CHRISTIANITY GENERAL INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL OVERVIEW, SCRIPTURES, BELIEFS AND SALVATION

CHRISTIANITYGENERAL INTRODUCTION,

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW, SCRIPTURES, BELIEFS AND

SALVATION

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

FOUNDER AND ADHERENTS, PRIMARY DIVISIONS

FOUNDER AND ADHERENTS

JESUS OF NAZARETH

FOUNDER AND ADHERENTS Christianity is the world

religion with the greatest number of followers.

The name Christian comes from the title given to Jesus of Nazareth – ‘the Christ’ which is a Greek word which means ‘Messiah’.

FOUNDER AND ADHERENTS…

Christianity began in Palestine in the 1st century CE as the claimed fulfillment of God’s promises to the Jews.

The religion has now approximately 2 billion followers around the world.

PRIMARY DIVISIONS There are many different types of Christianity

practiced, the major division is between Western (itself divided into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism) and Orthodox Christianity.

Christianity is a belief system that has had immense cultural and political consequences.

Christianity comes from the life and teachings of Jesus (5BCE-30CE approximately], a Palestinian Jew.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

JESUS OF NAZARETH, THE EARLY CHURCH, PERSECUTION, CHURCH FATHERS, CONVERSION OF CONSTANTINE, THE

COUNCIL OF NICEA, MONASTICISM, THE PAPACY, THE CRUSADES, THE GREAT SCHISM: THE WESTERN CHURCH

(ROMAN CATHOLIC) AND THE EASTERN CHURCH (ORTHODOX), THE REFORMATION (PROTESTANTISM),

PENTECOSTALISM

JESUS OF NAZARETH Christian history begins with Jesus of

Nazareth, a Jew who was born in a small corner of the Roman Empire.

Little is known of his early life, but around the age of 30, Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist and had a vision in which he received the blessing of God.

JESUS OF NAZARETH… After this event, he began a ministry of

teaching, healing, and miracle-working. He spoke of the "kingdom of God,"

condemned religious hypocrites and interpreted the Mosaic law in new ways.

He spoke before crowds of people, but also chose 12 disciples whom he taught privately.

JESUS OF NAZARETH… They eagerly followed him, believing him

to be the long-awaited Messiah who would usher in the kingdom of God on earth.

At the time of Jesus' birth the Jewish people were hoping for the arrival of a Messiah.

Those who followed Jesus later came to believe that he was that predicted Messiah.

JESUS OF NAZARETH… Christians' believe that Jesus was both

human and divine – that although Jesus was God, his divinity did not prevent him also being fully human.

Jesus' mother, Mary, was a human woman. Christians believe that she conceived Jesus through the action of the Holy Spirit.

JESUS OF NAZARETH… Jesus was put on trial by the Romans after

the Sanhedrin had found him guilty of blasphemy on an account of insurrection.

Jesus was executed by crucifixion (suspended by nails from a vertical cross until he died) around 30 CE.

Crucifixion was a painful and degrading form of execution, reserved for criminals.

JESUS OF NAZARETH… Christians believe that Jesus rose from the

dead (The Resurrection) after his execution, and was seen by many people before he returned to be with God in heaven.

Christians believe that Jesus' death by crucifixion was an act of atonement - but they differ as to what "atonement" actually means.

JESUS OF NAZARETH… The most common understanding of

atonement is that by dying on the cross, Jesus made it possible for those who believed in him to overcome the separation from God that sin and death cause.

The New Testament details the significant events of the life, teachings and works of Jesus…

Recipient Matthew Mark Luke John

Official's son 4:46-54

Possessed man 1:21-27 4:33-37

Peter's in-law 8:14-15 1:29-31 4:38-39

Many at sunset 8:16-17 1:32-39 4:40-41

Leper 8:1-4 1:40-45 5:12-15

Paralytic 9:1-8 2:1-12 5:18-26

Man at Bethesda 5:1-17

Withered hand 12:9-13 3:1-6 6:6-11

Crowd in Galilee 4:23-25

HEALING MIRACLES

HEALING MIRACLES…Recipient Matthew Mark Luke John

Few in Nazareth 6:1-6

Gentile's daughter 15:21-28 7:24-30

Deaf man 7:31-37

Multitude 15:29-31

Epileptic boy 17:14-21 9:14-29 9:37-42

Blind man 9:1-41

Blind/dumb man 12:22-24 11:14-15

Man of Bethsaida 8:22-26

Stooped woman 13:10-17

HEALING MIRACLES…

Recipient Matthew Mark Luke John

Lazarus raised 11:1-45

Ten Lepers 17:11-19

Crowds in Judea 19:1-2

Bartimaeus 20:29-34 10:46-52 18:35-43

Many in Jerusalem 21:14

Ear of Malchus 22:47-53 18:10-11

Resurrection 28:1-10 16:1-20 24:1-53 20:1-31

OTHER MIRACLES…Other Miracles of Jesus Christ

Event Matthew Mark Luke John

Water to wine 2:1-11

1st catch of fish 5:1-11

Calms a sea 8:23-27 4:35-41 8:22-25

Feeds 5000 14:13-21 6:32-44 9:10-17 6:1-13

Walks on water 14:22-33 6:45-51 6:15-21

Feeds 4000 15:32-39 8:1-10

Money in fish 17:24-27

Tree withered 21:18-22 11:12-24

2nd catch of fish 21:1-14

PARABLES

FABLE VS

PARABLE

• Fables are knowingly untrue, unrealistic fantasy stories that illustrate previously discovered human wisdom.

• Parables are true or realistic stories that illustrate a deep spiritual truth not previously understood by man.

MYTH VS

PARABLE

• Myths are fantasy/untrue stories that are accepted as reality/truth themselves.

• Parables clearly divide between the story part and the spiritual lesson being taught.

PROVERB VS

PARABLE

• A short saying to be taken literally itself to teach some obvious human wisdom.

• Parables are longer, more illustrative and teach a hidden truth.

ALLEGORY VS

PARABLE

• An allegory transfers the properties of one thing to another.

• Parables compare two separate things to one another.

Subject Place Reference

The Two Debtors Capernaum Luke 7:40-43

The Strong Man GalileeMatthew 12:29; Mark 3:27;Luke 11:21-22

The Evil Spirit Galilee Matthew 12:43-45; Luke 11:24-26

The Sower SeashoreMatthew 13:3-9,18-23; Mark 4:39,14-20Luke 8:5-8,11-15

Weeds In The Wheat Seashore of Galilee Matthew 13:24-30,36-43

The Mustard Seed Seashore of GalileeMatthew 13:31,32; Mark 4:30-32Luke 13:18-19

The Growing Seed Seashore of Galilee Mark 4:26-29

The Yeast Seashore of Galilee Matthew 13:33; Luke 13:20-21

PARABLES…


Hidden Treasure Seashore of Galilee Matthew 13:44

The Pearl Seashore of Galilee Matthew 13:45-46

Good And Bad Fish Seashore of Galilee Matthew 13:47-50

The Wicked Servant Capernaum Matthew 18:21-35

The Good Samaritan Near Jerusalem Luke 10:29-37

The Visitor At Midnight Near Jerusalem Luke 11:5-8

The Rich Fool Galilee Luke 12:16-21

The Unproductive Fig Tree Galilee Luke 13:6-9

PARABLES…


The Great Banquet Peraea Luke 14:15-24

The Lost Sheep PeraeaMatthew 18:12-14; Luke 15:3-7

The Lost Coin Peraea Luke 15:8-10

The Lost Son Peraea Luke 15:11-32

The Good Shepherd Jerusalem John 10:1-18

The Dishonest Manager Peraea Luke 16:1-8

Lazarus And The Rich Man Peraea Luke 16:19-31

The Unworthy Servants Peraea Luke 17:7-10

The Persistent Widow Peraea Luke 18:1-8

PARABLES…

PARABLES…Subject Place Reference

Pharisee And Tax Collector Peraea Luke 18:9-14

Workers In The Vineyard Peraea Matthew 20:1-16

The Ten Minas Jericho Luke 19:11-27

The Two Sons Jerusalem Matthew 21:28-32

Owner Of The Vineyard JerusalemMatthew 21:33-44Mark 12:1-12Luke 20:9-18

The Wedding Banquet Jerusalem Matthew 22:1-14

The Ten Virgins Mount Of Olives Matthew 25:1-13

The Talents Mount of Olives Matthew 25:14-30

THE EARLY CHURCH

THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, PENTECOST, PETER AND JAMES,

PAUL, JEW AND GENTILE, THE FIRST COUNCIL

THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES Within only 20 years of Jesus‘ death, his followers

had spread the Christian faith as far as Rome. Followers of his teachings were first called

"Christians“ at Antioch around 43 AD. Christians had also begun to write narratives of

Jesus' life and the work of the apostles, as well as letters on matters of belief and practice.

THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES… Together these writings constitute the Christian

scriptures, called the "New Testament." As evidenced by its name, the New Testament is

regarded as a successor to, although not a replacement of, the Hebrew scriptures (the "Old Testament").

Our knowledge of the activities of the earliest Christians comes from the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles.

PENTECOST The initiation of the Christian church is traceable

to Pentecost. On the day of Pentecost (a Jewish festival also

known as the Feast of Weeks), the apostles were assembled together when suddenly they heard a great wind and saw what looked like tongues of fire come to rest over each of their heads.

They each began to speak in languages other than their own, and a crowd soon gathered around the spectacle.

PETER AND JAMES At the Pentecost event, Peter then stood up

and preached his first recorded sermon to the crowd.

From this first instance it becomes apparent that whereas Jesus' central message was the kingdom of God, the message of the apostles was the resurrection of Jesus.

PETER AND JAMES… The Apostle Peter is a prominent figure in

the early church. Despite his moments of weakness during

Jesus' life, Jesus gave him the "keys of the kingdom" and the responsibility to care for the flock.

(Based on these passages and his historical association with Rome, Catholic Christians regard Peter as the first pope.)

PETER AND JAMES… In Acts, Peter makes several public

speeches, performs many healings in the name of Jesus, and receives an important vision from God.

As the leader of the church in Jerusalem and the author of an epistle bearing his name, James the (half) brother of Jesus also plays a prominent role.

PAUL The Apostle Paul is easily the central figure of the

apostolic era. His influence lies not in a leadership role like

Peter and James, but in his extensive missionary and pastoral work.

His letters to new churches, some of which date to the 50s AD, are the earliest Christian writings we have and they constitute over half of the New Testament.

PAUL… Paul was a devoted Jewish teacher who

persecuted Christians, until he received a blinding vision of the risen Christ on the road to Damascus.

From that moment to his martyrdom, the Apostle Paul was a devoted Christian missionary and teacher.

Paul was certainly responsible for systematizing Christian teachings and spreading Christianity over a significant part of the Roman Empire.

JEW AND GENTILE Jesus does not seem to have set out to found a

new religion, but simply reinterpret an ancient one.

The relationship of Christianity to its parent faith, Judaism, was the first issue faced by the early church.

Christianity was initially regarded not as a new religion but as a sect of Judaism, even by Christians themselves.

JEW AND GENTILE… But before long, Christianity distinguished

itself in a significant way: it accepted non-Jews ("Gentiles") as religious equals.

THE FIRST COUNCIL The relationship of Christianity to its parent

faith was the topic of what is sometimes considered the first ecumenical council, the Council of Jerusalem (circa 50 AD).

The council was prompted by Jewish Christians in Antioch who were teaching that Gentile Christians must be circumcised and follow the law of Moses.

THE FIRST COUNCIL… After much discussion, Peter spoke to the council,

reminding them of his vision and testifying that God had confirmed this vision by "giving the Holy Spirit to them, just as he did to us."

He concluded with what would become a fundamental Christian doctrine: "We believe it is through the grace of our Lord Jesus that we are saved, just as they are."

Paul and Barnabas supported this by describing the signs and wonders that had accompanied their work among the Gentiles.

PERSECUTIONEXTENT, REASONS, ROMAN

WAVES

EXTENT OF THE PERSECUTION

In its first three centuries, the Christian church endured regular (though not constant) persecution at the hands of Roman authorities.

This experience, and its resulting martyrs and apologists, would have significant historical and theological consequences for the developing faith.

EXTENT OF THE PERSECUTION… It has been calculated that between the first persecution

under Nero in 64 to the Edict of Milan in 313, Christians experienced 129 years of persecution and 120 years of toleration and peace.

The Roman persecutions were generally sporadic, localized, and dependent on the political climate and disposition of each emperor. Moreover, imperial decrees against Christians were often directed against church property, the Scriptures, or clergy only.

It has been estimated that more Christians have been martyred in the last 50 years than in the church's first 300 years.

TOTAL PERSONS, AD 33-2000

All persons born since AD 33: 36.7 BillionAll persons evangelized since AD 33: 12.1 Billion (33% of human race)

All Christians since AD 33: 8.3 Billion (23% of human race)

All martyrs killed since AD 33: 69.4 millionMartyrs as % all Christians ever: 0.8%Martyrs among all Christian leaders ever: 2.0%

SITUATION BY AD 2000 (p.a.= per year)

Martyrs in 20th century (1900-2000): 45.4 MillionMartyrs since 1950: 13.3 MillionAverage annual martyrs since 1950: 278,000Recent annual martyrs: 171,000Current annual martyrs: 160,000Countries heavily involved in AD 2000: 50

REASON FOR THE PERSECUTION The Roman Empire was generally quite tolerant in

its treatment of other religions. The imperial policy was generally one of incorporation - the local gods of a newly conquered area were simply added to the Roman pantheon and often given Roman names.

Even the Jews, with their one god, were generally tolerated.

So why the persecution of Christians?

REASON FOR THE PERSECUTION…

To understand the Roman distrust of Christianity, one must understand the Roman view of religion.

For the Romans, religion was first and foremost a social activity that promoted unity and loyalty to the state - a religious attitude the Romans called pietas, or piety.

REASON FOR THE PERSECUTION… The early Roman writers viewed Christianity not

as another kind of pietas, piety, but as a superstitio, "superstition."

In this context, the word "superstition" has a slightly different connotation than it has today: for the Romans, it designated something foreign and different - in a negative sense.

Religious beliefs were valid only in so far as it could be shown to be old and in line with ancient customs; new and innovative teachings were regarded with distrust.

REASON FOR THE PERSECUTION… On a more social, practical level, Christians

were distrusted in part because of the secret and misunderstood nature of their worship.

Words like "love feast" and talk of "eating Christ's flesh" sounded understandably suspicious to the pagans, and Christians were suspected of cannibalism, incest, orgies, and all sorts of immorality.

ROMAN WAVES OF PERSECUTION1. Persecution under Nero (c. 64-68). Traditional

martyrdoms of Peter and Paul.2. Persecution under Domitian (r. 81-96).3. Persecution under Trajan (112-117). Christianity

is outlawed but Christians are not sought out.4. Persecution under Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180).

Martyrdom of Polycarp.5. Persecution under Septimus Severus (202-210).

Martyrdom of Perpetua.

ROMAN WAVES OF PERSECUTION…6. Persecution under Decius (250-251). Christians are

actively sought out by requiring public sacrifice. Could buy certificates (libelli) instead of sacrificing. Martyrdoms of bishops of Rome, Jerusalem and Antioch.

7. Persecution under Valerian (257-59). Martyrdoms of Cyprian of Carthage and Sixtus II of Rome.

8. Persecution under Maximinus the Thracian (235-38).9. Persecution under Aurelian (r. 270–275).10. Severe persecution under Diocletian and Galerius (303-

324).

CHURCH FATHERS The term church fathers refers to Christian writers and

theologians of the first eight centuries of the Christian church, especially the period of development up to 451 AD.

The church fathers are sometimes further divided into Apostolic Fathers, who wrote in the first century, and the Ante-Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, who wrote before and after the Council of Nicea (325 AD), respectively.

The period during which the church fathers wrote is known as the Patristic Period and the academic study of these writers is called Patristics.

Both terms derive from the Latin word pater, meaning "father."

CHURCH FATHERS… The church fathers are of great importance to

Christianity because they formulated nearly all of the Christian doctrine that is accepted by Christians today.

They interpreted the Bible in light of challenges from Greek thought and various heretical movements, determined Christianity's relationship to Judaism, elaborated on theological concepts such as the Trinity and salvation, and established the structure and organization of the church.

CONVERSION OF CONSTANTINE

END OF PERSECUTION

CONVERSION OF CONSTANTINE A major turning point in Christian history occurred

when the Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity. Whether this conversion was sincere or politically motivated, historians can only speculate. But the result was the end of persecution of Christians.

In 313 Constantine issued the "Edict of Milan," which commanded official toleration of Christianity and other religions.

COUNCIL OF NICEA

325 AD

COUNCIL OF NICEA (325 AD) The newly converted Emperor Constantine had

hoped Christianity would be the uniting force of his empire.

He was thus distressed to hear of the dispute over Arianism, which held that Christ was greater than man but inferior to God.

In 325, Constantine called the Council of Nicea with full confidence that the bishops could work out their differences.

COUNCIL OF NICEA… The Council of Nicea condemned the teachings of

Arius and adopted a creed outlining correct belief about the Son's relationship to the Father.

The council was the first to include bishops from several different regions, and is thus considered the first "ecumenical council" of the church.

Although many other local synods were held, seven important councils were attended by representatives of churches throughout the empire, and were therefore "ecumenical."

COUNCIL OF NICEA… All three main branches of Christianity -

Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant - consider the decisions of these seven councils to be authoritative.

Roman Catholics recognize several more.

THE COUNCIL OF NICEA…

Modern Wording We believe in one God, The Father, the

Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, of one being with the Father…

THE COUNCIL OF NICEA… …Through him all things were made. For us and

for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried.

THE COUNCIL OF NICEA… On the third day he rose again in accordance

with the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end…

THE COUNCIL OF NICEA… …We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the

giver of life, who proceeds from the Father [and the Son]. With the Father and the Son he is worshipped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets…

THE COUNCIL OF NICEA… We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic

Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. AMEN.

MONASTICISM

MONASTICISM Monasticism (from the Greek monos, meaning

"single" or "alone") usually refers to the way of life--communitarian or solitary--adopted by those individuals, male or female, who have elected to pursue an ideal of perfection or a higher level of religious experience through leaving the world.

Monastic orders historically have been organized around a rule or a teacher, the activities of the members being closely regulated in accordance with the rule adopted.

MONASTICISM… The practice is ancient, having existed in

India almost 10 centuries before Christ. It can be found in some form among most

developed religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Taoism, the Sufi branch of Islam, and Christianity.

In the time of Christ, the ESSENES at Qumran were Jewish monks.

MONASTICISM… Technically, monasticism embraces both the life

of the hermit, characterized by varying degrees of extreme solitude, and the life of the cenobite, that is, the monk living in a community offering a limited amount of solitude.

Monasticism always entails ASCETICISM, or the practice of disciplined self-denial.

This asceticism may include fasting, silence, a prohibition against personal ownership, and an acceptance of bodily discomfort.

MONASTICISM… Almost always it includes poverty, celibacy, and

obedience to a spiritual leader. The goal of such practices is usually a more

intense relationship with God, some type of personal enlightenment, or the service of God through prayer, meditation, or good works.

Christian monasticism began in the deserts of Egypt and Syria in the 4th century AD…

MONASTICISM… Saint ANTHONY the Great was connected with the first

Egyptian hermits; Saint Pachomius (d. 346), with the first communities of

cenobites in Egypt. Saint BASIL the great (fl. 379), bishop of Caesarea,

placed monasticism in an urban context by introducing charitable service as a work discipline.

Monasticism has flourished both in the Roman Catholic church and in the Eastern Orthodox churches from earliest Christian times to the present.

THE PAPACY

THE PAPACY The title "Pope" is an informal one; the formal title

of the pope is "Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, Servant of the Servants of God," although this is rarely seen or used in full.

THE PAPACY… The status and

authority of the Pope in the Catholic Church was dogmatically defined by the First Vatican Council in its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ (July 18, 1870).

THE PAPACY… The powers of the Pope are defined by the

Dogmatic Constitution (ch.3, s.8) such that "he is the supreme judge of the faithful, and that in all cases which fall under ecclesiastical jurisdiction recourse may be had to his judgment“…

THE PAPACY… and that "the sentence of the apostolic see

(than which there is no higher authority) is not subject to revision by anyone, nor may anyone lawfully pass judgment thereupon" (can. 331 defines the power of the Pope as "supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary power in the Church, and he can always freely exercise this power").

THE CRUSADES

THE CRUSADES The Crusades were expeditions of Christian

Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries for the recovery of the Holy Land.

They are a part of the thousand years' conflict between Christianity and Islam.

A traditional numbering scheme for the crusades gives us nine during the 11th to 13th centuries.

There were frequent "minor" crusades throughout this period, against not only Muslims, but also Christian heretics and personal enemies of the Papacy or other powerful monarchs.

THE GREAT SCHISM

THE GREAT SCHISM Eastern Orthodoxy as a distinct branch of Christianity arose

as a result of the first major divide in Christendom occurred in the 11th century with the "Great Schism“ between East and West.

Religiously, the two regions had different views on topics such as the use of images (icons), the nature of the Holy Spirit, and the date on which Easter should be celebrated.

Culturally, the Greek East has always tended to be more philosophical, abstract and mystical in its thinking, whereas the Latin West tends toward a more pragmatic and legal-minded approach.

THE GREAT SCHISM… The political aspects of the split date back to the Emperor

Constantine, who moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople.

Upon his death, the empire was divided between his two sons, one of whom ruled the western half of the empire from Rome while the other ruled the eastern region from Constantinople.

These various factors finally came to a head in 1054 AD, when Pope Leo IX excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople (the leader of the Eastern church).

In response, the patriarch anathematized (condemned) the Pope, and the Christian church has been divided into West ("Roman Catholic") and East ("Greek Orthodox") ever since.

THE REFORMATION

BACKGROUND, MARTIN LUTHER AND “THE THREE PRINCIPLES OF

PROTESTANTISM”

BACKGROUNDJOHANN TETZEL AND THE SALE

OF INDULGENCES

JOHANN TETZEL AND INDULGENCES Johann Tetzel, a Dominican monk, appeared in Germany and

went from place to place selling certificates of indulgence. In the fall of 1517, Tetzel promised his listeners that they

could obtain remission for their sins and for the sins of loved ones who had died and gone to purgatory.

Consequently, pious people collected their savings and rushed to Tetzel to purchase his documents, for that seemed to be the requirement of Christian charity — that loved ones might be released from the torments of purgatory and admitted to heaven itself.

JOHANN TETZEL AND INDULGENCES… In fact, Tetzel led people to believe that they could obtain

forgiveness merely by dropping their coins in his box and taking the certificates he offered.

In order to popularize the sale, Tetzel recited a jingle: ‘As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul out of purgatory springs.’

People seemed to come from everywhere, seeking to liberate loved ones from the flames of punishment.

Purgatory, in the teaching of the medieval church, was portrayed as a place of temporal punishment for sin; the length of time a soul would spend there would be determined by the number and severity of his offences, and when one had been purged fully, he would be released to go to heaven.

JOHANN TETZEL AND INDULGENCES… Word of Tetzel’s activities soon reached

Wittenberg University, where Dr Martin Luther, Professor of Theology, received it with consternation.

Luther went to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, a document in one hand, a hammer in the other, and fastened to that door a list of ninety-five protests against the sale of indulgences.

JOHANN TETZEL AND INDULGENCES… According to Roman Catholic teaching, the church had

custody of a Treasury of Merits which were acquired by great saints who had exceeded the good works required for their salvation.

The excess of merit became a source from which the church could dispense merit to those who were deficient, and an indulgence became a means by which needy sinners could obtain merit from the Treasury.

In the 1460’s Pope Sixtus IV declared that benefits gained through indulgences could be transferred to departed believers who had gone to purgatory.

JOHANN TETZEL AND INDULGENCES… Luther, aflame with indignation, challenged the

sale of indulgences and demanded that the entire matter be discussed by the scholars of the University.

He invited his academic colleagues to a public disputation to consider the Ninety-five Theses, or objections, which he had raised against the sale.

Luther thereby launched a protest which attracted supporters, and soon those who had joined in his protest became known as ‘Protestants’.

MARTIN LUTHER

THE REFORMATION Religious purists objected

strongly to the new secular or materialist spirit growing up with the Renaissance.

One of these was the German professor-priest Martin Luther who in 1517 issued a challenge the church over this new interest in worldly affairs.

THE REFORMATION… Luther wanted the church to return to the pure

(spiritual) ways of the early church--and back away from all this recent interest in power and wealth--which was rapidly corrupting it.

Also, he wanted faith initiatives to be returned to the individual believer. Priesthood belonged to the believer--not to the religious hierarchy.

To press home this challenge, Luther translated the Bible into German--to give the common people access to all priestly authority: the Word of God.

THE REFORMATION… For Luther, a personal breakthrough occurred as the

message sank into the head of this Augustinian professor concerning Paul's teaching (Galatians and Romans) about divine Grace and forgiveness received through the simple faith of the believer--and not through the demands of any religious law or requirements of a religious system.

So "liberated" was he that he felt that his discovery had to be brought to the world.

For Luther the reform movement was related to the matter of a sinner's personal justification before God.

Luther showed little interest in making broader changes within Christianity beyond the throwing off of Roman spiritual authority--with its traditions of works-righteousness.

THE THREE PRINCIPLES OF

PROTESTANTISMSOLA SCRIPTURA, SOLA GRATIA

AND SOLA FIDE

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION Martin Luther’s protest was not entirely negative,

and the word ‘Protestant’ is actually not a negative term.

It is derived from the Latin preposition pro, meaning ‘for’, an the infinitive testare, ‘to witness’.

A Protestant then is one who witnesses for — a Protestant witnesses for Jesus Christ and the Word of God.

INTRODUCTION… Protestantism then is not merely a protest against

ecclesiastical corruption and false teaching; it is a revival of the biblical faith, a revival of New Testament Christianity, with a positive emphasis upon the doctrines of Scripture, grace and faith.

Phrased in the beautiful Latin of the 16th century, Protestantism proclaims sola Scriptura, ‘Scripture only’, sola gratia, ‘grace only’, and sola fide, ‘faith only’.

These are the three principles of Protestantism.

SOLA SCRIPTURA

SOLA SCRIPTURA Luther disputed the sale of indulgences and

other superstitions of the medieval church because he realized that they had no foundation in Scripture.

SOLA SCRIPTURA… Among Protestant declarations of confidence in the truth and

trustworthiness of Scripture, that of The New Hampshire Confession of Faith is as majestic as it is unequivocal. Article I of that Baptist affirmation states: We believe that the Holy Bible was written by men divinely

inspired, and is a perfect treasure of heavenly instruction; that it has God for its author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any mixture of error, for its matter; that it reveals the principles by which God will judge us; and therefore is, and shall remain to the end of the world, the true centre of Christian union, and the supreme standard by which all human conduct, creeds, and opinions should be tried.

SOLA GRATIA

SOLA GRATIA Protestantism, because it stands upon Scripture,

teaches that sinful man has no hope for salvation by his own efforts.

Protestantism, therefore, denies all schemes of salvation which promote human works and religious ceremonies as the means of eternal life and forgiveness.

It insists that salvation comes by the pure, unmerited favor of God, by grace alone. Sola gratia is a cardinal teaching of the Protestant faith.

SOLA GRATIA… True Protestantism takes its doctrine of salvation directly

from the Bible and therefore declares that salvation is the unmerited, undeserved and unsolicited gift of God.

This is the teaching that, upon hopeless, helpless sinners, to whom he owes nothing, God has taken pity and bestowed his favor graciously.

Sinners who do not deserve it, who have earned nothing but the wrath of God, have the inestimable privilege of enjoying the favor of God, because God, from the sheer goodness of his heart, has chosen to be kind to those who deserve only his judgment.

What man could not do for himself, God has done for him freely by his grace in Jesus Christ.

SOLA FIDE

SOLA FIDE Protestantism affirms the Bible as its only

authority and grace as the only means of salvation.

That, however, leaves one question still unanswered.

How may a person receive this salvation? Or, stated in other terms, how may a person be

right with God? This was the question that perplexed Luther and

drove him to the brink of despair.

SOLA FIDE… Luther’s studies in the monastery and the

university and during his childhood upbringing had encouraged him to regard God as a grim judge, so he was terrified at the prospect that he might not be among God’s chosen people.

The study of the Bible was part of Luther’s responsibility as a priest and theologian, but even this sacred exercise at first seemed only to deepen his sense of woe.

SOLA FIDE… As he encountered the biblical emphasis on the

righteousness of God, Luther realized that the perfectly righteous God demands righteousness in men.

But, try as he might, Luther could not achieve the righteousness that his Creator required; the troubled monk continued sinking into mental and spiritual misery because he could not satisfy the divine demands and could not appease the wrath of the God against whom he had sinned.

The righteous God whom Luther met in Scripture remained in his thinking the accusatory magistrate whose laws he had broken.

SOLA FIDE… At the University of Wittenberg Martin Luther was entrusted

with the responsibility of lecturing through portions of the Bible, and in 1515, two years before the posting of the Ninety-five Theses, he initiated a series of lectures on the Epistle to the Romans.

In this great treatise of Paul, Luther discovered the heart of the gospel in chapter 1, verses 16 and 17: “I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God

for the salvation of everyone who believes; first for the Jew, then for the Gentile. For in the gospel a righteousness from God is revealed, a righteousness that is through faith from first to last, just as it is written: ‘He who through faith is righteous will live.”

SOLA FIDE… The righteousness which Luther needed, but was

powerless to produce, he found revealed in the gospel of Christ.

He discovered that it is a righteousness that comes from God!

The righteousness that God requires is a righteousness that God himself supplies, through faith in his Son.

Here is the heart of the Christian faith — sinful man is justified, that is, obtains right standing before God sola fide, through faith alone.

PENTECOSTALISM

PENTECOSTALISM The dividing line between Pentecostal churches

and the mainline Protestant churches has been their new form of religious experience highlighted by speaking in tongues.

Pentecostalism has become the fastest growing segment of Christianity. "It is growing at a rate of 13 million a year, or 35,000 a day. With nearly a half billion adherents, it is, after Roman Catholicism, the largest Christian tradition."

It is estimated that there are more than 500 million Pentecostals members worldwide.

PENTECOSTALISM… Pentecostals claim that all individual Christians should

experience "baptism in the Holy Spirit." Proof of "Spirit baptism" generally comes when the person

receives the gift of speaking in tongues--that is, speaking in an unknown language.

Pentecostals take their name from the New Testament reference to the disciples speaking in tongues on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2).

Pentecostals also believe that they can receive other gifts of the Holy Spirit. These gifts include the power of physical healing and the abilities to prophesy and to interpret what is said when someone speaks in an unknown tongue.

SCRIPTURESOLD TESTAMENT, NEW

TESTAMENT, APOCRYPHA AND “TRADITION”

OLD TESTAMENT The word "testament" (Hebrew berîth, Greek

diatheke), means "covenant." The term "old testament" thus refers to the

covenant which God entered into with Abraham and the people of Israel, and "new testament" refers to the covenant the earliest Christians believed God has entered into will all believers through Christ.

Because the old covenant was embodied in the Jewish scriptures, it was an easy step to use the term "Old Testament" to signify those scriptures.

OLD TESTAMENT… Protestant Christians recognize only the

books of the Old Testament that were included in the Jewish Bible, while Catholic and Orthodox Christians include several more books, known as the "Apocrypha" as part of the canonical Old Testament.

How are Christians to regard the Old Testament, given that it is essentially the sacred text of another religion?

OLD TESTAMENT… The answer lies in Christianity's view of its

relationship to Judaism. The early Christians decided that while Judaism

was the true revelation of God and the foundation of Christianity, Christianity represented a new era of God's dealings with the world so the extensive body of Jewish law was no longer binding. Religious principles and ideas (such as the notion of a

sovereign God who is active in human history) are appropriated; religious practices (such as dietary laws and sacrificial routines) are not.

OLD TESTAMENT… The New Testament has greater clarity than the old,

especially with regard to invisible and spiritual things. The Old Testament presents only images of truth, whereas

the New Testament presents it directly. The laws of the Old Testament lack the ability to effect

change from within, but the gospel of the New Testament provides this in the work of the Holy Spirit.

The Old Testament evokes a response of fear and trembling, but the New Testament produces freedom and joy.

The Old Testament was revealed only to Israel; the New Testament is a revelation to all of mankind.

NEW TESTAMENT The 27 books of the New Testament were written by various

authors at various times and places. Unlike the Old Testament, the New Testament was written in

a narrow span of time, over the course of around a century, possibly more. The Gospels: Gospels are not biographies of Jesus in the

modern sense of a detached, academic account of a person's life. In fact, this genre of literature was unknown to the ancient world. Narratives were written to inspire, teach a lesson, warn, or persuade, not to simply inform. The purpose of the Gospel narratives seems to be twofold: to recount the events in the extraordinary life of Jesus, and do so in such a way that its hearers will respond in faith.

NEW TESTAMENT… The Acts of the Apostles: The history of the early

Christian church after the death of Christ is related here. The Epistles: These writings contain various letters

written either to individuals or to early Christian congregations. Many of these epistles expound important theological points and give insight into the developing Christian church.

Prophecy: The book of Revelation gives vivid details of future events (or of 1st century events, the RC position)

APOCRYPHA The term "apocrypha" was coined by the fifth-century biblical

scholar St. Jerome and refers to the biblical books included as part of the Septuagint (the Greek version of the Old Testament), but not included in the Hebrew Bible.

Several works ranging from the fourth century B.C.E. to New Testament times are considered apocryphal--including Judith, the Wisdom of Solomon, Tobit, Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, First and Second Maccabees, the two Books of Esdras, various additions to the Book of Esther (10:4-10), the Book of Daniel (3:24-90;13;14), and the Prayer of Manasseh.

APOCRYPHA… The apocrypha have been variously included and

omitted from bibles over the course of the centuries.

Protestant churches generally exclude the apocrypha (though the King James version of 1611 included them).

The Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches include all of the apocrypha (except for the books of Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh), but refer to them as "deuterocanonical" books.

TRADITIONINTRODUCTION AND THE

MAGISTERIUM

INTRODUCTION

TRADITION One of the great differences between Protestant

and Catholic doctrine is in the area of Tradition. The Protestant church maintains that the Bible alone is intended by God to be the source of doctrinal truth (2 Tim. 3:16).

The Catholic Church, however, says, "Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God . . ." (Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 97. Note, all citations in this article are from this Catechism).

Catechism of the Catholic Church

21UniversalCouncils,

1000xCanonLaw,197x

Trent(1545-63)

Vatican 1(1869-70) Vatican 2

(1962-65)

PapalDocuments,

256x

ChurchLiturgy,

114x

RomanCatechism

(Trent)27x

Summa,48x

TRADITION… The Catholic Church reasons thus:

"The apostles left bishops as their successors. They gave them ‘their own position of teaching authority.'" (Paragraph 77)

"This living transmission, accomplished through the Holy Spirit, is called tradition..." (Par. 78)

"Both Scripture and Tradition must be accepted and honored with equal sentiments of devotion and reverence." (Par. 82).

TRADITION… Within the Catholic scope of Tradition, many

doctrines have been "revealed" to the Church over the centuries.

For example, there is the veneration of Mary, her immaculate conception and her bodily assumption into heaven.

There is also the apocrypha, transubstantiation, praying to saints, the confessional, penance, purgatory, and more. Protestantism as a whole differs with Catholicism in these additions.

TRADITION… Though the Catholic Church officially states that Sacred

Tradition should not and does not contradict Scripture, Protestants see much of the teaching from this Sacred Tradition as doing just that.

It isn't enough for the Catholic to say that their church is the true church, that they have the apostolic tradition, that they hold the keys to the truth, and that they have revealed doctrines consistent with biblical revelation.

Likewise, it isn't enough for a Protestant to pass judgment upon Catholic doctrines simply because they are Catholic and are derived via Sacred Tradition.

THE MAGISTERIUM

SOLEMN AND ORDINARY

THE MAGISTERIUM The solemn Magisterium is that which is

exercised only rarely by formal and authentic definitions of councils or popes.

Its matter comprises dogmatic definitions of ecumenical councils or of the popes teaching ex cathedra, or of particular councils, if their decrees are universally accepted or approved in solemn form by the pope; also creeds and professions of faith put forward or solemnly approved by pope or ecumenical council.

THE MAGISTERIUM… The ordinary Magisterium is continually exercised by the

Church especially in her universal practices connected with faith and morals, in the unanimous consent of the Fathers and theologians, in the decisions of Roman Congregations concerning faith and morals, in the common sense) of the faithful, and various historical documents in which the faith is declared.

All these are founts of a teaching which as a whole is infallible.

They have to be studied separately to determine how far and in what conditions each of them is an infallible source of truth.

The Magisterium

Scripture Tradition

Roman Catholics admit to a two fold rule of faith, a remote rule and a proximate rule. The remote rule is the word of God, written or handed down by tradition. The proximate rule is the living and infallible (i.e. incapable of error) Magisterium of the church, which Magisterium sets forth the word of God in an authoritative and trustworthy manner.

-A Manual of Dogmatic Theology (A. Tranquerey, 1959)

Remote and Fixed

Proximate andDeveloping

Ecclesial Faith and the Magisterium

Adapted from, Handbook of Catholic Theology (Herder & Herder, 1995).

Assisted by

The HolySpirit

Presents asRevealed

Truth to theChurch

Church receives the decision of the “M” as corresponding

to its faith.

InfallibilityProtestant Catholic

The absence of actual error and the inability to

err.

A Divine gift to permit the definitive teaching of the Church.

God-Bible God-Bible Magisterium-Teachers

1. God is true, Rom. 3:4

2. God breathed out the Scriptures, 2 Tim. 3:16

3. Therefore, the Scriptures are true, Jn. 17:17

OrdinaryExtra-

Ordinary

Non-definitive

Definitive (ex

cathedra)

Dissent: non de fide definitions

Assent: religious submission of the will and mind, de fide definitions

Adapted from, New Dictionary of Theology, Liturgical Press (1987) and Handbook of Catholic Theology

BELIEFSCOMPARATIVE WITH WORLD

RELIGIONS AND COMPARATIVE WITH MAJOR DIVISIONS

COMPARATIVETHE WORLD’S RELIGIONS

CHRISTIANITY AND WORLD RELIGIONS

Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Christianity Islam

Reality Pantheism Atheism Unitarian theism

Triune theism

Unitarian theism

Universe Illusion Transient reality

Good creation of

God

Good creation of

God

Good creation of

God

Human Condition

Essentially divine, but trapped in

samsara due to ignorance and karma

Impermanent phenomenon, & trapped in samsara, life of suffering

due to desire and karma

Created in God’s

image, but subject to

judgment in failing to

obey Torah

Created in God’s

image, but alienated from God due to sin, subject to judgment

Created to be God’s

servant, but subject to

judgment for failure to submit to

will of Allah

CHRISTIANITY AND WORLD RELIGIONS…

Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Christianity Islam

Salvation & Destiny

Deliverance from

samsara by knowledge,

works or devotion

Deliverance from

samsara by eliminating

desire through

following 8-fold path

Deliverance from

judgment by observing the Torah

Deliverance from

judgment through faith

in God’s provision

and atonement

Deliverance from

judgment by submitting to

the will of Allah through

following 5 pillars of

faith

History Cyclical, meaningless

Cyclical, meaningless

Linear, leading to coming of

the Messiah

Linear, leading to

redemption of creation

Linear, leading to

day of judgment

Person of

Jesus

We are all part of God

There is no God

Jesus is not God &

Messiah

Jesus is God and Messiah

Jesus is not God

COMPARATIVETHE MAJOR DIVISIONS

THE BIBLE The Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern

Orthodox Church and the Protestant churches accept the Christian Bible as the central written source of doctrine and belief.

Catholics and Orthodox believe the Scriptures must be interpreted in accordance with tradition through the teaching authority of the church; most Protestants also value tradition but emphasize the authority of the Bible itself and the freedom of the individual believer to interpret the Bible for themselves.

CHURCH AUTHORITY Roman Catholics believe the Pope is the

heir to the Apostle Peter, chosen by Christ to be the head of the Church on earth. As such he claims authority over the entire Christian church.

The doctrine of Papal Infallibility (1870) states that the Pope is infallible when he on rare and special occasions defines a doctrine regarding faith and morals.

CHURCH AUTHORITY… Catholics accept the authority of church

councils (after ratification by the Pope). Orthodox and most Protestants accept

the doctrinal definitions of the first seven ecumenical councils of the undivided Christian church (4th-8th centuries), but Protestants stress the authority of the Bible over any doctrinal definitions and some reject all creedal statements.

TRINITY Protestants, Orthodox, and Catholics affirm One God in

three Persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; Christ is one person with two natures, divine and human.

Orthodox believe the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father (John 15:26); Catholics and Protestants believe the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from both the Father and the Son.

The Western Church, from which both Catholics and Protestants derive, added the phrase filioque “and from the Son” to the wording of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (381) to express this doctrine at the Third Synod of Toledo (589).

SIN AND SALVATION Because of the Fall of the first humans into sin (original sin),

all humans are subject to sin and death and need the Savior, Jesus Christ, to atone for their sins before God.

Jesus accomplished this through his death and resurrection, which defeated the power of death so that humans too could gain eternal life.

Catholics and Orthodox believe that Christians are saved through faith in Christ and good works (i.e. a process). Salvation requires the aid of God’s grace, channeled in part through the sacraments of the church, and the cooperative free will of the believer.

SIN AND SALVATION… Orthodox see salvation as the process of being

restored to the original “god-likeness” of the first humans before the Fall.

Protestants assert that salvation, understood as “justification,” is “by grace through faith alone”; good works are a consequence of a loving response to God, not a means to salvation (i.e. moment-in-time event).

Some Protestants (Calvinists) believe that God has predestined some people to salvation, others to damnation.

THE SACRAMENTS A common view among Protestants is that sacraments are

symbolic acts which remember the life of Christ and honor his commands; Orthodox, Catholics, and some other Protestants also understand the sacraments as a means by which God’s grace is imparted to believers.

Most Protestants accept two sacraments, Baptism and the Eucharist (communion or Lord’s Supper); Catholics and Orthodox accept seven: Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance or Reconciliation (confession), Marriage, Holy Orders (becoming a priest), and Anointing of the Sick or Extreme Unction.

Baptism is the first step of initiation into the church, symbolizing (Protestant) being “born again” into the new life in Christ.

THE SACRAMENTS… It is often administered to infants or adult converts

by all three Christian divisions; among the Protestants, some groups insist that only adult believers should be baptized. Views on the Eucharist vary: Catholicism teaches the doctrine of transubstantiation, in

which the elements of the bread and wine change into the Body and Blood of Christ while merely appearing to remain bread and wine; the change happens when the priest speaks the words of institution as uttered by Christ at the Last Supper.

THE SACRAMENTS… The Orthodox also believe the bread and wine (“the

gifts”) become the Body and Blood but decline to explain the mystery of the change; they include a prayer in the liturgy asking the Holy Spirit to change the gifts.

Among the Protestants, Lutherans and Anglicans believe Christ is really present in the bread and wine; others see Christ as being spiritually present; finally, other Protestants view the Eucharist as a commemorative meal.

PRIESTHOOD-MINISTRY Orthodox and Catholics recognize three ranks of priesthood

(in ascending order): deacons, priests (presbyters—literally “elders”), and bishops; bishops are literally “overseers.” The highest ranking bishop in the Catholic Church is the Pope, who has authority over all others.

The highest ranking bishops in the Orthodox church are called Patriarchs; they preside over independently administered churches which are united in doctrine.

Protestants vary in their administrations (and doctrine); they generally do not understand the priesthood in the same way as the Catholics and Orthodox.

PRIESTHOOD-MINISTRY… Professional clergy among the Protestants are often called

“ministers” or “pastors” rather than “priests”; “elders” also play a role in church governance among some groups (like the Presbyterians); some Protestants retain the rank of bishop, others do not.

While all three Christian divisions affirm “the priesthood of all believers” which emphasizes the dignity and function of the laity, it may be said to be most characteristic of Protestantism.

Women are accepted as clergy in many Protestant churches but not in the Orthodox or Catholic churches.

SAINTS Catholics and Orthodox honor the memory and ask for the

prayers of Christians (particularly Mary, the mother of Jesus) whom they believe have died but gained eternal life in Christ (saints); this practice affirms the belief that death does not separate the members of the Body of Christ (the Church).

Similarly, Orthodox and Catholics also pray for the Christian dead, but only Catholics believe in Purgatory (that prayers help those who die with their sins forgiven but not yet expiated by temporal punishment who must spend some time after death in an intermediate state before entrance into heaven).

Protestants reject the above doctrines and practices.

SAINTS… The Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary

(1854), meaning that she was conceived without the stain of original sin, and in her bodily Assumption (1950).

The Orthodox recognize the Assumption (but not the Immaculate Conception); however, they do not hold it as a doctrine.

Orthodox and Catholics venerate (but do not worship) icons or images of Christ and the saints, as well as saints’ relics; most Protestants do not condemn Christian art as such but generally do not use images in their worship.

Orthodox usually use two-dimensional icons; Catholics often use statues as well.

SALVATIONROMAN CATHOLICISM AND

PROTESTANTISM

CATHOLICISM

JUSTIFICATIONThrough

the Sacrament of BAPTISM

Resulting in theRemoval of Original Sin

And theInfusion ofSanctifying

Grace

State of the Soul

Spiritually Alive

Spiritually Dead

Starting PointOf SalvationFor Infants

Salvation =

Lifelong Process



Resulting in theRemoval of Original Sin

And theInfusion ofSanctifying

Grace

Salvation =

Lifelong Process

State of the Soul

Spiritually Alive

Spiritually Dead

GOOD WORKS

FAITHFIRST

ACTUAL GRACE

Starting Point For Adults

Cooperates With

Grace?

“NO” = Death

“YES”

DEATH



Salvation =

Lifelong Process

GOOD WORKS

FAITHFIRST

ACTUAL GRACE

Starting Point For

Adults

Cooperates With

Grace?

“NO” = Death

“YES”

HOW TO GET HERE

FIRSTConfession & Communion

INCREASEDJUSTIFICATON

Cooperates With

Grace?

SIN

“NO”

FAITH + GOOD WORKS + MERIT

“YES”

MASS & OTHER SACRAMENTS

ATDEATH?

Salvation =

Lifelong Process

INCREASEDJUSTIFICATON

Cooperates With

Grace?

SIN“NO”

FAITH + GOOD WORKS = “MERIT

STORED UP” (I.E. “INCREASE”)

“YES”

MASS & OTHER SACRAMENTS

“YES”

“NO”

SERIOUS?CONSCIOUS?DELIBERATE?

“YES”

MORTAL SIN

VENIALSIN TEMPORAL

PUNISHMENT “STORED UP”

ACTS OF PENANCE

DE-JUSTIFICATIONTHROUGH

MORTAL SIN

“NO”

RE-JUSTIFICATIONTHROUGH

SACRAMENT OF PENANCEABSOLUTION

Fast, Charitable Act, Gift to the Poor, Devotional

Exercise: “Hail Mary,” or“Our Father”

PROTESTANTISM

The Dynamics of Salvation

GeneralCall:

Hearing

EffectualCall:

Willing

Reconciliation

Preaching of the

Gospel,Rom. 10:17

RepentanceAnd

Faith,Acts 20:21;

Gal. 3:2;Matt. 16:24Rev. 22:17

ForgivenessOf sin and

Imputation ofRighteousness,

Eph. 1:7; 2 Cor. 5:18, 21;

1 Pet. 3:18

Justification

Declared“not guilty,”

Rom. 5:1

Holy Spirit Convicting, John 16:8

Adoption

New Birth,John

1:11-12

The Dynamics of Biblical Sanctification

Having BeenSeparated

by God

1 Cor. 6:19-20;

1 Pet. 2:9

Ho

ly S

pir

it C

on

firm

ing

, R

om

. 8:

14;

1 Jn

. 5:

11-1

3

We Live asSurrendered

to God

Rom. 12:1-2;

Gal. 2:20;2 Cor. 3:18

Ho

ly Sp

irit Em

po

werin

g,

Ro

m. 8:13; E

ph

. 3:20God has made us holy in salvation. Sanctification is the lifelong

process of “living out” the work God has done “within” (Phil. 2:12-13).

SpiritualGrowth

SpiritualService