kul zh`rlm d{ hlt rt`j}kj`c kmln}k}{ vk}ha|}`dkmknf `ckln`}kan. ]hkz kz na} }a z`{ `cc jc`kgz vk}h }hkz eatg `tl u`ckm an

}hlkt e`jl# d|} anc{ }h`} mlgajt`}kj knz}k}|}kanz zha|cm dl mlzkfnlm za }h`}jc`kgz ae }hkz zat}# lxrtlzzkul ae z|jh kmln}k}{'d`zlm kn}ltlz}z# fl} zrljk`chl`tknf# havlult }hl ml}`kcz ae }hl rtajlm|t`c rt`j}kjlz lxrtlzzkul ae z|jhu`c|lz `tl vatilm a|}.

Anl gòat janjc|zkan }h`} lgltflz hltl# havlult# kz }h`} m|l `}}ln'}kan }a zajk`c kmln}k}klz `nm }hl tljafnk}kan ae }hlg malz na} ln}`kc }hltlolj}kan ae `|}anag{'d`zlm janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl# anjl }hl na}kan ae `|}anag{ h`z dlln eatg|c`}lm kn `jjlr}`dcl v`{z. @}}`jiz an }t`mk}kan`c(ckdlt`c+ janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl j`n dl zlln# }hln# `z aultmt`vn ke }hl jc`kg

dlhknm }hlg kz }h`} }hl j|crtk} kz u`c|knf `|}anag{ `z e|nm`gln}`c eat o|z}kjl. K} g`{ dl jattlj} }h`} g`n{ ckdlt`c rhkcazarhltz jan}kn|l }amlelnm ` h{rltdackj lgrh`zkz an jhakjl `nm zlce'tlukzkan kn }hlkt jan'jlr}kanz ae `|}anag{ `nm }hl rltzan. D|} `|}anag{ j`n `cza dl zlln `z

]hl m{n`gkjz ae zajk`c kmln}k}klz 40<



h{ra}hl}kj`c tlffllj}kul zlce'`jjlr}`njl kn ckfh} ae z|tta|nmknf zajk`c jan'

mk}kanz t`}hlt }h`n }hl `dkck}{ }a tlgìl anlzlce ckil ` ckuknf z}`}|lzj|cr}knf k}zlce kn}a ` nlv eatg. K }hkni `cza# havlult# }h`} z|jh ` janjlr}kan ae }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan kz z}tanf lna|fh }a fta|nm jc`kgzae kno|z}kjl eat }hazl zajk`c fta|r glgdltz vha ffnm }hlgzlculz mllrc{ `ckln`}lm etag }hl zajk`c janmk}kanz kn vhkjh }hl{ `tl `zilm }a r|tz|l}hlkt u`c|lz `nm ffnm gl`nknf kn }hlkt kmln}k}klz.




r ` t } k k k

O|z}kjl





j h ` r } l t 0 2

O|z}kjl ault }kgl? hkz}at{# r|dckj tl`zan#`nm rack}kj`c clfk}kg`j{

Nav }h`} vl hùl }ìln ` z}`nm an vh`} `|}anag{ zha|cm gl`n kn }hl

jan}lx} ae natg`}kul rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz# k} kz }kgl }a rkji |r an adzlt'u`}kanz g`ml l`tcklt `nm fkul ` dk} gatl zh`rl }a }hlzl rtknjkrclz `nm }hltacl ` gamlc ae `|}anag{ gkfh} rc`{ kn }hlg. Vl tl}|tn# }hln# }a rack}kj`c}hlat{ kn atmlt }a zil}jh kn dta`m }ltgz }hl kgrckj`}kanz ae }hl janjc|zkanz

vl hùl tl`jhlm za e`t. Vh`} vl gln}kanlm kn jh`r}lt 5# `nm j`n nav lxr`nm |ran# kz }h`} zllknf zlculz `z –zajka'hkz}atkj`c‗ `c}ltz }hl v`{ }h`}rltzanz `tl gamlclm kn rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl. ]hkz uklv vkcc dl lxr`nmlm }aknjc|ml lx`gknknf zagl ae }hl kgrckj`}kanz ae zllknf knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ `z ` d`zkj rack}kj`c u`c|l kn }hl jan}lx} ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl.

Kn }hkz mkzj|zzkan# K hùl ùakmlm }hl c`dlc –ckdlt`c‗ eat tl`zanz `cc|mlm }al`tcklt9 zrljkffj`cc{# }h`} }hkz }ltg kz ae}ln |zlm }a tlelt }a rack}kj`c tlfkglz}h`} zll knmkukm|`c tkfh}z `nm ckdlt}klz ae ` r`t}kj|c`t zat} ‚ tkfh}z }a etllzrlljh# `zzajk`}kan# tlckfkan# rtarlt}{# `nm za an ‚ `z o|z}kfflm rtkat }a# `nmknmlrlnmln}c{ ae# a}hlt eatg`c `nm kneatg`c zajk`c eatgz# knjc|mknf mlga'jt`}kj rt`j}kjlz `nm knz}k}|}kanz. Vhl}hlt }h`} kz rc`|zkdcl kn flnlt`c kz `nkzz|l K v`n} }a clùl arln eat nav# za }hl e`gkc{ ae uklvz K `g janjltnlm

vk}h vkcc dl j`cclm –ckdlt`c‗ d{ zagl d|} `tl anlz K flnlt`cc{ |nmltz}`nm `z

zkgrc{ `|}anag{'d`zlm rtknjkrclz ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl.]hl ault`cc `kg ae }hkz jh`r}lt# }hln# kz }a rtaukml ` dta`m zil}jh ae ` janjlr}kan ae mlgajt`}kj clfk}kg`j{ }h`} rc`jlz `|}anag{# `z vl hùljanjlkulm k}# `} k}z jln}lt# harle|cc{ gìknf jcl`t hav `|}anag{ `z vlhùl e`zhkanlm }hl na}kan va|cm ff} kn}a# `nm rlth`rz hlcr zhatl |r# }hlj`zl eat z|jh ` janjlr}kan. Vhkcl K van‛} dl `dcl }a z`{ g|jh kn }hl v`{ ae ml}`kclm `tf|gln} eat }hkz uklv ‚ janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl `nm clfk}kg`j{ `tldkf }arkjz ‚ g{ r|trazl kz }a kcc|z}t`}l }hl |zle|cnlzz ae }hl janjlr} ae }hl zlce `nm `|}anag{ vatilm a|} hltl kn }hl janz}t|j}kan ae natg`}kul

rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz# `nm kn za maknf K harl }a `} cl`z} zhav hav zagl}tlnjh`n} jtk}kjkzgz ae }t`mk}kan`c eatgz ae `|}anag{'d`zlm mlgajt`}kj

o|z}kjl gkfh} dl elnmlm afl .

40;



Dleatl }|tnknf mktlj}c{ }a }h`} }arkj# K v`n} }a jaggln} an ` p|lz}kan}h`} kz at}hafan`c }a }hlzl# `nm anl }h`} a|t }}ln}kan }a hkz}atkj`c }tòlj}at'

klz `nm mk`jhtankj kmln}k}klz gìlz z`ckln}# n`glc{ }hl r`z} `nm anfaknf zajk`c tlc`}kanz ea|nm kn zajkl}klz }a vhkjh mlgajt`}kj rtknjkrclz `} kzz|l `tlgl`n} }a `rrc{.

k . n a n ' k m l ` c } h l a t { # h k z } a t k j ` c j a n m k } k a n z #

` n m } h l j k t j | g z } ` n j l z a e o | z } k j l

@ }ta|dcknf jtk}kjkzg ae g`knz}tl`g rack}kj`c }hlat{ kn }hl ckdlt`c }t`mk}kan

h`z dlln }h`} k} lk}hlt z`{z na}hknf `da|}# at kz kttlclu`n} }a# }hl rckfh} ae |nmlt'rtkukclflm fta|rz `nm a}hlt ukj}kgz ae kno|z}kjl. ]hl `zz|gr}kanzae z}`nm`tm ckdlt`c mlgajt`}kj }hlat{ `dz}t`j} `v`{ etag }hl r`t}kj|c`t r`}}ltnz ae ukaclnjl# arrtlzzkan# `nm knlp|`ck}{ }h`} jh`t`j}ltkl gamltnzajkl}klz# j|ttln}c{ `nm kn }hl r`z}. Kn }hkz v`{# }hl lxrltklnjlz ae z|jhkno|z}kjl# `z vlcc `z rt`j}kj`c `jja|n}z ae hav k} gkfh} dl tlzkz}lm# `tlajjc|mlm kn }hlzl z}`nm`tm }hlatklz.

Jh`tclz Gkccz# eat lx`grcl# h`z `tf|lm }h`} }hl |zl ae –kml`c gamlcz‗ `zmlzjtkr}kul z}`t}knf rakn}z |ran vhkjh natg`}kul rtknjkrclz `tl d|kc} zltulz

rtadclg`}kj lnmz# zrljkffj`cc{ vh`} hl j`ccz –kmlacafkj`c‗ anlz.0 ]hl gatlflnlt`c p|lz}kan kz vhl}hlt `nm vh{ k} kz nljlzz`t{ }a janzkmlt anfaknf `nm hkz}atkj`c knlp|`ck}klz kn zh`rknf rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl `nm jattlzran'mknf janjlr}kanz ae }hl rltzan# vhl}hlt# }h`} kz# vl zha|cm rt`j}kjl –kml`c}hlat{ ‗ vhln vl janjlkul ae clfk}kg`}l rack}kj`c atmltz. Vh`} T`vcz gl`nzd{ –kml`c }hlat{ ‗ kz }hl mltku`}kan ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl |zknf zkgrckff'j`}kanz `nm `dz}t`j}kanz `da|} }hl zajk`c janmk}kanz }a vhkjh }hl rtknjkrclz`rrc{. Vl hùl mkzj|zzlm }hl gamlc janjlr}kanz# zrljkffj`cc{ ae }hl rltzan#

}h`} e|nj}kan kn }hkz g`nnlt# d|} T`vcz `cza zllz kml`c }hlat{ `z `zz|gknf –z}tkj} jagrck`njl#‗ vhkjh tleltz }a }hl flnlt`c r`}}ltn ae janeatgk}{ kn}hl rar|c`}kan }a }hl r|dckj rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl. ]hkz kz jan}t`z}lm vk}h–r`t}k`c jagrck`njl‗ }hlat{ vhkjh –z}|mklz }hl rtknjkrclz }h`} faultn hav

vl `tl }a ml`c vk}h kno|z}kjl‗ (T`vcz 0;60# 8+. @z T`vcz jc`kgz# }hl –tl`zaneat dlfknnknf vk}h kml`c }hlat{ kz }h`} k} rtaukmlz ‥ }hl anc{ d`zkz eat }hlz{z}lg`}kj ft`zr ae ‗ }hl –rtlzzknf rtadclgz‗ ae kno|z}kjl }h`} rc`f|l gamltnzajkl}klz (kdkm .+

Gkccz `tf|lz }h`} |zknf gamlcz `z mlzjtkr}kul kml`cz kn dta`mlt natg`}kul

}hlatklz# vhln z|jh gamlcz mluk`}l z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ etag }hl |nmkzr|}lm

0 Gkccz 422<9 zll `cza Gkccz 0;;6 `nm R`}lg`n 0;88. Eat flnlt c mkzj|zzkan zll }hl lzz`{z kn ` zrljk`c kzz|lae Zajk`c ]hlat{ `nm Rt`j}kjl (:= (:+# 4228+.




e`j}z ae zajk`c ckel `z vlcc `z }hl lxrltklnjlz ae }hazl da|nm d{ }hazlnatg`}kul }hlatklz# |nmltj|}z }hl rt`j}kj`c `kg ae z|jh rtknjkrclz. Knzae`t `z }hl zkgrckffj`}kanz arlt`}kul kn }hlzl rackjklz `nm rtknjkrclz e`kc }a `rrc{ }a }hazl ckulz `nm zajk`c zl}}knfz da|nm d{ }hlg# }hl{ j`nna} lfl lj}kulc{ f|kml `j}kan. Gatl rakn}lmc{# z|jh rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl vkcc dl |zlclzz knz}t|ffclz `f`knz} canf'z}`nmknf# z{z}lg`}kj kno|z}kjl }h`}# rtlz|g`dc{# }hl{ `tl gl`n} }a mktlj} |z }a vati `f`knz}.4 @canf zlult`c mkglnzkanz# z|jh `z `nkml`cklm |nmltz}`nmknf ae knmkukm|`cz (`dz}t`j}lm etag jc`zz mkfl ltlnjlz#r`}}ltnz ae magkn`}kan `nm arrtlzzkan# `nm za an+# }hlkt j`r`jk}klz (knjc|m'knf jafnk}kul j`r`jk}klz eat zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf+# `nm }hl zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz

}hl{ ckul |nmlt# kml`c gamlcz ae rltzanz `nm zajkl}klz mluk`}l etag tl`mkc{ `jinavclmflm `zrlj}z ae rack}kj`c ckel kn za fc`tknf ` v`{ }h`} anl kz }lgr}lm}a janjc|ml# hl vtk}lz# }h`} }hltl kz na}hknf d|} `n kmlacafkj`c r|trazldlhknm z|jh zkgrckffj`}kanz# n`glc{ }a clùl |njtk}kjklm }hl r`}}ltnz ae lxjc|zkan `nm magkn`}kan }h`} jh`t`j}ltkl gamltn ckel (Gkccz 422<# 5;fl .+.

Nav }hltl kz `n l`z{ tlzranzl }a }hkz `tf|gln} vhkjh v`z z}`}lm jcl`tc{ kn T`vcz‛z uklv p|a}lm l`tcklt? anl j`nna} mlzjtkdl j|ttln} jktj|gz}`njlz

vk}h tleltlnjl }a z{z}lg`}kj kno|z}kjl (at `n{ jafn`}l kml`z vhkjh tlz} an `n|nmltz}`nmknf ae kno|z}kjl+ vk}ha|} `ctl`m{ `zz|gknf ` e|cc{ vatilm a|}

}hlat{ ae o|z}kjl . T`vcz malz na} mkzj|zz (kn ml}`kc+ }hl r`}}ltnz ae ukj}kg'k`}kan `nm mkzjtkgkn`}kan }h`} `da|nm kn a|t vatcm dlj`|zl hkz r|trazl kz}a `t}kj|c`}l vh{ `n{ z|jh r`}}ltnz `tl knmllm vtanf .

Havlult# K `ftll vk}h Gkccz‛z flnlt c rakn} }h`} natg`}kul rtknjkrclz }h`}`tl gl`n} }a `rrc{ }a ` zajk`c zk}|`}kan }h`} kz# zh`cc vl z`{# kn`jj|t`}lc{ mlzjtkdlm# vkcc na} anc{ c`ji rt`j}kj`c ga}ku`}kan`c eatjl d|} vkcc `cza fkul ` mkz}at}lm natg`}kul `rrt`kz`c ae }h`} zk}|`}kan. @ zl} ae t|clz eat ` eaa} t`jl

vkcc dl mkfl ltln} ke }hl t|nnltz `zz|glm }a dl }hl jagrl}k}atz `tl `cc `dcl }at|n |rtkfh} kn }hl ùlt`fl g`nnlt. D|} ke k} kz inavn }h`} h`ce }hl jag'rl}k}atz kn }hl fflcm `tl ukj}kgz ae janmk}kanz }h`} knjc|ml mldkck}`}knf clf kno|tklz# k} va|cm jlt}`knc{ zllg r|cknf }a `mar} }hl acm t|clz vk}ha|}`glnmgln}. ]hl rakn} ae }hl t`jl kz caz} vhln anl zl} ae kml`cklmjanmk}kanz kz `zz|glm }a flnlt`}l t|clz }h`} `tl }hln `rrcklm }a ult{ mkfl lt'ln} `nm nan'kml`c jktj|gz}`njlz.

@na}hlt v`{ }a jagl }a ` zkgkc t janjc|zkan kz }a tljanzkmlt }hl z}`nm`tmd`jifta|nm `zz|gr}kanz g`ml kn mkzj|zzkanz (`nm o|z}kffj`}kanz+ ae rtknjkrclz

4 Gkccz kz illn }a rakn} a|} }h`} kn gaz} g`knz}tl`g (kml`c+ }hlat{# knjc|mknf T`vcz# }hltl kz ukt}|`cc{ nagln}kan ae }hl z{z}lg`}kj ukj}kgk`}kan }h`} h`z rc`f|lm }hl mlulcarlm janz}k}|}kan`c mlgajt`jklz }h`}`tl kn}lnmlm `z }hl caj`clz }a vhkjh }hazl }hlatklz `rrc{# z|jh `z }hl hkz}at{ ae zcùlt{# mkzjtkgkn`}kan#`nm t`jkzg kn }hl \nk}lm Z}`}lz.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 440



ae o|z}kjl# zrljkffj`cc{ }hl –jktj|gz}`njlz ae o|z}kjl‗ vhkjh `tl `zz|glm }ahacm eat rlarcl `nm lnuktangln}z ault vhkjh natg`}kul rtknjkrclz `tl }at`nfl. ]hl zrljkffj`}kan ae z|jh d`jifta|nm janmk}kanz vltl e`ga|zc{ mlzjtkdlm d{ Haddlz `nm H|gl `nm tlelt }a }hl `zrlj}z ae rltzan`c `nmzajk`c ckel }h`} gìl o|z}kjl –da}h razzkdcl `nm nljlzz`t{.‗

: ]hl{ `tlgl`n} `z gknkg`c janmk}kanz# kn }h`} a}hlt e`j}atz }h`} `tf|`dc{ hacm kn}hl tl`c vatcm ja|cm u`t{ vk}ha|} gìknf }hl d`zkj t|clz ae zajk`c jaarlt'`}kan kttlclu`n} at |n`}}`kn`dcl. ]hl jc`zzkj z|gg`t{ ae }hlzl jktj|g'z}`njlz kz }h`} knmkukm|`cz hùl ckgk}lm dlnluaclnjl# ckul kn ` vatcm ae gamlt`}l zj`tjk}{ (za }h`} mlzktlz janfflkj} }a zagl lx}ln}+# `nm `tl ae

ta|fhc{ lp|`c ravlt. T`vcz mkukmlz }hlzl kn}a adolj}kul janmk}kanz# vhkjhknjc|ml }hl `zz|gr}kan }h`} –knmkukm|`cz `tl ta|fhc{ zkgkc`t kn rh{zkj`c`nm gln}`c ravltz9 at `} `n{ t`}l# }hlkt j`r`jk}klz `tl jagr`t`dcl kn }h`}na anl `ganf }hlg j`n magkn`}l }hl tlz}‗ `nm gamlt`}l zj`tjk}{# vhkjhgl`nz }h`} –YnW`}|t`c `nm a}hlt tlza|tjlz `tl na} za `d|nm`n} }h`} zjhlglzae jaarlt }kan dljagl z|rlt ffl|a|z# nat `tl janmk}kanz za h`tzh }h`} et|k}e|culn}|tlz g|z} knluk}`dc{ dtlì mavn.‗ ]hl z|dolj}kul jktj|gz}`njlz janjltn}hl knmkukm|`cz‛ nllmz `nm mlzktlz `nm knjc|ml }hl z}kr|c`}kan }h`} vhkclz|jh rlarcl hùl zagl nllmz kn jaggan }hl{ `cza hùl mkfl ltln} lnmz `nm

r|trazlz `nm –gìl janfflkj}knf jc`kgz an }hl n`}|t`c `nm zajk`c tlza|tjlzù`kc`dcl‗ (T`vcz 0;60# 02;‚002+.=

Nav T`vcz inavz# ae ja|tzl# }h`} `j}|`c janmk}kanz kn zajkl}{ u`t{ g`tilmc{ etag }hlzl `zz|gr}kanz# d|} hkz rakn} kz }h`} eat `dz}t`j} rtkn'jkrclz }a `rrc{ flnlt`cc{# `jtazz ` u`tkl}{ ae zajk`c janmk}kanz# k} kz tlp|ktlm}h`} }hl d`jifta|nm jktj|gz}`njlz `zz|glm kn }hl gamlcz dl gknkg`c#gl`nknf }h`} `n{# gatl z|dz}`n}kul# zrljkffj`}kanz va|cm tlnmlt }hl rtkn'jkrclz mltkulm etag }hlg kttlclu`n} vhln `rrcklm }a jktj|gz}`njlz }h`}mluk`}l etag }hazl `zz|glm }a hacm. D|} }hl jtk}kp|l v`flm d{ Gkcczjanjltnknf kml`c }hlat{ j`n dl `rrcklm hltl kn mkfl ltln} eatg# n`glc{ }h`}

vhln rtknjkrclz `tl mltkulm }h`} `zz|gl ta|fh lp|`ck}{ ae zajk`c `nm a}hlt eatgz ae ravlt `nm `tl `rrcklm }a janmk}kanz ae z{z}lg`}kj mkzzkgkc`tk}{ `canf }hazl mkglnzkanz# }hl{ j`n hùl }hl mkz}at}knf lfl lj} K `cc|mlm }al`tcklt. ]h`} kz# r`z} `nm anfaknf ukj}kgk`}kan `nm magkn`}kan ae zaglfta|rz d{ a}hltz g`{ vlcc dl lx`jltd`}lm vhln }hl e`j}z ae }h`} magkn`}kan

: ]hl }t`mk}kan`c ultzkanz ae }hlzl z}`}lgln}z j`n dl ea|nm kn Haddlz‛z Cluk`}h`n# jh. 0: `nm H|gl‛z

]tl`}kzl # zlj}kan :.09 zll `cza T`vcz 0;60# 02; ‚ 004 `nm D`tt{ 0;8;# 0=8# 0<4‚05:. Eat jaggln}# zllU`nmltzjht`è 4225.

= T`vcz `mmz vh`} hl j`ccz –eatg`c rtknjkrclz ae tkfh}‗ }h`} zrljke{ }h`} rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl (eat hkg#}hazl jhazln kn }hl Atkfkn`c Razk}kan+ g|z} dl flnlt`c# `rrc{ |nkultz`cc{ (vk}ha|} tleltlnjl }ar`t}kj|c`t knmkukm|`cz+# dl r|dckj `nm ffn`c T`vcz 0;60# 004‚008+.




`tl kfnatlm. O|z} `z }hl t|nnltz vha hùl kno|tlm clfz vkcc dl mkz`mu`n}`flmkn ` t`jl vhazl t|clz `zz|gl |nkno|tlm jagrl}k}atz# ukj}kgz ae hkz}atkj`c

kno|z}kjl vkcc dl vatzl afl vhln }hl e|nm`gln}`c rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl tlz} an`zz|gr}kanz }h`} ajjc|ml }h`} ukj}kgk`}kan.

Gatl zrljkffj`cc{# }hl kn}ltlz}z ae rltzanz gamlclm kn }hlzl rtajlm|tlz(eat mltkuknf rtknjkrclz+ vkcc na} dl `mlp|`}lc{ zrljkfflm vhln }hl jktj|g'z}`njlz ae o|z}kjl `zz|gl `v`{ }hlkt lxrltklnjl ae r`z} `nm anfaknf arr'tlzzkan. ]hl gamlc ae }hl rltzan K hùl dlln `zz|gknf kn }hkz daai# eat lx`grcl# h`z knjc|mlm tleltlnjlz }a glgat{ `nm hkz}at{# za }h`} rlarcl ‛z`}}k}|mlz }av`tm }hl z|jjlzz ae }hlkt ckel‛z rtaolj}z knjc|ml zlnzk}kuk}{ }a hav

}hknfz hùl fanl za e`t# knmllm hav z|jh rtaolj}z `tl |nmltz}aam `z r`t} ae `n `ctl`m{ z}t|j}|tlm `|}adkaft`rhkj`c n`tt`}kul. Rlarcl vha zll }hlgzlculz`z ukj}kgz ae r`z} arrtlzzkan vkcc hùl kn}ltlz}z jannlj}lm vk}h (`} cl`z}+`mmtlzzknf }hl janmk}kanz }h`} `tkzl etag }h`} r`z} `nm# gatl kgrat}`n}c{#

vkcc dl mkz`mu`n}`flm d{ rtknjkrclz }h`} zll lult{anl `z z}`t}knf a|} `zlp|`cz. ]hkz kz c`tflc{ vh`} Gkccz `nm a}hltz hùl jc`kglm kz }hl dk`z knza'j`cclm kgrltzan`c (kml`c+ rtknjkrclz kn eùatknf z}`}|z p|a ravlt tlc`'}kanz.< ]hazl vha `tl tlc`}kulc{ etll ae r`z} magkn`}kan `nm vha (`ganf }hlgzlculz+ lnoa{ tlc`}kulc{ lp|`c ravlt tlc`}kanz vkcc hùl d`zkj kn}ltlz}z

ae anl zat} (rlth`rz g`}jhknf }hl }t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`c kn}ltlz}z lxrtlzzlm knd`zkj etllmagz eat lx`grcl+# vhkcl }hazl vha zll }hlgzlculz `z ukj}kgz ae anfaknf magkn`}kan vkcc `mm a}hlt kn}ltlz}z }a }hl gkx# z|jh `z `mmtlzzknf `nmat `jjaggam`}knf }hl lfl lj}z ae }h`} magkn`}kan.

Vl nllm# havlult# }a ùakm u`c|l'c`mln }ltgz kn zrljke{knf }hlzl jkt'j|gz}`njlz# anlz zrljkffj`cc{ }h`} tlc{ an ` janjlr}kan ae o|z}kjl eat }hlkt gl`nknf. ]hltl `tl v`{z }a ma }hkz. Ektz}# }hltl `tl na}kanz ae zajk`c ravlt }h`} j`n dl zrljkfflm }h`} ma na} tlc{ an ` e|cc{ vatilm a|} janjlr}kan ae

o|z} tlc`}kanz }a |nmltz}`nm. Vhln rltzanz at fta|rz `tl z{z}lg`}kj`cc{ dl}}lt `dcl }a r|tz|l }hlkt eùatlm rtaolj}z# zh`rl zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz# flnl't`}l zajk`c rackj{# `nm za an# }hl{ j`n dl z`km }a hùl ftl`}lt zajk`c ravlt#`nm z`{knf }hkz malz na} mlrlnm an a|t |nmltz}`nmknf vh`} – o|z}kjl‗

gl`nz.5 Tlc`}lmc{# k} vkcc dl `jjlr}`dcl }a mlzjtkdl }hl d`jifta|nm jktj|g'z}`njlz ae o|z}kjl }a knjc|ml }hl z}kr|c`}kan ae anfaknf magkn`}kan ae fta|rz# vhkjh kz ` e|nj}kan ae }hl mkfl ltln}k`c ravlt }hl{ lnoa{ vk}h }hl`mmlm mkglnzkan ae tlc`}kanz dl}vlln fta|rz. Zajk`c magkn`}kan ae anlfta|r d{ a}hltz knuaculz mkfl ltln}k`c ravlt# lxjc|zkan etag flnlt`cc{

eùatlm zajk`c razk}kanz# `nm kn}ln}kan`c `nmat r`zzkul mlnk`c ae lp|`c

< Zll# eat lx`grcl# [a|nf 0;;2d# jh. = 9 je. `cza Iltnah`n 0;;8# =8‚62.5 Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hl janjlr}# zll }hl lzz`{z kn C|ilz 0;85.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 44:



zajk`c `nm rack}kj`c z}`}|z }a }hazl fta|rz. Ekn`cc{# vl j`n mlzjtkdl vkml'zrtl`m ukaclnjl `z `n `zrlj} ae }hl zajk`c c`nmzj`rl }a vhkjh o|z}kjl`rrcklz# zrljkffj`cc{ ukaclnjl `kglm `} fta|rz }h`} `cza lxrltklnjl mkfl lt'ln}k`c ravlt `nm z|fl lt etag magkn`}kan.

@cc ae }hlzl rhlnagln` `tl |njan}taultzk`cc{ }t|l ae t`jk`c `nm l}hnkjgknatk}klz# vagln# `nm knmkflna|z rlarclz kn ukt}| cc{ `cc ae }hl zajkl}klz }a

vhkjh mlgajt`}kj rtknjkrclz `tl gl`n} }a `rrc{. Luln ke }hlzl e`j}atz j`nna}janzkz}ln}c{ dl mlzjtkdlm kn u`c|l'nl|}t`c }ltgz# k} j`n dl `zz|glm }h`} `n{ rtknjkrcl ae o|z}kjl flnlt`}lm d{ kml`c gamlcz va|cm mlzjtkdl }hl janmk}kanz`z |no|z}. Za eat }hlzl tl`zanz# K rtarazl }h`} vl `mm }a }hl jktj|gz}`njlz

ae o|z}kjl }hl rtlzlnjl ae gl`z|t`dcl knlp|`ck}{ ae zajk`c ravlt# }hl z{z}lg'`}kj lxraz|tl }a |nkp|l eatgz ae ukaclnjl# `nm ` r`}}ltn ae r`z} magkn`'}kan ` fl lj}knf kmln}kff`dcl fta|rz kn }hl zajkl}{# janmk}kanz }h`} `cc va|cm dlc`dlclm `z |no|z} d{ `n{ rc`|zkdcl rtknjkrclz.6

]hkz `cza `ckfnz vk}h }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c `jja|n} ae rltzanz }h`} K hùlzil}jhlm l`tcklt. @z K gln}kanlm kn jh`r}ltz 5# ; `nm lczlvhltl# jk}klnz‛

janjlr}kan ae }hl zajk`c hkz}at{ vk}h vhkjh }hl{ kmln}ke{ `nm ae vhkjh }hl{ zll }hlgzlculz `z ` rtam|j} kgrat}`n}c{ zh`rlz }hlkt kn}ltlz}z `nm nllm eat rtarlt tlrtlzln}`}kan kn mlgajt`}kj knz}k}|}kanz. ]hlzl `nm a}hlt `zrlj}z ae

}hl nan'kml`c jktj|gz}`njlz ae o|z}kjl }h`} K hltl knzkz} |ran vkcc ` fl lj}z}`nm`tmz ae o|z}kjl `nm clfk}kg`j{ d{ r|}}knf rtlzz|tl an knz}k}|}kanz }a`ccav jk}klnz }a f`kn tlmtlzz etag }hlkt mkz`mu`n}`flm razk}kan kn }hlmlgajt`}kj rtajlm|tlz }h`} lz}`dckzh `nm g`kn}`kn }h`} clfk}kg`j{.

k k . ` | } a n a g { ' d ` z l m o | z } k j l ` n m r a c k } k j ` c

c l f k } k g ` j {

]hl ault`cc rkj}|tl ae o|z}kjl K lnukzkan hltl# vhkjh K vkcc |zl }a kcc|z}t`}l}hl d`zkj u`c|l ae `|}anag{ kn }hl jan}lx} ae }hl o|z}kffj`}kan ae rack}kj`crtknjkrclz# }ìlz }hl eatg ae }hl e|nm`gln}`c janjlr}kan ae ` janz}k}|'}kan`c mlgajt`j{ eat rc|t`ckz}kj rar|c`}kanz kn }hl gamltn `fl. ]hl uklv kz `n}k'rltelj}kankz}# kn v`{z K hùl `cc|mlm }a `nm vkcc mkzj|zz e|t}hlt#`nm flnlt`cc{ tlzlgdclz }hl rtajlm|t`ckz} `nmat rack}kj`c `rrta`jhlz }a}hl o|z}kffj`}kan ae rtknjkrclz lxlgrckfflm d{ }hl vati ae T`vcz (vk}hu`tk`}kanz K vkcc `mm+ `nm# }a zagl mlftll# H`dltg`z `nm }hlatkz}z ae

6 Na}kjl }h`} K `g na} jc`kgknf }h`} j|ttln} knlp|`ck}klz at r`}}ltnz ae ukj}kgk`}kan va|cm dl c`dlclm `z|no|z} an `cc `jja|n}z (}ha|fh K `g e`ktc{ janffmln} }hl{ va|cm+9 anc{ }h`} z|jh |njan}taultzk`cc{ |no|z} janmk}kanz rtlu`kclm |n}kc tljln} }kglz. Z|jh }hknfz `z ault} mkzjtkgkn`}kan# t`jk`cklm `nmzlx|`cklm ukaclnjl# `}}lgr}z `} lx}ltgkn`}kan mktlj}lm }av`tm knmkflna|z rar|c`}kanz# `nm tlc`}lmrhlnagln`# va|cm dl knjc|mlm hltl.




mlckdlt`}kul mlgajt`j{. Vh`} K zll `z lzzln}k`c# havlult# kz }h`} mlga'jt`}kj rt`j}kjlz `tl na} anc{ jagrclgln}`t{ }a o|z} rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz d|}`tl janz}k}|}kul ae }hl lz}`dckzhgln} `nm g`kn}ln`njl ae }hl clfk}kg`j{ ae }hazl knz}k}|}kanz.

Ektz}# tlj`cc }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c gamlc ae zlculz zil}jhlm kn r`t} K#zrljkffj`cc{ }hl uklv }h`} rack}kj`c gamlcz ae }hl zlce g|z} clùl taag eat zajk`c `nm hkz}atkj`c e`j}atz }h`} g`{ zh`rl kmln}k}{ `canf vk}h `n |nmlt'z}`nmknf }h`} z|jh e`j}atz u`t{ `canf zlult`c mkglnzkanz. ]hl `jinavclmf'gln} ae ` hkz}at{ ae magkn`}kan `nm ravlt knlp|`ck}klz o|z} gln}kanlm#`canf vk}h }hl zrljk`c kn}ltlz}z kn tljafnk}kan ae z|jh knlp|`ck}klz (`nm

tlc`}lm zajk`c e`j}atz+ d{ zagl fta|rz# mkzj|zzlm kn jh`r}lt ;# vkccff

f|tl kn}hl zrljkffj`}kan ae `|}anag{'tlc`}lm kn}ltlz}z kn rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl. @cza#}hl uklv ae `|}anag{ vl lx`gknlm h`m `z anl ae k}z jln}t`c tlp|ktlgln}znan'`ckln`}kan# vhl}hlt etag lclgln}z ae anl‛z zlce `nmat anl‛z zajk`cjanmk}kan. Za fkuln }hlzl jc`kgz# `n `|}anag{'tlzrlj}knf rack}kj`c atmlt

vkcc tlp|ktl zagl gaml ae jacclj}kul zlce'faultngln}# zagl ravlt ault janmk}kanz }a zh`rl `nm z{gdackj`cc{ jaml }hl zajk`c e`j}atz }h`} janz}k}|}ljk}klnz‛ kn}ltlz}z `nm kmln}k}klz9 ke }hltl kz na} ravlt ault z|jh e`j}atz }hltlg|z} `} cl`z} dl ùln|lz ae adolj}kan za }h`} `ckln`}kan ae }hl zat} }h`}

|nmltj|}z `|}anag{ kz eatlz}`cclm.]hl uklv ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl K lnukzkan hltl# }hln# tlz}z an `n `tf|'

gln}`}kul z}t|j}|tl `canf }hl eaccavknf cknlz? Zknjl zlculz `tl# kn u`tk`dcl v`{z# zajk`cc{ janz}k}|}lm `nm u`c|lz `tl mlffnlm kn }ltgz ae kn}lt`j}kan vk}ha}hltz# a|t `dkck}klz }a r|tz|l u`c|lm lnmz `tl da}h mlffnlm `nm janz}t`knlmd{ }hl zajk`c m{n`gkjz kn vhkjh vl lnf`fl kn }hazl r|tz|k}z. Rack}kj`cz}t|j}|tlz `nm a}hlt knz}k}|}kanz ae ravlt zh`rl `nm jamke{ }hazl m{n`gkjzkn dta`m `nm tad|z} v`{z. ]h`} ravlt kz o|z}kfflm anc{ ke k} j`n dl zlln `zh`tgankknf vk}h a|t avn o|mfgln}z# a|t rltzrlj}kulz `da|} vh`} kzu`c|`dcl }a r|tz|l fkuln }hl e`j} }h`} vl ckul `ganf rlarcl vk}h jan}t`z}knf u`c|lz `nm vha (ckil |z+ `tl rtam|j}z ae }hl jan}knflnjklz ae hkz}at{# da}h}hlkt avn `nm zajkl}{ ‛z.8 ]hl clfk}kg`j{ ae }hlzl zajk`c rtajlzzlz g|z} tlz}#}hln# an }hl v`{ }hl{ `tl jan}tacclm `nm rtam|jlm# `nm anc{ ke jk}klnz‛

rltzrlj}kulz `nm kn}ltlz}z `tl rtarltc{ tlrtlzln}lm kn }hazl rtajlzzlz vkcc}h`} clfk}kg`j{ dl `}}`knlm.

Ke a|t kn}ltlz}z ja|cm dl tlrtlzln}lm `z z}`}kj `nm adolj}kul ‚ ke vl `cc h`m}hl z`gl d`zkj kn}ltlz}z atmltlm kn }hl z`gl v`{ ‚ }hln z|jh rtajlzzlz ja|cm

dl mlzkfnlm canf }hazl cknlz# d|} }h`} va|cm tlz} an ` iknm ae rltelj}kankzg

8 ]hkz jc`kg j`n dl |nmltz}aam }a dl z|rrat}lm d{ T`vcz‛z adzltu`}kanz `da|} vh`} hl j`cclm –}hld|tmlnz ae o|mfgln}#‗ vhkjh vkcc dl mkzj|zzlm e|t}hlt dlcav. Zll T`vcz 0;;:# <= ‚<8.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 44<



}h`} vl v`n} }a tlolj} (zll dlcav+. ]h`} kz# na zrljkffj zl} ae zajk`cjannlj}kanz at g`tiltz ae zajk`c kmln}k}{ j`n dl zrljkfflm rltg`nln}c{ kn

`mu`njl# eat }hl r`t}kj|c`t gaml ae zajk`c jannlj}kan `nm hkz}atkj`c n`tt`'}kul }h`} janz}t|j}z a|t kmln}k}{ vkcc u`t{ eat l`jh ae |z m|tknf a|t ckulz`nm `jtazz rltzanz kn ` rar|c`}kan kn u`tka|z `nm |nrtlmkj}`dcl v`{z.]hltleatl# anc{ ke }hl rtknjkrclz }h`} f|kml `nm zh`rl (`nm o|z}ke{+ }hazlravlt z}t|j}|tlz gamlc |z `nm a|t ja'jk}klnz `z `|}anaga|z ‚ `dcl }ajagrl}ln}c{# knmlrlnmln}c{# `nm `|}hln}kj`cc{ o|mfl u`c|lz eat a|tzlculz ‚

vkcc }hl{ f`kn }hl clfk}kg`j{ }h`} o|z} knz}k}|}kanz tlp|ktl. Vh`} vl vkcc zllkz }h`} `}}ln}kan }a zajk`c jannlj}kanz `nm n`tt`}kulz }h`} zh`rl kmln}k}{

g|z} }ìl }hl eatg ae `ccavknf jk}klnz }a zrlì eat }hlgzlculz kn zrljke{knf }hl n`}|tl `nm kgrat}`njl ae }hazl jannlj}kanz. Eat }hlzl tl`zanz# rlarcl‛z`|}anag{ zha|cm dl rtaga}lm `nm rta}lj}lm kn }hl arlt`}kanz ae clfk}kg`}lmlgajt`}kj knz}k}|}kanz.

]hkz iknm ae rta}lj}kan vkcc tlp|ktl# }hln# ` gaml ae jacclj}kul mlckdlt'`}kan }h`} `ccavz jk}kln knr|} kn}a }hl rtajlzzlz }h`} {klcm zajk`c janmk}kanz}h`} zh`rl }hazl jk}klnz‛ rtazrlj}z. Ke na} `j}|`c r`t}kjkr`}kan `nm mlckdl't`}kan# rt`j}kjlz ae }hlzl knz}k}|}kanz g|z} knjc|ml lclgln}z }h`} lfl lj}kulc{ tlrtlzln} }hazl jk}klnz‛ kn}ltlz}z `nm o|mfgln}z `nm# `z `n lx}lnzkan ae

}hkz# }hl ravlt }a adolj} vhln rackjklz janfflkj} vk}h }hlkt mllrlz} zlce'|nmltz}`nmknfz. Mlgajt`}kj mlckdlt`}kan# }hln# `cza tlp|ktlz r`t}kjkr`n}z‛

`dkck}klz }a tlffllj}kulc{ lnmatzl# knmllm r|dckjc{ mlelnm# }hl rakn}z ae uklv#u`c|lz# kn}ltlz}z# `nm arknkanz }h`} `tl }hl knr|}z }a z|jh mlckdlt`}kulrtajlzzlz (}hl –a|}r|}z‗ ae vhkjh `tl zajk`c rtknjkrclz `nm rackjklz+. ]hkzrtaukmlz e|t}hlt tl`zan eat }hl rtlz|rrazk}kan }h`} }hl `|}anaga|z rltzankz `dcl }a tlffllj}kulc{ ft`zr `nm rtlzln} hlt u`c|lz `nm rltzrlj}kul. ]hkz`jjatmz jk}klnz }hkz iknm ae tlrtlzln}`}kan`c `|}hatk}{ ault }hazl rakn}z ae uklv d|} `cza nljlzzk}`}lz }hlkt j`r`jk}{ }a tlffllj} an }hlkt u`c|lz `z r`t}ae }hl m{n`gkj ae zajk`c kn}ltjh`nfl }h`} rtam|jlz jacclj}kulc{ o|z}kfflmrtknjkrclz. Za `|}anag{ `z jagrl}ln}# zlce'tlffllj}kul lnmatzlgln} (nan'`ckln }kan+ kz jln}t`c }a }hkz |nmltz}`nmknf ae o|z}kjl `nm rack}kjz.;

]hltleatl# }a lz}`dckzh clfk}kg`j{ eat rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz `nm rtknjkrclz#zlce'tlffllj}kan kz ` jt|jk`c g`ti ae }hl `|}anaga|z jk}kln vhazl z}`}|z kztlzrlj}lm `nm vhazl kn}ltlz}z `tl rta}lj}lm kn o|z} rack}kj`c `tt`nflgln}z.Anc{ ke ` rltzan kz r|} kn ` razk}kan }a zrlì eat hltzlce # j`n }hl jacclj}kulc{ flnlt }lm rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl jc`kg }hl clfk}kg`j{ tlp|ktlm d{ mlgajt }kj

o|z}kjl. @mu`njknf hlt kn}ltlz}z kn ` v`{ vhkjh }hata|fhc{ d{r`zzlz tlffl

lj'}kul lnmatzlgln} ae }hlg }htl`}lnz }a ukac`}l }hl tlp|ktlgln} }h`} u`c|lz

; ]hl kml`z kn }hkz zlj}kan `tl }ìln kn r`t} etag Jhtkz}g`n 422<.




rtaga}lm kn ` zajkl}{ ad}`kn u`ckmk}{ anc{ d{ dlknf z|dolj} }a }hl jk}klnz‛

lnmatzlgln} ae }hlg. Za clfk}kg`j{ rtlz|rrazlz ` gamlc ae }hl (`|}ana'

ga|z+ rltzan `dcl }a tlffllj}kulc{ lnmatzl hlt kn}ltlz}z# tlzrlj} eat vhkjh kztlffllj}lm kn }hl z}t|j}|tl ae }hl rtknjkrclz }hlgzlculz.

Tlj`cc }h`} vl mkzj|zzlm `} zlult`c rakn}z p|lz}kanz z|tta|nmknf }hl clulc`nm `jj|t`j{ ae zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf }h`} a|t gamlc ae `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz(kn r`t}kj|c`t fkuln }hl ffl|km `nm lj|glnkj`c janjlr}kan ae }hl zlce |}kcklm}hltlkn+. Kn }hl j|ttln} jan}lx}# vl g|z} `zi vh`} }hl z}`nm`tmz ae zlce'|nmltz}`nmknf `nm jafnk}kul jagrl}lnjl zha|cm dl }h`} `|}anag{# |zlm knmlgajt`}kj rtajlm|tlz# tlp|ktlz. ]a `nzvlt }hkz p|lz}kan# vl g|z} z`{ ` dk}

gatl `da|} }hl lrkz}lgkj z}`nm`tmz ae r|dckj tl`zan# vk}hkn vhkjh `|}ana'ga|z zlce'lxrtlzzkan rc`{z z|jh ` jt|jk`c tacl. ]hkz kz ` jagrclx z|dolj}za a|t mkzj|zzkan vkcc nllm }a tlg`kn p|k}l flnlt`c.02 Ektz}# kn atmlt eat r|dckj o|z}kffj`}kan }a rtajllm kn ` v`{ janzkz}ln} vk}h }hl lnmatzlgln}janz}t`kn}# vl g|z} `zz|gl `} cl`z} ` gamlz} –kn}ltn`ckzg‗ `z a|t lrkz}lgkjz}`nm`tm ae o|z}kffj`}kan `} }hl knmkukm|`c clulc.00 Vh`} }hkz gl`nz kz }h`}na u`c|l jc`kg j`n dl z`km }a dl u`ckm eat ` rltzan (at na dlckle `da|} z|jh` jc`kg at k}z jagranln}z+ |nclzz }hltl kz `n kneltln}k`c tlc`}kan dl}vllnz|jh ` jc`kg `nm a}hlt lclgln}z ae }h`} rltzan‛z dlckleu`c|l jatr|z. R|tl

lx}ltn`ckzg va|cm mln{ }hkz `nm jc`kg }h`} zagl dlcklez `tl o|z}kfflm eat ` rltzan vhacc{ knmlrlnmln} (kn rtknjkrcl+ ae }h`} rltzan‛z dlckle zl}. D|} }hllnmatzlgln} janz}t`kn} kgrcklz }h`}# kml`cc{ `} cl`z}# ` rltzan ja|cm jagl }algdt`jl (at `} cl`z} na} dl mllrc{ `ckln`}lm etag+ }hl u`c|l kn p|lz}kan.]hkz kz na} razzkdcl |nclzz }hltl kz ` hltglnl|}kj at a}hltvkzl kneltln}k`ctlc`}kan dl}vlln }h`} u`c|l `nm u`c|lz at dlcklez }hl rltzan `ctl`m{ hacmz.04

Zljanm# ` rltzan g|z} hùl ` clulc ae |nmltz}`nmknf ae hlt avn rz{jhl za}h`} zhl kz ` tlc`}kulc{ janzkz}ln} tlrtlzln}`}kul ae ` uklvrakn}. Ke g`nkelz}knjanzkz}lnjklz `tkzl etag at `tl knuaculm `ctl`m{ kn hlt jatr|z ae mlzktlz

02 K tlc{ ftl`}c{ an }hl ml}`kclm `n`c{zkz ae –r|dckj o|z}kffj`}kan‗ `nm k}z tacl kn rack}kj`c clfk}kg`j{ mlulcarlm d{ Flt`cm F`|z (0;;5+. Kn `mmk}kan# havlult# ` cknl ae `n`c{zkz zkgkc`t }a }hkz kz mlulcarlmd{ H`dltg`z (0;;5`+. Eat lx`grcl# hl vtk}lz? –]a }hl lx}ln} }h`} `j}kan jaatmkn }kan# `nm vk}h k} }hleatg`}kan ae nl}vatiz ae kn}lt`j}kan# }ìlz rc`jl }hta|fh rtajlzzlz ae tl`jhknf |nmltz}`nmknf#kn}ltz|dolj}kulc{ zh`tlm janukj}kanz eatg }hl glmk|g ae zajk`c kn}lft`}kan. @j}atz `tl januknjlm ae

vh`} }hl{ |nmltz}`nm `nm janzkmlt u`ckm. ]hkz kz vh{ dlcklez }h`} hùl dljagl rtadclg`}kj j`n dlz|rrat}lm at tlukzlm anc{ }hta|fh tl`zanz. Tl`zanz# havlult# `tl na} `mlp|`}lc{ mlzjtkdlm `z mkzraz'k}kanz }a hùl arknkanz9 t`}hlt }hl{ `tl }hl j|ttlnj{ |zlm kn ` mkzj|tzkul lxjh`nfl }h`} tlmllgzjtk}kjk`dcl u`ckmk}{ jc`kgz‗ (kdkm .# :<+.

00 Eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hl lnmatzlgln} janz}t kn}# zll# eat lx`grcl# Mvatikn 4222# 06‚08# F`|z 422;#`nm

I{gckji` 0;8;# 04‚0:.04 @zz|gknf zagl p|`ckfflm kn}ltn`ckzg eat }hl r|trazlz ae rack}kj`c rhkcazarh{ kz na} }hl z`gl `zjc`kgknf }hkz `z }hl dlz} lrkz}lgkj `jja|n}# e|cc z}ar. @cza# vh`} kz gl`n} d{ –hltglnl|}kj‗ hltl kz}h`} ` jahltln} kn}ltrtl}`}kan ja|cm dl `rrcklm }a }hl dlckle (at u c|l zl}+ vhkjh knjc|mlz }hl jan}lz}lmlclgln}. Eat ` jtk}kj`c mkzj|zzkan ae z|jh `n `zz|gr}kan ae kn}ltn`ckzg# zll V`cc# 422;.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 446



`nm u`c|lz# }hln }hl rtajlzz ae mlckdlt`}kan `nm nlfa}k`}kan j`nna} et|k}'e|cc{ rtajllm. Za `dzlnjl ae g`nkelz} knjanzkz}lnjklz ‚ vhltl e|cc{ jan}t`'

mkj}at{ dlcklez at u`c|lz `tl hlcm kn v`{z }h`} ja|cm dtknf }hlg l`zkc{ }agknm ‚ kz ` nljlzz`t{ r`t} ae `|}anag{ jagrl}lnjl. D|} }hkz kz jagr`}kdcl#k} g|z} dl z}tlzzlm# vk}h zknjltl `gdku`clnjl `nm gl`z|tlm jh`nflz ae gknm. K gll} }hkz tlp|ktlgln} luln ke K `g }atn kn }va mktlj}kanz an `n kzz|lat ke K `c}lt g{ uklv kn ckfh} ae nlv kneatg`}kan `nm mlckdlt`}kan k}zlce. D|} rltzan vha kz na}`dc{ r|cclm d{ knjanzkz}ln} mlzktlz kn v`{z zhl malz na}`mgk} ‚ `j}knf an at lxrtlzzknf anl `} anl gagln} `nm maknf }hl arrazk}l}hl nlx} ‚ kz na} ` jagrl}ln} mlckdlt`}at `nm hlnjl na} `|}anaga|z kn }hl

tlp|kzk}l zlnzl.]hl lnmatzlgln} janz}t`kn} jan}kn|lz }a arlt }l hltl. Eat k} kgrcklz }h`}z|dolj}kul lgdt`jknf ae ` u`c|l kz ` nljlzz`t{ jagranln} ae k}z u`ckmk}{ (eat ` rltzan+ kn }hl jan}lx} ae rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz. Za ` rltzan‛z `j} ae lgdt`j'knf ` uklv# at lgdt`jknf ` uklv `z r`t} ae ` rtajlzz ae r|dckjc{ lxrtlzzknf k} kn }hl m{n`gkjz ae r|dckj mlckdlt`}kan# gìlz k} hlt avn kn }hkz jt|jk`czlnzl. Luln ke K `g zaglvh`} a|} ae }a|jh vk}h g{ ga}kulz at z{z}lg`}k'j`cc{ gkz}ìln `da|} }hl rz{jhacafkj`c za|tjlz ae g{ arknkanz `nm u`c|lz#K jaggk} g{zlce }a }hlg `z K `mu`njl }hlg }a a}hltz kn r|dckj mkzja|tzl.

K }hltleatl –janz}t|j}‗ g{zlce (kn r`t}+ d{ jaggk}}knf }a }hkz at }h`} dlckle. @} cl`z} K janz}t|j} `nm jaggk} g{zlce rtaukzkan`cc{ kn }h`} K `g arln }atl`zanz etag a}hltz `nm# `z ` zknjltl `nm nan'z}t`}lfkj jagg|nkj`}at#K ckz}ln }a a}hltz kn v`{z }h`} g`{ cl`m gl }a tljanzkmlt g{ avn uklvz.D|} `z ` r`t}kjkr`n} kn }hkz rtajlzz# K jaggk} }a uklvz K o|mfl }a dl tkfh} d{ lxrtlzzknf }hlg# na} (at na} `cv`{z+ d{ zkgrc{ mkzjaultknf }hlg `z ` zl}}clm`zrlj} ae g{ nlx|z ae a}hlt dlcklez# mlzktlz# `nm u`c|lz.

Tl}|tnknf }a }hl dta`m a|}cknl ae `|}anag{'d`zlm janjlr}kanz ae mlga'jt`}kj o|z}kjl# cl} |z }ìl ` gagln} }a gìl jcl`t vh{ }hl uklv dlknf

mlulcarlm hltl kz za mllrc{ rc|t`ckz}kj. Zrljkffj`cc{# vl zha|cm dl jcl`t `da|} }hl fta|nmz vl hùl eat tlolj}knf rltelj}kankzg kn rack}kjz# ` uklv }h`} h`z ravlte|c mlelnmltz. @n `zkml an }h`} kzz|l kz }hltleatl nljlzz`t{ dleatl vl j`n rtajllm.

]hl tlolj}kan ae rltelj}kankzg

G`n{ uklv rack}kj`c natgz `z tlp|ktknf ea|nm`}kanz }h`} tlelt }a adolj}kulc{

u`c|`dcl lnmz# u`c|lz# `nm rtknjkrclz vhazl u`ckmk}{ malz na} kn rtknjkrclmlrlnm an }hlkt dlknf `jjlr}lm d{ rlarcl }a vhag }hl{ `rrc{. ]hl uklv }h`} o|z}kfflm rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz `tl f|kmlm d{ z|jh adolj}kul z}`nm`tmz kzj`cclm –rltelj}kankzg.‗ Z}lrhln V`cc mlffnlz rltelj}kankzg `z }hl uklv }h`}




–rack}kj`c `|}hatk}klz zha|cm }ìl `n `j}kul tacl kn jtl`}knf `nm g`kn}`knknf zajk`c janmk}kanz }h`} dlz} ln`dcl }hlkt z|dolj}z }a cl`m u`c|`dcl `nm vat}h'

vhkcl ckulz‗ (V`cc 0;;8# 44+. ]hkz rtlz|rrazlz }h`} }hltl `tl adolj}kuljanjlr}kanz ae vh`} k} gl`nz }a cl`m ` vat}hvhkcl ckel.0:

]hltl `tl g`n{ `rrta`jhlz }a }hl o|z}kffj`}kan ae rltelj}kankzg ae }hkzzat}. Gaz} ae}ln }hkz p|lz}kan kz t`kzlm janjltnknf }hl z}`}|z ae ckdlt`ckzg#zrljkffj`cc{ vhl}hlt anl zha|cm }hkni ae ckdlt`c rtknjkrclz `z tlz}knf an|nkultz`c `nm adolj}kul ea|nm`}kanz at `z o|z}kfflm d{ tleltlnjl }a }hlflnlt`c rack}kj`c `jjlr}`njl ae k}z rtknjkrclz. Vhkcl K hùl na} jc`kglm }adl vatiknf z}tkj}c{ vk}hkn }hl ckdlt`c et`glvati kn }hkz vati# hacmknf }h`}

}ltgknacafkj`c p|lz}kan `} d`{ eat }hl gagln}# cl} |z janzkmlt }hl gltk}zae rltelj}kankzg vk}hkn ckdlt`c }hlat{ kn atmlt }a mt`v janjc|zkanz }h`}`rrc{ a|}zkml ae k} `z vlcc.0=

]hlatkz}z kn tljln} mlj`mlz hùl dljagl mkukmlm dl}vlln –rltelj}kankz}‗

`nm –rack}kj`c‗ `rrta`jhlz }a }hl o|z}kffj`}kan ae rtknjkrclz. ]hl eatglt uklv tlz}z an }hl jan}ln}kan }h`} }hl o|z}kffj`}kan ae rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz (ae o|z}kjleat lx`grcl+ tlz}z an r`t}kj|c`t u`c|lz# z|jh `z `|}anag{# }aclt`njl# lp|`c'k}{# ckdlt}{# `nm za an }h`} `tl zlln `z adolj}kulc{ u`ckm# knmlrlnmln} ae }hlkt dlknf lnmatzlm d{ }hazl vha ckul |nmlt }hlg. Rack}kj`c `rrta`jhlz# an }hl

a}hlt h`nm# tlolj} }hl `zz|gr}kan }h`} }hltl `tl |nkultz`c# adolj}kul u`c|lz}h`} `rrc{ }a rlarcl knmlrlnmln} ae }hlkt avn uklvrakn} `nm }hltleatllz}`dckzh }hl clfk}kg`j{ ae rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz d{ ukt}|l ae rtajlm|t`c at rack}kj`c gl`nz. T`vcz‛z janjlr}kan ae rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg lxlgrckfflz }hkzc`}}lt uklv# `nm tlz}z an }hl `jjlr}`njl ae mllr mkukzkanz `ganf tl`zan`dcljk}klnz janjltnknf }hl u`ckmk}{ ae jagrtlhlnzkul gat`c rltzrlj}kulz (zll`cza Ft`{ 0;;: `nm C`tgatl 0;86+. Rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg# }hln# tlz}z e|nm`'gln}`cc{ an ` rtknjkrcl ae clfk}kg`j{# vhkjh j`n dl z}`}lm kn }hkz v`{? –kn ` jcazlm zajkl}{ ae etll `nm lp|`c jk}klnz g`kn}`knknf mkultzl gat`c uklvz#rack}kj`c ravlt kz clfk}kg`}l anc{ vhln z|jh jk}klnz g`{ tl`zan`dc{ dllxrlj}lm }a lnmatzl k}‗ (T`vcz 0;;:# 406+. ]hkz kz ` rtajlm|t`c `jja|n} ae clfk}kg`j{# `jjatmknf }a vhkjh rack}kj`c ravlt kz `jjlr}`dcl dlj`|zl ae k}zfta|nmknf rlmkftll# na} k}z jan}ln}.

An }hl a}hlt h`nm# rltelj}kankz} }hlatkz}z knzkz} }h`} rack}kj`c ravlt j`nna} dl o|z}kfflm kn z|jh ` gltlc{ rtajlm|t`ckz} at rack}kj`c g`nnlt.Z}luln V`cc# }a tlrl`}# `tf|lz etag ` rltelj}kankz} z}`nmrakn} }h`} rack}kj`c

0: Zll F`cz}an 4224. Eat `n aultuklv ae }hl kzz|l# zll Jh`tclz C`tgatl# –R|dckj Tl`zan#‗ kn Etllg`n422:# :58‚:;:. Je. `cza H|ti` 0;;:.

0= Eat gatl ml}`kclm mkzj|zzkanz ae }hl tlc`}kan dl}vlln `|}anag{ `nm rltelj}kankz} ckdlt`ckzg zllJhtkz}g`n 422< etag vhkjh }hl eaccavknf zlj}kan kz mt`vn.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 44;



`|}hatk}klz zha|cm }ìl `n `j}kul tacl kn jtl`}knf `nm g`kn}`knknf zajk`cjanmk}kanz }h`} dlz} ln`dcl }hlkt z|dolj}z }a cl`m u`c|`dcl `nm vat}hvhkclckulz. ]hl jtk}ltk` eat –u`c|`dcl‗ `nm – vat}hvhkcl‗ hltl# kn `mmk}kan# ma na}knjc|ml ` tlp|ktlgln} ae `jjlr}`njl d{ }hazl eatjlm }a ckul |nmlt }hlg9t`}hlt }hl{ `tl zrljkfflm d{ `dz}t`j} rhkcazarhkj`c `tf|gln} lz}`dckzhknf }hlkt u`ckmk}{.

Rack}kj`c janjlr}kanz `jjlr} }h`} zagl gat`c kml`cz g`{ dl }t|l# `nm }h`}zagl glgdltz ae }hl rar|c`}kan hacm z|jh kml`cz# {l} z|jh jaggk}gln}g`{ hùl }a dl dt`jil}lm kn atmlt }a `jhklul ` rtajlm|t`c at rack}kj`cjagrtagkzl vk}h ja'jk}klnz vha tlolj} z|jh kml`cz. ]hkz# rltelj}kankz}z

`tf|l# h`z }hl r`t`maxkj`c kgrckj`}kan }h`} r|dckj rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz g|z}dl `jjlr}lm d{ rlarcl kn v`{z }h`} janfflkj} vk}h }hl g`nnlt kn vhkjh }hl{ lgdt`jl }hlkt avn gat`c u`c|lz. Luln vhln jk}klnz jjlr} u`c|lz jln}t`c }a}hkz rack}kj`c –jagrtagkzl‗ }hl{ vkcc hùl }a ma za eat tl`zanz a}hlt }h`n}hazl }hl{ hacm }a z|rrat} }hlkt avn uklv (dlj`|zl }hlzl c`}}lt vkcc dl hlcm}a dl |nkultz`c `nm adolj}kul# d|} }h`} iknm ae rhkcazarhkj`c z|rrat} kz na}`ccavlm kn }hl r|dckj tl`zanknf lz}`dckzhknf clfk}kg`j{ an }hl rack}kj`c`rrta`jh+.

Anl rtlckgkn`t{ rakn}? }hltl kz `n kgrat}`n} mkfl ltlnjl dl}vlln }hl

z}`}|z ae rlarcl‛z gat`c jaggk}gln}z `nm }h`} ae }hlkt rack}kj`c uklvz# `}cl`z} kn }hl tlzrlj} }h`} rtknjkrclz }h`} `rrc{ }a zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz# kn}lt'rltzan`c tlc`}kanz# `nm a}hlt `zrlj}z ae r|dckj j|c}|tl nljlzz`tkc{ jan}`knrtaukzkanz }h`} `kg }a janz}t`kn# jaltjl# gamke{ dlhùkat# tlmlffnl zajk`ctaclz# `nm eatjl jagrck`njl. ]hl tl`zanz K gkfh} hùl eat dlckluknf kn(eat lx`grcl+ ` zl} ae tlckfka|z }l`jhknfz }ìl an ` zrljk`c jh`t`j}lt vhln}hazl }l`jhknfz knjc|ml tlp|ktlgln}z eat }hl eatjle|c janz}t`kn} ae a}hlt ja'jk}klnz. ]t`mk}kan`c ckdlt`ckzg# vhkjh }hl rtajlm|t`ckzg K mlelnm hltltlzlgdclz kn }hkz tlf`tm# knjc|mlz ` rtlz|gr}kan }h`} ravlt kz `cv`{zz|zrlj}# `nm }h`} anc{ vhln k} j`n dl o|z}kfflm g|z} k} dl }aclt`}lm. ]h`} kz#na tl`zan# havlult u`ckm eat `n knmkukm|`c# j`n ja|n} `z ` tl`zan eat a}hltz}a dl janz}t`knlm at f|kmlm d{ k} |nclzz k} j`n dl ` tl`zan eat }hlg.Kn}ltz|dolj}kul u`ckmk}{ ae }hl zat} lnukzkanlm kz nljlzz`t{ eat }hkz (je.F`|z eat}hjagknf+.

]hl ga}ku`}kan eat }hkz gaul kz }h`} vk}ha|} }hkz janmk}kan ae clfk}'kg`j{# }hl `rrckj`}kan `nm lneatjlgln} ae rtknjkrclz kz ` e|nj}kan gltlc{ ae

ravlt ‚ }hl eatjl ae }hazl vha h`rrln }a hùl z|rltkat `dkck}{ }a lneatjl

}hlkt uklv ae }hl faam. Vhl}hlt at na} z|jh ` uklv ae }hl faam kz u`ckm `z ` gat`c jc`kg# k}z lneatjlgln} j`n anc{ dl z|jjlzze|cc{ j`ttklm a|} ke }hltl `tlz|jkln} n|gdltz at z|jkln} gkfh} u`kc`dcl }a ln`dcl z|jh lneatjlgln}.]hltleatl# zajk`c lneatjlgln} ae rtknjkrclz kz }hl tlz|c} ae r|tl ravlt |nclzz




}hazl ` fl lj}lm d{ }hl rtknjkrcl j`n# kn zagl e`zhkan# `jjlr} }hl tl`zanz eat k}.]hkz kz ` uklv ae zajk c ckel }h`} kz e|nm`gln}`cc{ gamltnkz} `nm lgltflz fftz}

(kn }hkz g`nnlt+ kn Ta|zzl`| `nm c`}lt kn I`n} kn ` gatl r|tkfflm eatg.0<Janzkmlt }hl rltzan vha tlffllj}kulc{ tlolj}z }hl adolj}kul z}`nm`tm }h`}

cklz dlhknm (cl} |z `zz|gl+ ` u`ckm rltelj}kankz} rtknjkrcl. Rack}kj`c rackjklz}h`} j`n anc{ dl o|z}kfflm vk}h tleltlnjl }a z|jh ` rtknjkrcl va|cm }hltleatlhùl }a dl kgrazlm |ran }hkz rltzan vk}ha|} z|jh o|z}kffj`}kan ja|n}knf `z ` tl`zan eat hlt. ]h`} kz# luln ke }hl u`c|l |ran vhkjh }hkz kgrazk}kankz d`zlm kz u`ckm (lx}ltn`cc{+# k}z lneatjlgln} va|cm dl ln`j}lm vk}ha|}tlja|tzl }a ` o|z}kffj`}kan }h`} }hl z|dolj} ae }h`} lneatjlgln} ja|cm`jjlzz. (Tlj`cc }h`} }hl gamlt`}l lx}ltn`ckzg }a vhkjh rltelj}kankz} rack}'kjz kz jaggk}}lm kgrcklz }h`} u`c|lz j`n dl u`ckm luln ke }hl rltzan }a

vhag }hl{ `rrc{ ja|cm na} kn rtknjkrcl `jjlr} }hlg.+ Vhl}hlt at na} }hkzrltzan adl{z }hl lneatjlm kgrazk}kan ae }hkz rtknjkrcl vkcc mlrlnm an

vhl}hlt }hl ravlt c{knf dlhknm }h`} lneatjlgln} kz lfl lj}kul# ke }hltl kzlna|fh gkfh} }a gìl k} tkfh} . D|} tlc{knf an }hl z|rltkat eatjl ae anlzkml kn `n `tf|gln} kz na} z|jkln} eat o|z}ke{knf }hl ln`j}gln} ae }hlkgrckj`}kanz ae }h`} `tf|gln}.

Gatlault# rltelj}kankzg tlz}z an }hl jan}ln}kan }h`} kml`cz eat knmkukm| c

`nm zajk`c ckulz j`n dl zrljkfflm kn adolj}kul }ltgz# knmlrlnmln} ae }hlr`t}kj|c`t zajk`c flaft`rh{ `nm hkz}at{ ae }hl rlarcl }a vhkjh }hl{ `rrc{.]hl jan}ln}kan kz na} anc{ }h`} z|jh kml`cz j`n dl ml}ltgknlm `nm u`ckm`}lmd|} }h`} }hl{ j`n rtaukml z|jkln} tl`zan eat a}hltz }a jagrc{ vk}h eatjle|cjanz}t`kn}z (jaltjkulc{ lneatjlm clf`c t|clz+ mlzrk}l na} dlknf januknjlm ae }h`} u`ckmk}{ `nm na} dlknf januknjlm eat |nmltz}`nm`dcl tl`zanz. @ ravlt'e|c tlzranzl }a }hkz uklv ae u`c|l# }ha|fh# kz }h`} vh`} vkcc ja|n} `z `

vat}hvhkcl r|tz|k} at kml`c eat ` rltzan kz hkfhc{ –r`}h'mlrlnmln}‗ kn }h`}}hl r`t}kj|c`t knmkukm|`c `nm zajk`c hkz}atklz etag vhkjh rlarcl `tkzl `nm

mlulcar vkcc ult{ g|jh zh`rl vh`} kz u`c|`dcl eat }hlg. Gatlault# `z vllgrh`zklm kn a|t mkzj|zzkan ae glgat{ `nm }hl n`tt`}kul z}t|j}|tl ae }hlzlce# }hl rltzan‛z avn rt`j}kjl ae kn}ltrtl}knf }h`} r`}h at hkz}at{ kz jln}t`c}a janz}t|j}knf hlt j|ttln} `nm anfaknf kmln}k}{. Za vhkcl jlt}`kn kml`czgkfh} dl r|} eatv`tm `z u`c|`dcl adolj}kulc{ `nm mlelnmlm `z z|jh# vhl}hlt ` rltzan at fta|r ja|cm }ìl an z|jh kml`cz `z }hlkt avn va|cm mlrlnmult{ g|jh an }hl u`tk`dcl zajk`c flaft`rh{ etag vhkjh }hl{ lgltfl `nm

vhkjh }hl{ }hlgzlculz kn}ltrtl}.D|} rlth`rz }hl gaz} eatjle|c zl} ae tl`zanz eat tlolj}knf z|jh ` razk}kan

tlc`}lz }a vh`} T`vcz j`ccz }hl d|tmlnz ae o|mfgln}. @z r`t} ae }hl

0< Eat `n kn}ltlz}knf mkzj|zzkan ae I`n}‛z uklvz tlc`}knf }a }hkz rakn}# zll V`cmtan 0;;;# :5‚54.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 4:0



tlp|ktlgln} ae }aclt`}kan `nm tljkrtajk}{ }h`} hl }hkniz glgdltz ae gamltn janz}k}|}kan`c mlgajt`jklz flnlt`cc{ `jjlr} `z r`t} ae }hlkt r|dckjrack}kj`c j|c}|tl# }hl d|tmlnz ae o|mfgln} `jjlr} }h`} a}hltz ‛ gat`c a|}'caaiz j`n mkfl lt etag a|tz d|} }h`}# luln ke vl uklv a|t u`c|lz `z za|nm at }t|l# vl j`n `jjlr} hav tl`zan`dcl rlarcl ja|cm jagl }a tlolj} }hlg (zllT`vcz 0;;:# <= ‚<8+. U`tka|z e`j}atz cl`m |z }a janjc|ml }hkz# eat lx`grcl}hl tljafnk}kan }h`} lukmlnjl eat u`tka|z gat`c uklvz kz gkxlm `nm `zzlzzlm`jjatmknf }a mkfl ltln} jtk}ltk` ae tlclu`njl `nm vlkfh}# a|t janjlr}z `tlu`f|l `nm arln }a janfflkj}knf kn}ltrtl}`}kanz# `nm }h`} a|t ja|tzl ae ckel|r }a }hkz rakn} (`z vlcc `z }hl hkz}at{ ae }hl zajk`c zl}}knfz vl j`cc a|t avn+

dl`tz jt|jk`cc{ an }hl u`c|lz vl jagl }a zll `z u`ckm `nm z|jh }hknfz mkfl

lt t`mkj`cc{ eat mkfl ltln} rlarcl. Kn T`vcz‛z uklv# }hlzl adzltu`}kanz `tl r`t}ae }hl lrkz}lgacafkj`c `nm zajkacafkj`c z}t|j}|tl ae a|t `nm a}hltz‛ gat`cjaggk}gln}z. ]a jc`kg# `z rltelj}kankz}z ma# }h`} adolj}kulc{ ml}ltgknlmkml`cz j`n dl u`ckm`}lm `nm eatjle|cc{ kgrazlm fflklz kn }hl e`jl ae }hlzladzltu`}kanz.

Nav mlelnmltz ae rltelj}kankzg hùl jtk}kj`cc{ mkzj|zzlm }hkz razk}kan#zrljkffj`cc{ jc`kgknf eat lx`grcl }h`} z|jh ` uklv cl`mz }a zilr}kjkzg `da|}u`c|lz flnlt`cc{ (zll# eat l`grcl# V`cc 0;;8# ;0‚022+. Kn a}hlt vatmz# k} kz

knjanzkz}ln} }a jc`kg }h`} zaglanl j`n o|z}kff`dc{ }hkni }h`} ` jlt}`kn u`c|ljc`kg kz }t|l (`z T`vcz malz+ d|} }hln `tf|l }h`} a}hltz zha|cm na} dl da|nmd{ k} dlj`|zl }hl{ hùl `n `c}ltn`}kul tl`zan`dcl uklv `nm man‛} zll }hl}t|}h. \nclzz K `g tl`cc{ ` zilr}kj `da|} }hl }t|}h jc`kg eat g{ avn uklv#K hùl na tl`zan na} }a zll k} `z u`ckm eat a}hltz (zkgkc`tc{ zk}|`}lm tlc`}kul }a}hl u`c|l jc`kg kn p|lz}kan+ (V`cc 0;;8# ;4+.

D|} }hazl vha tlolj} rack}kj c rltelj}kankzg `canf }hl cknlz K ma hltl nllmna} dl zilr}kjz `da|} }hl }t|}h jc`kgz zhl gìlz eat }hl u`c|lz zhl r|tz|lz9zhl nllm anc{ dl ` jlt}`kn iknm ae e`cckdkckz} . ]h`} kz# kn mkzj|zzkanz ae }hlfaam ‚ ckel r|tz|k}z `nm kml`cz }h`} f|kml ` ckel ‚ a|t rltzrlj}kulz vkcc `cv`{zdl hlùkc{ zh`rlm d{ a|t zajk`c caj`}kan `nm hkz}at{. ]h`} kz na} }a z`{ }h`}

vl nllm tlm|jl `cc o|mfgln}z ae }hl faam }a }h`} caj`}kan ‚ }hkz kz na} ` mlelnzl ae knmkukm|`c tlc`}kukzg ‚ d|} t`}hlt }hl vlìlt jc`kg }h`} vl vkccna} dl `dcl }a }lcc hav g|jh a|t o|mfgln} `da|} }hl vat}h ae ` jlt}`knr|tz|k} kz zh`mlm d{ }h`} hkz}at{# lzrljk`cc{ kn }hl e`jl ae a}hlt tl`zan`dclrlarcl vha mkz`ftll vk}h |z.05

@na}hlt ravlte|c cknl ae jtk}kp|l# havlult# kz }h`} }hl tl`zanz anl h`z }a

tlolj} }hl razzkdkck}{ ae janzlnz|z an adolj}kul u`c|lz kn ` rc|t`ckz}kj zajkl}{

05 ]hkz kz `mgk}}lmc{ `n knjagrcl}l tlzranzl `nm janjltnz hkfhc{ jagrclx kzz|lz. Eat e|t}hlt mkzj|z'zkan# zll V`cc eat}hjagknf.




vkcc `rrc{ lp|`cc{ }a }hl razzkdkck}{ ae ` janzlnz|z an rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl.Ke janzkmlt`}kanz z|jh `z }hl d|tmlnz ae o|mfgln} at zagl a}hlt zl} ae

`zz|gr}kanz `da|} }hl mllr rc|t`ckzg ae gat`c `nm rack}kj`c u`c|lz cl`mzanl }a dl zilr}kj`c }h`} luln adolj}kulc{ za|nm u`c|lz ja|cm lult dl zlln `zu`ckm d{ t`mkj`cc{ mkfl ltln} fta|rz kn ` jagrclx gamltn zajkl}{# }hln vh`}fta|nmz `tl }hltl }a }hkni }hl `c}ltn`}kul jtk}ltkan ae rack}kj`c clfk}kg`j{ ‚zagl zl} ae `jjlr}`dcl rtajlm|tlz at `n aultc`rrknf janzlnz|z ‚ ja|cm `czadl `jhklulm1

G{ `nzvlt }a }hkz jh`cclnfl# `z g|jh `z K j`n afl lt anl# vkcc dl datnla|} kn }hl janjlr}kan ae rtajlm|t`c clfk}kg`j{ K vkcc c`{ a|} kn }hl nlx}zlj}kan. G{ rakn} kz na} }a fkul ` ffn`c mlelnzl ae }hkz `rrta`jh d|} t`}hlt }a zil}jh kn `z jagrlccknf ` g`nnlt `z K j`n ` janjlr}kan ae mlgajt`}kj

o|z}kjl }h`} kcc|z}t`}lz }hl zajk`c u`c|l ae `|}anag{ `z K janjlkul k}. Cl} |z#}hln# rtajllm }a }hl p|lz}kan ae clfk}kg`j{.

k k k . ` | } a n a g { # c l f k } k g ` j { # ` n m r a c k } k j ` c

c k d l t ` c k z g

Za vl tlolj} rltelj}kankzg kn rack}kjz# vhltl }h`} kz }ìln }a gl`n }h`}

natg`}kul rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz `nm u`c|lz `tl o|z}kfflm knmlrlnmln}c{ ae vhl}hlt at na} }hazl }a vhkjh }hazl rtknjkrclz `rrc{ j`n at va|cm `jjlr}z|jh rtknjkrclz `nm u`c|lz `z u`ckm. @z vl z`km# }hkz c`z} tlp|ktlgln} kz }hllnmatzlgln} janz}t`kn}. ]hl mkzj|zzkan ae }hkz janz}t`kn} h`z }ìln rc`jlgaz} }tlnjh`n}c{ kn mld`}lz ault }hl ea|nm`}kanz ae ckdlt`ckzg `nm gatlzrljkffj`cc{ `da|} vhl}hlt }hl T`vczk`n rtaolj} ae rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg j`nz|jjllm. ]hl c`}}lt kz ` ultzkan ae `n}k'rltelj}kankz} }hlat{ }a vhkjh }hlet`glvati K `g f|kmlm d{ hltl avlz g|jh. Hlnjl# k} vkcc dl hlcre|c }a caai gatl jcazlc{ `} T`vcz‛z et`glvati kn atmlt }a mt`v a|} zagl clzzanz `da|}

}hl tacl ae (}hl u`c|l ae+ `|}anag{ kn rtknjkrclz ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl.]hl rtaolj} ae rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg kz }a zlj|tl ` d`zkz eat rtknjkrclz ae

o|z}kjl }h`} ùakmz jc`kgz ae rhkcazarhkj`c at gl}`rh{zkj`c }t|}h za `z }a }ìlz|jkln}c{ kn}a `jja|n} }hl mllr `nm `dkmknf mkz`ftllgln}z ault z|jh–}t|}hz‗ kn }hl c`}l gamltn c`nmzj`rl. –Clfk}kg`j{ ‗ tlrc`jlz }t|}h at e|ccrhkcazarhkj`c o|z}kffj`}kan `z }hl d`zkz eat z`nj}kanknf }hl jaltjkul ravlt }h`} rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz vklcm `nm }h`} }hlkt |nmltc{knf rtknjkrclz ja|n}ln'`njl. ]a f`kn z|jh clfk}kg`j{# havlult# jk}klnz g|z} ` tg }hazl rtkn'

jkrclz `z vlcc `z }hl rtajlm|tlz `nm tl`zanknf vk}h vhkjh }hl{ `tl mltkulm.– O|z}kjl `z E`ktnlzz‗ kz# ae ja|tzl# }hl n`gl eat }hl gaz} rtagknln} zl} ae z|jh rtknjkrclz `nm rtajlm|tlz# tlelttknf }a }hl |zl ae }hl –gamlc janjlr'}kanz‗ ae }hl Atkfkn`c Razk}kan# rtkg`t{ faamz# `nm }hl janjlr}kan ae }hl

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 4::



rltzan kn atmlt }a z|rrat} }hl mltku`}kan ae }va rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl (}hlD`zkj Ckdlt}klz rtknjkrcl f|`t`n}llknf d`zkj tkfh}z `nm ckdlt}klz `nm }hlLp|`ck}{ rtknjkrcl zlj|tknf e`kt lp|`ck}{ ae arrat}|nk}{ `nm ckgk}`}kanz ae knlp|`ck}klz ae rtkg`t{ faamz zrljkfflm d{ }hl Mkfl ltlnjl Rtknjkrcl+. @cc}hkz# }hln# dljaglz }hl z|dolj} ae mlckdlt`}kan d{ jk}klnz vha zll }hlg'zlculz `z etll `nm lp|`c (kn v`{z cle} }a dl lxrc`knlm+ `nm vha lnf`fl knmld`}l `da|} }hl janz}k}|}kan`c lzzln}k`cz eat rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz (ae }hld`zkj z}t|j}|tl+ }h`} vkcc arlt`}l |nmlt }hl rtknjkrclz kn p|lz}kan. ]hlzlmlckdlt`}kanz ‚ r|dckj tl`zan ‚ `tl `kglm `} zlj|tknf# ke razzkdcl# `n ault'c`rrknf janzlnz|z `da|} O|z}kjl `z E`ktnlzz mlzrk}l }hl mllr `nm jan}t`z}'

knf ault`cc gat`c atkln}`}kanz f|kmknf }hl tl`zanknf ae l`jh r`t}kjkr`n}.Z|jh ` janzlnz|z# T`vcz lnukzkanz# zlj|tlz }hl clfk}kg`j{ nljlzz`t{ }a|nmltvtk}l rack}kj`c ravlt (T`vcz 0;;:# 4220+.

R|dckj tl`zan# }hln# kz }hl rtajlzz ae mkzj|zzkan `nm mlckdlt`}kan (jhklffl{+`da|} janz}k}|}kan`c lzzln}k`cz ae ` z}`}l vhkjh janeatgz }a }hlzl `dz}t`j}kml`z (etllmag# lp|`ck}{# tljkrtajk}{# `nm za an+. Z|jh mlckdlt`}kan `kgz`} `n aultc`rrknf janzlnz|z janjltnknf }hl jatl rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl`nm ftavz a|} ae l`jh jk}kln‛z avn tl`zan`dcl jagrtlhlnzkul maj}tknl.–R|dckj tl`zan‗ tleltz zrljkffj`cc{ }a }hl janz}t`kn}z rc`jlm an z|jh mlckdlt'

`}kan kn }hkz rtajlzz ae lz}`dckzhknf clfk}kg`j{ (uk` }hkz janzlnz|z+. Knr`t}kj|c`t# r|dckj tl`zan mlg`nmz }h`} jk}klnz ma na} d`zl `tf|gln}z knmlelnzl ae rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz an }hlkt r`t}kj|c`t jagrtlhlnzkul gat`c#tlckfka|z# at rhkcazarhkj`c uklvz# knzae`t `z a}hltz kn }hl rc|t`ckz}kj zajk`c

vatcm vkcc na} zh`tl z|jh uklvz `nm hlnjl `tl na} rc`|zkdc{ da|nm d{ `tf|gln}z d`zlm |ran }hlg. ]hltleatl# ckdlt`c clfk}kg`j{ kz lz}`dckzhlm}hta|fh ` rtajlzz ae mlckdlt`}kan }h`} mlg`nmz –lrkz}lgkj `dz}knlnjl‗ kn}hl zlnzl }h`} mlckdlt`}atz `tl }a dt`jil} }hlkt r|dckj o|z}kffj`}kanz za `z }alxjc|ml mktlj} tleltlnjl }a }hlkt r`t}kj|c`t gat`c uklvrakn}.

A}hltz eaccavknf T`vcz hùl jc`kglm }h`} d`zkj knz}k}|}kanz ae o|z}kjltlffllj} }hl `|}anag{ ae jk}klnz kn zkfnkffj`n} v`{z. Kn r`t}kj|c`t# }hlatkz}zae mlckdlt`}kul mlgajt`j{ hùl z}tlzzlm }h`} }hl rtajlzzlz ae r|dckj mlckd'lt`}kan d{ vhkjh d`zkj knz}k}|}kanz `tl clfk}kgklm jacclj}kulc{ lgdam{ }hl zlce'faultngln} }h`} knmkukm|`c `|}anag{ g`nkelz}z. Oazh|` Jahln#eat lx`grcl# jc`kgz }h`} –d{ tlp|ktknf o|z}kffj`}kan an }ltgz `jjlr}`dcl }aa}hltz# mlckdlt`}kul mlgajt`j{ rtaukmlz eat ` eatg ae rack}kj`c `|}anag{?}h`} `cc vha `tl faultnlm d{ jacclj}kul mljkzkanz ‚ vha `tl lxrlj}lm }a

faultn }hlkt avn janm|j} d{ }hazl mljkzkanz ‚ g|z} ffnm }hl d`zlz ae }hazlmljkzkanz `jjlr}`dcl‗ (Jahln 0;;5# =05+.Anl ae }hl e|nm`gln}`c mkj|c}klz }h`} jtk}kjz t`kzl hltl kz }h`} z|jh `

rkj}|tl k}zlce janfflkj}z vk}h }hl mllr rc|t`ckzg ae gat`c ukzkan `nm u`c|l

4:= ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



jaggk}gln} }h`} |c}kg`}lc{ ga}ku`}lz k} `nm vhkjh T`vcz knzkz}z kz ` rltg`'nln} el`}|tl ae gamltn ckel.06 Rc|t`ckzg t|nz mllrlt }h`n }hkz et`glvati

`ccavz# jtk}kjz jc`kg# `nm hlnjl ckdlt`ckzg e`kcz }a dl ` rack}kj`c jagrtagkzlù`kc`dcl }a zl}}cl mkzr|}lz `ganf mlua}llz ae zlj}`tk`n uklvrakn}z `nm t`}hlt dljaglz anl gatl z|jh zlj}`tk`n uklv k}zlce.

Tlj`cc# }ha|fh# }h`} an da}h T`vcz‛z uklv `nm }hl r`}h eaccavlm hltl#`|}anag{ kz `}}tkd|}lm }a jk}klnz na} `z ` rz{jhacafkj`c e`j} d|} `z r`t} ae }hl janjlr}kan ae }hl rltzan `nm hlt –knz}k}|}kan`c kmln}k}{ ‗ e|nj}kanknf kn}hl rtajlzz ae clfk}kg`}kan ae rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl. T`vcz‛z uklv `zz|glz#}h`} kz# }h`} jk}klnz hùl t`}kan`c `nm e|cc `|}anag{ kn }hl zlnzl }h`} }hl{

`tl vkccknf }a `jjlr} ` r|dckj janjlr}kan ae o|z}kjl `nm }h`} }hl{ hùl }hlj`r`jk}{ }a eatg|c`}l `nm tlukzl ` janjlr}kan ae }hl faam d`zlm an ` jagr'tlhlnzkul gat`c maj}tknl. ]hlzl –ravltz‗ `tl tlffllj}lm kn hkfhlt'atmlt kn}lt'lz}z }h`} g|z} dl tlffllj}lm kn }hl rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl }h`} faultn }hl d`zkjz}t|j}|tl `z vlcc `z }hl rtajlm|tlz eat }hl mltku`}kan ae }hazl rtknjkrclz. Z|jh`|}anaga|z jk}klnz `tl (`nm |nmltz}`nm }hlgzlculz }a dl+ etll `nm lp|`ckn }h`} }hl{ tl (`nm |nmltz} nm }hlgzlculz }a dl+ zlce'`|}hln}kj`}knf za|tjlzae u`ckm jc`kgz `nm tlrtlzln}lm kn rtajlm|tlz }h`} ma na} rtkukclfl `n{ r`t}kj|c`t gat`c uklvrakn} (z|jh `z kn }hl Atkfkn`c Razk}kan+.

Jtk}kp|lz ae }hl janz}t`kn}z kgrazlm an mlckdlt`}kan d{ r|dckj tl`zan}ìl `kg `} }hkz janjlr}kan ae }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan (}ha|fh }hl{ g`{ na} |zl }hl }ltgknacaf{ lxrckjk}c{+. Eat knz}`njl# Z}lrhln V`cc `tf|lz }h`}}hl –dt`jil}knf ‗ }h`} r|dckj tl`zan mlg`nmz `zz|glz }h`} anl vkcc `cv`{zrc`jl ftl`}lt vlkfh} an }hl rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz }h`} g|z} dl zh`tlm vk}hmkzzln}knf a}hltz }h`n an anl‛z avn jagrtlhlnzkul uklv (V`cc 0;;8#56‚5;+. ]hl jt|x ae }hl mkj|c}{ kz }h`} r|dckj tl`zan d`tz mktlj} tlck`njlan lclgln}z ae anl‛z jagrtlhlnzkul uklv }a o|z}ke{ rtknjkrclz |nmlt vhkjhanl g|z} ckul# {l} }h`} ult{ uklv kz vh`} rtaukmlz }hl fta|nmz eat anl‛z

jaggk}gln} }a r|dckj rtknjkrclz# `z vlcc `z }hl ga}ku`}kan }a r`t}kjkr`}l kn}hazl r|dckj mlckdlt`}kanz (at z|rrat} lclj}lm tlrtlzln}`}kulz vha ma za+.

@|}anag{ e`kcz }a dl tlzrlj}lm vhln anl‛z avn faultnknf rtknjkrclz `tl na}anc{ na} tlffllj}lm kn }hl r|dckj tl`zanz z|rrat}knf zajk`c knz}k}|}kanz d|} `tlrazk}kulc{ d`ttlm etag rc`{knf ` tacl kn }hl mlulcargln} `nm z|rrat} ae }hazl tl`zanz. K} kz na} gltlc{ }h`} anl mlr`t}z etag }hl r|dckj rtknjkrclz knp|lz}kan# d|} anl malz na} kmln}ke{ vk}h }hl r|dckjc{ `ccav`dcl tl`zanz }h`}z|rrat} }hazl rtknjkrclz.

06 Zll# eat lx`grcl# Etklmg`n 4222j9 Ft`{ 0;;:# 48:‚:489 C`tgatl 0;;5# jh. 69 `nm [a|nf 4222. Eat e|t}hlt mkzj|zzkan# zll `cza F`|z 0;;5# 0:2‚0:5. Zll cza [a|nf 0;;2d# jh. = # }ha|fh hlt eaj|z kz vkmlt }h`n rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg at T`vcz zrljkffj`cc{.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 4:<



]hltl kz na `tf|gln}# }hln# zhat} ae knuaiknf }hl ult{ jagrtlhlnzkulgat`c `nm rack}kj`c –}t|}h‗ }h`} rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg eatdkmz# }a o|z}ke{ }hl

atmltknf ae u`c|lz mlg`nmlm d{ r|dckj tl`zan# zrljkffj`cc{ }hl ftl`}lt vlkfh} rc`jlm an rack}kj`c jaarlt`}kan ault `n knmkukm|`c‛z tl`zan`dcl#knmllm rlth`rz –za|nm‗ gat`c jaggk}gln}z.

]hkz cknl ae jtk}kjkzg kz ravlte|c `nm vlcc tlhl`tzlm. @z K‛ul et`glm k}# k} kzlzrljk`cc{ jh`cclnfknf zknjl k} kz et`glm `z `n –kn}ltn`c‗ jtk}kp|l zhavknf }h`} }hl jaggk}gln} }a `|}anag{ ae jk}klnz `z anl ae }hl e|nm`gln}`c`zz|gr}kanz ae rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg janfflkj}z vk}h }hl janz}t`kn}z r|} anr|dckj tl`zan kn }hl rtajlzz ae clfk}kgkknf rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz. Knmllm#

T`vcz‛z janjlr}kan ae t`}kan`c `|}anag{ `z lgdam{knf ` zlnzl ae o|z}kjl`nm ` janjlr}kan ae }hl faam t|nz èa|c ae }hazl jk}klnz vhazl zlce'faultnknf

z}t`}lfklz r|} tlc`}kulc{ mkfl ltln} vlkfh}z an }hl jaggk}gln}z etag }hlkt jagrtlhlnzkul janjlr}kanz ae }hl faam }h`n rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg mlg`nmz#rc`jknf# eat knz}`njl# gatl kgrat}`njl an }hl r|tz|k} ae z|jh jagrtlhlnzkulu`c|lz }h`n an }hl janz}t`kn}z ae }hl zlnzl ae o|z}kjl `t}kj|c`}lm kn rack}kj`cckdlt`ckzg. Z|jh jk}klnz j`n na canflt zll }hlgzlculz `z `|}anaga|z ke jaltjlm d{ knz}k}|}kanz z}t|j}|tlm d{ rtknjkrclz }hl{ ma na} kgrazl |ran}hlgzlculz.

Cl} |z `}}lgr} ` tlzranzl. Ektz}# T`vcz gìlz jcl`t }h`} O|z}kjl `zE`ktnlzz ‚ }hl r`t}kj|c`t `tt`{ ae ckdlt`c rtknjkrclz `nm }hl rtajlm|tlz }amltkul `nm o|z}ke{ }hlg (}hl Atkfkn`c Razk}kan eat lx`grcl+ ‚ kz o|z} anl ae ` –e`gkc{ ae rack}kj`c janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl‗ `nm na} }hl anc{ et`glvati

vhkjh ja|cm# }hta|fh }hl arlt`}kan ae r|dckj tl`zan# lz}`dckzh clfk}kg`j{.]hkz e`gkc{ g|z} jan}`kn# havlult# flnltkj rtaukzkanz tlffllj}kul ae }hljaggk}gln} }a d`zkj tljkrtajk}{ d{ jk}klnz# rtaukzkanz vhkjh knjc|ml ` ckz}knf ae d`zkj tkfh}z `nm arrat}|nk}klz# vk}h ` jaggk}gln} }a }hlkt rtk'atk}{# `nm ` zl} ae gl`z|tlz lnz|tknf `cc jk}klnz vk}h }hl gl`nz }a gìld`zkj etllmagz –lfl lj}kul.‗08

Zljanm# T`vcz kn}tam|jlz vh`} hl j`ccz ` –rtaukza‗ kn}a }hl `jja|n} ae r|dckj tl`zan. ]hkz rtaukza `ccavz }hl kn}tam|j}kan ae anl‛z jagrtlhlnzkuluklv kn}a }hl z|dz}`njl ae r|dckj mlckdlt`}kan `z canf `z kn maknf za anl hlcrz}a ` tg }hl kml`c ae r|dckj tl`zan k}zlce.0; Kn vh`} T`vcz j`cclm }hl – vkmluklv ae r|dckj rack}kj`c j|c}|tl#‗ k} kz rltgkzzkdcl }a gìl tleltlnjl }a anl‛zr`t}kj|c`t jagrtlhlnzkul uklv kn r`t}kjkr`}knf kn r|dckj tl`zan rtaukmlm}h`} –kn m|l ja|tzl rtarlt rack}kj`c tl`zanz ‚ `nm na} tl`zanz fkuln zaclc{ d{

jagrtlhlnzkul maj}tknlz‚

`tl rtlzln}lm }h`} `tl z|

jkln} }a z|rrat} vh`}'lult }hl jagrtlhlnzkul maj}tknlz kn}tam|jlm `tl z`km }a z|rrat}.‗42

08 Zll T`vcz 0;;;j# 0=2‚0=0. 0; T`vcz 0;;;j# zlj}kan = . 42 T`vcz 0;;;j# 0<4.




]hkz rtaukza j`n dl kn}ltrtl}lm kn zlult`c v`{z. ]hl fcazz an }hkzlxr`nzkan ae r|dckj tl`zan }h`} K z|fflz} hltl kz }h`} z}tkj}|tlz an r|dckj

mlckdlt`}kan ‚ }hl rtahkdk}kan an fta|nmknf }hl o|z}kffj`}kan ae ` rtknjkrclkn anl‛z avn zlj}`tk`n uklv ‚ `tl tlc`xlm `z canf `z `tf|gln}z gìknf tleltlnjl }a z|jh uklvz `tl janzkz}ln} vk}h anfaknf mlgajt`}kj mkzj|zzkanz

vhkjh knjc|ml `c}ltn`}kul uklvrakn}z `nm `kg }av`tm ` r|dckj o|z}kffj`}kan}h`} kz `jjlr}`dcl }a `cc. Kn }hl j`zl# eat lx`grcl# vhltl anl‛z jagrtl'hlnzkul u`c|l atkln}`}kan magkn`}lz kn }hl j|ttln} ta|nm ae mkzj|zzkanae zagl rtaukzkan# anl g|z} nlult `j} (at `tf|l+ kn ` v`{ }h`} tlz}tkj}zr`t}kjkr`}kan `nm lp|`c uakjl eat }hazl `c}ltn`}kul uklvz ae rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz

at `c}ltn`}kul gamlz ae gat`c o|z}kff

j`}kan eat `n{ fkuln rack}kj`c rtknjkrcl. @c}ltn`}kulc{# ke anl‛z gat c ukzkan kz na} kn }hl `zjlnm`nj{ m|tknf ` rltkam ae r|dckj o|z}kffj`}kan# anl g|z} `cv`{z zll anfaknf arrat}|nk}klz }a r`t}kjkr`}lkn }hl tljanzkmlt`}kan ae `n{ magkn`n} rtknjkrcl kn jan}kn|knf mlgajt`}kjmld`}l. Kn }hkz v`{# janzlp|ln}c{# mlgajt`}kj mlckdlt`}kan kz janz}k}|}kul ae clfk}kg`j{ `z `n anfaknf rtajlzz ae tlffllj}kan `nm tljanzkmlt`}kan# |nmlt'zjatknf }hl e`cckdkckz} `rrta`jh }a d`zkj rtknjkrclz }h`} `n{ rack}kj c janjlr}kang|z} `mar}.40

K} zha|cm dl lgrh`zklm hltl }h`} }hkz uklv r|}z anfaknf mlgajt`}kj

rtajlzzlz `} }hl jln}lt ae }hl lz}`dckzhgln} ae o|z}kjl# janz}t|lm hltl `zclfk}kg`j{ ae }hl knz}k}|}kanz ae faultngln}`c ravlt. T`}hlt }h`n zllknf mlgajt`j{ `z ` zljanm`t{ gljh`nkzg }a ml}ltgknl }hl r|dckj faam è}lt gatl d`zkj rtknjkrclz `nm tkfh}z `tl lz}`dckzhlm (janz}k}|}kan`cc{# z`{+#

o|z}kjl mlg`nmz# an }hkz uklv# }h`} janz}`n} arlt`}kan ae etll `nm e`kt mlgajt`}kj rtajlzzlz r`t}c{ ml}ltgknlz }hl jan}ln} ae }hlzl rtknjkrclz.(Dlcav vl vkcc zll# }ha|fh# hav d`zkj knmkukm|`c tkfh}z ae }hl zat} }{rkj`cc{ n`glm kn janz}k}|}kan`c rtaukzkanz vkcc dl o|z}kfflm hltl `z nljlzz`t{ rtlz|rrazk}kanz ae lfl lj}kul mlgajt`}kj rtajlzzlz }hlgzlculz.+

Zljanmc{# }hl hkz}atkj`c `rrta`jh }a }hl rltzan `nm `|}anag{ }ìln kn}hl janjlr}kanz ae }hazl na}kanz mlelnmlm hltl kz gkttatlm kn }hkz jan'jlr}kan ae mlgajt`j{. @canf vk}h }hl `zz|gr}kan }h`} hkz}atkj`c e`j}atzknuacuknf mkfl ltln}k`c ravlt `nm magkn`}kan g|z} dl knjc|mlm kn }hljanmk}kanz ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl# vl `tl hltl lnukzkanknf o|z}kjl `z `nanfaknf rtajlzz ae lp|`c janzkmlt`}kan ae jk}klnz‛ kn}ltlz}z. ]hlzl `tlkn}ltlz}z }h`} vkcc `cza tlffllj} janjltnz eat hkz}atkj`cc{ tlc`}lm `zrlj}z ae

40 ]hkz kn}ltrtl}`}kan dtknfz kn}a jcazlt `ckfngln} rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg# vk}h k}z d`zkz kn r|dckj tl`zan#`nm }hlatklz ae mlgajt`}kj clfk}kg`j{# vhkjh zll anfaknf rack}kj`c mld`}l `z janz}k}|}kul ae rack}kj`cclfk}kg`j{ t`}hlt }h`n zkgrc{ `n `glnmgln} }a janz}k}|}kan`c rtknjkrclz nllmlm }a eatg|c`}l zajk`crackj{. Zll# eat lx`grcl# Jahln 4224 `nm F|}g`nn 422:d.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 4:6



}hazl jk}klnz‛ lxrltklnjlz# eat lx`grcl# kn }hl tljafnk}kan `nm razzkdcltlj}kffj`}kan ae r`z} kno|z}kjlz. ]hkz `tkzlz a|} ae }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`cjanjlr}kan ae }hl zlce `nm }hl hkz}atkj`c uklv ae `|}anag{ mlelnmlml`tcklt.

[l} }hl jagrc`kn} }h`} rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg kz lxjc|zkan`t{ `nm rtadclg'`}kj`cc{ |}ark`n tlg`knz ravlte|c# eat anl j`n z}kcc jc`kg }h`} }hl kn`dkck}{ }ar|dckjc{ o|z}ke{ rtknjkrclz# `nm }a mlg`nm }h`} ja'jk}klnz zh`tl }hl r|dckj

o|z}kffj`}kan ae rtknjkrclz# kn gat`c c`nf|`fl vhkjh mlzjtkdlz }hlkt d`zkjgat`c jaggk}gln}z# rtluln}z }hl ` tg`}kan ae }hazl rtknjkrclz mlg`nmlmd{ clfk}kg`j{. E|t}hlt# }hl kn}ltn`c janfflkj} janjltnknf `|}anag{ tl`rrl`tz

knzae`t `z `|}anaga|z jk}klnz j`nna} zll }hlgzlculz `z jacclj}kulc{ zlce'faultnlm vhln r|dckj o|z}kffj`}kan ae rtknjkrclz (luln fkuln arln'lnmlmtljanzkmlt`}kan `nm anfaknf mld`}l+ e`kcz }a tlzan`}l vk}h }hlkt avn gat`chatkanz. @z vl na}lm# }hl e|nm`gln}`c gat`c ga}ku`}kanz }h`} zr|t r`t}kjkr`}kan `nm |nmltvtk}l ` vkccknfnlzz }a jagrc{ vk}h jaltjkul rtkn'jkrclz vkcc dl kn janfflkj} vk}h }hl magkn`n} rtknjkrclz kn ` rack}kj`c j|c}|tljanz}t`knlm d{ r|dckj tl`zan# nm hlnjl `|}anaga|z jk}klnz vkcc dl |n`dcl}a ` tg z|jh rtknjkrclz `nm clfk}kg`j{ vkcc dl lrhlglt`c.

]hkz cknl ae jtk}kp|l# havlult# tlz}z an }hl rtlz|gr}kan }h`} `|}anag{ ae

jk}klnz tlp|ktlz }h`} }hl{ dl `dcl }a –` tg‗ at –lnmatzl‗ r|dckj rtknjkrclzkn v`{z }h`} tlzan`}l vk}h }hl r|dckj cknlz ae o|z}kffj`}kan fkuln kn rack}kj`ceat|gz. ]hl zlce'jan}t`mkj}kanz ae `|}anag{'d`zlm clfk}kg`j{ `cclflml`tcklt tlz} an ` jlt}`kn kml` ae `|}anag{ vhkjh jannlj}z vk}h }hl mlg`nmeat ` tg`}kan `nm lnmatzlgln}. Vh`} K v`n} }a ma nav kz }a rc|f kn }hljanjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ mlelnmlm kn r`t} KK `daul kn}a }hkz mld`}l kn atmlt }a ta|nm a|} }hl rkj}|tl ae `|}anag{'d`zlm clfk}kg`j{ vl `tl mlulcarknf `nm mlelnm k} `f`knz} }hkz jh`tfl ae zlce'jan}t`mkj}kan.

@|}anag{ `nm r|dckj tl`zan

@z vl na}lm# rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg mlg`nmz }h`} jk}klnz dl `dcl }a ` tgat lnmatzl }hl jatl rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl `nm }hl r|dckj o|z}kffj`}kanz fkulnae }hlg etag vk}hkn }hlkt avn jagrtlhlnzkul maj}tknlz `nm gat`c et`gl'

vatiz. Nav T`vcz `j}|`cc{ fkulz mkfl ltln} `nm razzkdc{ knjanzkz}ln} `jja|n}zae }hl tlc`}kan }h`} g|z} hacm dl}vlln rlarcl‛z jaggk}gln} }a }hlkt avnjagrtlhlnzkul maj}tknlz `nm }hl rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl }h`} `tl }hl adolj} ae }hl

aultc`rrknf janzlnz|z (`nm za }h`} vhkjh r|dckj tl`zan kz |zlm }a clfk}kgkl+. @} }kglz hl jc`kgz }h`} jk}klnz g|z} –` tg‗ o|z}kjl `z e`ktnlzz (T`vcz 0;;:#408+# `} a}hltz }hl{ –lnmatzl‗ rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl (T`vcz 0;;;j# 0=2+# `} a}hltzk} kz z`km gltlc{ }h`} }hl{ –j`n ` tg‗ }hazl rtknjkrclz. T`vcz `cza `rrtauknfc{




jk}lz ]hag`z Zj`ncan‛z uklv }h`} ` rtknjkrcl kz tl`zan`dcl ke k} kz z|jh }h`}a}hltz ja|cm na} tl`zan`dc{ tlolj} }hl rtknjkrcl.44

R|dckj tl`zan e`kcz `z `n `jjlr} dcl rtajlzz ae rack}kj`c clfk}kg`}kan# jtk}kjzjc`kg# dlj`|zl k} tlz}tkj}z da}h tleltlnjl }a `nm r|dckj tlck`njl |ranjagrtlhlnzkul gat`c maj}tknlz d{ jk}kln'r`t}kjkr`n}z kn r|dckj mld`}l#hlnjl janfflkj}knf vk}h }hl knmlrlnmlnjl `nm kn}lftk}{ }h`} z|jh jk}klnz`tl avlm `z etll `nm lp|`c rltzanz. ]h`} kz# }hkz janfflkj}z vk}h uklvknf }hlg`z `|}anaga|z `fln}z. D|} knzae`t `z `|}anag{ gltlc{ mlg`nmz }h`} vle`kc }a dl mllrc{ `ckln`}lm etag janmk}kanz ae a|t rltzan `nm lnuktangln}}h`} zh`rl a|t ckel jhakjlz# }hln }hl kn`dkck}{ }a r|dckjc{ ` tg rtknjkrclz ae

o|z}kjl eat tl`zanz `ccav`dcl |nmlt r|dckj tl`zan nllm na} janfflkj} vk}htlzrlj} eat }hl `|}anag{ ae }hazl jaggk}}lm }a jagrtlhlnzkul uklvz |ran

vhkjh }hl{ rc`jl ftl`} (luln rtlmagkn`n}+ vlkfh} kn }hl atmlt ae u`c|lz.]h`} kz# }hl z}tkj}|tlz ae r|dckj tl`zan vkcc na} janfflkj} vk}h `|}anag{ knzae`t `z }hazl z}tkj}|tlz z}kcc `ccav r`t}kjkr`}kan kn r|dckj mlckdlt`}kan kn

v`{z }h`} ma na} j`|zl `ckln`}kan kn a|t zlnzl kn r`t}kjkr`}knf jk}klnz. @ dl}}lt }lz} eat clfk}kg`j{# }hln# kz }h`} (tl`zan`dcl+ jk}klnz ma na}

`j}kulc{ tlolj} }hl d`zkj rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl kn }hl zlnzl knmkj`}lm hltl? }hl{ ma na} ellc `ckln`}lm etag }hlg d{ uklvknf }hlg r|tlc{ `z tlz}tkj}kanz#

kgrazlm lx}ltn`cc{# `nm a|} ae illrknf vk}h }hl tlz} ae }hlkt u`c|l `nmga}ku`}kan`c zl}.4: Gatlault# }hkz uklv j`r}|tlz }hl jln}t`c ` fl lj}kul jag'ranln} ae }hl `jjlr}`njl at tlolj}kan ae }hl f|kmknf u`c|lz ae r|dckj ckel }h`}g`n{ lgrh`zkl }hl kgrat}`njl ae. Ke K `g mllrc{ tlckfka|z# `nm }hl d`zkjrtknjkrclz ae g{ zajkl}{ jan}`kn lclgln}z vhkjh lxrckjk}c{ mlnkft`}l g{ tlckfkan# g{ kn`dkck}{ }a `jjlr} }hazl rtknjkrclz vkcc tlz} an ` tl`j}kan }h`} kz`z g|jh ukzjlt`c `z k} kz jafnk}kul at j`cj|c`}knf. ]a zll clfk}kg`j{ `z nan'`ckln`}kan vl j`r}|tl da}h ` jafnk}kul j`cj|c`}kan `z vlcc `z `n ` fl lj}kultl`j}kan (zll# eat lx`grcl# [a|nf 0;;2d# jh. = +

Luln kn z|jh ` j`zl# g{ tlolj}kan j`nna} gltlc{ dl ` z|dolj}kul# rz{jha'cafkj`c tl`j}kan }h`} na anl lczl ja|cm |nmltz}`nm. Eat z|jh ` tlzranzl }afta|nm }hl tlolj}kan ae (a}hltvkzl+ zh`tlm rtknjkrclz# k} g|z} knuacul o|mf'gln}z }h`} K j`n lxrlj} a}hltz }a ft`zr `} zagl clulc# janzkmlt`}kanz }h`} j`ndl g`ml lfl lj}kulc{ r|dckj . Eat }hkz tl zan# K rtarazl }h } }hl }lz}eat clfk}kg`j{ ae rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz zha|cm dl }hl eaccavknf? rtknjkrclz `tlclfk}kg`}l anc{ ke }hl (tl`zan`dcl+ jk}klnz }a vhag }hl{ `rrc{ va|cm na}dl |nmltz}`nm`dc{ `ckln`}lm etag }hlg. ]a dl –|nmltz}`nm`dc{ ‗ `ckln`}lm

44 Zll# eat lx`grcl# T`vcz 0;;:# =; n. 4 `nm 04= .4: ]hkz kz knmllm zkgkc`t }a ]hag`z Zj`ncan‛z uklv }h`} zagl}hknf kz gat`cc{ vtanf|no|z} ke k} j`nna}

dl o|z}kfflm }a a}hltz an fta|nmz }hl{ j`nna} tl`zan`dc{ tlolj} . Zll Zj`ncan 0;;8.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 4:;



kz }a mlffnk}kulc{ tlolj} }hl rtknjkrclz d|} kn v`{z anl j`n zh`tl vk}ha}hltz# tl zan`dc{ lxrlj} }hlg }a |nmltz}`nm (}ha|fh na} nljlzz`tkc{ `jjlr}+#

`nm vhkjh j`n dl flnlt`cklm }a a}hlt j`zlz. ]a dl –`ckln`}lm‗ etag z|jhrtknjkrclz kz (`z kn }hl j`zl ae `|}anag{+ }a ulhlgln}c{ tlolj} }hlg# tlzkz}}hlkt ga}ku`}knf eatjl# `nm `j}kulc{ mkzùav }hlg. ]hkz kz ` vlìlt janmk}kan}h`n }h`} anl e`kcz }a –` tg‗ z|jh o|z}kffj`}kanz at rtknjkrclz.

]hl kgrckj`}kanz ae }hkz vlìlt z}`nm`tm `tl na}`dcl. Kn `} cl`z} }va iknmzae j`zlz# janz}t`kn}z ae r|dckj tl`zan f|kmlm d{ }hkz zlnzl ae `|}anag{

va|cm `ccav clfk}kg`j{ vhltl }hl z}tanflt tlp|ktlgln} (ae lnmatzlgln}at ` tg`}kan+ va|cm na}. ]hl fftz} `tl j`zlz vhltl rlarcl `tl tlc`}kulc{ knmk fl ltln} dl}vlln jagrl}knf r|dckj rtknjkrclz (rlth`rz anl ae vhkjhjaneatgz dl}}lt vk}h }hlkt jagrtlhlnzkul uklv+. @z T`vcz rakn}z a|}#gaz} jk}klnz ma na} hùl e|cc{ vatilm a|} jagrtlhlnzkul gat`c maj}tknlz#`nm hlnjl }hl{ hùl na} }t`jlm a|} }hl u`tka|z kgrckj`}kanz ae }hlkt uklvz.4=

Nav z|jh jk}klnz g`{ na} dl kn ` razk}kan }a ` tg r|dckj rtknjkrclz# zknjl}hl{ `tl na} fkuln lxrc`n`}kanz ae hav }hazl rtknjkrclz jannlj} vk}h }hl`zrlj}z ae }hlkt avn gat`c jaggk}gln}z }h`} }hl{ hùl tlffllj}lm |ran.Havlult# z|jh jk}klnz tlg`kn `|}anaga|z zknjl }hl{ `tl na} (vl `zz|gl+mllrc{ `ckln`}lm etag z|jh rtknjkrclz.

Zljanmc{# `nm gatl kn }|nl vk}h }hl cknlz ae jtk}kjkzg c`km a|} l`tcklt#}hazl vha ja|cm `jjlr} }hl r|dckj rtknjkrclz }hlgzlculz d|} tlolj} }hltl`zanknf fkuln kn r|dckj eat|gz eat }hlg (zknjl z|jh tl`zanknf e`kcz }agìl tleltlnjl }a }hl e|nm`gln}`c u`c|lz }h`} f|kmlz }hlkt ult{ r`t}kjk'r`}kan+# vkcc ae}ln na} ellc mllrc{ `ckln`}lm etag }hl rtknjkrclz }hlgzlculz#kn }hl zlnzl mlffnlm. ]h`} kz# }hl rltzan mlzjtkdlm rtluka|zc{ `z hùknf ` jaggk}gln} }a }aclt`}kan d|} eat zrljkffj`cc{ tlckfka|z fta|nmz ja|cmna} rlth`rz ` tg }hl zlj|c`t o|z}kffj`}kan ae }aclt`}kan fkuln kn rack}kj`cckdlt`ckzg. [l}# zhl g`{ vlcc na} dl `ckln`}lm etag z|jh ` rtknjkrcl `z canf

`z zhl j`n rtaukml hlt avn tl`zanz eat z|rrat} ae k}. ]hkz rkj}|tl ae jk}klnz`jjlr}knf }hl jan}ln} ae rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz d|} na} }hlkt e|cc o|z}kffj`}kan kz}a|jhlm an d{ T`vcz hkgzlce d|} }hl e|cc rkj}|tl ae clfk}kg`j{ zil}jhlm knrack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg mlg`nmz }h`} ` tg`}kan dl g`ml ae zrljkffj rtknjkrclz`z vlcc `z }hl gaml ae o|z}kffj`}kan (}hl Atkfkn`c Razk}kan# `nm }hl ckil+ |zlm}a mltkul }hlg.4< ]hltleatl# }hl t`nfl ae rlarcl }h`} ja|cm tkfh}e|cc{ adolj}

4= Zll# eat lx`grcl# T`vcz 4220# ::.4<

T`vcz jc`kgz }h`}–YkW} kz cle} }a jk}klnz knmkukm|`cc{ }a mljkml eat }hlgzlculz kn vh`} v`{ }hlkt zh`tlmrack}kj`c janjlr}kan kz tlc`}lm }a }hlkt gatl jagrtlhlnzkul uklvz‗ (T`vcz 4220# 085+. D|} hl `cza z`{z

}h`} ` –ckdlt`c janjlr}kan ae rack}kj`c clfk}kg`j{ `kgz eat ` r|dckj d`zkz ae o|z}kffj`}kan `nm `rrl`cz }aetll r|dckj tl`zan# `nm hlnjl }a jk}klnz uklvlm `z tl`zan`dcl `nm t`}kan`c‗ (kdkm .# 085+# kgrc{knf }h`}}hl r|dckj z|rrat} ae rack}kj`c rtknjkrclz kz e|cc{ nan'zlj}`tk`n.




}a }hl janz}t`kn}z ae r|dckj tl`zan an }hl fta|nmz }h`} }hlzl janfflkj} vk}h}hl ga}ku`}kanz d{ vhkjh }hl{ r`t}kjkr`}l kn r|dckj mkzja|tzl `nm ellc

adckf`}lm d{ k}z tlz|c}z ‚ `nm hlnjl `tl kn janfflkj} vk}h }hlkt `|}anag{ `zjk}klnz ‚ kz zlultlc{ tlm|jlm.

Gatlault# `nm kgrat}`n}c{# vl g|z} tlj`cc }hl lxr`nmlm janjlr}kan ae r|dckj tl`zan gln}kanlm l`tcklt `nm kn r`t}kj|c`t g{ zrljkffj fcazz an k}. ]aadolj} }a }hl janz}t`kn}z rc`jlm an r|dckj mlckdlt`}kan anl g|z} dl `dcl }ajc`kg }h`} anl‛z r`t}kj|c`t gat`c uklvrakn} kz na} z|jkln}c{ arlt`}kul knr|dckj mkzj|zzkanz (}ha|fh fkuln }hl – vkml‗ uklv ae r|dckj tl`zan# tleltlnjlj`n dl g`ml }a z|jh uklvrakn}z+# `nm anl g|z} `cza jc`kg }h`} e|t}hlt #anfaknf mlckdlt`}kan vkcc na} rtam|jl ` tlz|c} vhkjh r`{z z|jkln} hag`fl}a }h`} uklvrakn} }a }hl lx}ln} }h`} anl ellcz `ckln`}lm etag }hl magk'n`n} rtknjkrcl `z vlcc `z }hl mlgajt`}kj rtajlzzlz }h`} `tl arln }a anl }amlg`nm tljanzkmlt`}kan ae k}. Anl g|z} na} anc{ tlolj} }hl r|dckj rtkn'jkrclz magkn`n} kn anl‛z rack}kj`c j|c}|tl (mlzrk}l }hl e`j} }h`} anl j`nrtaukml anl‛z avn knmlrlnmln} tl`zanz eat z|jh rtknjkrclz+# anl g|z}`cza tlolj} `nm ellc `ckln`}lm etag }hl rtajlzz ae anfaknf mlckdlt`}kan|zlm }a tljanzkmlt `nm jh`cclnfl }hazl rtknjkrclz. Clfk}kg`j{ e`kcz# an }hkz`jja|n}# vhln rar|c`}kanz tl`zan`dc{ cazl e`k}h da}h kn }hl natg`}kul

z}t|j}|tl ae rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz `z vlcc `z kn }hl rtagkzl ae mlgajt`j{ k}zlce.]hkz vlìlnknf ae }hl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ `nm# kn }|tn# }hl tlp|ktl'

gln}z ae clfk}kg`j{ malz g|jh# K harl# }a }ìl gatl zltka|zc{ }hl mllr`dkmknf mkzzlnz|z }h`} jh`t`j}ltklz gamltn rack}kj`c ckel }h`n mkm rack}kj`cckdlt`ckzg kn k}z l`tcklt f|kzlz (zll# eat lx`grcl# M`fflt 422< `nm Dtkni 422<+. Kn illrknf vk}h }hl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ `nm }hl zlce kn vhkjhe`j}atz }h`} janfflkj} `nm lzj`rl }hl `fln}‛z jan}tac `tl `jjlr}lm `z r`t} ae }hljagrclx janz}k}|}kan ae }hl rltzan# o|z}kjl kz lnukzkanlm hltl `z `n anfaknf

rtajlzz ae jacclj}kul zajk`c g`n`flgln} ae anfaknf janfflkj}z# g`n{ ae }hlg`} }hl mllrlz} clulcz `nm vk}h na eatlzll`dcl lnm. @z canf `z }hl janmk}kanzae nan'`ckln`}kan ae }hl zat} mlzjtkdlm hltl ad}`kn ‚ et|z}t`}kan ae `}}lgr}z}a tlolj} }hl tlz|c}z `nm rtajlzzlz ae mlgajt`}kj rtajlm|tlz ‚ jk}klnz‛ lp|`cz}`}|z `z `|}anaga|z dlknfz kz tlzrlj}lm.

K hùl |zlm }hl mlelnzl nm lxr`nzkan ae T`vczk`n rack}kj`c ckdlt`ckzg `z gl`nz }a ffcc a|} }hl rkj}|tl ae mlgajt`}kj o|z}kjl kn}a vhkjh a|t janjlr}kanae `|}anag{ `nm }hl jk}kln rc`{z ` jt|jk`c tacl. @cza# }h`} tacl kcc|z}t`}lz}hl e|nm`gln}`c u`c|l ae `|}anag{ kn }h`} k} kz ` jln}t`c lclgln} kn }hlarlt`}kan `nm clfk}kg`j{ ae o|z} rack}kj`c rt`j}kjlz. ]hl mlelnzl ae T`vcz

v`z `cza gl`n} }a zhav }hl z}tanf jannlj}kan dl}vlln o|z}kjl `nm mlgaj't`j{ kn }h`} }hl c`}}lt kz nljlzz`t{ }a zlj|tl }hl anfaknf clfk}kg`j{ ae

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 4=0



rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz `nm z|jh clfk}kg`j{ kz jln}t`c }a o|z}kjl kn }hl rack}kj`czlnzl lnukzkanlm hltl. ]va kzz|lz# havlult# g|z} `cza dl `mmtlzzlm }a

e|t}hlt kcc|z}t`}l da}h }hl rc`jl ae `|}anag{ kn z|jh gljh`nkzgz ae o|z}kjl`nm }hl v`{ z|jh gljh`nkzgz rtlz|rrazl `nm hlcr `mu`njl }hl u`c|l ae knmkukm|`c `|}anag{.

k u . m l g a j t ` j { # ` | } a n a g { # ` n m d ` z k j

j ` r ` d k c k } k l z

]hl u`c|l ae `|}anag{ tlzkmlz kn k}z rc`jl kn ` jagrclx ae a}hlt u`c|lz `cc

ae vhkjh `tl atf`nklm kn ` dta`m et`glvati ae mlgajt`j{.45

@z z|jh#K `g na} jc`kgknf }h`} `|}anag{ h`z adolj}kul# kn}tknzkj u`c|l a|}zkml ae }hkz jan}lx}# `z ` rltzan`c kml`c# z`{# at ` u`c|`dcl v`{ ae ckel na g`}}lt

vhltl anl ckulz at vh`} anl‛z dta`mlt gat`c rltzrlj}kul kz. ]ha|fhK zha|cm `mm# K `g `cza na} mln{knf }hkz ‚ k} kz zkgrc{ ` mkfl ltln} kzz|l.D|} fkuln }h`} `rrta`jh# k} gkfh} dl }ha|fh} }h`} janz}k}|}kan`c rta}lj'}kanz ae d`zkj tkfh}z `nmat f|`t`n}llz ae d`zkj tlza|tjlz z|jh `z ha|zknf#hl`c}hj`tl# lm|j`}kan `nm n|}tk}kan# `tl na} ` fl atmlm knmlrlnmln} o|z}kff'j`}kan (`z }hl{ va|cm dl# eat lx`grcl# kn jlt}`kn ultzkanz ae ckdlt`ckzg+. Za

K zha|cm z`{ ` dtkle vatm `da|} hav `nm vh{ K }hkni z|jh f|`t`n}llz `tlknmllm z|rrat}lm# `z ` jc`kg ae d`zkj o|z}kjl# kn }hl mlgajt`}kj et`glvati K `g zil}jhknf hltl.

Ektz}# `z K `tf|lm kn jh`r}lt 6# `|}anag{ tlp|ktlz d`zkj jagrl}lnjl knanl‛z `dkck}{ }a tlffllj} jtk}kj`cc{ `nm }a gìl anl‛z mlzktlz lfl lj}kul |nmlt eùat`dcl janmk}kanz. Knzae t# }hln# `z `|}anag{ kz tlp|ktlm d{ ` e|nj}kan'knf mlgajt`j{ (`nm o|z}kjl tlp|ktlz z|jh ` mlgajt`j{+# }hln o|z}kjltlp|ktlz }h`} `cc jk}klnz lnoa{ }hlzl d`zkj jagrl}lnjlz. K hùl na} fanlkn}a ml}`kc `da|} vh`} }hl jagrcl}l ckz} ae d`zkj jagrl}lnjlz `tl }h`}`|}anag{ knjc|mlz# nat hùl K mlzjtkdlm }hl f`g|} ae tlza|tjlz }h`} ` rltzan nllmz kn atmlt }a mlulcar `nm g`kn}`kn }hazl tlza|tjlz. Havlult#

vl j`n c`{ a|} zagl dta`m j`}lfatklz (anlz }h`} va|cm nllm }a dl ffcclm kn kn`n{ r`t}kj|c`t zajk`c zl}}knf# vk}h k}z avn hkz}at{# }a vhkjh }hlzl rtknjkrclz`rrc{+. Jlt}`knc{ }hl `dkck}{ }a jhaazl jagrl}ln}c{ `nm tlffllj} `cc tlp|ktl`mlp|`}l n|}tk}kan# ha|zknf# lm|j`}kan# hl`c}h tlza|tjlz# ` tlc`}kulc{ zèlhagl `nm nlkfhdathaam lnuktangln}# `nm a}hlt d`zkj nljlzzk}klz ae

45

Kn }hkz v`{# K `g eaccavknf }hl cl`m ae u`tka|z mlgajt`}kj }hlatkz}z (zll# eat lx`grcl# Jahln 0;85#0;;5 `nm Gkjhlcg`n 0;88+. ]hkz uklv `cza tlffllj}z H`dltg`z‛z `rrta`jh# vhltl hl `tf|lz }h`}–r|dckj `|}anag{ ‗ (gl`nknf jacclj}kul zlce'faultngln} at mlgajt`j{+ `nm –rtku`}l `|}anag{ ‗(gl`nknf knmkukm|`c rltzan`c `nm rack}kj`c tkfh}z+ `tl –ja'atkfkn`c‗ ‚ }hl{ `tl da}h o|z}kfflm }afl}hlt `z ` flnlt`c gaml ae lz}`dckzhknf o|z} knz}k}|}kanz (H`dltg`z 0;;5`+.




h|g`n mlulcargln}.46 ]hl `dkck}{ }a `|}hln}kj`cc{ tlffllj} an anl‛z rltzan`cckel `nm }hl hkz}atkj`c jagranln}z ae anl‛z janmk}kan va|cm `cza tlp|ktl

`jjlzz }a z|dz}`n}k`c lm|j`}kan`c `nm kneatg`}kan`c tlza|tjlz. Anl‛z `dkck}{ }a `mlp|`}lc{ tlffllj} an anl‛z u`c|lz tlp|ktlz `n `dkck}{ }a janzkmlt `c}lt'n`}kulz (luln ke anl tlg`knz e|cc{ lnglzhlm kn }hl }t`mk}kan`c u`c|lz# z`{#

vk}h vhkjh anl v`z t`kzlm+. Lm|j`}kan`c rackjklz `nm j|ttkj|c` g|z} jlt'}`knc{ dl f|kmlm d{ }hlzl janzkmlt`}kanz# z|rrat}knf }hl nllm eat |nkultz`cd`zkj lm|j`}kan knmlrlnmln} ae knjagl `nm zajk`c z}`}|z. (Eat mkzj|zzkan zllDtkfha|zl 4222# jh. 0 `nm Cluknzan 4224# jh. 4.+

]hl `dkck}{ }a `|}anaga|zc{ r`t}kjkr`}l kn rack}kjz (at }a f|kml anl‛ztlrtlzln}`}kulz+ `cza mlg`nmz d`zkj tlza|tjlz `nm tkfh}z. Kn }hl c`}}lt j`}lfat{

va|cm z|tlc{ dl knjc|mlm etll zrlljh `nm rtlzz# `zzajk }kan (vhkjh va|cmknjc|ml tlckfka|z zzajk }kan+# nm `jjlzz }a rack}kj`c tlza|tjlz. Tkfh}z f`knz}ukaclnjl `nm arrtlzzkan `nm lp|`ck}{ ae arrat}|nk}{ (ke na} z|dz}`n}kullp|`ck}{ ae tlza|tjlz+ vkcc `cza dl tlp|ktlm. D`zkj rtknjkrclz ae }hl zat}mlelnmlm d{ T`vcz ‚ d`zkj tkfh}z `nm ckdlt}klz# lp|`ck}{ ae arrat}|nk}{#`nm }hl mkfl ltlnjl rtknjkrcl ‚ va|cm dl `n lx`grcl ae ` zl} ae tlp|ktl'gln}z eat }hl clfk}kg`j{ ae knz}k}|}kanz lz}`dckzhlm kn }hl g`nnlt K c`{ a|}(}ha|fh na}hknf K z`{ hltl jaggk}z gl }a }h`} r`t}kj|c`t zl}+. ]hl flnlt`c

rakn} kz }h`} }hl e|nm`gln}`c rtknjkrclz ae o|z}kjl va|cm dl }hazl }h`} va|cm dl nllmlm eat ` e|nj}kanknf mlgajt`j{ ae }hl zat} mlzjtkdlm }aarlt`}l# ` mlgajt`j{ vhltl rlarcl‛z kn}ltlz}z `tl lxrtlzzlm `nm mlffnlm kn}hlkt avn uakjlz (at uakjlm }hta|fh lfl lj}kul tlrtlzln}`}kan+ kn ` g`nnlt }h`} rta}lj}z `nm rtaga}lz }hlkt `|}anag{.

Vl j`n `cza na}l e|t}hlt kgrckj`}kanz ae }hl zajka'hkz}atkj`c janjlr}kanae zlculz `} vati kn }hl gamlc ae `|}anag{ e|nj}kanknf hltl. @z vlmkzj|zzlm kn ml}`kc `daul (`nm r`t}kj|c`tc{ kn jh`r}lt ;+# rltzanz vhazl`|}anag{ kz dlknf tlzrlj}lm hltl `tl mlffnlm vk}h tleltlnjl }a }hlkt jan'

nlj}kanz vk}h kmln}k}{ fta|rz `z vlcc `z r`t}kj|c`t hkz}atklz `zzajk`}lm vk}hz|jh fta|rz. Kn `mmk}kan# zllknf }hl jktj|gz}`njlz ae o|z}kjl `z knjc|mknf `jinavclmfgln} ae magkn`}kan# ravlt knlp|`ck}{# `nm ukaclnjl# z|rrat}z}hl kml` }h`} g`n{ knmkukm|`cz vkcc hùl e|nm`gln}`c kn}ltlz}z tlc`}knf }a}hazl e`j}atz# eat lx`grcl kn inavknf `da|} (`nm gìknf r|dckj+ }hlkt

46 Anl j`n |zl `z ` f|kml hltl @g`t}{` Zln‛z janjlr}kan ae d`zkj j`r`dkck}klz nllmlm }a `jhklul u`c|lme|nj}kanknfz# vhkjh hl }ìlz }a dl ` mlelnzkdcl gl`z|tl ae h|g`n zajk`c vlcc dlknf. An Zln ‛z uklv#a|t ckulz knuacul ` jagdkn`}kan ae u`tka|z –maknfz nm dlknfz‗ `nm a|t `dkck}{ }a `jhklul }hlzl u`c|lm

z}`}lz j`n dl j`cclm a|t e|nj}kanknf. Jagdkn`}kanz ae u`tka|z u`c|lm e|nj}kanknfz jagrtkzl a|t –j`r`dkck}klz.‗ ]hlzl t`nfl etag }hl ult{ d`zkj# z|jh `z dlknf `mlp|`}lc{ na|tkzhlm `nm ùakmknf rtlg`}|tl gat}`ck}{ `nm gatdkmk}{# }a }hl gatl jagrclx z|jh `z zlce'tlzrlj} `nm zajk`c kn}lft`}kan(Zln 0;;:# :09 zll `cza Zln 0;;4+. Eat ` mkzj|zzkan ae `|}anag{ `nm rault}{'tlc`}lm vlce`tl faamz# zllJhtkz}g`n 0;;8.

O|z}kjl ault }kgl 4=:



ml}`kcz# zlliknf tljafnk}kan `nm rlth`rz tlmtlzz eat r`z} ukj}kgk }kan# `nmtlrtlzln}knf }hlgzlculz `z r`t} ae }hl zajk`c }tòlj}at{ knuacuknf z|jh

rhlnagln`. @z vl janjc|mlm kn }hl c`z} jh`r}lt# }ha|fh# }hlzl kn}ltlz}z vkcc knuacul }hl `dkck}{ }a tlrtlzln} a|tzlculz kn }hl jacclj}kul |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hlzl kn}ltlz}z# rlth`rz d{ v`{ ae zrljk`c tlrtlzln}`}kan kn mlckdlt`}kuldamklz. Kn }hl jan}lx} ae }hl j|ttln} mkzj|zzkan# }hkz kgrcklz }h`} zajk`ctlza|tjlz# eat lx`grcl lm|j`}kan`c rt`j}kjlz `z vlcc `z r|dckj mkzj|zzkan `nmmlckdlt`}kan# g`{ nllm }a dl }`kcatlm }a gll} }hlzl nllmz.48

]hkz kz |neat}|n`}lc{ `cc }lttkdc{ dtkle. D|} }hl flnlt`c jan}a|tz ae }hlrackj{ kgrckj`}kanz ae zllknf `|}anag{ `z }hl jln}t`c u`c|l ae mlgajt`j{ zha|cm dl jcl`t. @canf }hlzl cknlz K harl }a hùl zhavn hav }hl u`c|l ae `|}anag{ tlcklz an }hl u`c|l ae ` rtajlm|t`c mlgajt`j{ }h`} lz}`dckzhlz `nmg`kn}`knz clfk}kg`}l rack}kj`c knz}k}|}kanz eat ` rc|t`ckz}kj rar|c`jl. Z|jh ` rar|c`jl na} anc{ h`z mllr `nm `dkmknf janfflkj}z `da|} u`c|l `nm gat`ck}{#}hl{ `cza |nmltz}`nm }hlgzlculz `z rtam|j}z ae ` jagrclx zajk`c hkz}at{

vhkjh knjc|mlz rltzkz}ln} ravlt mkfl ltln}k`cz# ukj}kgk`}kan# `nm ukaclnjl.

48 ]hl rakn} kn }hl }lx} kz z}`}lm p|k}l dz}t j}c{# za `z }a clùl taag eat zajk c u`tk`}kan `nm }hl r`t}kj|c tzae janjtl}l j`zlz. Vh`} K hùl kn gknm hltl# }ha|fh# kz lxlgrckfflm d{ rt`j}kjlz ae r|dckj glgat{ (glgatk`cz# jlcldt`}kanz# r|dckj mkzj|zzkanz+ `z vlcc `z# kn zagl j`zlz# lfl at}z `} ml`cknf vk}h r`z}

kno|z}kjl }h`} }ìl }hl eatg ae }t|}h `nm tljanjkck`}kan jaggk}}llz. Eat ` mkzj|zzkan ae r|dckj glgat{ `nm k}z rack}kj`c tacl zll [a|nf 0;;:9 eat mkzj|zzkan ae }hl c`}}lt zll Ta}dltf `nm ]hagrzan 0;;:.

4== ]hl Rack}kjz ae Rltzanz



Janjc|zkan

]hkz h`z dlln ` vkml't`nfknf z}|m{ `nm g`n{ ae }hl rakn}z lx`gknlm vltl

z|tlc{ fcazzlm ault }aa p|kjic{. ]hl flnlt`c }ht|z} ae }hl `n`c{zkz h`zdlln }a c`{ a|} `nm mlelnm ` gamlc ae }hl zlce }h`} ùakmz }hl rk}e`ccz ae z}`nm`tm janjlr}kanz ae }hl rack}kj`c rltzan# zrljkffj`cc{ }hazl }h`} knhltk}}hl n`ttav ckdlt`c knmkukm|`ckzg }h`} h`z magkn`}lm rack}kj`c }hlat{ zknjl}hl Lnckfh}lngln}. G{ dta`m fa`c v`z }a }ìl an `z g`n{ ae }hl jtk}kj`cadzltu`}kanz `da|} zlculz `nm zajk`c kn}lt`j}kan rakn}lm }a d{ jtk}kjz ae }h`} (ckdlt`c# Lnckfh}lngln}+ }t`mk}kan# d|} }a }hln tljanz}t|j} ` gamlc ae }hl rack}kj`c zlce }h`} j`n rc`{ ` tacl kn ` janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ }h`} k}zlce kz }hlatl}kj`cc{ `nm rack}kj`cc{ uk`dcl. ]hl tlolj}kan ae `|}anag{'d`zlm

janjlr}kanz ae o|z}kjl `nm mlgajt`j{ etag g`n{ ae }hlzl jtk}kjz v`z d`zlman }hl kml` }h`} z|jh ` uklv ja|cm anc{ tlz} an ` rtadclg`}kj`cc{ n`ttav |nmltz}`nmknf ae }hl rltzan# ae}ln tlffllj}knf rtkukclflm zajk`c razk}kanz`nm kmln}k}klz. Kn g`n{ j`zlz# }hl `jj|z`}kanz vltl jattlj}# kn }h`} g`n{ }t`mk}kan`c gamlcz ae }hl jk}kln `nm hkz kn}ltlz}z tlffllj}lm }h`} rtkukclflmz} }|z. G{ fa`c hltl# havlult# v z }a lxrcatl `z g|jh `z razzkdcl ` janjlr}kanae }hl `|}anaga|z rltzan }h`} `dzatdlm `z g|jh ae vh`} v`z rc`|zkdcl kn}hazl jtk}kp|lz d|} illr `ckul }hl uklv ae o|z}kjl }h`} tlz}lm an }hl kml`cz ae knmkukm|`c `nm jacclj}kul zlce'faultngln}.

Kn g`n{ v`{z }hl gamlc }h`} tlz|c}z kz hkfhc{ mlffl`}kan`t{# kn }h`} k}`mgk}z }h`} zlculz `tl ae}ln ar`p|l# kn}ltn`cc{ jane|zlm# lgdlmmlm kn|njh`nfl`dcl zajk`c zk}|`}kanz# `nm ckuknf `f`knz} }hl d`jimtar ae kno|z}kjl`nm arrtlzzkan. @|}anag{# kn }hkz jan}lx} j`n# `} dlz}# gl`n ` iknm ae zlce'g`n`flgln}# ` gknkg`c clulc ae zlce' `nm zajk`c jan}tac }h`} `ccavz |z }agìl zlnzl ae a|t lxkz}lnjl# luln ke vl j`nna} jlcldt`}l k} e|cc{. Zagl}kglz

vl hùl e|cc jan}tac ault }hl ml}`kcz ae a|t ckulz ‚ vl hùl e|cc z`{ ault vh`}h`rrlnz `nm e|cc jagg`nm ault a|t tl`zanknf kn mljkmknf vh`} }a ma. D|}

`} g`n{ a}hlt }kglz `nm eat g`n{ ae |z vl `tl gltlc{ jarknf # vl g`n`fl `zdlz} vl j`n }hl janfflkj}knf `nm d` knf `zrlj}z ae a|t lxkz}lnjl9 vl g|mmcl`canf kn ` jagrclx nlfa}k`}kan vk}h }hl g{tk`m eatjlz }h`} janz}k}|}l a|t

4=<



janmk}kan. Kn }hlzl c`}}lt iknmz ae j`zl# `z canf `z vl j`n z`{ jagrl}ln}c{ `nm `|}hln}kj`cc{ }h`} }hkz g|mmcknf gìlz eat ` ckel n`tt`}kul }h`} vl j`nckul vk}h# na} nljlzz`tkc{ jan}ln}lmc{ dlj`|zl vl g`{ na} j|ttln}c{ dl

jan}ln}# d|} kn ` v`{ }h`} kz (`c`z+ }t|c{ |z# }hln vl `tl na} `ckln`}lm# kn g{ zlnzl# etag }hkz mkj|c} ckel. K} kz a|tz# eat vh`} k}‛z vat}h. Anl ae }hlkgrat}`n} kgrckj`}kanz ae }hl gamlc ae `|}anag{ K hùl mlelnmlm hltl kz}h`} kn z|jh j`zlz# vl `tl z}kcc `|}anaga|z mlzrk}l dlknf r|cclm `nm r|zhlmd{ }hl eatjlz ae z|jh ` ckel.

D|} `z ` ffn`c `nzvlt }a }hl p|lz}kan vk}h vhkjh vl dlf`n ‚ }hl p|lz}kanae vha {a| `tl ‚ }hl janjlr}kan ae `|}anag{ K mlelnm hltl `nm }hl rack}kj`catmlt k} z|rrat}z kgrcklz }h`} k} kz# knmllm# {a| vha zha|cm fl} }hl c`z} vatm.




Dkdckaft`rh{

@cjafl # C. (4225+ Ukzkdcl Kmln}k}klz? T`jl# Flnmlt# `nm }hl Zlce . Nlv [ati? Axeatm\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

@ccln# T. ]. (0;84+ –T`}kan`c @|}anag{? ]hl Mlz}t|j}kan ae Etllmag.‗ Oa|tn`c ae

Rhkcazarh{ ae Lm|j`}kan 05? 0;;‚426. @ccrat}# F. (0;58`+ –Kz }hl Janjlr} ae Zlce Nljlzz`t{1‗ kn ]hl Zlce kn Zajk`c

Kn}lt`j}kan Uac. K? Jc`zzkj`c `nm Jan}lgrat`t{ Rltzrlj}kulz . J. Fatman `nmI. O. Fltfln# lmz. Nlv [ati? Oahn Vkcl{# Knj.# 4<‚:4.

(0;58d+ ]hl Rltzan kn Rz{jhacaf{ . Daz}an? Dl`jan Rtlzz. @c}h|zzlt# C. (0;5;0;;5+ Eat G`tx . Canman? Ultza. @c}kltk# J. (0;;= + Z|dolj}kul @flnj{? @ ]hlat{ ae Ektz}'Rltzan Lxrtlzzkuk}{ `nm K}z

Zajk`c Kgrckj`}kanz . Axeatm? Dc`jivlcc R|dckzhltz. @nmltzan# L. (0;;:+ U`c|lz kn L}hkjz `nm Ljanagkjz . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm

\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;;+ – Vh`} Kz }hl Rakn} ae Lp|`ck}{1‗ L}hkjz 02;(4+? 486‚::6. @nmltzan# O. (0;;5+ –]hl Rltzan`c Ckulz ae Z}tanf Lu`c|`}atz? Kmln}k}{# Rc|t`ckzg

`nm An}acaf{ kn Jh`tclz ]`{cat ‛z U`c|l ]hlat{.‗ Janz}lcc`}kanz :(0+? 06‚:8.(422:+ – @|}anag{ `nm }hl @|}hatk}{ ae Rltzan`c Jaggk}gln}z? Etag Kn}ltn`c

Jahltlnjl }a Zajk`c Natg`}kuk}{.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c Lxrcat`}kanz 5(4+? ;2‚028. @nmltzan# O. `nm @. Hannl}h (422<+ – @|}anag{# U|cnlt`dkck}{# Tljafnk}kan# `nm

O|z}kjl#‗ kn O. Jhtkz}g`n `nm O. @nmltzan# lmz.# 046‚0=;. @n}han{# C. `nm J. Vk}}# lmz. (0;;:+ @ Gknm ae Anl ‛ z Avn? Elgknkz} Lzz`{z an

Tl`zan `nm Adolj}kuk}{ . Da|cmlt# JA? Vlz}uklv Rtlzz. @n}an{# C. (0;;<+ –Kz Rz{jhacafkj`c Knmkukm|`ckzg ` Rkljl ae Kmlacaf{1‗ H{r`}k` 02?

0<6‚06= . @n`cmÿ`# F. (0;86+ Datmltc`nmz!C` Etan}lt`? ]hl Nlv Glz}k` . Z`n Et`njkzja# J@?

@|n} C|}l Daaiz. @rrk`h# I. @. (0;;4+ Kn G{ E`}hlt ‛ z Ha|zl? @etkj` kn }hl Rhkcazarh{ ae J|c}|tl . Nlv

[ati? Rt`lflt.(0;;= + –Kmln}k}{# @|}hln}kjk}{# Z|tuku`c? G|c}kj|c}|t`c Zajkl}klz `nm Zajk`c

Tlrtam|j}kan#‗ kn G|c}kj|c}|t`ckzg? Lx`gknknf }hl Rack}kjz ae Tljafnk}kan. @. F|}g`n# lm. Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# 0=;‚5= .

(422<+ ]hl L}hkjz ae Kmln}k}{ . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

@rrk`h# I. @. `nm @. F|}g`nn (0;;5+ Jacat Janzjka|z? ]hl Rack}kj`c Gat`ck}{ ae T`jl . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

4=6



@rrcldll# @. (0;68+ ]hl Jhkcm ‛ z Janjlr} ae ` Z}at{ . Jhkj`fa# KC? \nkultzk}{ ae Jhkj`fa Rtlzz.

@t`}a# @. `nm L. Fldh`tm}# lmz. (0;84+ ]hl Lzzln}k`c Et`nie|t} Zjhaac Tl`mlt .Nlv [ati? Jan}kn||g.

@tdkd# G. @. (0;85+ Kn Zl`tjh ae }hl Rltzan? Rhkcazarhkj c Lxrcat }kanz kn Jafnk}kul Zjklnjl . @ghltz}# G@? \nkultzk}{ ae G`zz`jh|zl}}z Rtlzz.

@tkz}a}cl (0;<8+ ]hl Rack}kjz . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz. @tnlzan# T. (0;82+ –Gkcc Ultz|z R`}ltn`ckzg.‗ L}hkjz ;2(= +? =62‚=8;.

(0;8<+ –Etllmag `nm Mlzktl.‗ J`n`mk`n Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 0<(:+? =4<‚==8.(0;;0+ – @|}anag{ `nm Rtleltlnjl Eatg`}kan#‗ kn Kn H`tg‛ z V`{? Lzz`{z kn Hanat

ae Oalc Elkndltf . O. Jaclg`n `nm @. D|jh`n`n# lmz. J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# =4‚6:.

(4222

+–

Rltelj}kankzg `nm Rack}kjz.‗

L}hkjz 000

(0+?

:6‚5:. @tr`c{# N. (422:+ \nrtknjkrclm Ukt}|l? @n Knp|kt{ kn}a Gat`c @flnj{ . Axeatm?

Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz. @tr`c{# N. `nm ]. Zjhtalmlt (0;;;+ – @ckln`}kan `nm Lx}ltn`ck}{.‗ J`n`mk`n Oa|tn`c

ae Rhkcazarh{ 4;? :60‚:88. @zhgatl# T. `nm C. O|zzkg# lmz. (0;;6+ ]hl Zlce `nm Kmln}k}{? E|nm`gln}`c Kzz|lz .

Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz. @}iknz# I. (422= + –N`tt`}kul Kmln}k}{# Rt`j}kj`c Kmln}k}{ `nm L}hkj`c Z|dolj}kuk}{.‗

Jan}knln}`c Rhkcazarh{ Tluklv :6? :=0‚:55.(4228+ N`tt`}kul Kmln}k}{ `nm Gat`c Kmln}k}{? @ Rt`j}kj`c Rltzrlj}kul . Nlv [ati?

Ta|}clmfl. @|mk# T. (0;;0+ –Tlzranzkdcl @j}kan `nm Ukt}|a|z Jh t`j}lt.‗ L}hkjz 020(4+ (O`n| t{+?:2= ‚:40.

@|z}kn# O. C. (0;65+ Hav }a Ma ]hknfz vk}h Vatmz . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

@uknltk# Z. `nm @. ml'Zh`ck}# lmz. (0;;4+ Jagg|nk}`tk`nkzg `nm Knmkukm|`ckzg.Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

@unan# M. `nm @. ml'Zh`ck}# lmz. (0;;;+ Ckdlt`ckzg `nm K}z Rt`j}kjl . Nlv [ati?Ta|}clmfl.

D`d`m# L.[.# G. Dktnd`|g# `nm I.M. Dlnnl (0;8:+ ]hl Zajk`c Zlce? Fta|r

Kn ffl |lnjlz an Rltzan`c Kmln}k}{ . Dlultc{ Hkccz# J@? Z`fl R|dckj`}kanz.D`ddk}}# Z. (0;;5+ Kgrazzkdcl Mtl`gz? T`}kan`ck}{# Kn}lftk}{# `nm Gat`c Kg`fkn`}kan.

Da|cmlt# JA? Vlz}uklv Rtlzz.D`mhv`t# N. (0;;5+ –Gat`c @flnj{# Jaggk}gln}# `nm Kgr`t}k`ck}{#‗ kn L. E. R`|c#

E. M. Gkcclt# `nm O. R`|c# lmz. J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# 0‚45.D`lt}# R. (0;;4+ ]kgl# Zlce# `nm Zajk`c Dlknf? ]lgrat`ck}{ vk}hkn ` Zajkacafkj`c

Jan}lx} . Dtaai fflcm# U]? @uld|t{.D`klt# @. (0;8<+ –J`t}lzk`n Rltzanz#‗ kn Raz}|tlz ae }hl Gknm? Lzz`{z an Gknm `nm

Gat`cz . Gknnl`rackz# GN? \nkultzk}{ ae Gknnlza}` Rtlzz.D`nm|t`# @. (0;84+ –]hl Zlce `nm Gljh`nkzgz ae @flnj{#‗ kn Rz{jhacafkj`c

Rltzrlj}kulz an }hl Zlce . O. Z|cz# lm. Hkcczm`cl# NO? C`vtlnjl Ltcd`|g# :‚=2.(0;85+ Zajk`c Ea|nm`}kanz ae ]ha|fh} `nm @j}kan? @ Zajk`c Jafnk}kul ]hlat{ .

Lnfclvaam Jckfl z# NO? Rtln}kjl H`cc.

4=8 Dkdckaft`rh{



D`tdlt# D. (0;;<+ Okh`m uz. GjVatcm? Hav }hl Rc`nl} kz Da}h E`ccknf @r`t} `nm Jagknf ]afl}hlt `nm Vh`} ]hkz Gl`nz eat Mlgajt`j{ . Nlv [ati? D`cc`n}knlDaaiz.

D tjc`{# J. T. `nm ]. Z. Zgk}h (0;;4+ – @|}adkaft rhkj`c Tlglgdltknf? Jtl }knf Rltzan`c J|c}|tl#‗ kn G. @. Janv`{# M.J. T|dkn# H. Zrknnclt# `nm

V. @. V`fln``t# lmz.# 6<‚;6.D`tjc`{# C. (4222+ – @|}anag{ `nm }hl Zajk`c Zlce#‗ kn J. G`jilnkl `nm

N. Z}aco`t# lmz. <4‚60.D`tt{# D. (0;6:+ ]hl Ckdlt`c ]hlat{ ae O|z}kjl . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;8;+ ]hlatklz ae O|z}kjl . Dltilcl{# J@? \nkultzk}{ ae J`ckeatnk` Rtlzz.(4220+ J|c}|tl `nm Lp|`ck}{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

D`t}hlz# T. (0;84+ –Kn}tam|j}kan }a }hl Z}t|j}|t`c @n`c{zkz ae N`tt`}kulz#‗ kn

@ D`t}hlz Tl`mlt . Z. Zan}`f# lm. Nlv [ati? Hkcc `nm V`nf?4<0‚4;<

.D`t}i{# Z. (0;;2+ Elgknknk}{ `nm Magkn`}kan? Z}|mklz kn }hl Rhlnaglnacaf{ ae Arrtlzzkan. Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.

(0;;6+ –Ea|j`|c}# Elgknknk}{# `nm }hl Gamltnk`}kan ae R`}tk`tjh`c Ravlt#‗ knM. ]. Gl{ltz# lm. (0;;6d+. Canman? Ta|}clmfl# ;4‚000.

D`t}cl}}# E. (0;:4+ Tlglgdltknf? @ Z}|m{ kn Lxrltkgln}`c `nm Zajk`c Rz{jhacaf{ .J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

D`|glkz}lt# T. E. (0;85+ Kmln}k}{? J|c}|t`c Jh`nfl `nm }hl Z}t|ffcl eat Zlce . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;8+ –]hl Zlce#‗ kn H`nmdaai ae Zajk`c Rz{jhacaf{ . Uac. K. M. ]. Fkcdlt}#

Z. ]. Ekzil# `nm F. Cknml{# lmz. Daz}an# G@? GjFt`v'Hkcc# 582‚

6=2.D`xcl{# @. G. (422:+ – @|}ajt`j{ `nm @|}anag{.‗ I`n} Z}|mkln ;=(0+? 0‚4:.Dl`tmzcl{# L. (0;60+ –Rtku`j{? @|}anag{ `nm Zlclj}kul Mkzjcaz|tl.‗ Nagaz

UKKK? Rtku`j{ . T. Rlnnaji `nm O. Jh`rg`n# lmz. Nlv [ati? @}hlt}an Rtlzz#<5‚62.

Dlknlt# T. (0;;6+ Rhkcazarh{ kn ` ]kgl ae Caz} Zrktk}? Lzz`{z an Jan}lgrat`t{ ]hlat{ .]atan}a? \nkultzk}{ ae ]atan}a Rtlzz.

Dlclni{# G. E.# D. G. Jcknjh{# N. T. Facmdltflt# `nm O. G. ]`t|cl (0;85+ Vagln‛ z V`{z ae Inavknf? ]hl Mlulcargln} ae Zlce# Uakjl# `nm Gknm . Nlv [ati? D`zkjDaaiz.

Dlcc# M. (0;;:+ Jagg|nk}`tk`nkzg `nm K}z Jtk}kjz . Axeatm? Jc`tlnman.Dlcc`h# T. N.# T. G`mzln# V. G. Z|ccku`n# @. Zvkmclt# `nm Z. G. ]kr}an (0;8<+

H`dk}z ae }hl Hl`t}? Knmkukm|`ckzg `nm Jaggk}gln} kn @gltkj`n Ckel .Dltilcl{# J@? \nkultzk}{ ae J`ckeatnk` Rtlzz.

Dlnh`dkd# Z. (0;86+ –]hl Flnlt`cklm `nm }hl Janjtl}l A}hlt? ]hl Iahcdltf ‚Fkckf`nJan}taultz{ `nm Elgknkz} ]hlat{#‗ kn Elgknkzg `z Jtk}kp|l . Z. Dlnh`dkd `nmM. Jatnlcc# lmz. Gknnl`rackz# GN? \nkultzk}{ ae Gknnlza}` Rtlzz# 66‚;<.

(0;;4+ Zk}|`}knf }hl Zlce? Flnmlt# Jagg|nk}{ `nm Raz}gamltnkzg kn Jan}lgrat`t{ L}hkjz . Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.

(lm.+ (0;;5`+ Mlgajt`j{ `nm Mk fl ltlnjl . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;5d+ –]av`tm ` Mlckdlt`}kul Gamlc ae Mlgajt`}kj Clfk}kg`j{#‗ kn Mlgajt`j{ `nm Mk fl ltlnjl . Z. Dlnh`dkd# lm. Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz#56‚;= .

Dkdckaft`rh{ 4=;



(4224+ ]hl Jc kgz ae J|c}|tl? Lp|`ck}{ `nm Mkultzk}{ kn }hl Fcad`c Lt` . Rtknjl}an#NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Dlno`gkn# O. (0;88+ ]hl Da|nmz ae Caul . Nlv [ati? R`n}hlan Daaiz.Dlnn# Z. K. (0;56+ –Etllmag `nm Rltz|`zkan.‗ @|z}t`c`zk`n Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ =<?

4<;‚46<.(0;65+ –Etllmag# @|}anag{ `nm }hl Janjlr} ae ` Rltzan.‗ Rtajllmknfz ae }hl

@tkz}a}lck`n Zajkl}{ 55? 02;‚0:2.(0;84+ –Knmkukm|`ck}{# Jagg|nk}{ `nm @|}anag{#‗ kn Jagg|nk}{ . L. I`glni`#

lm. Canman? Lmv`tm @tnacm R|dckzhltz.(0;88+ @ ]hlat{ ae Etllmag. J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Dlnn# Z. K. `nm V. C. Vlknz}lkn (0;60+ –Dlknf Etll }a @j} `nm Dlknf ` Etll G`n.‗

Gknm 82? 0;= ‚400.Dlnzan# O. (0;8:+ – Vha Kz }hl @|}anaga|z G`n1‗ Rhkcazarh{ <8? <‚06.Dlnzan# R. (0;86+ –Etllmag `nm U`c|l.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 8=(;+? =5<‚86.

(0;;2+ –Elgknkz} Zljanm ]ha|fh}z @da|} Etll @flnj{.‗ H{r`}k` <(:+? =6‚5= .(0;;= + – @|}anag{ `nm Zlce'Vat}h.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ ;0(04+? 5<2‚558.(4222+ –Ellcknf Jt`{? Zlce'Vat}h `nm }hl Zajk`c Jh`t`j}lt ae Tlzranzkdkck}{#‗

kn J. G`jilnkl `nm N. Z}aco`t# lmz.# 64‚;:.(422<`+ –Elgknkz} Kn}|k}kanz `nm }hl Natg`}kul Z|dz}`njl ae @|}anag{#‗ kn

O. Z. ]`{cat# lm.# 04= ‚0=4.(422<d+ –]ìknf Avnltzhkr? @|}hatk}{ `nm Uakjl kn @|}anaga|z @flnj{#‗ kn

O. Jhtkz}g`n `nm O. @nmltzan# lmz.# 020‚045.

Dltckn# K. (0;5;+–

]va Janjlr}z ae Ckdlt}{#‗

kn Ea|t Lzz`{z an Ckdlt}{ . Axeatm?Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# 008‚064.Dltgÿml# O. (0;;6+ –Tlm|j}kan `nm }hl Zlce.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Janzjka|znlzz Z}|mklz

=(<5+? =<8‚=55.(0;;8+ ]hl R`t`max ae Zlce'Janzjka|znlzz (Tlrtlzln}`}kan `nm Gknm+. J`gdtkmfl#

G@? GK] Rtlzz.Dltgÿml# O.# @. G`tjlc# `nm N. Lkc`n# lmz. (0;;<+ ]hl Dam{ `nm ]hl Zlce .

J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz.Dltnz}lkn# G. (0;8:+ –Zajk`ck`}kan `nm @|}anag{.‗ Gknm ;4? 042‚04:.Dltaezi{# D. (0;;<+ Ckdlt`}kan etag Zlce . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(422:+ –Kmln}kffj`}kan# }hl Zlce# `nm @|}anag{.‗ Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rackj{ 42(4+? 0;;‚442.Dk}}nlt# T. (4224+ – @|}anag{# `nm ]hln.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c Lxrcat`}kanz <(:+?

406‚448.Dc|ji# Z. (422:+ – @|}adkaft`rhkj`c Glgat{? Lxrcatknf k}z E|nj}kanz kn Lult{m`{

Ckel.‗ Glgat{ 00(4+? 00:‚04:.Daf|l# T. `nm G. K. Zr`tkaz| (0;;= + ]hl Rc`{ ae }hl Zlce . @cd`n{# N[? Z\N[ Rtlzz.Datma# Z. (0;;:+ \ndl`t`dcl Vlkfh}? Elgknkzg# Vlz}ltn J|c}|tl# `nm }hl Dam{ .

Dltilcl{# J@? \nkultzk}{ ae J`ckeatnk` Rtlzz.Dt`jiln# D. @. lm. (0;;5+ H`nmdaai ae Zlce'Janjlr}? Mlulcargln}`c# Zajk`c# `nm

Jcknkj`c Janzkmlt`}kanz . Nlv [ati? Oahn Vkcl{.Dt`nzln# O. (0;;8+ –]t|l }a A|tzlculz.‗ Kn}ltn`}kan`c Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarhkj`c Z}|mklz

5(0+? 56‚8<.

4<2 Dkdckaft`rh{



Dt`}g`n# G. L. (0;86+ Kn}ln}kan# Rc`nz `nm Rt`j}kj`c Tl`zan. J`gdtkmfl# G@?H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;;+ E`jlz ae Kn}ln}kan? Zlclj}lm Lzz`{z an Kn}ln}kan `nm @flnj{ . J`gdtkmfl?J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(422:+ – @|}anag{ `nm Hklt`tjh{.‗ Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rackj{ 42(4+? 0<5‚065.(4226+ Z}t|j}|tlz ae @flnj{? Lzz`{z . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Dtlvlt# V. (0;85+ – Vh`} kz @|}adkaft`rhkj`c Glgat{1‗ kn M. T|dkn# lm.# 4<‚=;.Dtkfha|zl# H. (4222+ Zjhaac Jhakjl `nm Zajk`c O|z}kjl . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{

Rtlzz.Dtkni# D. u`n mln (422<+ –Ckdlt`ckzg vk}ha|} @ftllgln}? Rack}kj`c @|}anag{ `nm

@fankz}kj Jk}klnzhkr#‗ kn O. Jhtkz}g`n `nm O. @nmltzan# lmz.# 4=<‚460.Dtkzan# Z. (0;;6+ –A|}ckuknf Anlzlce? ]t`|g`# Glgat{ `nm Rltzan`c Kmln}k}{#‗ kn

M. ]. Gl{ltz# lm. (0;;6`+# 04‚:;.Dtavn# C. G. `nm J. Fkcckf`n (0;;4+ Gll}knf `} }hl Jtazzta`mz? Vagln‛ z Rz{jhacaf{

`nm Fktcz ‛ Mlulcargln} . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Dtavn# V. (0;;<+ Z}`}lz ae Kno|t{? Ravlt `nm Etllmag kn C`}l Gamltnk}{ . Rtknjl}an#

NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Dt|nlt# O. (0;8:`+ Jhkcm ‛ z ]`ci? Cl`tnknf }a \zl C`nf|`fl . Nlv [ati? Nat}an.

(0;8:d+ Kn Zl`tjh ae Gknm? Lzz`{z kn @|}adkaft`rh{ . Nlv [ati? H`trlt % Tav.(0;85+ @j}|`c Gknmz# Razzkdcl Vatmz . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;;2+ @j}z ae Gl`nknf . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

D|jh`n`n# @. (0;8;+ – @zzlzzknf }hl Jagg|nk}`tk`n Jtk}kp|l ae Ckdlt`ckzg.‗ L}hkjz

;;# 8<4‚

884.D|tfl# ]. (0;88+ –Knmkukm|`ckzg `nm Zlce'Inavclmfl.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 8<?5=;‚55:.

D|tik}}# M. K. (0;;0+ Zajk`c Zlculz? ]hlatklz ae }hl Zajk`c Eatg`}kan ae Rltzan`ck}{ .Dlultc{ Hkccz# J@? Z`fl R|dckj`}kanz.

D|zhnlcc# M.# lm. (0;;<+ N`ffknf P|lz}kanz . Zù`fl# GM? Tavg`n % Ck}}clfflcm.D|zz# Z. (4224+ –Rltzan`c @|}anag{.‗ Z}`neatm Lnj{jcarlmk` ae Rhkcazarh{ (h}}r?

rc`}a.z}`neatm.lm|+.D|zz# Z. `nm C. Ault}an# lmz. (4224+ Jan}a|tz ae @flnj{? Lzz`{z kn Hanat ae H`tt{

Et`nie|t} . J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz.

D|}clt# O. (0;;2+ Flnmlt ]ta|dcl? Elgknkzg `nm }hl Z|dultzkan ae Kmln}k}{ . Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.(0;;:+ Damklz ]h`} G`}}lt . Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.(0;;<+ –Jan}knfln} Ea|nm`}kanz#‗ kn C. Nkjhaczan# lm.# :<‚<8.(0;;6+ ]hl Rz{jhkj Ckel ae Ravlt . R`ca @c}a# J@? Z}`neatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(422<+ Fkuknf `n @jja|n} ae Anlzlce . Nlv [ati? Eatmh`g \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

J`grdlcc# O. (0;;= + R`z}# Zr`jl# `nm Zlce . J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz.J`tt|}hltz# R. (0;85+ Kn}tam|jknf Rltzanz . Canman? Ta|}clmfl Daaiz.J`zz`g# P. (0;;6+ Zlce `nm Vatcm . Axeatm? Jc`tlnman Rtlzz.Jhamatav# N. (0;68+ ]hl Tlrtam|j}kan ae Ga}hltknf? Rz{jha`n`c{zkz `nm }hl Zajkacaf{

ae Flnmlt . Dltilcl{# J@? \nkultzk}{ ae J`ckeatnk` Rtlzz.Jhtkz}k`na# ]. (0;;5+ ]hl T|cl ae }hl G`n{? E|nm`gln}`c Kzz|lz kn Mlgajt`}kj

]hlat{ . Da|cmlt# JA? Vlz}uklv Rtlzz.

Dkdckaft`rh{ 4<0



Jhtkz}k`na# ]. `nm O. Jhtkz}g`n# lmz. (422;+ Mld`}lz kn Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{ .Axeatm? Dc`jivlcc.

Jhtkz}g`n# O. (0;86+ – @|}anag{? @ Mlelnzl ae }hl Zrck}'Clulc Zlce.‗ Za|}hltn Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 4<(:+? 480‚4;:.

(0;;0`+ – @|}anag{ `nm Rltzan`c Hkz}at{.‗ J`n`mk`n Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 40(0+? 0‚4= .

(0;;0d+ –Ckdlt`ckzg `nm Knmkukm|`c Razk}kul Etllmag.‗ L}hkjz 020(4+? :=:‚:<;.(0;;:+ –Mlelnmknf Hkz}atkj`c @|}anag{? @ Tlrc{ }a Rtaelzzat Glcl.‗ J`n`mk`n

Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 4:? 480‚4;2.(0;;= + ]hl G{}h ae Rtarlt}{? ]av`tmz `n Lf`ck}`tk`n ]hlat{ ae Avnltzhkr. Nlv

[ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;;<+ –Elgknkzg `nm @|}anag{#‗ kn M. D|zhnlcc# lm.# 06‚:;.

(0;;8

+–

@|}anag{# Knmlrlnmlnjl# `nm Rault}{'Tlc`}lm Vlce`tl Rackjklz.‗

R|dckj @ fl ktz P|`t}ltc{ 04(= + (Aj}adlt+? :8:‚=25.(4220+ –Ckdlt`ckzg# @|}anag{# `nm Zlce']t`nzeatg`}kan.‗ Zajk`c ]hlat{ `nm

Rt`j}kjl 46(4+? 08<‚425.(4224`+ – @|}anag{ kn Gat c `nm Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{.‗ ]hl Z}`neatm Lnj{jcarlmk`

ae Rhkcazarh{ (h}}r?rc`}a.z}`neatm.lm|+(4224d+ Zajk`c `nm Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{? @ Jan}lgrat`t{ Kn}tam|j}kan. Canman?

Ta|}clmfl.(422= + –N`tt`}kul \nk}{ `z ` Janmk}kan ae Rltzanhaam.‗ Gl}`rhkcazarh{ :<(<+

(Aj}adlt+? 5;<‚60:.

(422<+– @|}anag{# Zlce'Inavclmfl# `nm Ckdlt`c Clfk}kg`j{#

‗kn O. Jhtkz}g`n`nm O. @nmltzan# lmz. ::2‚:<6.

(4226+ – @|}anag{# Hkz}at{# `nm }hl Z|dolj} ae O|z}kjl.‗ Zajk`c ]hlat{ `nm Rt`j}kjl ::(0+? 0‚45.

Jhtkz}g`n# O.# lm. (0;8;+ ]hl Knnlt Jk}`mlc? Lzz`{z an Knmkukm|`c @|}anag{ .Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Jhtkz}g`n# O. `nm O. @nmltzan# lmz. (422<+ @|}anag{ `nm }hl Jh`cclnflz }aCkdlt`ckzg? Nlv Lzz`{z . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Jajht n# M. J. (0;;;+ ]hl Jacat ae Etllmag? T`jl `nm Jan}lgrat`t{ @gltkj`nCkdlt`ckzg. @cd`n{# N[? Z\N[ Rtlzz.

Jaml# C. (0;;0+ –Zljanm Rltzanz#‗ kn Vh`} J`n Zhl Inav1 Elgknkz} ]hlat{ `nm }hl Janz}t|j}kan ae Inavclmfl . C`nh`g# GM? Tavg`n % Ck}}clfflcm.(4222+ –]hl Rltultzkan ae @|}anag{ `nm }hl Z|dolj}kan ae Vagln? Mkzja|tzlz

ae Zajk`c @muaj`j{ `} Jln}|t{ ‛z Lnm#‗ kn J. G`jilnkl `nm N. Z}aco`t# lmz.#080‚42;.

Jahln# F.@. (0;8;+ –An }hl J|ttlnj{ ae Lf`ck}`tk`n O|z}kjl.‗ L}hkjz ;;?;5‚02= .

(0;;<+ Zlce'Avnltzhkr# Etllmag `nm Lp|`ck}{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Jahln# O. (0;85+ – @|}anag{ `nm Mlgajt`j{? Tlffllj}kanz an Ta|zzl`|.‗

Rhkcazarh{ `nm R|dckj @ fl ktz 0<? 46<‚4;6.(0;;5+ –Rtajlm|tl `nm Z|dz}`njl kn Mlckdlt }kul Mlgajt`j{#‗ kn Z. Dlnh`dkd#

lm.# ;<‚00;.

4<4 Dkdckaft`rh{



(4224+ –Mlckdlt`}kan `nm Mlgajt`}kj Clfk}kg`j{#‗ kn Mlckdlt`}kul Mlgajt`j{ . O`glz Dahg`n `nm Vkcck`g Tlhf# lmz. J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz# 56‚;4.

Jahclt# D. O. (0;84+ –Rltzan`c N`tt }kul `nm Ckel Ja|tzl.‗ Ckel Zr`n Mlulcargln} `nm Dlhùkat =? 42<‚4=0.

Jac`rkl}ta# U. G. (0;8;+ Rlktjl ‛ z @rrta`jh }a }hl Zlce? @ Zlgka}kj Rltzrlj}kul anH|g`n Z|dolj}kuk}{ . @cd`n{# N[? Z\N[ Rtlzz.

Jaccknz# R. H. (0;;8+ –K}‛z @cc kn }hl E`gkc{? Kn}ltzlj}kanz ae Flnmlt# T`jl# `nmN`}kan.‗ H{r`}k` :0(:+? 54‚84.

Jannacc{# V. (0;6= + ]hl ]ltgz ae Rack}kj`c Mkzja|tzl . Clxknf}an# G@?M. J. Hl`}h % Ja.

(0;;0+ Kmln}k}{!Mk fl ltlnjl? Mlgajt`}kj Nlfa}k`}kanz ae Rack}kj`c R`t`max . K}h`j`#N[? Jatnlcc \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Janv`{# G. @. (0;;2+ @|}adkaft`rhkj`c Glgat{? @n Kn}tam|j}kan. D|jiknfh`g#\I? Arln Ja|t} Rtlzz.Janv`{# G. @.# M. J. T|dkn# H. Zrknnclt# `nm V. @. V`fln``t# lmz. (0;;4+

]hlatl}kj`c Rltzrlj}kulz an @|}adkaft`rhkj`c Glgat{ . Matmtljh}? Ic|vlt.Janv`{# G. @.# O. Zknflt# `nm @. ]`fknk (422= + –]hl Zlce `nm @|}adkaft`rhkj`c

Glgat{? Jattlzranmlnjl `nm Jahltlnjl.‗ Zajk`c Jafnk}kan 44(<+? =;0‚<4;.Jaail# G. (0;;;+ –P|lz}kanknf @|}anag{? ]hl Elgknkz} Jh`cclnfl `nm }hl

Jh`cclnfl eat Elgknkzg#‗ kn P|lz}kanknf L}hkjz? Jan}lgrat`t{ Mld`}lz knRhkcazarh{ . T. Il`tnl{ `nm G. Maacl{# lmz. Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl# 4<8‚484.

Jarr# M. (4224+ –Zajk`c \nk}{ nm }hl Kmln}k}{ ae Rltzanz.‗ ]hl Oa|tn`c ae Rack}kj`c

Rhkcazarh{ 02(= +? :5<‚:;0.Jt`nz}an# G. (0;;0+ ]hl Nadcl Zù`fl? Ol`n'O`jp|lz Ta|zzl`|# 06<=‚ 0654. Jhkj`fa#KC? \nkultzk}{ ae Jhkj`fa Rtlzz.

Jtk}}lnmln# O. (0;;4+ Dl{anm Knmkukm|`ckzg? Tljanz}k}|}knf }hl Ckdlt`c Zlce . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Jtajilt# C. (0;82+ Razk}kul Ckdlt}{ . ]hl H`f|l? G`t}kn|z Nkohafl .J|{rltz# Z. (4220+ Zlce'Kmln}k}{ `nm Rltzan`c @|}anag{? @n @n`c{}kj`c @n}htaracaf{ .

D|tcknf}an# U]? @zhf`}l Rtlzz.M`fflt# T. (422<+ – @|}anag{# Magkn`}kan# `nm }hl Tlr|dckj`n Jh`cclnfl }a

Ckdlt`ckzg#‗ kn O. Jhtkz}g`n `nm O. @nmltzan# lmz.# 066‚42:.

M`nklcz# N.# lm. (0;6<+ Tl`mknf T`vcz? Jtk}kj`c Z}|mklz an T`vcz ‛ z @ ]hlat{ ae O|z}kjl .Nlv [ati? D`zkj Daaiz.

Mùkan# U. `nm J. Vace# lmz. (4222+ ]hl Kml` ae Rack}kj`c Ckdlt`ckzg? Lzz`{z anT`vcz . C`nh`g# GM? Tavg`n % Ck}}clfflcm.

Ml`tmln# T. E. (0;64+ – @|}anag{ `nm Lm|j`}kan#‗ kn Lm|j`}kan `nm }hl Mlulcargln} ae Tl`zan. T. E. Ml tmln# T. Z. Rl}ltz `nm R. H. Hktz}# lmz. Canman?Ta|}clmfl % Ilf`n R`|c# =<0‚=<4.

Mlc`nl{# J. E.# lm. (0;;= + ]hl Ckdlt`ckzg'Jagg|nk}`tk`nkzg Mld`}l . C`nh`g#GM? Tavg`n `nm Ck}}clfflcm.

Mlcf`ma# T. `nm O. Z}le`njkj (4220+ Jtk}kj`c T`jl ]hlat{? @n Kn}tam|j}kan. Nlv

[ati? Nlv [ati \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Mln\{c#M.(422:+ – @|}anaga|z @|}anag{? Zrkna` an @|}anag{# Rltelj}kankzg#

`nm Rack}kjz.‗ Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rackj{ 42(4+? :2‚5;.

Dkdckaft`rh{ 4<:



Mlnnl}}# M. (0;88+ – Vh{ Lult{anl kz ` Naulckz}.‗ ]kglz Ck}lt`t{ Z|rrclgln} (Zlr}.05‚44+? 0205‚0244.

(0;8;+–

]hl Atkfknz ae Zlculz.‗

Jafk}a :? 05:‚

06:.(0;;2+ –]hl Tl ck}{ ae Zlculz#‗ kn Janzjka|znlzz Lxrc`knlm . Daz}an? Ck}}cl#Dtavn % Jagr`n{# =04‚=:2.

(0;;4+ –]hl Zlce `z }hl Jln}lt ae N`tt`}kul Ftùk}{#‗ kn Zlce `nm Janzjka|znlzz? G|c}krcl Rltzrlj}kulz . R. G. J. Et`ni# Z. Ilzzlc# `nm M. C. Oahnzan# lmz.Hkcczm`cl# NO? C`vtlnjl Ltcd`|g# 02:‚00<.

Mlttkm`# O. (0;84+ G`tfknz ae Rhkcazarh{ . Jhkj`fa# KC? \nkultzk}{ ae Jhkj`fa Rtlzz.(0;;6+ Ae Ft`gg`}acaf{ # D`c}kgatl# GM? Oahnz Hariknz \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Ma|dcl# T. (0;;4+ –]va ]{rlz ae @|}anag{ @jja|n}z.‗ J`n`mk`n Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 44(0+? 5<‚82.

Mavnkl# T. Z. `nm L. ]lcelt (0;60+ – @|}anag{.‗ Rhkcazarh{ =5? 4;5‚:20.Mtl{e|zz# H. (0;;0+ Dlknf kn }hl Vatcm? @ Jaggln}`t{ an Hlkmlfflt ‛ z Dlknf `nm

]kgl Mkukzkan K . J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz.Mt{li# O. (4222+ Mlckdlt`}kul Mlgajt`j{ `nm Dl{anm? Ckdlt`cz# Jtk}kjz# Jan}lz}`}kanz .

Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Mvatikn# F. (0;62+ – @j}knf Etllc{.‗ Na|z =(= +? :56‚:8:.

(0;84+ –Kz Gatl Jhakjl Dl}}lt ]h`n Clzz1‗ Gkmvlz} Z}|mklz kn Rhkcazarh{ UKKK .Gknnl`rackz# GN? \nkultzk}{ ae Gknnlza}` Rtlzz# =6‚54.

(0;8;`+ –]hl Janjlr} ae @|}anag{#‗ kn O. Jhtkz}g`n# lm.# <= ‚54.(0;8;d+ ]hl ]hlat{ `nm Rt`j}kjl ae @|}anag{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{

Rtlzz.Mvatikn# T. (0;66+ ]ìknf Tkfh}z Zltka|zc{ . Canman? M|jivat}h.

(0;8;+ –Ckdlt`c Jagg|nk}{.‗ J`ckeatnk` C`v Tluklv 66(:+? =6;‚<2= .(4222+ Zaultlkfn Ukt}|l? ]hl ]hlat{ `nm Rt`j}kjl ae Lp|`ck}{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@?

H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.L`fcl# G. (0;;0+ –Rz{jha`n`c{}kj Janjlr}kanz ae }hl Zlce#‗ kn ]hl Zlce? Kn}ltmkzjkrckn`t{

@rrta`jhlz . O. Z}t`|zz `nm F. Fal}h`cz# lmz. Nlv [ati? Zrtknflt'Ultc`f# =;‚5<.L`fcl}an# ]. (0;8:+ Ck}lt`t{ ]hlat{? @n Kn}tam|j}kan. Gknnl`rackz# GN? \nkultzk}{

ae Gknnlza}` Rtlzz.Ljjclz# O. J. (0;;= + Hav }hl Zlce Jan}tacz K}z Dt`kn. Dltckn `nm Nlv [ati? Zrtknflt'

Ultc`f.Lmv`tmz# T. (0;80+ –Gln}`c Hl`c}h `z T`}kan`c @|}anag{.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Glmkjknl

`nm Rhkcazarh{ 5? :2;‚:40.Liz}tag# C. (0;;:+ – @ Jahltlnjl ]hlat{ ae @|}anag{.‗ Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rhlnag'

lnacafkj`c Tlzl`tjh <:? <;;‚505.(422<+ – @ckln`}kan# @|}anag{# `nm }hl Zlce.‗ Gkmvlz} Z}|mklz kn Rhkcazarh{

XXKX . Gknnl`rackz# GN? \nkultzk}{ ae Gknnlza}` Rtlzz# =<‚56.Lczh}`kn# O. D. (0;80+ R|dckj G`n# Rtku`}l Vagln? Vagln kn Zajk`c `nm Rack}kj`c

]ha|fh} . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Lcz}lt# O. (0;6;+ \c{zzlz `nm }hl Zktlnz . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;8:+ Za|t Ft`rlz . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Lcz}lt# O. `nm @. H{cc nm# lmz. (0;85+ Ea|nm`}kanz ae Zajk c Jhakjl ]hlat{ . J`gdtkmfl?

J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

4<= Dkdckaft`rh{



Lnfz}tag# Z. –Janmk}kanlm @|}anag{.‗ Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rhlnaglnacafkj`c Tlzl`tjh =8(:+? =:<‚=<:.

Lrazk}a# O. C. (0;86+ ]hl Adzacl}l Zlce . Dltilcl{ `nm Canman? \nkultzk}{ ae

J`ckeatnk` Rtlzz.Lrz}lkn# Z. (0;6:+ –]hl Zlce'Janjlr} Tlukzk}lm? At ` ]hlat{ ae ` ]hlat{#‗ kn

Rltzan`ck}{? Jtk}kj`c Janjlr}z kn Rz{jhacaf{ . J. C. Jaarlt `nm C. Rltukn# lmz.Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl# =<:‚=6:.

Ltl# G. (0;;:+ J|c}|tl# Zlce'Kmln}k}{# `nm Vati . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Lu`nz# F. (0;84+ ]hl U`tkl}klz ae Tleltlnjl . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.E`|z}a'Z}ltcknf# @. (4222+ Zlxknf }hl Dam{? Flnmlt Rack}kjz `nm }hl Janz}t|j}kan ae

Zlx|`ck}{ . Nlv [ati? D`zkj Daaiz.Elkndltf# O. (0;85+ H`tg }a Zlce . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;8;+ – @|}anag{#‗ kn O. Jhtkz}g`n# lm.# 46‚<:.Elczan# T. D. (0;;:+ –]hl (Zaglvh`}+ Zajk`c Zlce? Hav A}hltz @ fl lj} Zlce'

@rrt`kz`cz#‗ kn Rz{jhacafkj`c Rltzrlj}kulz an }hl Zlce . O. Z|cz# lm. Hkcczm`cl# NO?C`vtlnjl Ltcd`|g# 0‚45.

Elz}knflt# C. (0;<6+ @ ]hlat{ ae Jafnk}kul Mkzzan`njl . Z}`neatm? Z}`neatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Ekzjhlt# O. G. `nm G. Tùk` (0;;8+ Tlzranzkdkck}{ `nm Jan}tac? @ ]hlat{ ae Gat`c Tlzranzkdkck}{ . Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Ekzhlt# T. (0;;<+ Dljagknf Rltzanz . Canman? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Eku|zh# T. (0;;=

+–

Janz}t|j}knf N`tt`}kul# Lga}kan# `nm Zlce kn R`tln}‚

JhkcmJanultz`}kanz `da|} }hl R`z}#‗ kn \. Nlkzzlt `nm T. Eku|zh# lmz.# 0:5‚0<6.Ec`n`f`n# A. (0;;0+ U`tkl}klz ae Gat`c Rltzan`ck}{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm

\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;;5+ Zlce Lxrtlzzkanz . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Ec`}hg`n# T. (0;8;+ ]av`tm ` Ckdlt`ckzg. K}h`j`# N[? Jatnlcc \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Ec`x# O. (0;;:+ Mkzr|}lm Z|dolj}z? Lzz`{z an Rz{jha`n`c{zkz# Rack}kjz# `nm Rhkcazarh{ .

Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.Eaflc# @. (0;;:+ Mlulcarknf ]hta|fh Tlc`}kanzhkrz? Atkfknz ae Jagg|nkj`}kan# Zlce#

`nm J|c}|tl . Hlglc Hlgrz}l`m# \I? H`tulz}lt Rtlzz.

Ea|j`|c}# G. (0;5<+ G`mnlzz `nm Jkukck`}kan? @ Hkz}at{ ae Knz`nk}{ kn }hl @fl ae Tl`zan. Nlv [ati? Ukn}`fl Daaiz.(0;8= + ]hl Ea|j`|c} Tl`mlt . Nlv [ati? R`n}hlan Daaiz.(0;88+ ]hl Ekn`c Ea|j`|c} . J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz.(0;;2`+ ]hl Hkz}at{ ae Zlx|`ck}{? @n Kn}tam|j}kan. Nlv [ati? Ukn}`fl.(0;;2d+ ]hl \zl ae Rcl`z|tl . Nlv [ati? Ukn}`fl.(0;;<+ Mkzjkrcknl `nm R|nkzh? ]hl Dkt}h ae }hl Rtkzan. Nlv [ati? Ukn}`fl

Daaiz.Et`nie|t}# H. (0;6:+ –Jaltjkan `nm Gat`c Tlzranzkdkck}{#‗ kn Lzz`{z an Etllmag ae

@j}kan. ]. Hanmltkjh# lm. Canman? Ta|}clmfl % Ilf`n R`|c# 5<‚85.

(0;86+ –Kmln}kffj`}kan `nm Vhaclhl`t}lmnlzz#‗ kn Tlzranzkdkck}{# Jh`t`j}lt `nm }hl Lga}kanz . E. Zjhalg`n# lm. J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz#46‚=<.

Dkdckaft`rh{ 4<<



(0;88`+ –Etllmag ae }hl Vkcc `nm }hl Janjlr} ae ` Rltzan#‗ kn ]hl Kgrat}`njl ae Vh`} Vl J`tl @da|} . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;88d+ –T`}kan`ck}{ `nm }hl \n}hkni`dcl#‗ kn ]hl Kgrat}`njl ae Vh`} Vl J`tl @da|} . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# 066‚0;2.

(0;;4+ –]hl E`kn}lz} R`zzkan.‗ Rtajllmknfz `nm @mmtlzzlz ae }hl @tkz}a}lck`n Zajkl}{ =;? 00:‚0=<.

Et`zlt# N. (0;;6+ O|z}kjl Kn}ltt|r}|z . Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.Et`zlt# N. `nm Z. D`t}i{# lmz. (0;8;+ Tlu`c|knf Etlnjh Elgknkzg? Jtk}kj`c Lzz`{z an

Mk fl ltlnjl# @flnj{# `nm J|c}|tl . Dcaagknf}an# KN? Knmk`n` \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Et`zlt# N. nm C. Fatman (0;;= + – @ Flnl`caf{ ae Mlrlnmlnj{? ]t`jknf ` Il{vatm

ae }hl \Z Vlce`tl Z}`}l.‗ Zkfnz 0;(4+? :2;‚::5.Et`zlt# N. `nm @. Hannl}h (422:+ Tlmkz}tkd|}kan at Tljafnk}kan1 @ Rack}kj`c'

Rhkcazarhkj`c Lxjh`nfl . Canman? Ultza.Etllg`n# G. (0;;:+ Tlvtk}knf }hl Zlce . Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.Etllg`n# Z. (422;+ –E`j}z `nm Gat c O|z}kffj`}kan#‗ kn ]. Jhtkz}k`na `nm

O. Jhtkz}g`n# lmz.Etllg`n# Z.# lm. (422:+ ]hl J`gdtkmfl Jagr`nkan }a T`vcz . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl

\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Etllg`n# V. `nm O. V. V`}}z (0;=0+ –]hl Etan}`c Cadlz `nm Janzjka|znlzz ae

Zlce.‗ Rz{jhazag`}kj Glmkjknl :? 000‚00;.Etklmg`n# G. (0;85+ – @|}anag{ `nm }hl Zrck}'Clulc Zlce.‗ Za|}hltn Oa|tn`c ae

Rhkcazarh{ 4=(0+? 0;‚:<.

(0;;6+– @|}anag{ `nm Zajk`c Tlc`}kanzhkrz? Tl}hkniknf }hl Elgknkz} Jtk}kp|l#‗kn M. ]. Gl{ltz# lm. (0;;6`+. Da|cmlt# JA? Vlz}uklv Rtlzz# =2‚50.

(0;;8+ –Elgknkzg# @|}anag{# `nm Lga}kan#‗ kn Natgz `nm U`c|lz? Lzz`{z an }hl Vati ae Uktfknk` Hlcm . O. F. H`dlt# lm. C`nh`g# GM? Tavg`n % Ck}}clfflcm#:6‚=8.

(4222`+ – @|}anag{# Zajk`c Mkzt|r}kan# `nm Vagln#‗ kn J. G`jilnkl `nmN. Z}aco`t# lmz.# :<‚<0.

(4222d+ –Elgknkzg kn L}hkjz? Janjlr}kanz ae @|}anag{#‗ kn ]hl J`gdtkmfl Jagr`nkan }a Elgknkzg kn Rhkcazarh{ . G. Etkjilt `nm O. Hatnzd{# lmz.J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# 42<‚44= .

(4222j+ – Oahn T`vcz `nm }hl Rack}kj`c Janjlr}kan ae \ntl`zan`dcl Rlarcl#‗ knU. Mùkan `nm J. Vace# lmz.# 05‚::.

(422:+ @|}anag{# Flnmlt# Rack}kjz . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Etahai# E. (0;;6+ –Janjlr}kanz ae Rltzanz.‗ Zajk`c ]hlat{ `nm Rt`j}kjl 4:(0+

(Zrtknf+? 04;‚0<8.Et{l# N. (0;<6+ ]hl @n`}ag{ ae Jtk}kjkzg. Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{

Rtlzz.E|zz# M. (0;8;+ –‘Lzzln}k`cc{ Zrlìknf ‛? C|jl Ktkf`t`{ ‛z C`nf|`fl ae Lzzlnjl#‗ kn

N. Et`zlt `nm Z. D`t}i{# lmz.# ;= ‚004.F`cc`fhlt# Z. (0;85+ –Dam{ Kg`fl `nm Dam{ Zjhlg`? @ Janjlr}|`c Jc`tkffj`}kan.‗

Oa|tn`c ae Gknm `nm Dlhùkat 6? <=0‚<<= .(0;;4+ –]hl ]hl`}lt ae Rltzan c Kmln}k}{? Etag H|gl }a Mlttkm .‗ ]hl

Rltzan`ckz} Eat|g 8(0;;4+? 40‚:2.

4<5 Dkdckaft`rh{



(0;;<+ –Dam{ Zjhlg` `nm Kn}ln}kan`ck}{#‗ kn O. Dltgÿml# @. G`tjlc# `nmN. Lkc`n# lmz.# 44<‚4== .

(422<+ Hav ]hl Dam{ Zh`rlz ]hl Gknm . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.F`cc`fhlt# Z. `nm @. Glc}afl (0;;5+ –]hl L`tcklz} Zlnzl ae Zlce `nm A}hltz?

Gltcl`|'Ran}{ `nm Tljln} Mlulcargln}`c Z}|mklz.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c Rz{jhacaf{ ;(4+? 40:‚4:5.

F`cc`fhlt# Z. `nm O. Zhl`t (0;;6+ –Gamlcz ae }hl Zlce.‗ Zrljk`c kzz|l ae Oa|tn`c ae Janzjka|znlzz Z}|mklz =(<5+.

F`cz}an# V. (0;;0+ Ckdlt`c R|trazlz? Faamz# Ukt}|lz# `nm Mkultzk}{ kn }hl Ckdlt`c Z}`}l . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(4224+ Ckdlt`c Rc|t`ckzg? ]hl Kgrckj`}kanz ae U`c|l Rc|t`ckzg eat Rack}kj`c ]hlat{ `nm Rt`j}kjl . Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

F`|z# F. E. (0;;5+ O|z}k ff j`}at{ Ckdlt`ckzg. Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(eat}hjagknf+ –]hl Gat`c Ea|nm`}kanz ae Ckdlt`c Nl|}t`ck}{#‗ kn ]. Jhtkz}k`na

`nm O. Jhtkz}g`n# lmz.F`|}hklt# M. (0;85+ Gat`cz d{ @ftllgln} . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(4225+ Ta|zzl`|? ]hl Zln}kgln} ae Lxkz}lnjl . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Fllt}# J. (0;6:+ ]hl Kn}ltrtl}`}kan ae J|c}|tlz? Zlclj}lm Lzz`{z ? Nlv [ati? D`zkjDaaiz.

Fltfln# I. O. (0;60+ ]hl Janjlr} ae Zlce . Nlv [ati? Hac}# Tknlh`t} `nm Vknz}an.

(0;;0+ ]hl Z`}|t`}lm Zlce? Mkclgg`z ae Kmln}k}{ kn Jan}lgrat`t{ Ckel . Nlv [ati?D`zkj Daaiz.(0;;= + –Gknm# ]lx}# `nm Zajkl}{? Zlce'Glgat{ kn Zajk`c Jan}lx}#‗ kn \. Nlkzzlt

`nm T. Eku|zh# lmz.# 68‚02= .Fltfln# I. O. `nm G. G. Fltfln (0;;6+ –N`tt`}kulz ae }hl Zlce#‗ kn C. R. Hknjhg`n

`nm Z. I. Hknjhg`n# lmz.# 050‚8= .Fkmmlnz# @. (0;;0+ Gamltnk}{ `nm Zlce'Kmln}k}{? Zlce `nm Zajkl}{ kn }hl C`}l Gamltn

@fl . R`ca @c}a# J@? Z}`neatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Fkcckf`n# J. (0;84+ Kn ` Mk fl ltln} Uakjl? Rz{jhacafkj`c ]hlat{ `nm Vagln‛ z

Mlulcargln} . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Fkcckf`n# J.# O. U. V`tm# `nm O. G. ]`{cat# lmz. (0;88+ G`rrknf }hl Gat`c Mag`kn? @ Jan}tkd|}kan ae Vagln‛ z ]hkniknf }a Rz{jhacafkj`c ]hlat{ `nm Lm|j`}kan.J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Facmkl# R. (422:+ –Anl‛z Tlglgdltlm R`z}? N`tt`}kul ]hkniknf# Lga}kan# `nm}hl Lx}ltn`c Rltzrlj}kul.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c R`rltz :4(:+ (Naulgdlt+? :20‚:0;.

Fa|cm# J. (0;88+ Tl}hkniknf Mlgajt`j{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Ft`{# O. (0;8;+ Ckdlt`ckzgz? Lzz`{z kn Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{ . Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.

(0;;:+ Raz}'Ckdlt`ckzg? Z}|mklz kn Rack}kj`c ]ha|fh} . Canman? Ta|}clmfl.(4222+ ]va E`jlz ae Ckdlt`ckzg. Nlv [ati? Nlv Rtlzz.

Ftlln`v`c}# I. (0;;<+ Rtku`}l Janzjklnjlz `nm R|dckj Tl`zan. Nlv [ati? Axeatm

\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Ftlkg`z# @.'O. (0;8:+ Z}t|j}|t`c Zlg`n}kjz? @n @}}lgr} `} ` Gl}ham . Cknjacn# NL?

\nkultzk}{ ae Nldt`zi` Rtlzz.

Dkdckaft`rh{ 4<6



(0;86+ –Lclgln}z ae ` N`tt`}kul Ft`gg`t#‗ kn ]vln}kl}h Jln}|t{ Ck}lt`t{ ]hlat{ . U. C`gdtara|caz `nm M. N. Gkcclt# lmz. @cd`n{# N[? Z\N[ Rtlzz#:2= ‚:48.

Ftkn# O. (0;85+ Vlcc'Dlknf? K}z Gl`nknf# Gl`z|tlgln}# `nm Gat`c Kgrat}`njl .Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Ftkgzh`v# O. (0;85+ Rhkcazarh{ `nm Elgknkz} ]hkniknf . Gknnl`rackz# GN?\nkultzk}{ ae Gknnlza}` Rtlzz.

Ftazz# H. (0;60+ –Rtku`j{ `nm @|}anag{.‗ Nagaz XKKK? Rtku`j{ . O. V. Jh`rg`n`nm O. T. Rlnnaji# lmz. Nlv [ati? @}hlt}an# 05;‚0.

Ftaz# L. (0;;= + Uac`}kcl Damklz? ]av`tm ` Jatratl`c Elgknkzg. Dcaagknf}an# KN?\nkultzk}{ ae Knmk`n` Rtlzz.

Ftauklt# ]. (0;;:+ –Zlce']t|z}# @|}anag{ `nm Zlce'Lz}llg.‗ H{r`}k` 8(0+? ;;‚00;.F|}g`nn# @. (0;8<+ –Jagg|nk}`tk`n Jtk}kjz ae Ckdlt`ckzg.‗ Rhkcazarh{ `nm R|dckj

@ fl ktz 0=(:+? :28‚:44.(0;;:+ –Mlgajt`j{#‗ kn @ Jagr`nkan }a Jan}lgrat`t{ Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{ .

T. Faamkn `nm R. Rl}}k}# lmz. Axeatm? Dc`jivlcc R|dckzhltz# =00‚=40.(422:`+ Kmln}k}{ kn Mlgajt`j{ . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(422:d+ –T`vcz an }hl Tlc`}kanzhkr dl}vlln Ckdlt`ckzg `nm Mlgajt`j{#‗ kn

Z. Etllg`n# lm.# 058‚0;;

H`dltg`z# O. (0;;2+ Gat`c Janzjka|znlzz `nm Jagg|nkj }kul @j}kan. J`gdtkmfl#G@? GK] Rtlzz.

(0;;<+ ]hl Rhkcazarhkj`c Mkzja|tzl ae Gamltnk}{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz.

(0;;5

`+ Dl}vlln E`j}z `nm Natgz . J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz.(0;;5d+ –]htll Natg`}kul Gamlcz ae Mlgajt`j{#‗ kn Z. Dlnh`dkd# lm.# 40‚:2.(0;;8+ ]hl Knjc|zkan ae }hl A}hlt? Z}|mklz kn Rack}kj`c ]hlat{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@?

GK] Rtlzz.(0;;;+ –Z}t|ffclz eat Tljafnk}kan kn }hl Mlgajt`}kj Janz}k}|}kan`c Z}`}l#‗

}t`nz. Z. V. Nkjhaczln# kn G|c}kj|c}|t`ckzg. @. F|}g`nn# lm. Rtknjl}an#NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz? 026‚0=8.

H`jiknf# K. (0;;<+ Tlvtk}knf }hl Za|c? G|c}krcl Rltzan`ck}{ `nm }hl Z}t|j}|tl ae Glgat{ . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

H`g`f|jhk# L. (0;8<+ –Tlc`}kan`c Zlculz kn @zk`nz.‗ Oa|tn`c ae O`r`nlzl Z}|mklz

00(4+? 48;‚

:40.H`grzhktl# Z. (0;6<+ Etllmag `nm }hl Knmkukm|`c . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

H`t`v`{# M. (0;;6+ – @ G`nkelz}a eat J{datfz? Zjklnjl# ]ljhnacaf{# `nm Zajk`ckz}Elgknkzg kn }hl 0;82z#‗ kn M. ]. Gl{ltz# lm. (0;;6d+# <20‚<:0.

H`tmkn# T. (0;88+ Gat`ck}{ vk}hkn }hl Ckgk}z ae Tl`zan. Jhkj`fa# KC? \nkultzk}{ ae Jhkj`fa Rtlzz.

H`t}lt# Z. (0;;5+ –Hkz}atkj`c Taa}z ae Jan}lgrat`t{ Kzz|lz Knuacuknf Zlce'Janjlr}#‗ kn D. @. Dt`jiln# lm.# 0‚:8.

H`tul{# M. (0;8;+ ]hl Janmk}kan ae Raz}gamltnk}{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@? D`zkc Dc`jivlcc.

H`|flc`nm# O. (0;84+ –Hlkmlfflt an Dlknf ` Rltzan.‗ Na|z 05? 0<‚45.H`vat}h# C. (0;85+ @|}anag{? @n Lzz`{ kn Rhkcazarhkj`c Rz{jhacaf{ `nm L}hkjz . Nlv

Hùln# J]? [`cl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

4<8 Dkdckaft`rh{



Hlig`n# Z. O. (0;;<+ Gat`c Uakjlz# Gat`c Zlculz? J`tac Fkcckf`n `nm Elgknkz} Gat`c ]hlat{ . \nkultzk}{ R`ti# R@? Rlnnz{cu`nk` Z}`}l \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Hlcm# M. (0;86+ Gamlcz ae Mlgajt`j{ . Z}`neatm# J@? Z}`neatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Hlcm# U. (0;;:+ Elgknkz} Gat`ck}{? ]t`nzeatgknf J|c}|tl# Zajkl}{ `nm Rack}kjz .Jhkj`fa# KC? \nkultzk}{ ae Jhkj`fa Rtlzz

Hkcc# Z. (0;6<+ –Zlce Ml}ltgkn`}kan `nm @|}anag{#‗ kn ]am`{ ‛ z Gat`c Rtadclgz .T. V`zzltz}tag# lm. Nlv [ati? G`jgkcc`n# 008‚0:4.

Hkcc# ]. (0;86+ –]hl Kgrat}`njl ae @|}anag{#‗ kn L. E. Ik}}`{ `nm M. ]. Gl{ltz#lmz.# 04;‚0:8.

(0;8;+ –]hl I`n}k`n Janjlr}kan ae @|}anag{#‗ kn O. Jhtkz}g`n# lm.# ;0‚02<.(0;;0+ @|}anag{ `nm Zlce Tlzrlj} . Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Hknjhg`n# C. R. `nm Z. I. Hknjhg`n# lmz. (0;;6+ Glgat{# Kmln}k}{# Jagg|nk}{ . @cd`n{# N[? Z\N[ Rtlzz.

Hktz}# V. (0;;= + –]hl Tlglgdltlm Zlce kn @gnlzkjz#‗ kn \. Nlkzzlt `nmT. Eku|zh# lmz.# 4<4‚466.

Hannl}h# @. (0;;5+ ]hl Z}t|ffcl eat Tljafnk}kan? ]hl Gat`c Ft`gg`t ae Zajk`c Jan ffl kj}z . J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz.

(4220+ –Fta|nmknf Tljafnk}kan? @ Tloaknmlt }a Jtk}kj`c P|lz}kanz.‗ Knp|kt{ (Eldt|`t{+? =;;‚<0;.

Hatihlkglt# G. `nm ]. @matna (0;== 0;;8+ Mk`clj}kj ae Lnckfh}lngln} . Nlv [ati?Jan}kn||g R|dckzhknf.

Hatnl{# I. (0;=<0;;;+ A|t Knnlt Jan ffl kj}z . Canman? Ta|}clmfl.H|ti`# ]. (0;86+ – Vh{ U`c|l @|}anag{1‗ Zajk`c ]hlat{ `nm Rt`j}kjl 0:(:+?:50‚:84.

(0;;:+ Rltelj}kankzg. Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.H|zì# M. (0;82+ –R`}ltn`ckzg `nm @|}anag{.‗ Rhkcazarh{ `nm R|dckj @ fl ktz 02?

46‚=5. O`jadz# O. (422:+ –Zagl ]lnzkanz dl}vlln @|}anag{ `nm Zlce'Faultn`njl.‗

Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rackj{ 42(4+? 440‚4== . O`ff`t# @. (0;88+ Elgknkz} Rack}kjz `nm H|g`n N`}|tl . ]a}av`# NO? Tavg`n `nm

@cc`nhlcm.

O`glz# V. (08;2+ ]hl Rtknjkrclz ae Rz{jhacaf{ ? Nlv [ati? Hlnt{ Hac}. O`glzan# E. (0;64+ ]hl Rtkzan Ha|zl ae C`nf|`fl . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

I`f`n# O. (0;8;+ \nz}`dcl Kml`z? ]lgrlt`gln}# Jafnk}kan# `nm Zlce . J`gdtkmfl#G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

I`rc`n# H.D. (0;85+ Zajk`c Rz{jhacaf{ `nm Zlce Tleltln} Dlhùkat . Nlv [ati?Rcln|g Rtlzz.

I`}ld# F. (0;;4+ ]hl Knnlt Ajl`n? Knmkukm|`ckzg `nm Mlgajt`}kj J|c}|tl . K}h`j`#N[? Jatnlcc \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Ilcclt# O. (0;;6+ – @|}anag{# Tlc`}kan`ck}{# `nm Elgknkz} L}hkjz.‗ H{r`}k` 04(4+?

0<4‚05= .Ilcc{# G. (0;;2+ –G`jKn}{tl# H`dltg`z# `nm Rhkcazarhkj`c L}hkjz kn Hltglnl|}kjz

kn L}hkjz `nm Zajk`c ]hlat{.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c Eat|g 40(0‚4+? 62‚;:.

Dkdckaft`rh{ 4<;



Iltd{# @. R. (0;;0+ N`tt`}kuk}{ `nm }hl Zlce . Dcaagknf}an# KN? Knmk`n` \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Iltnah`n# @. (0;;8+ Ckdlt`ckzg# Lp|`ck}{# `nm J|c}|t`c Arrtlzzkan. Nlv [ati?

J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Ik}}`{# L. E. (0;;;+ Caul ‛ z C`dat? Lzz`{z an Vagln# Lp|`ck}{# `nm Mlrlnmlnj{ .

Canman? Ta|}clmfl.Ik}}`{# L. E. `nm M. ]. Gl{ltz# lmz. (0;86+ Vagln `nm Gat`c ]hlat{ . Zù`fl# GM?

Tavg`n % Ck}}clfflcm.Iclkn# Z.# l} `c. (422= + – @ ]hlat{ ae @|}adkaft`rhkj`c Glgat{? Nljlzz`t{

Jagranln}z `nm Mkzatmltz Tlz|c}knf etag }hlkt Cazz.‗ Zajk`c Jafnk}kan44(<+? =52‚=;2.

Iclknkf# O. (0;8:+ R`}ltn`ckzg. ]a}av`# NO? Tavg`n `nm @cclnhlcm.Inlcclt# O. `nm Z. @xknn# lmz. (0;;8+ @|}anag{ `nm Jagg|nk}{? Tl`mknfz kn

Jan}lgrat`t{ I`n}k`n Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ . @cd`n{# N[? Z\N[ Rtlzz.Iatzf``tm# J. G. (0;;5+ ]hl Za|tjlz ae Natg`}kuk}{ . Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl

\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Ia|t`n{# O. @.# O. R. Z}ltd # `nm T. ]anf# lmz. (0;;4+ Elgknkz} Rhkcazarhklz .

Lnfclvaam Jckfl z# NO? Rtln}kjl H`cc.Itkz}lu`# O. (0;82+ Mlzktl kn C`nf|`fl . Nlv [ati? Jac|gdk` \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;85+ ]hl Itkz}lu` Tl`mlt . Nlv [ati? Jac|gdk` \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.I|fflkji# @. (0;8= + –]hl Kn`ckln`dkck}{ ae @|}anag{.‗ Rhkcazarh{ `nm R|dckj @ fl ktz

0:? 460‚4;8.

I|i`}h`z# J. (0;;6+–

G|c}kj|c}|t`ckzg `z E`ktnlzz? Vkcc I{gckji` ‛z G|c}kj|c}|t`cJk}klnzhkr.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{ <? =25‚=46.

I|relt# O. H. (0;;2+ @|}anag{ `nm Zajk`c Kn}lt`j}kan. @cd`n{# N[? Z\N[ Rtlzz.

I{gckji`# V. (0;8;+ Ckdlt`ckzg# Jagg|nk}{ `nm J|c}|tl . Axeatm? Jc`tlnman.(0;;2+ Jan}lgrat`t{ Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{? @n Kn}tam|j}kan. Axeatm? Jc`tlnman.(0;;<+ G|c}kj|c}|t`c Jk}klnzhkr? @ Ckdlt`c ]hlat{ ae Gknatk}{ Tkfh}z . Axeatm?

Jc`tlnman.C`j`n# O. (0;66+ Ljtk}z? @ Zlclj}kan. Nlv [ati? Nat}an.C`jc`|# L. `nm J. Ga|fl l (0;8<+ Hlflgan{ `nm Zajk`ckz} Z}t`}lf{? ]av`tmz ` T`mkj`c

Mlgajt`}kj Rack}kjz . Nlv [ati? Ultza.C`mlnzan# T. E. (0;6<+ – @ ]hlat{ ae Rltzan`c @|}anag{.‗ L}hkjz 85? :2‚=8.Cìafl # F. `nm G. Oahnzan (0;82+ Gl}`rhatz Vl Ckul D{ ? Jhkj`fa# KC? \nkultzk}{

ae Jhkj`fa Rtlzz.(0;;;+ Rhkcazarh{ kn }hl Eclzh . Nlv [ati? D`zkj Daaiz.

C`tgatl# J. (0;86+ R`}}ltnz ae Gat`c Jagrclxk}{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;5+ ]hl Gat`cz ae Gamltnk}{ . Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.C`|# O. 4224 –Lx}ltn`ckzg @da|} Gln}`c Jan}ln}.‗ Z}`neatm Lnj{jcarlmk` ae

Rhkcazarh{ (h}}r?rc`}a.z}`neatm.lm|ln}tklzjan}ln}'lx}ltn`ckzg*Dkd+.

C`v# K. (422:+ – @|}anag{# Z`nk}{ `nm Gat`c ]hlat{.‗ Tlz R|dckj` ;(0+? :;‚<5.Clhtlt# I. (422:+ –Tl`zan `nm @|}anag{.‗ Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rackj{ 42(4+?

066‚0;8.

452 Dkdckaft`rh{



Clk}jh# ]. (0;85+ Vh`} Z}atklz @tl? N`tt`}kul ]hlat{ `nm Kn}ltrtl}`}kan. \nkultzk}{ R`ti# R@? Rlnnz{cu`nk` Z}`}l \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Clc`nm# M. (0;8;+ –C`j`nk`n Rz{jha`n`c{zkz `nm Etlnjh Elgknkzg? ]av`tm`n @mlp|`}l Rack}kj`c Rz{jhacaf{#‗ kn N. Et`zlt `nm Z. D`t}i{# lmz.#00:‚0:<.

Clul{# F. D. (0;;6+ –Lp|`ck}{# @|}anag{# `nm J|c}|t`c Tkfh}z.‗ Rack}kj`c ]hlat{ 4<(4+? 40<‚4=8.

Cluknl# @. (0;65+ ]hl Lnm ae @|}anag{? @ I`n}k`n Tl`mknf ae Ta|zzl`| ‛ z Zajk`c Jan}t`j} . @ghltz}# G@? \nkultzk}{ ae G`zz`jh|zl}}z Rtlzz.

Cluknzan# G. (0;;;+ ]hl Mlg`nmz ae Ckdlt`c Lm|j`}kan. Nlv [ati? Axeatm\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(4224+ ]hl Mlg`nmz ae Ckdlt`c Lm|j`}kan. Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Cknmcl{# T. (0;85+ @|}anag{ . @}c`n}kj Hkfhc`nmz# NO? H|g`nk}klz Rtlzz Kn}ltn`}kan`c.Cca{m# F. (0;8= + ]hl G`n ae Tl`zan? – G`cl ‗ `nm – Elg`cl ‗ kn Vlz}ltn Rhkcazarh{ .

Canman? Gl}h|ln.Cae}|z# L. (0;;6+ –Jtl`}knf E`czl Glgatklz.‗ Zjkln}k ff j @gltkj`n 466 (Zlr}lgdlt+?

62‚6<.C|ilz# Z.# lm. (0;85+ Ravlt . Nlv [ati? Nlv [ati \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.C{a}`tm# O.'E. (0;;6+ ]hl Raz}gamltn Janmk}kan? @ Tlrat} an Inavclmfl .

Gknnl`rackz# GN? \nkultzk}{ ae Gknnlza}` Rtlzz.G`jJ`cc|g# F. (0;56+ –Nlf`}kul `nm Razk}kul Etllmag.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c Tluklv

65? :04‚::4.

G`jlma# Z. (0;;2+ Ckdlt`c Ukt}|lz? Jk}klnzhkr# Ukt}|l# `nm Jagg|nk}{ kn Ckdlt`c Janz}k}|}kan`ckzg. Axeatm? Jc`tlnman.G`jKn}{tl# @. (0;80+ @e}lt Ukt}|l . Na}tl M`gl# KN? \nkultzk}{ ae Na}tl M`gl

Rtlzz.(0;88+ Vhazl O|z}kjl1 Vhkjh T`}kan`ck}{1 Na}tl M`gl# KN? \nkultzk}{ ae Na}tl

M`gl Rtlzz.(0;;6+ –]hl Ukt}|lz# }hl \nk}{ ae H|g`n Ckel# `nm }hl Janjlr} ae ` ]t`mk}kan#‗

kn Glgat{# Kmln}k}{# Jagg|nk}{ . Z. I. H. Clvkz `nm R. Hknjhg`n# lmz. @cd`n{# N[? Z\N[ Rtlzz# 4=0‚45:.

G`jilnkl# J. (4222+ –Kg`fknknf Anlzlce A}hltvkzl#‗ kn. J. G`jilnkl `nm

N. Z}aco`t# lmz.# 04= ‚0<2.(4224+ –Jtk}kj`c Tlffllj}kan# Zlce'Inavclmfl# `nm }hl Lga}kanz.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c Lxrcat`}kanz # <(:+ (Aj}adlt+? 085‚425.

G`jilnkl# J. `nm N. Z}aco`t (4222`+ –Kn}tam|j}kan? @|}anag{ Tlfff|tlm#‗ knJ. G`jilnkl `nm N. Z}aco`t# lmz.# :‚:0.

G`jilnkl# J. `nm N. Z}aco`t# lmz. (4222d+ Tlc }kan`c @|}anag{? Elgknkz} Rltzrlj}kulz an @|}anag{# @flnj{# `nm }hl Zajk`c Zlce . Nlv [ati? Axeatm\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

G`jIknnan# J. (0;8;+ ]av`tm ` Elgknkz} ]hlat{ ae }hl Z}`}l . J`gdtkmfl# G@?H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(4225+ @tl Vagln H|g`n1 J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.G`jCl`n# M. `nm J. Gkccz# lmz. (0;8:+ Ckdlt`ckzg Tljanzkmltlm . ]a}av`# NO?

Tavg`n `nm @cclnhlcm.

Dkdckaft`rh{ 450



G`hga|m# Z. (422:+ –L}hkj c Eatg }kan `nm Rack}kjz ae Knmkukm|`c @|}anag{ knJan}lgrat`t{ Lf{r}.‗ Zajk`c Tlzl`tjh 62(:+? 8:6‚855.

G`tf`ck}# @. (4224+ ]hl L}hkjz ae Glgat{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{

Rtlzz.G`tf`ck}# @. `nm G. H`cdlt}`c (422= + –Ckdlt`ckzg `nm }hl Tkfh} }a J|c}|tl.‗ Zajk`c

Tlzl`tjh 60(:+? <4;‚<=8.G`tf`ck}# @. `nm O. T` (0;;2+ –N`}kan`c Zlce'Ml}ltgkn }kan.‗ Oa|tn`c ae

Rhkcazarh{ . 86# =:;‚=50.G`ti|z# H. `nm Z. Ik}`{`g` (0;;0+ –J|c}|tl `nm Zlce? Kgrckj`}kanz eat Jafnk}kan#

Lga}kan# `nm Ga}ku`}kan.‗ Rz{jhacafkj`c Tluklv ;8? 44= ‚4<:.G`ti|z# H. `nm I. Zln}kz (0;84+ –]hl Zlce kn Zajk`c Kneatg`}kan Rtajlzzknf#‗ kn

Rz{jhacafkj`c Rltzrlj}kulz an }hl Zlce Uac. 0 . O. Z|cz# lm. Hkcczm`cl# NO? C`vtlnjlLtcd`|g# =0‚62.

G`ti|z# H. `nm M. G. Vlfnlt# lmz. (0;82+ ]hl Zlce kn Zajk`c Rz{jhacaf{ . Nlv [ati?Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

G`{# ]. (0;;= + –]hl Janjlr} ae @|}anag{.‗ @gltkj`n Rhkcazarhkj`c P|`t}ltc{ :0(4+? 0::‚0== .

GjJ`cc|g# F. (0;56+ –Nlf`}kul `nm Razk}kul Etllmag.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c Tluklv 65? :004‚:0:= .

GjCl`n# I. (422<+ –C`}l @maclzjln} Kmln}k}{ Mlulcargln}? N`tt`}kul Gl`nknf Gìknf `nm Glgat{ ]lccknf.‗ Mlulcargln}`c Rz{jhacaf{ =0(= +? 58:‚5;0.

GjClam# J. (4224+ Zlce']t|z} `nm Tlrtam|j}kul @|}anag{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK]

Rtlzz.Gl`m# F.H. (0;:= + Gknm# Zlce `nm Zajkl}{ . Jhkj`fa# KC? \nkultzk}{ ae Jhkj`faRtlzz.

Glcl# @.T. (0;;0+ –Hkz}at{ `nm Rltzan c @|}anag{.‗ J`n`mk`n Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 4:? 460‚482.

(0;;<+ @|}anaga|z @fln}z? Etag Zlce'Jan}tac }a @|}anag{ . Nlv [ati? Axeatm\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Gltcl`|'Ran}{# G. (4224+ Rhlnaglnacaf{ ae Rltjlr}kan? @n Kn}tam|j}kan. Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.

Gl{lt# G. O. (0;86+ –Z}akjz# Tkfh}z `nm @|}anag{.‗ @gltkj n Rhkcazarhkj`c

P|`t}ltc{ 4=(:+? 456‚

460.Gl{ltz# M. ]. (0;86`+ –Rltzan c @|}anag{ `nm }hl R`t`max ae ElgknknlZajk`ck`}kan.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 8=(00+? 50;‚548.

(0;86d+ –]hl Zajk`cklm Knmkukm|`c `nm Knmkukm|`c @|}anag{#‗ kn L. E. Ik}}`{ `nm M. ]. Gl{ltz# lmz.# 4:;‚4<= .

(0;8;+ Zlce# Zajkl}{ `nm Rltzan`c Jhakjl . Nlv [ati? Jac|gdk \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;= + Z|dolj}kan `nm Z|dolj}kuk}{? Rz{jha`n`c{}kj Elgknkzg nm Gat`c Rhkcazarh{ .Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.

(4222`+ –Elgknkzg `nm Vagln‛z @|}anag{? ]hl Jh`cclnfl ae Elg`cl Flnk}`c

J|}}knf.‗ Gl}`rhkcazarh{ :0(<+? =5;‚=;0.(4222d+ –Kn}ltzlj}kan`c Kmln}k}{ `nm }hl @|}hln}kj Zlce#‗ kn J. G`jilnkl `nm

N. Z}aco`t# lmz.# 0<0‚082.

454 Dkdckaft`rh{



(422<+ –Mljln}t`ckknf @|}anag{? Ekul E`jlz ae Zlcehaam#‗ kn O. Jhtkz}g`n `nm O. @nmltzan# lmz.# 46‚<<.

Gl{ltz# M. ].# lm. (0;;6`+ Elgknkz}z Tl}hkni }hl Zlce . Da|cmlt# JA? Vlz}uklv Rtlzz.(0;;6d+ Elgknkz} Zajk`c ]ha|fh}? @ Tl`mlt . Canman? Ta|}clmfl.

Gkjhlcg`n# E. (0;88+ –C`v ‛z Tlr|dckj.‗ [`cl C`v Oa|tn`c ;6? 0=;:‚0<:6.Gkcclt# D. (0;80+ – @|}anag{ `nm }hl Tle|z`c ae Ckel'Zùknf ]tl`}gln}.‗ H`z}knfz

Jln}lt Tlrat} ? 44‚48.Gkcckf`n# M. `nm V. V. Gkcclt# lmz. (0;;4+ Ckdlt`ckzg# Jk}klnzhkr `nm @|}anag{ .

Dtaai fflcm# U]? @uld|t{.Gkccz# J. (0;;6+ ]hl T`jk`c Jan}t`j} . K}h`j`# N[? Jatnlcc \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(422<+ –‘Kml`c ]hlat{ ‛ `z Kmlacaf{.‗ H{r`}k` 42(:+ (Z|gglt+? 05<‚08= .Gah`n}{# Z. (422= + –]hl Lrkz}lgkj Z}`}|z ae J|c}|t`c Kmln}k}{#‗ kn Kmln}k}klz .

C. @cjafl

`nm L. Glnmkl}`# lmz. Axeatm? Dc`jivlcc# :;4‚

=2<.Gan}kffatl# @.# lm. (0;6<+ Nl|}t`ck}{ `nm Kgr`t}k`ck}{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Gaan# O. M. (0;;:+ Janz}t|j}knf Jagg|nk}{? Gat`c Rc|t`ckzg `nm ]t`fkj Jan ffl kj}z .Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(422:+ –Ckdlt`ckzg# @|}anag{# `nm Gat`c Rc|t`ckzg.‗ Rack}kj`c ]hlat{ :0(0+?04<‚0:<.

Ga|fl l# J. (4222+ ]hl Mlgajt`}kj R`t`max . Nlv [ati? Ultza.Ga|fl l# J.# lm. (0;;4+ Mkglnzkanz ae T`mkj`c Mlgajt`j{? Rc|t`ckzg# Jk}klnzhkr#

Jagg|nk}{ . Canman? Ta|}clmfl.

G|ch`cc# Z. `nm @. Zvke} (0;;4+ Ckdlt`cz `nm Jagg|nk}`tk`nz . Axeatm? D`zkcDc`jivlcc.N`flc# ]. (0;;0+ Lp|`ck}{ `nm R`t}k`ck}{ . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.N`t`{`n# \. (4224+ –Gknmz ae ]hlkt Avn? Jhakjlz# @|}anag{# J|c}|t`c

Rt`j}kjlz# `nm A}hlt Vagln#‗ kn @ Gknm ae Anl ‛ z Avn? Elgknkz} Lzz`{z anTl`zan `nm Adolj}kuk}{ . C. N. @n}an{ `nm J. L. Vk}}# lmz. Da|cmlt# JA?

Vlz}uklv Rtlzz# =08‚=:4.N`|}`# C. (0;8<+ –Hkz}atkj`c Taa}z ae }hl Janjlr} ae @|}anag{ kn Vlz}ltn

Rhkcazarh{.‗ Rt`xkz =(= +? :5:‚:66.Nlmlczi{# O. (0;8;+ –Tljanjlkuknf @|}anag{? Za|tjlz# ]ha|fh}z# nm Razzkdkck}klz.‗

[`cl Oa|tn`c ae C`v `nm Elgknkzg 0(0+? 6‚:5.Nlkzzlt# \. (0;88+ –Ekul Iknmz ae Zlce'Inavclmfl.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c Rz{jhacaf{ 0?

:<‚<;.Nlkzzlt# \. `nm T. Eku|zh# lmz. (0;;= + ]hl Tlglgdltknf Zlce? Janz}t|j}kan

`nm @jj|t`j{ kn }hl Zlce'N`tt`}kul . Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Nkjhaczan# C.# lm. (0;;2+ Elgknkzg!Raz}gamltnkzg. Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.Nkl}zjhl# E. (0886422:+ ]hl Flnl`caf{ ae Gat`cz . ]t`nz. Hat`jl D. Z`g|lc. Nlv

[ati? Mault R|dckj`}kanz.Nammknfz# N. (0;8= + J`tknf? @ Elgknkz} @rrta`jh }a L}hkjz `nm Gat`c Lm|j`}kan.

Dltilcl{# J@? \nkultzk}{ ae J`ckeatnk` Rtlzz.Naffcl# T. (422<+ – @|}anag{ `nm }hl R`t`max ae Zlce'Jtl`}kan? Knffnk}l Tlftlzzlz#

Eknk}l Zlculz# `nm }hl Ckgk}z ae @|}hln}kjk}{#‗ kn O. Z. ]`{cat# lm.# 86‚028.

Dkdckaft`rh{ 45:



N|zzd`|g# G. J. (422:+ \rhlù`cz ae ]ha|fh}? ]hl Kn}lcckflnjl ae Lga}kanz .J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

A‛Nlkcc# A. (422:+ – @|}anag{? ]hl Lgrltat ‛z Nlv Jca}hlz.‗ @tkz}a}lck`n Zajkl}{ Z|rr. Uac. 66? 0‚40.

Aikn# Z. G. (0;8;+ O|z}kjl# Flnmlt# `nm }hl E`gkc{ . Nlv [ati? D`zkj Daaiz.Ackult# I.# lm. (4222+ ]hl Etlnjh Elgknkzg Tl`mlt . C`nh`g# GM? Tavg`n %

Ck}}clfflcm.Azh`n`# G. (0;;8+ –Rltzan`c @|}anag{ `nm Zajkl}{.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{

4;(0+? 80‚024.(422:+ –Hav G|jh Zha|cm Vl U`c|l @|}anag{1‗ Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rackj{

42(4+? ;;‚045.(4225+ Rltzan`c @|}anag{ kn Zajkl}{ . H`grzhktl# \I? @zhf`}l R|dckzhknf# C}m.

R`tlih# D. (0;;= +–Z|rltkat Rlarcl? ]hl N`ttavnlzz ae Ckdlt`ckzg etag Gkcc }aT`vcz.‗ ]kglz Ck}lt`t{ Z|rrclgln} (Eld. 4<+? 00‚0:.

R`t ff}# M. (0;8= + Tl`zanz `nm Rltzanz . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.R`}lg`n# J. (0;88+ ]hl Zlx|`c Jan}t`j} . R`ca @c}a# J@? Z}`neatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.R`|c# L. E.# E. Gkcclt# `nm O. R`|c# lmz. (0;85+ ]hl Jagg|nk}`tk`n Jh`cclnfl }a

Ckdlt`ckzg. J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Rl`tz cc# G.# lm. (0;85+ Vagln `nm U`c|lz? Tl`mknfz kn Tljln} Elgknkz} Rhkcazarh{ .

Dlcgan}# J@? V`mzvat}h R|dckzhknf.Rl}}k}# R. (0;;6+ Tlr|dckj`nkzg? @ ]hlat{ ae Etllmag `nm Faultngln} . Nlv [ati?

Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(4220+ @ ]hlat{ ae Etllmag? Etag }hl Rz{jhacaf{ }a }hl Rack}kjz ae @flnj{ . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Rhlc`n# Z. (0;;5+ Fl}}knf Zrljk ff j? Raz}gamltn Clzdk`n Rack}kjz . Gknnl`rackz# GN?

\nkultzk}{ ae Gknnlza}` Rtlzz.Rhknnl{# O. Z. (0;;5+ – Vhln Vl ]`ci @da|} @gltkj`n L}hnkj Fta|rz# Vh`} Ma

Vl Gl`n1‗ @gltkj`n Rz{jhacafkz} <0(;+ (Zlr}lgdlt+? ;08‚;46.Rtknjl# F. (0;;<+ –N`tt`}acaf{#‗ kn ]hl J`gdtkmfl Hkz}at{ ae Ck}lt`t{ Jtk}kjkzg#

Uac. UKKK . T. Zlcmln# lm. J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.R|}n`g# H. (0;6<+ –]hl Gl`nknf ae ‘Gl`nknf.‛‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c R`rltz# Uac. KK?

Gknm# C`nf|`fl# `nm Tl`ck}{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

R|}n`g# T. (4222+ Davcknf @canl? ]hl Jacc`rzl `nm Tluku`c ae @gltkj`n Jagg|nk}{ .Nlv [ati? Zkgan % Zjh|z}lt.

T`jhckn# H. (422:+ – @|}anag{ etag }hl Uklvrakn} ae ]lclacafkj`c Dlhùkatkzg.‗

Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rackj{ 42(4+? 4=<‚45= .T`mmln# O. (0;;5+ Mkukmlm Gknmz `nm Z|jjlzzkul Zlculz? L}hkj`c Kzz|lz kn Mkzatmltz ae

Kmln}k}{ `nm Rltzan`ck}{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@? GK] Rtlzz.T`vcz# O. (0;60+ @ ]hlat{ ae O|z}kjl . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;:+ Rack}kj`c Ckdlt`ckzg. Nlv [ati? Jac|gdk` \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;;;`+ Jacclj}lm R`rltz . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;;;d+ ]hl C`v ae Rlarclz . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;;j+ –]hl Kml` ae R|dckj Tl`zan Tlukzk}lm#‗ kn O. T`vcz (0;;;d+# 04;‚082.(4220+ O|z}kjl `z E`ktnlzz? @ Tlz}`}lgln} . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{

Rtlzz.

45= Dkdckaft`rh{



T`# O. (0;85+ ]hl Gat`ck}{ ae Etllmag. Axeatm? Jc`tlnman Rtlzz.Tl`}h# @.# D. Hltg`n# `nm J. G. Iatzf``tm# lmz. (0;;6+ Tljc`kgknf }hl Hkz}at{ ae

L}hkjz? Lzz`{z eat Oahn T`vcz . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Tkjal|t# R. (0;85+ ]kgl `nm N`tt`}kul . : uacz. Jhkj`fa# KC? \nkultzk}{ ae Jhkj`fa

Rtlzz.(0;;4+ Anlzlce `z @na}hlt . Jhkj`fa# KC? \nkultzk}{ ae Jhkj`fa Rtlzz.(422= + Glgat{# Hkz}at{# Eatfl}}knf . Jhkj`fa# KC? \nkultzk}{ Ae Jhkj`fa Rtlzz.

Tkrz}lkn# @. (0;;;+ Lp|`ck}{# Tlzranzkdkck}{# `nm }hl C`v . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Tat}{# @.# lm. (0;65+ ]hl Kmln}k}klz ae Rltzanz . Dltilcl{# J@? \nkultzk}{ ae J`ckeatnk` Rtlzz.

Tat}{# T. (0;8;+ Jan}knflnj{# Ktan{ `nm Zackm`tk}{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Tazlndc|g# N. C.# lm. (0;8;+ Ckdlt`ckzg `nm }hl Gat`c Ckel . J`gdtkmfl# G@?H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Tazz# @. A. (0;;4+ ]hl Zlnzl ae Zlce? Tlzl`tjh `nm ]hlat{ . Nlv [ati? Zrtknflt.Tazz# G. (0;;0+ Tlglgdltknf }hl Rltzan`c R`z} . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Ta}dltf# T. `nm M. ]hagrzan# lmz. (0;;:+ ]t|}h u. O|z}kjl? ]hl Gat`ck}{ ae ]t|}h

Jaggkzzkanz . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Ta|zzl`|# O.'O. (06540;;:+ Lgkcl . ]t`nz. D`td`t` Eaxcl{. Canman? Lult{g`n.

(0;86+ D`zkj Rack}kj`c Vtk}knfz . M. Jtlzz# lm. Knmk`n`rackz# KN? H`jil}}.T|dkn# M. (0;;8+ –Dlfknnknfz ae ` ]hlat{ ae @|}adkaft`rhkj`c Tlglgdltknf#‗ kn

J. R. ]hagrzan# O. O. Ziavtanzik# Z. E. C`tzln# `nm @. Dl}# lmz.# =6‚

58.T|dkn# M.# lm. (0;85+ @|}adkaft`rhkj`c Glgat{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Z`nmlc# G. O. (0;84+ Ckdlt`ckzg `nm }hl Ckgk}z ae O|z}kjl . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;5+ Mlgajt`j{ ‛ z Mkzjan}ln}? @gltkj` kn Zl`tjh ae ` R|dckj Rhkcazarh{ .J`gdtkmfl# G@? Dlcin`r Rtlzz.

Z`nmltz# Z. (0;84+ – @|}anag{# @|}hatk}{ `nm Gat`c Lm|j`}kan.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ 0:? 08‚4= .

Z`t}atk|z# T. (0;8:+ R`}ltn`ckzg. Gknnl`rackz# GN? \nkultzk}{ ae Gknnlza}` Rtlzz.

Zj`ncan# ]. (0;;8+ Vh`} Vl Avl }a L`jh A}hlt . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.Zjh`j}lt# M. (0;;6+ Zl`tjhknf eat Glgat{? ]hl Dt`kn# }hl Gknm# `nm }hl R`z} . Nlv

[ati? D`zkj Daaiz.Zjhèlt# T. (0;80+ –N`tt`}kan kn }hl Rz{jha`n`c{}kj Mk`caf|l#‗ kn An N`tt`}kul .

V. O. ]. Gk}jhlcc# lm. Jhkj`fa? \nkultzk}{ ae Jhkj`fa Rtlzz# 4<‚005.Zjhljh}g`n# G. (0;;5+ ]hl Janz}k}|}kan ae Zlculz . K}h`j`# N[? Jatnlcc \nkultzk}{

Rtlzz.Zjhlg`n# N. (0;8:+ –Knmkukm|`ckzg `nm }hl Adolj}z ae Rz{jhacaf{#‗ kn Mkzjaultknf

Tl`ck}{ . Z. H`tmknf# `nm G. Hkn}kii # lmz. Daz}an# G@? M. Tlkmlc# 44<‚4== .

(0;;:+ Lnflnmltknfz? Janz}t|j}kanz ae Inavclmfl# @|}hatk}{# `nm Rtkukclfl .Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.

(0;;5+ –Tlrc{ }a Ca|kzl @n}an{.‗ H{r`}k` 00(:+? 0<2‚0<:.

Dkdckaft`rh{ 45<



Zjhnllvknm# O. D. (0;;8+ ]hl Knuln}kan ae @|}anag{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Zjht`mlt# F. (0;5;+ – @|}anag{# Hl}ltanag{# `nm Gat`c Kgrlt`}kulz#‗ knEa|nm`}kanz ae }hl Gl}`rh{zkjz ae Gat`cz . T. R. Vacfl # lm. Nlv [ati? Daddz'Glttkcc# 006‚0::.

Zlkmg`n# O.Z. (422:+ –T`}kan`ck}{ `nm Tlffllj}kan.‗ L}hkj`c ]hlat{ `nm Gat`c Rt`j}kjl 5? 420‚40= .

Zln# @. (0;;4+ Knlp|`ck}{ Tllx`gknlm . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;;:+ –J`r`dkck}{ `nm Vlcc'Dlknf#‗ kn ]hl P|`ck}{ ae Ckel . @. Zln `nm

G. N|zzd`|g# lmz. Axeatm? Jc`tlnman Rtlzz# :2‚<:.(4225+ Kmln}k}{ `nm Ukaclnjl . Nlv [ati? Nat}an.

Zh`ni# T. (0;;2+ ]lcc Gl ` Z}at{? @ Nlv Caai `} Tl`c `nm @t}k ff jk`c Glgat{ . Nlv

[ati? Zjtkdnltz.Zhll}z'Oahnz}anl# G. (0;;;+ –Rhlnaglnacaf{ `nm @flnj{? Gl}hamacafkj`c`nm ]hlatl}kj c Kzz|lz kn Z}t`vzan‛z ‘]hl Zlce#‛‗ kn Gamlcz ae }hl Zlce .

O. Z. Zh`|n F`cc`fhlt# lm. ]hatult}an# \I? Kgrtkn} @j`mlgkj# 4:0‚4<4.Zhlt# F. (0;86+ –A}hlt Uakjlz A}hlt Taagz? Vagln‛z Rz{jhacaf{ `nm Gat`c

]hlat{#‗ kn L. E. Ik}}`{ `nm M. ]. Gl{ltz# lmz.# 068‚08;.(0;8;+ –]htll Ft`mlz ae Zajk c Knuaculgln}.‗ Rhkcazarh{ `nm R|dckj @ fl ktz 08(4+?

0::‚0<6.(0;;6+ Dl{anm Nl|}t`ck}{? Rltelj}kankzg `nm Rack}kjz . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl

\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Zklfclt# G. (0;66+ –Jtk}kj`c Kccnlzz? ]hl Ckgk}z ae @|}anag{.‗ H`z}knfz Jln}lt Tlrat} 8? 04‚0<.Zkgglc# F. (0;260;;2+ ]hl Rhkcazarh{ ae Ganl{ . ]t`nz. ]. Da}}agatl. Nlv [ati?

Ta|}clmfl.Zgk}h# F. V. (0;86+ – O. Z. Gkcc an Etllmag#‗ kn Janjlr}kanz ae Ckdlt}{ kn Rack}kj`c

Rhkcazarh{ . _. Rlcj{nzik# `nm O. Ft`{# lmz. Nlv [ati? Z}. G`t}knz Rtlzz#084‚405.

Zrlnjl# M. (0;8= + N`tt`}kul ]t|}h `nm Hkz}atkj`c ]t|}h? Gl`nknf `nm Kn}ltrtl}`}kankn Rz{jha`n`c{zkz . Nlv [ati? Nat}an.

Z}aco`t# N. (4222+ – @|}anag{ `nm }hl Elgknkz} Kn}|k}kan#‗ kn J. G`jilnkl `nm

N. Z}aco`t# lmz.# ;= ‚000.Z}t`vzan# F. (0;;;+ –]hl Zlce#‗ kn Gamlcz ae }hl Zlce . O. Z. Zh`|n F`cc fhlt# lm.

]hatult}an# \I? Kgrtkn} @j`mlgkj# 0‚0;.(422= + – @f`knz} N`tt`}kuk}{.‗ T`}ka 06(= +? =48‚=<4.

Z|ccku`n# Z. (4225+ Tlul`cknf Vhk}lnlzz? ]hl \njanzjka|z H`dk}z ae T`jk`c Rtkukclfl .Dcaagknf}an# KN? Knmk`n` \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Z|gnlt# C. V. (0;;5+ Vlce`tl# H`rrknlzz# `nm L}hkjz . Axeatm? Jc`tlnman Rtlzz.Z|}}an# O. (422= + –Glgat{.‗]hl Z}`neatm Lnj{jcarlmk` ae Rhkcazarh{ (h}}r?rc`}a.

z}`neatm.lm|+.]`{cat# J. (0;65+ –Tlzranzkdkck}{ eat Zlce#‗ kn @. Tat}{# lm.# 480‚4;;.

(0;6;+ Hlflc `nm Gamltn Zajkl}{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;8<`+ Rhkcazarh{ `nm }hl H|g`n Zjklnjlz? Rhkcazarhkj`c R`rltz# KK . J`gdtkmfl?

J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

455 Dkdckaft`rh{



(0;8<d+ – Vh`} Kz H|g`n @flnj{1‗ kn H|g`n @flnj{ `nm C`nf|`fl?Rhkcazarhkj`c R`rltz K . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# 0<‚== .

(0;8<j+ – Vh`} kz Vtanf Vk}h Nlf`}kul Ckdlt}{1‗ kn J. ]`{cat (0;8<`+# 400‚44;.(0;8;`+ –Jtazz'R|trazlz? ]hl Ckdlt`c'Jagg|nk}`tk`n Mld`}l#‗ kn

N. C. Tazlndc|g# lm.# 0<;‚084.(0;8;d+ Za|tjlz ae }hl Zlce? ]hl Gìknf ae Gamltn Kmln}k}{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@?

H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;;0+ ]hl L}hkjz ae @|}hln}kjk}{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;;4+ G|c}kj|c}|t`ckzg `nm }hl – Rack}kjz ae Tljafnk}kan.‗ Rtknjl}an# NO?

Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.]`{cat# O.# lxlj|}kul rtam|jlt (422= + Ckuknf Vk}ha|} Glgat{ . DDJ maj|gln}`t{.]`{cat# O. Z. (422:+ – @|}anag{# M|tlzz# `nm Jaltjkan.‗ Zajk`c Rhkcazarh{ `nm

Rackj{ 42

(4

+?046‚0<<

.]`{cat# O. Z.# lm. (422<+ Rltzan`c @|}anag{? Nlv Lzz`{z an Rltzan`c @|}anag{ `nm K}z Tacl kn Jan}lgrat`t{ Gat`c Rhkcazarh{ . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

]h`cdltf# K. (0;8;+ –Hklt`tjhkj`c @n`c{zlz ae \netll @j}kan#‗ kn O. Jhtkz}g`n# lm.#04:‚0:5.

]hagrzan# J. R.# O. O. Ziavtanzik# Z. E. C`tzln# `nm @ Dl}# lmz. (0;;8+ @|}adkaft`rhkj`c Glgat{? Tlglgdltknf Vh`} `nm Tlglgdltknf Vhln.G`hv`h# NO? C`vtlnjl Ltcd`|g.

]k}g|zz# T. G. (0;62+ ]hl Fke} Tlc`}kanzhkr. Canman? @ccln % \nvkn.

]amatau# ]. (0;66+ ]hl Ral}kjz ae Rtazl . Axeatm? D`zkc Dc`jivlcc.]|cuknf# L.# lm. (4222+ ]hl Axeatm H`nmdaai ae Glgat{ . Axeatm? Axeatm\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

]|tnlt# G. (0;;5+ ]hl Ck}lt`t{ Gknm . Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.]ultzi{# @. `nm I`hnlg`n# M. (0;84+ O|mfgln} |nmlt \njlt}`kn}{? Hl|tkz}kjz `nm

Dk`zlz . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.U`n ml Ullt# M. (0;6;+ – @|}anag{ Tlzrlj}knf R`}ltn`ckzg.‗ Zajk`c ]hlat{ `nm

Rt`j}kjl 5? 086‚426.U`nmltzjht`è# R. (4225+ –]hl Jktj|gz}`njlz ae O|z}kjl.‗ Rack}kjz# Rhkcazarh{ `nm

Ljanagkjz <(:+? :40‚:<0.

Ulcclg`n# M. (0;;4+ – Vh`} H`rrlnz Vhln Zagldam{ @j}z1‗ Gknm 020? =50‚=80.(0;;5+ –Zlce }a Zlce.‗ Rhkcazarhkj`c Tluklv 02<(0+? :;‚65.(4222+ ]hl Razzkdkck}{ ae Rt`j}kj`c Tl`zan. Axeatm? Jc`tlnman Rtlzz.(4224+ –Kmln}kffj`}kan `nm Kmln}k}{#‗ kn Z. D|zz `nm C. Ault}an# lmz.# ;0‚04:.(422:+ –N`tt`}kul Lxrc`n`}kanz.‗ ]hl Rhkcazarhkj`c Tluklv # 04(0+ (O`n|`t{+? 0‚4<.(422= + –Kmln}k}{ `nm Kmln}kffj`}kan#‗ tlrtkn}lm kn Zlce }a Zlce . J`gdtkmfl?

J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# ::2‚:<;.(422<+ –]hl Zlce `z N`tt`}at#‗ kn O. Jhtkz}g`n `nm O. @nmltzan# lmz.# <5‚65.(4225+ Zlce }a Zlce . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

U{fa}zi{# C. Z. (0;:20;68+ Gknm kn Zajkl}{ . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm \nkultzk}{

Rtlzz. V`fln``t# V. (0;;= + –Kz Glgat{ Zlce'Zltuknf1‗ kn \. Nlkzzlt `nm T. Eku|zh# lmz.#

0;0‚42= .

Dkdckaft`rh{ 456



V`cmtan# O. (0;86+ Nanzlnzl \ran Z}kc}z? Dln}h`g# D|til# `nm G`tx an }hl Tkfh}z ae G`n. Nlv [ati? Ta|}clmfl.

(0;;4+ –Gknatk}{ J|c}|tlz `nm }hl Jazgarack}`n @c}ltn`}kul.‗ \nkultzk}{ ae Gkjhkf`n Oa|tn`c ae C`v `nm Tleatg 4<(:+? 6<0‚6;:.

(0;;:+ Ckdlt c Tkfh}z? Jacclj}lm R`rltz 0;80 ‚ 0;;0 . Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

(0;;;+ ]hl Mkfnk}{ ae Clfkzc`}kan. Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz. V`cc# Z. (0;;8+ Ckdlt`ckzg# Rltelj}kankzg `nm Tlz}t`kn} . Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl

\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(eat}hjagknf+ –Rltelj}kankz} Rack}kjz? @ Mlelnzl#‗ kn ]. Jhtkz}k`na `nm

O. Jhtkz}g`n# lmz. V`cclt# D. (0;;:+ –N`}|t`c @|}anag{ `nm @c}ltn`}kul Razzkdkck}klz.‗ @gltkj`n

Rhkcazarhkj`c P|`t}ltc{ :2(0+? 6:‚

80. V`clt# G. (0;8:+ Zrhltlz ae O|z}kjl . Axeatm? Dc`jivlcc. V`}zan# F. (0;6<+ –Etll @flnj{.‗ Oa|tn`c ae Rhkcazarh{ 64? 42<‚442.

(0;86+ –Etll @j}kan `nm Etll Vkcc.‗ Gknm ;5(:8= +? 0=<‚064.(4224+ –Uack}kan`c Nljlzzk}klz#‗ kn Z. D|zz `nm C. Ault}an# lmz.# 04;‚0<;.

V`}zan# F.# lm. (0;84+ Etll Vkcc . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz. Vlfnlt# M. G. `nm T. T. U`cc`jhlt# lmz. (0;82+ ]hl Zlce kn Zajk`c Rz{jhacaf{ . Nlv

[ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz. Vlkt# @. (0;;5+ Z`jtk ff jk`c Cafkjz? Elgknkz} ]hlat{ `nm }hl Jtk}kp|l ae Kmln}k}{ . Nlv

[ati? Ta|}clmfl.

Vhk}l# Z. (0;88+ ]hl Tljln} Vati ae Oótfln H`dltg`z . Nlv [ati? J`gdtkmfl\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(0;;0+ Rack}kj`c ]hlat{ `nm Raz} Gamltnkzg. J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{

Rtlzz. Vkcck`gz# D. (0;8:+ –Rltzanz# Jh`t`j}lt# `nm Gat`ck}{#‗ kn Gat`c C|ji . J`gdtkmfl?

J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# 0‚0;.(0;8<+ –Z}{clz ae L}hkj`c ]hlat{#‗ kn L}hkjz `nm }hl Ckgk}z ae Rhkcazarh{ .

J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# 60‚;4

Vkcck`gz# R. O. (0;;0+ ]hl @cjhlg{ ae T`jl `nm Tkfh}z . J`gdtkmfl# G@? H`tu`tm\nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

Vk}}flnz}lkn# C.# (0;<8+ Rhkcazarhkj`c Knulz}kf`}kanz . ]t`nz. F. L. G. @nzjagdl.Axeatm? Dc`jivlcc.

Vace# Z. (0;;2+ Etllmag `nm Tl`zan. Nlv [ati? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz. Vacchlkg# T. (0;8= + ]hl ]htl`m ae Ckel . J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz. Vanf# M. (0;88+ –An Eca|tkzhknf `nm Eknmknf Anl‛z Kmln}k}{ kn Jagg|nk}{.‗

Gkmvlz} Z}|mklz kn Rhkcazarh{ XKKK . R. Etlnjh# lm. Za|}h Dlnm# KN? \nkultzk}{ ae Na}tl M`gl Rtlzz# :4= ‚:=0.

[a|nf# K. G. (0;;2`+ –]hl Kml`c ae Jagg|nk}{ `nm }hl Rack}kjz ae Mkfl ltlnjl#‗ knC. Nkjhaczan# lm.# :22‚:4:.

(0;;2d+ O|z}kjl `nm }hl Rack}kjz ae Mk fl ltlnjl . Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{

Rtlzz.(0;;2j+ ]htavknf Ckil ` Fktc `nm A}hlt Lzz`{z kn Elgknkz} Rhkcazarh{ `nm Zajk`c

]hlat{ . Dcaagknf}an# KN? Knmk`n` \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.

458 Dkdckaft`rh{



(0;;6+ –Flnmlt `z Zltk`ck}{? ]hkniknf @da|} Vagln `z ` Zajk`c Jacclj}kul#‗ knKn}ltzlj}knf Uakjlz? Mkclgg`z ae Flnmlt# Rack}kj`c Rhkcazarh{ `nm Rackj{ .Rtknjl}an# NO? Rtknjl}an \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz# 04‚:6.

(4222+ Knjc|zkan `nm Mlgajt`j{ . Axeatm? Axeatm \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz.(4226+ –Z}t|j}|t`c Kno|z}kjl `nm }hl Rack}kjz ae Mkfl ltlnjl#‗ kn G|c}kj|c}|t`ckzg

`nm Rack}kj`c ]hlat{ . @. C`mln# lm. J`gdtkmfl? J`gdtkmfl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz#jh. 4.

[a|nf# O. (0;;:+ ]lx}|tlz ae Glgat{ . Nlv Hùln# J]? [`cl \nkultzk}{ Rtlzz. [a|nf# T. (0;82+ – @|}anag{ `nm Zajk`ck`}kan.‗ Gknm 8;? <5<‚<65.

(0;85+ Rltzan`c @|}anag{? Dl{anm Nlf`}kul `nm Razk}kul Ckdlt}{ . Nlv [ati?Z}. G`t}kn‛z Rtlzz.

_kggltg`n# M. (0;80+ –Hklt`tjhkj`c Ga}ku }kan `nm Etllmag ae }hl Vkcc.‗ R`jk ff j

Rhkcazarhkj`c P|`t}ltc{ 54

?:<= ‚:58

.(0;;;+ –Datn [lz}ltm`{? Rltzan c @|}anag{ eat @fln}z vk}ha|} ` R`z}.‗

Gkmvlz} Z}|mklz kn Rhkcazarh{ XXKKK # 4:5‚455.

Dkdckaft`rh{ 45;



Knmlx

@matna# ]hlamat V.# <8

` fl lj}# 04‚0:# ::‚:5# 8;‚;4# ;5# 022# 008# 04<#

0=:‚0== # 0=5# 0<8`flnj{# ;‚02# 04‚0= # :2# ::# <6‚50# 5:‚5= #

82‚80# 85‚86# 004# 00= # 0:5‚0:;# 0== #0=6# 0=;‚0<:# 06:‚06<# 066# 08= # 0;4#0;6# 42<‚426

rc`nnknf gamlc ae# ;6

`fln}k`c `|}hatk}{# 0:8# 0=<# 0=8‚0=;#0<:# 0<8

@cjafl # Cknm`# 0;8# 424# 42<‚426

`ckln`}kan# 0:# 022‚020# 004# 008# 040# 0=:‚0=8# 0<:#0<= # 0<<# 0<8# 054# 055# 05;# 064# 066# 082# 08;#42;‚402# 40:‚40<# 44<# 445# 4:;

@ccrat}# Fatman# :4 @c}h|zzlt# Ca|kz# <5

@chlkglt ‛z mkzl`zl# ;:

`gnlzk`# ;:‚;6# 0:8

`n}ltaft`ml `gnlzk`# ;:

tl}taft`ml `gnlzk`# ;=

`ga|t rtartl # 068‚06;

@nmltzan# Lck`dl}h# 0;<

@nmltzan# Oalc# 080‚084

`n}k'knmkukm|`ckzg# ::# 064

`n}k'rltelj}kankzg# 5# 05# 428# 44= # 4::

`n}k'rltelj}kankz}# 400

@rrk`h# Iv`gl @n}han{# 04:# 088# 0;= #0;6‚42= # 402‚404

@rrcldll# @t}h|t# 68

@tr`c{# Nag{# 0<;

@zhgatl# Tkjh`tm M.# :2

@}iknz# Ikg# 58

@|mk# Tadlt}# 04:

`|}hln}kjk}{# 0= # 0<# 4<# == ‚=5# 54‚5:# 8= # 020# 02:#00:# 044# 048# 0::# 0:= ‚0:<# 0:6# 0=0# 0=<# 0=5#0=;# 0<0# 0<<‚0<5# 0<8‚0<;# 050‚054# 056# 058#060# 066# 08:‚08<

`|}anag{

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