Figure 01: View of PMC site with the copper ore pit in the foreground and Kruger National Park in the background.

Source: by Author.

...great buildings help de! ne and create the context in which

they stand, to reveal the nature of a place

that was often unappreciated before the

architecture made it visible.(Mackay-Lyons; 2015:14)

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

the design of an ecological observatory in Phalaborwa

The design of an ecological observatory in Phalaborwa

By

Christelle Coetzee

Submitted in partial ful! lment of the requirements for the degree

MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: ARCHITECTURE: PROFESSIONAL

In the

Department of Architecture

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Supervisor: Jacques Laubscher

July 2015

The opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and cannot necessarily be

attributed to Tshwane University of Technology

This document is submitted in partial ful! llment of the

requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae:

Architecture (Professional) in the Department of

Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and the Built

Environment, Tshwane University of Technology.

I hereby declare that this is my own original work

and has not previously been submitted to any other

institution. I further declare that all sources cited or

quoted are indicated and acknowledged by means of

a comprehensive list of references.

Christelle Coetzee

2 November 2015

D E C L A R A T I O N

Figure 02: Concept Model.

Source: by Author.

The proposed intervention explores architectural systems

inspired by nature and made possible through technology

and science, enforcing a symbiotic relationship between the

structure and the environment. Ultimately it will form part of

the South African Environmental Observation Networks larger

environmental observation framework, with the transforming

Ndlovu Node being a landmark and the new core site of the

Savannah biome. The investigated site is located at the existing

Palabora Mining Company copper and FOSKOR phosphate

mines south of the town of Phalaborwa in the Limpopo

Province. While a mine site might not be the most obvious

site choice for an eco-observatory, this particular site is of

interest because of its location and close proximity to the

Kruger National Park and various other nature reserves.

Located in the Savannah region surrounded by rivers and

an abundance of animal and plant life, the site holds great

potential for future environmental rehabilitation and adaptive

re-use of existing infrastructure and ultimately, establishing

a new connection between humankind, nature and the built

environment. The new building programme concentrates

on the study of environmental, climatic and meteorological

processes that play out at different time scales, such as

daily, seasonally and yearly. Biophilic design patterns and

biomimicry were examined to create appropriate architectural

systems for the savannah landscape.

A B S T R A C T

GEOSS - Global Earth Observation System of Systems

KNP - Kruger National Park

Koppie / Koppies - A small hill in a generally " at area

Ndlovu - Elephant (Zulu)

PMC - Palabora Mining Company Ltd

SAEON - South African Environmental Observation Network

Topography - Mapping of surface contours,

natural arti! cial surfaces.

Typology - The classi! cation of existing building types

and forms as prototypes in terms of function and ef! cacy.

WMO - World Meteorological Organization.

Meteorology - Includes atmospheric chemistry

and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather

forecasting.

MAMAsL - meters above sea level

glossary

CONTENTSchapter

chapter

chapter

1

2

3

introduction outline brief

01-22

23-64

65-100

context analysis

theoretical discourse

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Site History

2.3 Climatic Study

2.4 Macro Analysis

2.5 Meso Analysis

2.6 Micro Analysis

2.7 Nano Analysis

1.1 Background

1.2 Research Methodology

1.4 Outline Brief

1.3 Site Selection

1.4 Ecological Observatory

1.5 Time Line

1.6 Conclusion

3.1 The Liminal Landscape

3.2 Nature in Flux

3.3 Memories of the Elapsed Vernacular

chapter

chapter

chapter

chapter

chapter

4

5

6

7

8

133-142

143-176

177-202

203 - 204

101-132

design concept

brief programme, accommodation

technical investigation + design synthesis

conclusion

references

5.1 Brief

5.2 Design Criteria

5.3 Programme

5.4 Accommodation Schedule

7.1 Project Exhibition

7.2 Conclusion

8.1 References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4.1 Design Concept Generators

4.2 Concept

4.3 Design Development

6.1 Design Synthesis

6.2 Technical Resolution

The central theme of this dissertation relies

on a symbiotic relationship between the built

environment and the natural environment. The

re-use of existing infrastructure with no

connection to the local environment

requires a rehabilitation plan that creates

an interdependent relationship between

human beings and nature. Architecture and

innovative design can assist as mediating

factors. The implementation of a typology that

is dependent on natural elements to function

correctly is a primary requirement for its

success. Architecture could become a third

skin responding to the constant natural ! ux,

while ameliorating environmental change.

h y p o t h e s i s

Figure 03: Concept Sketch.

Source: by Author.

nIndigenous landscapes and eco systems are

constantly transformed by various land uses such

as mining, agriculture, forestry and urban sprawl.

Anthropogenic and natural factors increase

global warming; according to the WMO (World

Meteorological Organization, Causes of Climate Change,

2015), this is occurring faster than ever and is therefore

of considerable interest and importance to society.

There is a growing need to conduct research on

ecological issues that may last decades and span large

geographical areas. Various organizations and networks

are working together towards global climate monitoring

ch

ap

te

r

1 The Global Issue

Figure 04: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background

Source: by Author. 01

1.1 Background

1.2 Research Methodology

1.3 Outline Brief

1.4 Site Selection

1.5 Ecological Observatory

1.6 Time Line

1.7 Conclusion

Introduction OUTLINE BRIEF

02

Many factors in! uence the Earths climate. According to

the report titled Causes of Climatic Change, the World

Meteorological Organization (WMO, 2015), scientists have

been observing climate change since the beginning of

the 20th century and concluded that the current climate

issues cannot be solely attributed to natural

in! uences of the past. The WMO states that this

accelerating change in climate, also referred to as global

warming, is occurring faster now than any other period since

climate change has been recorded by humans and is

consequently of extreme interest and importance to society.

This global issue necessitates research on ecological issues

that may last decades and span vast geographical areas. Site

based scienti" c research might lead to important " ndings on

regional and global scales. Various organisations and

networks have been established and are working together

towards global climate monitoring.

INTERCONTINENTAL:

The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)

aims to connect the producers of environmental data and

decision-support tools with the end users of these products,

the purpose being to improve the relevance of Earth

observations to global issues. The result is intended to be

a global public infrastructure that generates comprehensive,

near-real-time environmental data, information and analyses

for a wide range of users.

CONTINENTAL:

The information and understanding obtained through

Ecological Networking in Southern Africa will support regional

natural resource management. In doing so, it will contribute

to the battle against poverty by serving to stabilise and

enhance livelihood opportunities in Southern Africa.

Effective environmental policies resulting in productive

environments will in turn strengthen the regional economic

region for greater stability and security.

NATIONAL:

The South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON)

consists of six geographically dispersed nodes, each of which

operates environmental observatories (" eld stations and

research sites) within the particular eco-region. Taken

together, the environmental observatories represent the

diverse landscapes, coastal areas and the offshore marine

environments in South Africa. The six regions include: the

arid lands node, fynbos node, grasslands node, forests and

wetlands node, savannah node and the marine-offshore

node. The proposed design project falls within the savannah

node.

REGIONAL:

Located in the province of Limpopo within the Savannah

biome is the Ndlovu Node. Currently it monitors global climate

change in the vegetation of the escarpment. The existing

Ndlovu Node building is a small head of" ce located in the

Kruger National Park close to Phalaborwa with surrounding

af" liated sites, experimental sites and sample locations.

The transformed Ndlovu Node would be the " nal stakeholder

or client forming part of South Africas larger environmental

observation network. Monitoring the regions climate and the

effects on the local environment, this hybrid observatory will

be the new core site hosting various laboratories and

interactive educational facilities. The projects aim is to

develop an integrated facility that could assist in the mine

rehabilitation plan. The selected site is located on the eastern

edge of the copper pit.

1.1 background

03

Figure 05: Intercontinental to regional organization networks

Source: by Author.

LOCAL:

The economy of the Ba-Phalaborwa municipality is highly

dependent on the mining industry; for this reason there are

plans to grow the tourism sector as an alternative to mining.

The greatest challenge here is to stimulate the local economy

and attract sustainable investment into the area when mining

activities are decommissioned.

Key anchor programmes and projects have been identi" ed

by this municipality to accelerate economic development and

job creation when mining activities cease (Ba-Phalaborwa

Municipality, 2015). These programmes include fresh

produce markets and nature reserve initiatives.

The said programmes should be integrated into and form part

of the larger master plan (see " gure Figure 04). With existing

infrastructure and services in place and its close proximity to

the KNP, the site has the potential to host various amenities,

thus ensuring a positive economic in! uence.

04

Figure 06: Master development. Source: by Author.

The Palabora Mining Company has been an active

copper mine since 1956. During these active mining years it

contributed to local economic growth and development.

Unfortunately, it has simultaneously contributed to the

destruction of the environment and exhibited disconnection

from the natural environment. With the decommissioning

of the mine that will take place in 2016, the PMC site will

remain a scarred, disconnected landscape, exerting little

positive in! uence economically and environmentally.

The architectural intervention should aim to establish a

new connection and act as mediator between the built

environment and the natural environment. Transforming a

negative space into a positive one will, hopefully, promote

fresh economic growth with a new interdependence on

natural elements.

10m 100m

b

b

A

b

b

b

dd

d

copper pit

d

problem statement

proposed new master plan development

05

Figure 07: Proposed programs and projects for rehabilitation development. Source: by Author.

bc

d

a

a

A b

c d

Nature reserve initiatives view points

Hiking & biking trails Fresh produce market

06

Figure 08: View from F9 (vermiculate waste dump) towards PMC site with Kruger

National Park in the background.

Source: by Author.

The research methodology consists of information and

data collection by means of literature reviews, interviews,

precedent studies, models and photographic studies. This

iterative research process informed the resolution and its

resultant hypothesis.

To gain a better understanding of the mining process and

activities the mine site was visited on various occasions. This

assisted the researcher in becoming familiar with the physical

context and scale of the existing infrastructure and the copper

mine pit. Site visits to the neighbouring areas, including the

nature reserves and parks, were carried out on a seasonal

basis to observe seasonal and climatic changes. The larger

context was analysed on various scales, from macro to micro.

This provided the analytical basis for the subsequent design

decisions.

The aforementioned research provided insight into the

mining history of the Ba-Phalaborwa region and its subsequent

cultural, economic and environmental in! uence.

Detailed analysis of existing infrastructure and the mining

processes followed on this mine provided valuable insight into

the existing structures that could be integrated and reused

to promote sustainability. Literature reviews focussing on the

heritage and memory of the context assisted in determining

the new connection between the mining site and the

surrounding context.

1.2 research methodology

07

This d isser ta t ion is based on a proposa l wi th in

the rea lms and constra in ts of arch i tecture.

I t exp lores the ro le of the la t ter wi th in the

engineered and technolog ica l spheres. I t

a t tempts to descr ibe how an arch i tectura l

in ter vent ion could be used to fac i l i ta te a

symbiot ic re la t ionship between humans,

nature and the bu i l t env i ronment . G iven the

aforement ioned scope, i t is impor tant to note

that not a l l o f these aspects could be addressed

at the same leve l o f deta i l in the f ina l reso lut ion.

Aspects re la t ing to pract ices that fa l l outs ide the

arch i tectura l vocat ion were not reso lved to the i r

fu l les t ex tent . The proposa l forms par t o f a large

scale rehabi l i tat ion programme convening an

area of approx imate ly 40km. The current mine

c losure p lans for the Pa labora and Foskor

mines do not inc lude an arch i tectura l response,

a l though a d iagrammat ica l master p lan was

authored by Golder and Assoc iates in 2013

(Golder, 2013) . Hence th is d isser ta t ion focuses

on an arch i tectura l in ter vent ion responding to

the ex is t ing in f rast ructure of the Pa labora

Copper Mine.

D e l i m i t a t i o n s

08

The architectural intervention will serve as a national

instrument for detecting, translating and predicting the impact

of environmental change. The programme develops

experimental spaces within the scarred landscape. It will

incorporate the latest technology and futuristic methods of

testing and construction. The " nal resolution forms part of

an integrated environmental observation network that should

serve as a national instrument for detecting and translating

environmental change, and for predicting the impact of

such change on terrestrial ecosystems. The programme

concentrates on the following:

Observation and monitoring sites and systems:

The architecture should focus on the adaptive re-use of

existing mine infrastructure on the PMC mine site, responding

to changing environmental conditions, whether daily,

seasonally and or yearly. Therefore the " rst-mentioned will

become the tangible link to creating environmental awareness.

Facilitating research on af! liated sites and sample

locations:

The facility should provide the scienti" c community, policy

makers and society with the necessary facilities to observe,

protect, and manage the nations ecosystems and their

biodiversity. Mobile capsules could assist in the process of

data collection, allowing the architecture to reach out beyond

its parameters.

Developing and maintaining collections of accurate,

consistent and reliable long-term environmental databases:

The overall goal of the facility will be to obtain and store

long-term ecological knowledge that is able to contribute to

the advancement of the health, productivity, and welfare of

the local and global environment, thereby enhancing human

well-being. The facility should promote access to data and

encourage research discoveries contributing to education in

the environmental sciences.

1.3 outline brief

09

Figure 09: Site selection and location from macro to micro scale.

Source: by Author.

10

The existing PMC and FOSKOR mine has left an enormous

scar in the natural landscape. Located adjacent to the Kruger

National Park, the mining activities covering almost 40km

have had a major impact on the surrounding ecological

systems.

Although the mine has adhered to environmental legislation,

simultaneously running various environmental projects and

mine closure plans, it is inevitable that the land has been

permanently damaged. This is particularly noticeable when

one is viewing the massive open pit of 1,8km by 1,3km

and roughly 700 meters deep, for which there is no future

rehabilitation or development plan. In a personal interview

with Mr J. Muhlarhi (2015), environmental manager of PMC),

he explained that the current notion is to leave the pit as it is.

The proposed architectural intervention would form part of

the larger landscape rehabilitation plan. The proposal is to

re-use the existing infrastructure for:

1 O B S E R V A T I O N

research facilities assisting in environmental,

climatic and meteorological observations.

2 I N F O R M A T I O N

data gathering and storing. Allowing access for all

enquirers to this information, and sharing it with the

larger regional and global networks.

3 E D U C A T I O N

making informed decisions and educating the public

by means of interactive facilities and

experimentation.

The mine closure plan involves the future planning for

development of the site when mining activities are

decommissioned. It sets out all the activities required before,

during and after the mine has closed. The central focus of

this plan is to rehabilitate the landscape to an acceptable

state.

The diagrammatical master plan by Golder

Associates (Golder Associates, 2013) mostly addresses the

rehabilitation of mine areas. The plan proposes open spaces

to be used for animal rehabilitation and breeding facilities.

Other amenities include hiking and cycling trails with

viewpoints.

In most cases it is impossible to rehabilitate a mining site.

The impact of mining activities, especially open pit mines,

is irreversible and the landscape is permanently altered.

Currently, as noted, the open copper ore pit will be left as

it is when mining activities cease. In South African law, the

Principles of Mine Closure, Act no. 26275 (SA, 2004:30)

stipulates the following regarding mine closure:

in accordance with applicable legislative requirements for mine

closure, the holder of a prospecting right, mining right, retention

permit or mining permit must ensure that:

(e) the land is rehabilitated as far as is practicable, to its natural

state, or to a predetermined and agreed standard or land use

which conforms with the concept of sustainable development.

This dissertation aims to answer the following questions:

- What will happen to the site after mine closure?

- How can the existing infrastructure be re-used?

- How will the closure plan in! uence the design proposal?

- How can the design in! uence the future use of the site and

local environment?

1.4. site selection mine closure

11

Figure 10: Proposed mine closure development. Source: by Author.

1 Activity Viewing hole / Copper Pit

2 Possible town development

3 Rehabilitated Landscape

4 Animal rehabilitation and breeding

5 Activity Viewing point

6 Rehabilitate water basins

7 Re-use infrastructure

12

Figure 11: Core site, af! liated, sample and experimental site locations. Source: by Author.

1

2

2

3

3

2

44

3

The study proposes that the existing infrastructure and

services of the Palabora Copper Mine be re-used and

recycled. The scarred mine landscape will act as an

experimental site contributing to the larger mine closure and

rehabilitation plan. This landscape altered by human

intervention will become the new testing ground for

rehabilitation.

Using the identi" ed site as their basis, mobile data capsules

will visit surrounding sites and sample locations. The data

gathering and testing process can be divided into the

following four elements:

1.5 ecological observatory

13

Figure 12: Core site, Production Shaft transformed into the new Ecological Observatory. Source: by Author.

Core site

This will become the headquarters and

data base facility of the eco-region.

It is situated in the existing production

shafts concrete headgear of the

Palabora Copper Mine. Located on the

eastern boundary of the copper pit, the

core site will use the existing landmark

within the landscape and assign it a

new function.

14

Figure 13: Capsule 1, Af! liated site - This staffed capsule providing accommodation and basic research facilities. Source: by Author.

2 Affiliated sites

CAPSULE 01Locations will be manually observed

by experts on a continuous basis

(e.g. monthly). This staffed capsule will

provide accommodation and basic

research facilities. Samples of the land

and natural systems are documented

and the data are returned to the core

site.

15

Figure 14: Floor plan, capsule 01.

Source: by Author.

Figure 15: Floor plan with sleeping mezzanine, capsule 01.

Source: by Author.

Figure 16: Floor plan with view roof deck, capsule 01.

Source: by Author.

Figure 17: Section illustrating interior of capsule 01. Source: by Author.

0 1m 4m

16

Figure 18: Unmanned capsule 02, monitoring natural processes. Source: by Author.

3 Sample locations

CAPSULE 02Unstaffed capsules will be stationed

at sensitive sites to document

the natural processes without human

interference. This can be achieved

by the use of camera systems and

monitored site visits.

wat

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cam

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all

sout

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sout

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17

Figure 19: Plan and conceptual section of Bio-domes. Source: by Author.

4 Experimental site

(copper pit + bio-domes) CAPSULE 03

Biomes will be constructed to assess

and test data within a controlled

environment.

1 Bio-domes

2 Planters for trees

3 Decking

4 Private circulation, walkways above

5 Accommodation units

1

1

1

3

2

2

4

4

4

5

18

Figure 20: Time line of site history and future development. Source: by Author.

It is important to identify the future stakeholders and

clients of the prospective rehabilitated site. Berger (2006:239)

states that in the case of rehabilitation of waste landscapes,

or abandoned ones, there is no client consultant relationship

or contractual agreement. In most cases there is no client;

consequently, this client needs to be identi" ed through

research and custom " tted to the designers discoveries.

The proposed project should address the integration of waste

landscapes left over from any form of development and

foresee which types of waste may be productively

reintegrated for the development of social, cultural and

environmental bene" ts.

The following possible future clients and stakeholders have

been identi" ed:

Foskor and PMC: Mining Division Local Municipality: Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality Kruger National ParkSAEON: Ndlovu Node.

The proposed project will be future orientated, considering

the closure of mining activities and implementation of the

closure plan. In order to design for a speculative

future scenario, a timeline is used to analyse emerging

developments. Using grounded theory and historical analysis

as a basis, the following timeline was developed:

1.6 time line - past, present & future development

19

20

Applying the concept of bio-mechanisms, the aim of the

architectural design will be to act as the mediator between the

natural and the industrial entities. Biomechanics refers to the

philosophical theory concerning the nature of life and

biology. It is the study of the structure and function of biological

systems such as humans, plants, organs and cells by means

of the methods of mechanics. Latour (2012) states that only

out of nature may ecological politics start again and new.

This means that if we want to create or, in this case,

rehabilitate an environment, this project should be conceived

out of natural concepts. Technology and innovation should not

be regarded as a form of liberation of nature, but rather as a

means of becoming more attached and intertwined with the

natural context in which they stand.

It is not a question of whether or not something can be immediately realized or built, its a question of how open-ended, ! ctional design proposals can change

the way someone thinks about an entire ! eld or class of technologies. (BLDG BLOG, lightning farm, 2013)

1.7 conclusion

21

Figure 21: Conceptual extrapolated perspective of western and southern facades. Source: by Author. 22

Figure 22: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background

Source: by Author.

The site was analysed on four major scales, owing

to the size and larger impact of the mining activities.

By means of analysing the site on the macro, meso,

micro and nano scales, speci! c characteristics and

patterns can be identi! ed. The information is translated

into maps and data graphs to gain a better

understanding of the selected site that will inform future

design decisions.

ch

ap

te

r

2 Augmented Landscapesn

23

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Site History

2.3 Climatic Study

2.4 Macro Analysis

-2.4.1 Topography

-2.4.2 Mine Closure Plan

-2.4.3 Past- Present & Future Development

2.5 Meso Analysis

-2.5.1 Geological Study of Area

-2.5.2 Copper Ore Pit Analysis

2.6 Micro Analysis

-2.6.1 Mining Operations

- 2.6.2 Re-use of Existing Infrastructure

2.7 Nano Analysis

- 2.7.1 Terrestrial Ecology

-2.7.2 Fauna & Flora

site analysis

24

Figure 23: Site location and co-ordinates. Source: by Author.

This chapter explains the analytical part of the design

process. It involves the investigation and analysis of the local

environment, including environments constructed by humans

(infrastructure and mine site) and untouched natural land-

scapes (nature reserves and parks). The aim is to identify

pertinent characteristics of the landscape to generate an

appropriate design response.

Smout (2007:06) states that human activity is relentless in

altering the natural landscape from wilderness to cultivation.

The representation of the past, present and future landscapes

plays an important role in understanding the environment.

According to Smout (2007:07) a comprehensive analysis of

the restless landscape requires a two- and three

dimensional demonstration of the site. This includes

photography, collages, prototypes, models and drawings. By

representing the site in various dimensions, its

transformation and events are examined together with the

notions of static space and material. As part of the analysis,

the inherent features of the landscape, that is, the geography,

climate, geology and land use were all examined in order to

appreciate the natural processes and the resultant transfor-

mation of the site.

Limpopo Province is located in the Southern region of Africa,

just below the tropic of Capricorn. The province consists of

" ve local municipalities, four regions and four district

management areas and is part of the Greater Limpopo

Transfrontier Park. It is bordered by Mozambique to the east

and Zimbabwe to the north.

The region under investigation is known as the Olifants

Valley. Tourism and wildlife activities complement the

economic contribution of the mines. Phalaborwa is the main

town of the Ba-Phalaborwa municipal region and falls within

the Great Olifants Valley, known for its diverse wildlife,

spectacular scenery, mountains, rivers and dams.

The Palabora Copper Mine is located within the Phalaborwa-

Timbavati Mopaniveld vegetation type of the savannah biome.

This region extends approximately 40 km east and west of

Phalaborwa and forms part of the Klaserie-, Umbabat- and

Timbavati Game Reserves. This type of vegetation is easily

identi" able because of the dominance of the Mopane Bush-

veld and is characterised by Golder Associates (2013:23) as

open tree savannah on undulating plains with sandy uplands

and clayey bottomlands .

Until 2015, the Foskor and PMC mines served as the major

economic drivers of the town of Phalaborwa. Situated " ve

kilometres south of Phalaborwa and adjacent to the Kruger

National Park and the Klaserie Nature Reserve, the mining

activities have consisted mainly of extracting a phosphate ore

(Foskor) and a copper pit ore (PMC). The life time expectancy

of each mine is reaching its end, with the PMC copper mine

to be decommissioned at the end of this year.

Continent - Africa

Country - South Africa

Province - Limpopo

Municipalities - Ba-Phalaborwa

Region - Valley of the Olifants

District - Mopani

Town - Phalaborwa

23o5938.16s

31o737.53e

2.1 Introduction

25

Figure 24: Google map with PMC (Palabora Mining Company) site location

Source: https://www.google.co.za/maps/search/conundrum+meaning/@-23.9881315,31.115911,14320m/data=!3m1!1e3, edited by Author.

The proposed site the PMC and Foskor mine site is situated south of Phalaborwa town.

Tropic of Capricorn

Equator

Tropic of Cancer

26

Figure 25: Site Location. Source: by Author27

28

Figure 30: The terraced benches on Loolekop, 1964. Source: Foskor Museum PhalaborwaFigure 29: Foskors bench 1 on Loolekop, 1955.Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa

Figure 28: Primitive minnig shaft in Foskors bench one on Loolekop, 1961.

Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa

Figure 27: Primitive horizontal mining tunnel in Foskors bench one on

Loolekop, 1961 .Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa

Figure 26: From the apex of Loolekop, looking towards the Olifants River,1962.

Today this is a huge open-cast pit for modern mining. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa

29

Figure 31: Illustrating the various elevation planes Loole Kop went through

Source: by Author

According to the Foskor Museum (A Miracle in the North, the

Foskor History) the Phalaborwa region was once an area of

intense volcanic activity. Over time this area was named the

Phalaborwa Igneous Complex, referring to the mix of metals

and minerals in existence here.

The " rst settlers who lived and mined around these areas are

estimated by archaeologists to have been there circa CE 770.

Around the magnate outcrop is a koppie, previously referred to

by locals as Loole Kop, where several types of furnaces dating

from the Iron Age were discovered. Over time, Loole Kop was

transformed into the current ore pit (Foskor Museum: A Miracle

in the North, the Foskor History).

Loolekop before industrialized mining activities

Removal of Koppie due to mining activities

Open ore copper pit. Inverted version of what was there

Proposed design intervention is to recreate the lost Loolekop

silhouette by implementing an overhead plane.

A - Base Plane

B - Elevated Base Plane

C - Depressed Base Plane

D - Overhead Plane

Visual seperaton between its " eld and surrounding ground by

means of vertical surfaces.

The vertical surfacws of the lowered area de" nes a volume of

space.

A horizontal plane located overhead de" nes a volume of

space between itself and the ground plane.

2.2 site history

30

Figure 32: Cardinal solar times and prevailing wind directions

Source: by Author

Phalaborwa is situated in the Limpopo Province, in climatic

zone 3 (hot interior). The mine site experiences typical

subtropical, summer-rainfall climatic conditions with hot

summers and warm to cool winters.

The following climatic features are outlined in Golder

Associates Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Addendum (2013:12):

Warm to hot with high humidity

Rainy season: November to March with maximum

rainfall in January

Rainfall varies from 250 to 700 mm per annum in

low-lying areas

The average number of rain days per year is 65 days

Most precipitation falls in the form of thunderstorm

and heavy showers

Hail is rare

Wind direction in mainly from the southeast or

north-northwest.

2.3.1 Temperature

The Phalaborwa area experiences warm to hot

temperatures, with the highest temperatures being between

October and March. Average temperatures range from 18 to

30C in summer and from 10 to 23C in winter. However,

extreme temperatures of 44.9C in October 2010 and the

lowest minimum of 2C in August 1972 were recorded

between 1961 and 2013 (Golder Associates, 2013:12).

According to Golder Associates (2013:12) very high levels

of humidity can be expected during the " rst half of the year

when rain occurs frequently and temperatures are high.

From January to June high averages of humidity are between

80% and 85% while low averages are from 76% to 80%.

A maximum of 97% humidity has been recorded.

The design should consider these high temperatures by

implementing passive design principles that respond to local

climate and site conditions. These principles include the use

of cross ventilation, stack effect and thermal mass and the

like to prevent heat or direct sunlight from penetrating the

building. Allowing the building to transform in order to adapt

to climatic conditions will hopefully enforce the connection

with the environment. Alternative and sustainable design

elements should not only contribute to climatic response but

also become part of the overall aesthetic of the building.

2.3 climatic study

Cardinal solar seasonal times and angles

31

Figure 33: Zone 3, hot interior.

Source: Architective, building construction standards for south africa, 2013, page 105.

Figure 35: Average midday temperature oC

Source: By Author

Figure 34: Average night time temperature oC

Source: by Author

j

8

24

20

32

j

f

f

m

m

a

a

m

m

j

j

j

j

a

a

s

s

o

o

n

n

d

d

32

Figure 36: Passive design principles to apply to design

Source: By Author

Passive design principles

33

Figure 37: Passive design principles

Source: Architective, building construction standards for South Africa, 2013, page 117. 34

2.3.2 Monthly and Annual Rainfall

The Phalaborwa area has a relatively low annual rainfall.

Most precipitation takes place from November to March

in the form of irregular and intense thunder storms. Per

annum, the area receives about 250 to 700mm, with an annual

average of approximately 500mm. This results in an

average of about 94 rain days (Golder Associates 2013:12).

Rainfall over the period May to September is generally very

low and it is not unusual to receive no rain at all during this

period. The monthly evaporation at Phalaborwa exceeds

precipitation, with the average annual evaporation being

2 074 mm and the rainfall 527 mm. This high level of

moisture loss in relation to rainfall makes Phalaborwa a

water scarce area.

The design therefore caters for rain water to be harvested

from the roof of the ecological observatory which will become

part of an integrated system where the water will be stored in

water tanks on various levels and make use of a gravity fed

system. Another method of water collection is the relocation

of ground water pumped from the underground mining

tunnels. The underground mining activities are below the

water table and are currently being pumped away to tailings

on the mine site. The proposal is to relocate this water to be

used for irrigation and cooling of the building.

The harvested water will be used for fountains, the southern

water wall, the northern green wall and other planters. It will

also be integrated with a ! uid misting system for cooling and

dust control.

2.3.3 Wind

The predominant wind direction for Phalaborwa is south-

east and south-south-east, in both summer and winter, while

north and north-north-westerly winds are more frequent in

winter than in summer.

Golder Associates (2013:14) state that wind speeds are

lower in winter than in summer and occur on a daily basis;

maximum wind speeds are found at night during all seasons.

This is an advantage as higher wind speeds in summer can

be used to cool the building down during the night.

According to Golder Associates (2013:14), over 60% of the

wind speeds experienced at Phalaborwa are between 1.1

and 3.5 m/s, with calm conditions experienced on an

average of 29% of the time. On average wind speeds do

not exceed 8 m/s, but wind gusts of up to 14 m/s have

been recorded at the Palabora Copper Weather Station.

The topography of the landscape also in! uences local wind

systems by the development of surface inversions where

cooler air will drain down a sloped area.

It can be hypothesised that the cool air will drain down the

massive copper pits slopes, and if captured or re-channelled,

it could be used to cool the building during the night.

Wind ventilation uses the force of wind to draw air through

a building. This passive design principle is a cost effective

and easy way of cooling a structure. Successful ventilation of

a structure is determined by having adequate fresh air and

high thermal comfort for the spaces, while using little or no

energy for HVAC systems. Strategies for proper natural wind

ventilation include operable windows, ventilation louvres,

rooftop vents, as well as structures to funnel or steer

breezes. Implementing architectural elements such as wing

walls, casement windows, fences or strategically placed

vegetation should create a pressure difference, allowing air

to be pulled into the building from the high pressure zone

to a low pressure zone (see Figure 38). Once again, these

architectural elements should contribute to the effective

ventilation of the building as well as to the aesthetic of each

faade.

2.3.5 Extreme Weather Events

The Phalaborwa area experiences occasional hailstorms

and downpours; the following extreme events have been

recorded:

Floods during 2000 when extremely high rainfall resulted

in extensive damage to infrastructure

A maximum 24-hour rainfall of 182 mm during February

2000 and January 2012

The area was struck by Cyclone Emily in 1977

Highest daily maximum temperature: 44.9C in October

2010

Lowest daily minimum temperature: 2C during August

1972.

35

Figure 38: Principles to ventilate the building.

Source: by Author 36

Macro Scale consists

of the larger PMC and

Foskor mine site. and

surrounding context.

This analysis includes:

- Typology

- Koppies of Phalaborwa

- Five elements

- Closure Plan

- Past, Present and

Future development

Micro Anallysis is

focused on the selected

area for architectural

intervention and the

re-use of existing

infrastructure.

This analysis includes:

- Existing infrastructure

- Mining Operations

- Re-use of existing

infrastructure

ma

cr

o s

ca

le

mic

ro

sc

al

e

37

Figure 39: Macro, Meso, Micro and Nano site scales.

Source: by Author

Nano Analysis is the

natural elements

occurring on site. This

analysis compromises of

natural fauna and ! ora

that occurred on the site

and comparing current

conditions and the

impact of the mining

activities.

Meso Scale analyses

the selected site area,

mapping the following:

- Geologic study of area

- Copper ore pit analysis

na

no

sc

al

em

es

o s

ca

le

38

Figure 40: Section through landscape.Source: by Author

2.4.1 Topography

Golder Associates (2013:14) describe the pre-mined land-

scape as typical of the central Lowveld igneous complex,

consisting of low key grazing and natural bush.

Greater Phalaborwa is situated approximately 400 meters

above sea level. The average elevation of the study area as

listed by Golder Associates (2013:14) is 380 meters above

sea level (mamsl), with the undulations varying between

360 and 420 mamsl. The koppies on the site can reach an

elevation of up to 460 to 480 mamsl and are conical and

rocky in nature.

Seventeen prominent koppies were identi" ed in the

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) located in the

Phalaborwa area. Four of these have been historically

disturbed by the mining activities. This disturbance not only

includes present mining activities but also metal work and

mining activities from the Iron Age, where narrow shafts and

topes can be seen on the remaining hills.

The design aims to create a new visual connection with the

identi" ed koppies. Viewpoints and elements will be placed

to face these important hills. Their topography consists of

stacked granite boulders; and a similar typology can be

applied to the proposed architectural elements. The use

of natural and locally available stone and materials would,

hopefully, reinforce this connection to the landscape.

Water table level 24.17m

Loolekop Pro! le Maximum hight of

surrounding koppies

Hight of Ecological

Observatory +475 amsl

Copper Pit depth 800 m below ground level

Section pro! le of copper pit with

various mineral found in the

Phalaborwa geological complex

2.4 Macro analysis

39

15

3

2

4

Figure 41: Contour Map indicating positioning of Koppies .Source: by Author

Figure 42: The two koppies that the Baphalaborwa regard as sacred ground. Right: Sealene. Left: Mmodimulle

Source: by Author

GPS Co-ordinates

1 Sealene - 235718.55S / 31 76.76E

2 Muhululu - 24 138.64S / 311021.72E

3 Shankare - 23586.24S / 31 941.40E

4 Moloto - 24 043.88S / 311131.62E

5 Lolwe - 235853.23S / 31 82.12E

The K o p p i e s of P h a l a b o r w a

40

Figure 43: Ceremony at Sealene Hill, 20 November 1970 .Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa

Figure 44: Sealene Hill. Source: by Author.

1 Sealene

This is regarded as the resting place of the spirits of the royal

ancestors of the baPhalaborwa.

Sealene is a steep koppie serving as a landmark in

Phalaborwa. FOSKOR (1970) states that for centuries the

rulers of the tribes used this area as the mosate (seat of

the chief) for the rulers of the tribe. Ruins at the koppie bear

testimony of this. At its foot the remains of iron forges and

an ironsmith workshop dating from the Iron Age are evident.

The ability of the Ba-Phalaborwa to smelt and use iron made

them a strong force in this region.

41

Figure 45: Aerial view of Muhululu Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.

Figure 47: Aerial view of Shankare Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author. Figure 48: Aerial view of Lolwe Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.

3 Shankare Hill

Shankare Hill is located around 4 to 5 km to the

north-east of the copper mining pit. Three hills with

archaeological remains located to the east, north and

to the west of Shankare were designated Shankare 2,

Shankare 3 and Shankare 4. Copper ingots (marale)

were manufactured at the hill and used as marriage

goods during the Iron Age (Golder, 2013: 41-42).

5 Lolwe

Lolwe, about 3km from Sealene, was the source from

which these primitive ironsmiths gathered unlimited

iron ore for the manufacture of picks, axes, spear-

heads, arrows and so forth.

2 Muhululu

Muhululu is located to the north of the con" uence

of the Olifants and Selati Rivers. It is one of the few

large mountains in Phalaborwa associated with

metal working. Various archaeological metal working

and residential remains were found at Muhululu

(Pistorius, 1989:90-91).

4 Moloto Hill

Moloto Hill was located to the north-west of Muhululu

Hill. Today, only the top part of this dome-shaped hill

is recognisable above a tailings dump. Settlements

immediately to the west of Moloto Hill are all situated

within the boundaries of the Foskor terrain.

42

Figure 46: Aerial view of Moloto Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.

Figure 49: Granite koppie with natural vegetation. Source: by Author

2.4.3 Five Elements

The water-basin of Greater Phalaborwa forms part of the

Letaba and Olifants Rivers to the north, and the Selati and

Olifants Rivers to the south. The site is naturally divided by

various water courses. The southern border is de" ned by the

Selati River that ! ows in an easterly direction. Loole Creek

de" nes the northern border, consisting of numerous water

streams which drain into it. The water courses located on the

southern region of the site drain directly into the Selati and

Olifants Rivers (Golder Associates 2013:14).

The vegetation can be classi" ed as bushveld with scattered

trees and shrubs, intermingled with tall tufted grasses.

Features of the mines, such as the waste rock dumps

and tailing dams, stand out from the natural undulating

landscape.

The natural landscape and identi" ed elements acted as

design generators for layout, material " nishes and visual

connections in the surroundings.

43

44

FOSKOR and PMC mining zone

Phalaborwa town

Kruger national Park

R40

R71

Railway

Ga-Selati River

Olifants River

Kruger National Park Border

Hendrik van Eck AirportPhalaborwa townKruger National Park gateHand Merensky Golf Course

Natural

Unnatural

districts

paths

edges

nodes

landmarks

The macro site analysis superimposes various indepen-

dent layers to produce a heterogeneous surface. The different

layers represent the existing site and contextual conditions as

well as future development.

Topographic elements identi" ed by Lynch (1982:47) include:

Districts: Districts are medium to large sections of land,

perceived as having a two-dimensional context which the ob-

server mentally enters inside of. These districts possess a

common identifying character (Lynch, 1982:47).

Paths: Paths are channels along which the observer moves.

They can be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals or rail-

ways. People observe a space while moving through it and

along these paths (Lynch, 1982:47).

Edges: They are boundaries between two phases, linear

breaks in the community. These edges can be barriers. Edges

are important organising features, particularly in the role of

holding together generalised areas (Lynch, 1982:47).

Nodes: Nodes or points are strategic spots into which the

observer can enter. They may be primarily junctions, places

where a break in transportation methods occurs, a crossing or

convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to

another (Lynch, 1982:47).

Landmarks: Another type of point-reference, but the

observer cannot enter within them; they are external. They are

usually a simply de" ned object: building, sign, store or moun-

tain (Lynch, 1982:48).

45

Figure 50: Macro Site Map

Source: Image by Author.

Kruger National Park

F9

Ga-Selati River

Van Ryssen

Dam

Olifants River

Copper Pit

Selati Tailings

Dam

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

46

Figure 51 (opposite page): Meso Scale Site Plan

Source: Photos by Author

2.5.1 Geological Study of the Area

Professor Gaudin of MIT (FOSKOR museum, 2015) states that

millennia ago, a volcano that existed in the area somehow

became " lled with carbonate rock. During these carbonated

deposits, deposits of other sulphide minerals containing

copper, apatite, magnetite, uranium, sulphur, vermiculite,

mica, thorium and zirconium oxide (represented by a mineral

known as baddeleyite) as well as gold, silver and platinum also

occurred. This rich deposit was mined since 1966 resulting in

the scarred landscape of today.

2.5 meso analysis

47

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1300 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

0m 50m 200m 300m 600m 800m

The Meso Site analysis will follow the game-board strategyGraa"and game-boards are conceived as shared working surfaces and should facilitate the different spatial claims on the same territory to !nd a common ground while playing out various scenarios.

This analysis will evaluate the different

parties involved in the proposed project

relating the larger context of this

geomorphologic system to the various

changes - political, soci

cal-, that can effect the

48

Figure 52: Site Samples - minerals colour, texture and re" ectiveness analysis.

Source: Photos by Author49

Colours

Textures

Reflection

Edges

Transparency

1 Olivevine - mineral

2 Pyroxenite - mineral

3 Biotite - mineral

4 Granite - mineral

5 Metamorphic rock

6 Sandstone - Sedimentry rock

7 Biotite - mineral

8 Boitite - mineral

9 Boitite - miniral

10 Granite containing various minerals

11 Granite

12 Sedimentry rock

As part of the site exploration colours, textures, re! ections,

edges and transparency were investigated. Samples were

collected during the various site visits. This analytical approach

informed the subsequent design decisions.

50

Figure 53 (top): Paper model of Copper Pit before in-cavement

Source: Photos by Author

2.5.2 Copper Ore Pit Analysis

The mining activities in the open copper ore pit of" cially

came to an end in 1996. Subsequently, the implementation of

underground block cave mining extended the productivity of

the mine. The underground mining of the pit was immediately

deepened by 400m and this resulted in a major failure of the

north-west wall when approximately 100 Mt of soil collapsed

into the pit (Moss, Diachenko, Townsend, 2006).

The following section analyses and describes the copper pit,

aiming at a future settlement prediction . The proposed design

is based on the conclusions of this analysis.

Cave Pit Interaction

According to Moss, Diachenko and Townsend (2006: 483),

there is a direct relationship between the pit and the under-

ground block and cave mining process. The caves breaking

through into the bottom of the pit is adversely affecting the

stability of the pit walls. Increased movement of these led to

the discovery of cracks surrounding the pit, which extended up

to 250 meters from it. This failure increased in extent so that

after 18 months a partial wall collapse of approximately 800

meters high and 300 meters long occurred.

Conclusion

Based on the above information, the following design

decisions were made:

The underground mining activities will be decommissioned in

2015, initiating the rehabilitation process. The pit walls will

remain in their current condition, the mining activities will

cease and the underground tunnels will be left as they are

order to prevent any further movement of the pit walls and

perimeter. The shape, size and slope of the pit will be regarded

as remaining in their current condition for the purposes of this

dissertation.

51

Figure 55: Interaction between the block cave and the pit slopes at Palabora mine

Source: Interaction between the block cave and the Pit slopes at Palabora mine, A. Moss,

S. Diachenko, P. Townsend. [pdf]

Figure 56: Movement of Pit mm/day during October 2006

Source: Interaction between the block cave and the Pit slopes at Palabora mine, A. Moss,

S. Diachenko, P. Townsend. [pdf]

Figure 54: General Geology and Pit Slope Geometry

Source: Interaction between the block cave and the Pit slopes at Palabora mine, A. Moss, S.

Diachenko, P. Townsend. [pdf]

Concrete

headgear

Ultimate pit crest

scale

Pit boundry at base of weathered rock

52

existing infrastructure - remove - reuse - recycle

2.6 micro analysis

53

Figure 57 (opposite page): Mapping existing infrastructure

Source: by Author

The aim of the micro analysis is to gain a better

understanding of the chosen mine sites infrastructure and

its current activities. By understanding what is happening

and why it is happening, informed decisions can be made

on how to reuse existing structures in the future. Instead of

destroying and recreating a new life and purpose is given

to the site through incorporating the old and preserving the

memory of the site.

2.6.1 Mining Operations

Phalaborwa Copper (Pty) Ltd extracts and bene" ciates copper

and other by-products in the Ba-Phalaborwa area. This mine

is South Africas only producer of re" ned copper and provides

the local market with 85% of its copper requirements.

The copper operations include an underground mine,

primary and secondary crushers, auto mills, concentrator,

copper smelter with casting facilities and an associated acid

plant (tailings). The operations comprise an open pit mining

operation and recovery plant.

1. Copper Pit

The open ore copper pit is no longer in use since 1997.

2. Underground block & cave mining

Underground mining activities are being carried out by means

of the block cave method. This takes place underneath the

copper mine pit. The rock containing the copper ore is

broken up by means of explosives in the shape of hour glass

taverns to funnel rocks down (see " gure 59). Gravity is used

to extract the ore which is then transported via underground

tunnels to the production shaft. When the ore body is

depleted, the mining caves will be imploded, affecting the

state of the open copper ore pit above.

3. Towers Production Shaft &

Service Shaft

The northern tower is the tallest tower and is called the Pro-

duction Shaft. This shaft is used to transport the ore to the

various auto mills and crushers for further processing. The

southern tower is the Service Shaft and is utilised to transport

men and equipment. There is also a Ventilation Shaft that

provides oxygen in the mining tunnels for the miners.

4. Auto Mills

Ore from the underground block-cave mine is conveyed

to two stockpiles, each feeding two separate autogenous

wet-grinding circuits. Two large tumbling mills reduce the

size of the ore, which results in the liberation of the copper

sulphides. The mills products are sized by vibrating screens

to produce coarse feed to the pebble crushers. The ore is

then pumped to the Secondary Milling Plant (SMP) where it

is further g round to less than 0.15mm.

5. Primary Crusher + Secondary

Crusher (conventional process route)

Copper and magnetite are recovered from the neighbouring

FOSKOR mine. The primary crusher is used to reduce ore

size. Feeders and conveyers transport the ore to a secondary

crusher to reduce its size further before it is conveyed to the

SMP.

6. Concentrator

Ball mills containing steel balls grind the ore down to the

size of beach sand. Water is added and the ore is turned

into a liquid blend known as slurry. The next several stages

involve ! otation tanks where chemicals are added to sepa-

rate the copper from the ore. Air bubbles allow the copper

to ! oat to the top of the ! otation tank, after which the slurry

is thickened and pumped to the dewatering plant. The " nal

product is therefore a copper concentrate which is thereafter

conveyed to the smelter to produce the " nal product, copper

sheets.

7. Tailings disposal, dewatering and

magnate production

The thickened slurry is pumped to the dewatering and tailing

disposal plant. The water is " ltered out and, by means of

magnetic separation, the magnetite is separated and trans-

ported to large magnetite storage dams. Export magnetite is

used for iron and steel production.

54

Figure 58: Aerial view of site and selected structures for re-use.

Source: Photo by Author.

0 0 0 0 meters

55

56

Figure 59: Existing mining process

Source: by Author.

Existing infrastructure will be removed and materials reused

or recycled for the new architectural proposal.

The selected mining infrastructure will be reused for the

following new functions that will form part of the larger

master plan development:

1.Copper Pit

geodesic biomes, to create controlled testing

environments.

2.Underground block & cave mining

mining tunnels to be left as they are, the existing water pump

system to be reused so as to re-route water to be used in

main building functions.

3.Towers

Production Shaft Tower

Ecological Observatory

Service Shaft Tower

Visitors center and access to copper pit.

4.Auto Mills -

Accommodation

5.Primary Crusher

Arrival point and fresh produce and craft market space.

All other infrastructure on the site should be removed and the

site transformed to its natural landscape conditions. The reuse

of materials such as sheet metal, steel grids and steel

members could promote sustainability.

E x i st i n g m i n i n g p ro c es s

Existing infrastructure

57

Figure 60: Proposed new functions for existing structures

Source: by Author.

2.6.2 Proposed new application and re-use of existing

structuers and materials

58

Figure 61: Cross-section of existing infrastructure and its current and proposed functions

Source: by Author.

Headgear........................ Vertical transport of skips....................................Moving of building facade for solar control

Building structure............. Structural stability..............................................Structural stability

Underground shaft........... Vertical mining circulation...................................Natural cooling system

Water pump.................... Pumping water out of pit and mine tunnels............Used for water features, cooling and irrigation

Conveyor system............. Transporting mined ore.....................................Private circulation on site for staff

Existing structures............ Storage and offices..........................................Removed and materials re-used and recycled

Mined Rubble................. Stacked next to excavations, artificial hills...........Used for gabion walls and textured landscape features

59

Figure 62: Proposed new functions of selected elements

Source: by Author.

Moving facade for solar control Structural Load-bearing system

Water features, fountains and irrigation

Public + Private cirulation on site

Re-use materials

Gabion walls

Natural cooling system

60

2.7.1 Terrestrial Ecology

The mine site borders the Klaserie Nature Reserve to the

south and the Kruger National Park to the east. According

to Golder Associates (2013:23), a few animals permanently

reside within the mining area, but there is considerable

movement of wild animals between the mining area and the

conservation areas.

A variety of fauna species can be found within the mine

complex. This includes various antelope species, predators

such as leopard and lion as well as larger mammals

including elephant and buffalo. There are also several bird,

reptile and amphibian species residing within the selected

area.

The new development should welcome animal species into

the development by providing watering holes and viewing

points for visitors. A permeable boundary wall will allow for

the animals to roam freely in and out of the site.

Important Plant Taxa

Analysis of plant species was necessary for developing the

design of the planter box types situated within the building

and also for the landscape design proposal. It is essential

to choose the appropriate plant species to create shade

for spaces but not block important viewpoints. Seasonal

changes in plant species also play an important role

regarding the transformation of the building. Shrubs and

grasses create a soft landscape and help to lower the

temperature of a particular space. Indigenous herbs are

chosen for their scents and attraction of insects such as

butter! ies.

The following criteria are listed in Palabora Copper (Pty)

Ltd EMP Addendum for the proposed Magnetite Expansion

Project, the Lift ll Process Additions and Environmental

Pollution Control Project (2013:23-24):

Important taxa in the Limpopo Sweet Bushveld vegetation

type:

Trees

1 Knob-thorn Acacia nigrescens

2 Marula Sclerocarya birrea

3 Mopane Colophospermum mopane

4 Umbrella thorn Acacia tortilis subsp. heteracantha

5 Red bushwillow Combretum apiculatum

6 Large-fruited bushwillow Combretum zeyheri

7 African Blackwood Dalbergia melanoxylon

8 Sickle bush Dichrostachys cinerea

9 African weeping wattle Peltophorum africanum

10 Magic Gwarra Euclea divinorum

11 Silver Cluster Leaf Terminalia sericia

The following Shrubs and grasses are indigenous to the area

and can be used for planter inside the building because of its

shallow root depth.

Shrubs

1 Clerodendrum ternatum

2 Commiphora africanum

3 Hermannia glanduligera

4 Melhania forbesii

Grasses

Finger grass - Digitaria eriantha

Broad-leaved Curly leaf - Eragrostis rigidior

Herringbone grass - Pogonarthria squarrosa

Blue grass - Andropogon gayanus

Tassel three-awn - Aristida congesta

Natal red top - Melinis repens

Guinea grass - Panicum maximum

Cats tail - Perotis patens

Rooigras - Themeda triandra

Indigenous herbs are used in the northern green wall,

planters and the ! oral walls that form part of the sample

locations (see capsule 02). Flowers should hopefully attract

insect life such as butter! ies and bird life.

Herbs

Evolvulus alsinoides

Heliotropium steudneri

Hemizygia elliottii

Ipomoea magnusiana

Kohautia virgata

2.7 Nano Analysis

61

Figure 63: Trees and shrubs.

Source: by Author

This shrub is extremely sensitive to atmospheric humidity and

will expand its leaf buds at the $ rst hint of moisture-laden winds.

Consequently it is the $ rst shrub to come to leaf with the arrival

of the wet season, and remains remarkably green throughout the

rainy period. The characteristics of this plants reaction to external

effects can inform the users and visitors of environmental changes

in the atmosphere. The building should in a similar way be sensitive

to environmental changes. Adding plants to the interior and

exterior of the building can contribute to being a visual link

regarding seasonal change.

trees

mopane umbrella thorn

Commiphora

africanum

marula

Hermannia

glanduliger

Melhania forbessii

Fruit bearing plants attracts animals.

Protection /

Spatial de$ nition

design generator

Shrubs

62

Figure 64: Perspective of entrance with " oral tower.

Source: by Author.

Some danainae butter! ies, such as

the queen, like to visit these plants

as it produces a pheromone to

attract mates.

overhead plane - tree

base plane - hardscape / paving

Flor

al /

her

bal t

ower

Sof

tsca

pe

hard

scap

e

Visi

tors

cen

ter

and

mar

ket s

pace

Um

brel

la tr

ees

for

shad

e

hardscape + softscape

63

Figure 65: Herbs and grasses.

Source: (top): www.gardenworldimages.com/Search.aspx?search=Heliotropium

Source (bottom left): Photo by Author

Source (bottom right): www.! ickr.com/photos/auyaeh/4415543761

herbs

Evolvulus alsinoides Hellotropium

steudneri

Kohautia virgataHemizygia

elliottii

Cats tail Finger grass Natal red top Tassel three-awn

grasses

64

nFigure 66: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background

Source: by Author.

Transformation in architecture involves the change in the

nature, function or appearance of building elements.

The transformation process is implemented when

two-dimensional data is transformed into a three

dimensional physicality, and back again (Porter,

2006:198). The intangible data is transformed into the

tangible when the concept is converted into the building

design. The incorporation of multi-sensory experiences is

needed to enhance intangible data and transform it into

a tangible building design. Sensory stimulation should

ultimately assist in repairing the relationship between

nature, human beings and space within the liminal

landscape .

Architecture should be suf! ciently open to be able to be

redirected and re-interpreted in an unpredictable manner,

conceiving a type of architecture that is open to its own

transformation.

Nicolas Michelin (2002:182)

ch

ap

te

r

3 transformation

65

3.1 The Liminal Landscape

- Abandoned industrial structures and their

effect on the environment

3.2 Nature in Flux

- The relationship between nature and

architecture

3.3 Memories of the Elapsed Vernacular

- Memory and architecture

Theoretical discourse

66

Abandoned industrial structures and their effect on the

environment.

Industrialisation and technological innovations can impact

positively and negatively on our environment. They do contribute

to economic growth and development while at the same time

having a negative environmental impact. The described

technological mining innovations have irreversibly changed

the composition of the Mopani Bushveld environment.

The mining activities and their technological development

of structures and systems allowed for the control and

manipulation of natural environments. The proposed new

building should, instead, allow the natural environment to

control and manipulate the proposed building elements

so as to create a tangible link between structure and the

environment.

Relevance and importance

The process of adapting existing structures for a new, intended

purpose and, hopefully, contributing towards successful

integration of the building within the landscape.

The intention of discussing this topic is to emphasise the

potential possibilities that these industrial structures offer

when they become part of the environment instead of being

static or disconnected from it. Berger (2006:29) refers to land-

scape leftovers as being in a liminal or transitional phase and

encourages designers to re-integrate these spaces left over

from industrial development. The application of innovative

architectural elements inspired by the landscape and cultural

references is a way of transforming the site by linking the

building with it.

When mine closure is implemented, mining activities

cease and the reclamation process begins. Environmental

rehabilitation programmes are implemented after the mine is

decommissioned, but this does not include a spatial or

architectural intervention, typically resulting in abandoned

structures and meaningless landscapes. Currently, the

industrialised mine site displays little concern for context and

heritage.

we can never separate ourselves

from the nonhuman world we, our

technologies, and nature can be no more

disentangled than we can remember the

distinction between Dr. Frankenstein and

his monster (Latour, 2012).

3.1 the liminal landscape

67

Figure 67: Graphic illustration of the two extreme futures the site can experience. Dystopia vs. Utopia.

Source: by Author.

Architectural typology changes from

generation to generation. This constant

change or evolution doesnt mean that

elements from the past should have no

signi! cance or contribution to present

designs. The image above, Frankenstein

Architecture, is a conceptual illustration

and explores the two extremes that can be

achieved if past elements are incorporated,

or the alternative when its rejected.

68

Figure 69: Eastern view of mine from Kruger National Park.

Source: by Author Vermiculate Waste Dump

The composition of the landscape comprises air, water, land,

vegetation and elements produced by human beings which all

contribute to the aesthetic value of the space. This reintegration

or reprogramming of these waste landscapes involves the

designer identifying characteristics, natural and arti" cial, that

could be reused for future social, cultural and environmental

upliftment.

A deeper connection with the liminal landscape can be

achieved by understanding its cultural history. Berger

(2006:29) explains that the liminal condition relates to the

formation of community in tribal cultures and adds that these

rites of passage are marked by three phases:

Separation, Liminality, Aggregation

air

water

land

69

Figure 68: Transformation process, illustrating how the environment changes

Source: by Author

Production Shaft

Landscape is under the in" uence of nature but under the control of man.

Allen (2007:07)

fauna

vegetation

man-made

70

These three phases are compared to the copper smelting

process and informs the architectural typology:

Separation >>> STATE

Separation comprises of symbolic behaviour signifying

detachment of an individual or group form an earlier " xed

point in the social culture and cultural conditions (Berger

2006:29).

The copper smelters: Copper smelters were separated

from their villages as part of the ritual process, and smelting

was therefore carried out in furnaces in the " elds away from

the villages.

The furnace: Copper ore was extracted from the earth by the

use of stone tools. Clay built furnaces were either cylindrical

or triangular in shape and stood about one meter tall. The

extracted copper ore was then placed inside the clay furnace.

Architecture: The existing production shafts main function

is to transport the extracted copper ore from the underground

mine to the primary crusher for further processing. The pro-

duction shaft is evident of the absence of architectural design

and its disconnection between built environment and nature.

Liminal Period >>> PASSENGER

Characteristics of ritual subjects are ambiguous passing

through the cultural realm, having few or none of the

attributes of the past or coming state (Berger 2006:29).

The copper smelters: Archaeological discoveries suggests

that furnaces were sculpted to represent the human body. The

furnaces were seen as the midwives of the smelters (Schmidt

2009:263). This formed part of the ritual process where the

furnace is transformed from a non-living static object into a

living organism. This transformation from non-living to living

allowed the smelters to develop an intimate connection with

their furnace and the ritual process.

The furnace: Ore, medicine and " re are mixed in the furnace

and the ritual process of copper extraction is implemented.

According to Pistorius (2015:03), medicines, such as

human hand bones, were placed inside holes in the furnace,

suggesting some form of ritual sacri" ce during the smelting

process.

Architecture: The process of implementing the proposed

architectural intervention in order to link the existing

infrastructure with the environment. Similar to the furnace,

the production shaft and other mining infrastructure had a

purpose because of the sacri" cing of the environment. As

mining activities come to an end, the site is in a transitional

phase awaiting or preparing for its new purpose: the union

of nature and the built environment. This can be achieved by

reinterpreting the local and natural elements to become part

of architectural elements.

Aggregation >>> STRUCTURAL

The ritual subject is in a relatively stable state one more and,

by virtue of this, has rights and obligations.he is expected

to behave in accordance with certain customary norms and

ethical standards. (Berger 2006:29).

The copper smelters: Schmidt (2009:265) suggests that

these rituals transform the material representation of the

furnace from an artefact into a living human being.

The furnace: The melted copper is separated from the rock

sediments and, when cooled, forms ingots completing the

process when a new pure mineral is born from the furnace.

Architecture: The separated elements are brought together

with the architectural intervention. Selected materials and

elements form part of a new intervention where the

interactive building elements rely on natural ! uxes to create a

symbiotic relationship. A once disconnected mine shaft with

nature as its sacri" ce has reached the " nal phase,

aggregation with the landscape.

71

Figure 70: Three phases of Transformation, Separation - Limimnality and Reaggregation.

Source: by Author

S e p a r a t i o n

l i m i n a l i t y

r e a g g r e g a t i o n

72

Relevant ideas and principles

The aim is to re-route the existing systems to animate the

building exterior (creating a visual connection) and the

building interior (habitable spaces).

Applying a building typology that changes the existing

structure from being static to being an active participant

within the environment.

Re-evaluating the shaft towers and exposing their

technologies will contribute to the integration of the

building within the landscape.

North

East

South

Water Wall Water falling down eastern

facade. Cool air " ows into the

building and cools interior

spaces.

Western Solar ScreensCopper panels re" ects the

western heat. The colour of

this facade will change over

time when the copper reacts

to the moisture in the air,

becoming a greenish colour to

the facade.

Green WallThe green wall is ! lled with

colourful herbs and

" owering plants. The colour

and density of the wall

changes with the seasons.

Movable Shading FinsA system inspired by the existing

mining infrastructure used to

move skips up and down the shaft

is now re-used to move shading

screens up and down according

to the daily solar movement.

West73

Figure 72 (middle): Conceptual Illustration of screen movement.

Source: by Author

Figure 71 (top): Mopani leaf inspired adjustable solar screen.

Source: by Author

Figure 73 (bottom): Eastern elevation.

Source: by Author

Screens closed prevent morning

sun light (heat and glare) from

entering the building

Mopani leaf solar screens on

eastern facade of building

Screens open up as sun moves

from east to west. Allowing natural

light to enter the building.

Screens open to full extent,

allowing visual link with

exterior environment.

east

west

74

Figure 74: Material transformation, copper.

Source: by Author75

Figure 75: Northern green wall.

Source: by Author

Figure 76: Cross ventilation.

Source: by Author 76

Figure 77: South East Perspective of British Seville Pavilion

Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/

Figure 78: Southern Facade stretched PVC coated fabric - Yacht

technology. Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/

Figure 79: Eastern Water Wall

Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/

Architects: Nicolas Grimshaw

Location: Seville, Spain

The building can be de" ned by its structural clarity that is

designed as parts of a kit. The external skin responds to the

climate conditions with each faade specially designed to

react to exterior environmental conditions. The eastern faade

supporting a water wall designed to cool the interior of the

building. Solar panels on the roof harvests solar energy to drive

water pumps. Stacked steel freight containers on the western

faade are " lled with water or sand to shield the exterior heat.

This project was selected as a precedent study for its response

to climatic conditions. Each faade has different features as

explained above to react to changing climatic conditions. The

water wall adds to the sensory experience with the constant

sound of water and the cool interior environment it creates.

Innovative use of materials such as the reuse of freight

containers for western facade and the yacht technology for

southern facade to prevent direct sunlight but still allow and

interior glow to the building can be incorporated into the

proposed design. The aim is to incorporate the same

environmental responsive design elements, minimal use of

mechanical air conditioning, natural ventilation and reduced

energy consumption.

precedent - British pavillion

77

Figure 80: Passive design principles, Seville Pavilion.

Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/

Solar panel roof

Yacht technology

Yacht technology

Western Facade

Solar panels shade roof from direct

sunlight. Photo voltec cells collects

solar energy and the energy is used to

for cooling the building and pumping

water for the water wall on eastern

facade.

The water wall is located on the

eastern facade creating a feeling

of cool fresh air. The water wall

reduces the internal temperature

of the building from 38oC to 27oC.

Air conditioning is still used to

regulate exhibition spaces. The

fall span is 65 meters long and

15 meters high.

The southern facade has no

glazing, instead streatched fabric

between ship masts are used to

lighten up interior space without

any direct sun light into the

building.

The western facade takes full

advantage of the afternoon sun,

having no glazing, with heavy-

weight wall that is composed of

water tanks " lled with water or

sand that acts as a heat barrier.

The North facade is a continuation of

the same fabric used but allows light

through to give background lighting.

The north courtyard (in Spain) allows

visitors to be protected from the sun.

78

Figure 81: Vermiculate waste dump

Source: by Author

Figure 82: The return of wild life

Source: by Author

Figure 83: Birds nests

Source: Author

As a consequence of technological progress and its side

effects, an architectural intervention is needed that could

assist in addressing future unwanted or problematic

conditions. Sola-Morales (Berger 2006:33) suggests that

architects should " nd inspiration in the contrasting elements

within the environment and existing infrastructure. These

elements could essentially act as design generators.

The process where elements acquire functions for which

they were not originally designed, is referred to by biologists

as exaptation. In architecture, this process is referred to as

cross-programming. This takes place when a structure or

space is being used for a function other than its intended

design use.

The mining site will eventually enter a stage of

deindustrialisatio