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Plan for the webinar
1. What is RDA?
2. RDA data
questions, comments
3. Bibliographic and authority data in
new environments
4. Point of transition
questions, comments
One of the key features:
from RDA 0.1
RDA is designed to take advantage of the
efficiencies and flexibility in data capture, storage,
retrieval, and display made possible with new
database technologies, but to be compatible as well
with the legacy technologies still used in many
resource discovery applications.
resource discovery in traditional catalogues
and in new technological environments
Designed for now and the future
Now
designed to work in
the current
environment
compatible with
AACR2 records
co-exist with AACR2
records in the same
database
Future
positioned to take
advantage of new
database structures
function in the semantic
web
visible in the web
alongside other types of
metadata
What is RDA?
• relationship to AACR2
• new underlying framework
new metadata standard that replaces AACR2
data to support resource discovery
set of practical instructions built on the foundation
of a theoretical framework
flexible and extensible framework to describe all
types of resources
designed for now and the future
Broader scope
RDA 0.0 Purpose and scope
RDA provides a set of guidelines and instructions on
formulating data to support resource discovery.
versus AACR2 0.1
These rules are designed for use in the construction
of catalogues and other lists in general libraries of
all sizes.
Relationship to AACR2
RDA 0.2
“instructions derived from AACR have been
reworked”
instructions that originate from AACR2
instructions are reworded and organized differently
within a new theoretical framework
every word
has changed many instructions
show visible
continuity with
AACR2
AACR2 to RDA
AACR2 deconstructed
new concepts
new structure
new vocabulary
some new instructions
some changed
instructions
IFLA conceptual models
FRBR Functional Requirements for
Bibliographic Records
1998
FRAD Functional Requirements for Authority
Data
2009
FRSAD Functional Requirements for Subject
Authority Data
approved 2010
FRAD and FRSAD are extensions of the FRBR
model
FRBR + FRAD
based on the analysis of
bibliographic and authority
records
entity-relationship models
IFLA task forces
world-wide consultation
international consensus
Why are the models important?
1. The models shape RDA:
RDA 0.3.1
The FRBR and FRAD models provide RDA with an
underlying framework that has the scope needed to
support comprehensive coverage of all types of
content and media, the flexibility and extensibility
needed to accommodate newly emerging resource
characteristics, and the adaptability needed for the
data produced to function within a wide range of
technological environments.
alignment with FRBR/FRAD enables RDA to
achieve the objectives of comprehensiveness,
extensibility and adaptability
Why are the models important?
2. internationally shared conceptual model
• broad international support for the explanatory
power of the models
• common international language and conceptual
understanding of the bibliographic universe
3. entity-relationship model
widely used data modeling technique
understood by other metadata and data modeling
communities
e.g. software engineers, information systems and database
designers
Why are the models important?
as the foundation for a standard:
provides a logically consistent underlying
framework
makes it easier for other metadata communities
to understand the structure of our data
makes it easier to apply in an international
context
makes it easier for our data to interoperate with
data modeled similarly
• other data that aligns with a FRBR/FRAD model
• other data that conforms to a similar entity-
relationship model
Explicit RDA data model
aligned with FRBR/FRAD models
ERD = entity relationship diagram
in RDA Toolkit
or available at: http://www.rdatoolkit.org/background
Entities - attributes - relationships
new vocabulary
entity = the object of a user’s interest
entities that are of interest to someone who
uses bibliographic and authority data
RDA focuses on:
bibliographic entities
entities specific to authority control
Bibliographic entities
(FRBR/FRAD)work
expression
manifestation
item
person
family
corporate body
concept
object
event
place
FRBR Group 1
products of intellectual or
artistic endeavor
FRBR Group 2
responsible for group 1
entities
FRBR Group 3
subjects
(includes group 1 & 2)
Authority entities (FRAD)
bibliographic entities
name
identifier
controlled access
point
rules
agency
entities on which
authority data is focused
entities for authority
control
entities that determine
the content and form of
access points
Authority entities (FRAD)
bibliographic entities
name
identifier
controlled access
point
rules
agency
entities on which
authority data is focused
entities for authority
control
entities that determine
the content and form of
access points
Attributes
characteristics of the entity
data to be recorded about the entity
examples of attributes:
work: form of the work (genre), medium of performance, coordinates (map) …
expression: language of the expression, scale, type of score …
manifestation: publisher, date of publication, extent of the carrier …
item: inscriptions, ownership, condition …
Attributes
examples of attributes:
person: dates, titles of rank, office, gender, …
family: type, dates, history, …
corporate body: place, dates, address, …
concept
object
event term
place
Relationships
link between one entity and another
basis for navigation and support collocation
primary relationships:
between work, expression, manifestation and
item
3 other major types of relationships:
1. between a person, family or corporate body and
a resource
2. between one resource and another resource
3. between a person, family or corporate body and
another person, family or corporate body
Examples of relationships
expression translation of work
manifestation embodiment of expression
work created by person
expression performed by person
manifestation produced by corporate
body
work based on work
manifestation electronic reprod.
manifestation
person member of family
Organization and Structure of
RDA
2 main parts
Recording attributes sections 1-4
Recording relationships
sections 5-10
Divided into 10 sections
sections are organized according to the
bibliographic entities
Organization and Structure of
RDA
Section 1-4 = Recording attributes
Section 1. Recording attributes of manifestation and
item
Section 2. Recording attributes of work and
expression
Section 3. Recording attributes of person, family,
and corporate body
Section 4. Recording attributes of concept, object,
event, and place
[placeholder]
Organization and Structure of
RDASections 5-10 = Recording Relationships
Section 5. Recording primary relationships between
work, expression, manifestation, and item
Section 6. Recording relationships to persons, families,
and corporate bodies associated with a
resource
Section 7. Recording the subject of a work
[placeholder]
Section 8. Recording relationships between works,
expressions, manifestations, and items
Section 9. Recording relationships between persons,
families, and corporate bodies
Section 10. Recording relationships between concepts,
objects, events, and places
[placeholder]
Entities - attributes -
relationships
not just a new vocabulary
new way of thinking about bibliographic and
authority information
data that a human can read and interpret
that is machine actionable
RDA data
• RDA as a content standard
• RDA data elements
RDA = content standard
RDA not an encoding standard
not a presentation standard
RDA what data do I record?
RDA 0.4.2 Objectives
0.4.2.3 Flexibility
The data should function independently of the format,
medium, or system used to store or communicate the
data. They should be amenable to use in a variety of
environments.
RDA = content standard
RDA data can be encoded using:
• MARC 21
• encoding schema such as Dublin Core,
MODS, and others
• web friendly encoding schema based on
XML
RDA data can be presented using :
• ISBD conventions
• labelled display
• newly developed display conventions
• display conventions used in other
metadata communities
Examples in RDAexamples show what the data should be:
RDA 2.4.1.4 Recording Statements of
Responsibility
Transcribe a statement of responsibility in the form
in which it appears on the source of information.
Apply the general guidelines on transcription given
under 1.7 .
EXAMPLE
by Walter de la Mare
Fats Waller
by Dr. Johnson
by Sir Richard Acland
by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
by a Lady of Quality
par Charles M. Schultz
directed and produced by the Beatles
Examples in RDARDA examples show what the data should be
not how it should be
displayed
not how it should be
encoded
AACR2 2.1F1. Transcribe statements of
responsibility relating to persons or bodies as
instructed in 1.1F
Shut up in Paris / by Nathan Sheppard
Great Britain : handbook for travellers / by Karl Baedecker
Vas-y, Charlie Brown / par Charles M. Schulz
MARC 21 manual 245 $c statement of responsibility
…
245 04$a The plays of Oscar Wilde /$c Alan Bird.
Elements in RDA and AACR2
RDA element = A word, character, or group of words
and/or characters
representing a distinct unit of
bibliographic
information.
AACR2 element = similar definition
plus
… and forming part of an area of the
description.
AACR2 elements are organized and embedded into
areas
net effect is quite different
Elements in AACR2
AACR2:
• data embedded in areas and long character strings
• data in ambiguous elements
assumption is that a human will read and interpret information in record
cannot be used reliably to search or to limit a search
cannot be used for automated processing
cannot be used to generate a meaningful display
RDA data elements
move away from:
• paragraph style (ISBD areas)
• data embedded in long character strings
• data stored in ambiguous elements
move towards:
• independent, separate units of data
• precisely defined or “parsed”
• each element contains data about
a single attribute
or a single relationship
• increased use of controlled vocabulary
RDA data elements
only one kind of data in an element
AACR2: date of publication, distribution, etc.
MARC 21: 260 $c
RDA: 4 different elements:
date of production
date of publication
date of distribution
date of copyright
day 1 implementation in MARC 21 environment – data will still
be ambiguous
RDA data elements remove ambiguity
AACR2: 1.7B13. Dissertations
• information embedded in a note
• note about academic degree, granting institution
or faculty and year degree granted
RDA: 7.9.1 Recording Dissertation or
Thesis Information
• separate elements for: academic degree
granting institution or faculty
year degree granted
• information that can be used by human or machine
day 1 implementation in MARC 21 environment – subfields for 502
already implemented
RDA data elements
distinct and defined elements for each kind
of data
illustrative content
encoding format
different element production method
for each type of sound content
data applied material
base material
reduction ratio
Elements in AACR2
AACR2: information embedded in “other
physical details” (or a non-specific
note)
illustrative content
encoding format
other physical production method
details sound content
applied material
MARC 300 $b base material
reduction ratio
RDA data elements
separated according to whether it is data
about
content or carrier
illustrative content encoding
format
sound content production method
applied material
base material …
controlled vocabulary recommended for
many elements
aspect ratio: full screen, wide screen, mixed
base material: Bristol board, canvas, cardboard,
RDA data elements
distinct and defined elements for each kind
of data = groundwork for the future
illustrative content
encoding format
currently map to production method
MARC 300 $b sound content
applied material
base material
reduction ratio
day 1 implementation in MARC 21 environment – data
will still be ambiguous
Relationship designators
specify nature of relationships
specify roles
e.g. cartographer
performer
broadcaster
former owner
specify the nature of the relationship between
resources
e.g. adaptation of
musical setting of
paraphrased as
Relationship designators
controlled vocabulary
4 appendices of relationship designators
(3 in use, 1 is placeholder)
Appendix I Relationship designators: relationships
between a resource and persons, families, and
corporate bodies associated with the
resource
Appendix J Relationship designators: relationships
between works, expressions, manifestations
and items
Appendix K Relationship designators: relationships
between persons, families, and corporate
bodies
RDA data elements
still recording the same kind of information
title edition date of publication
record in distinct data elements
record with more precision
data that a human can use
data that is machine actionable
each element has the potential to be used:
- to search
- to navigate
- to retrieve
- to build meaningful displays of
data
Identifiers
from FRAD:
entities are known by their names
and/or are assigned identifiers
RDA for example, to identify a person (core elements):
title of the person
date associated with the person
other designation associated with the person
identifier for the person
(profession, occupation, field of activity can also be core when the
name does not convey the idea of a person)
Identifiers
Identifier for the Person
A character string uniquely associated with a person
… that serves to differentiate that person from other
persons.
name = more suitable for humans to read and
interpret
identifier = more suitable for machines to make links
scope to use a URI as an identifier
URI = key component for linked data in the semantic
web
Tim Berners-Lee: principles for linked data
no. 1 – use URIs as names for things
Role of identifiers
recording attributes of entities
RDA has element defined for recording the identifier
of each bibliographic entity:
item
manifestation
expression
work
person
family
corporate body
Role of identifiers
use identifiers to reference relationships
1) to a related work, expression, manifestation or
item
e.g. 24.4 use one or more:
an identifier
an authorized access point
a description (structured or unstructured)
2) to a related person, family or corporate body
e.g. 25.4 use one or more:
an identifier
an authorized access point
Questions, comments
? ? ?
Bibliographic and authority data in new environments
• RDA as “well-formed”
metadata
• RDA in new database
structures
• RDA data on the web
Data elements
RDA elements in line with metadata conventions
RDA Scope and Structure 5JSC/RDA/Scope/Rev/4
RDA Element Analysis 5JSC/RDA/Element analysis/Rev/3
in cover letter for RDA Scope and Structure:
“The JSC is committed to ensuring that the metadata produced using RDA will be well-formed, i.e., instructions are provided on how to record the values of elements, controlled vocabularies are used where appropriate, and the overall structure is governed by a formal model.”
RDA = “well-formed” metadata
instructions on how to record data for each element
controlled vocabulary is used as the value recorded
in many elements
underlying model for the data = FRBR/FRAD model
RDA uses the term “elements”
Metadata models often use the term “properties”
elements = properties
RDA as metadata
elements can be defined in the way that the
metadata community expects
in RDA Element Analysis, analysis of the relationship
between RDA elements and two metadata models:
<indecs> Metadata Framework and DCMI Abstract
Model
e.g. classification of elements as:
elements
sub-elements
element subtypes
domains
value surrogate
value strings …
RDA as metadata
explicit data model + elements that conform to
metadata standards:
• can be understood by other metadata and data
modeling communities
• can interoperate with data modeled similarly
lays the groundwork for use of RDA data in linked
data systems of the future
work underway to define and declare RDA
vocabularies for the semantic web (next session with
Diane Hillman)
Flexible and adaptable
RDA as a content standard:
RDA 0.4.2 Objectives
0.4.2.3 Flexibility
The data should function independently of the
format, medium, or system used to store or
communicate the data. They should be amenable
to use in a variety of environments.
Flexible and adaptable
RDA not confined to one environment:
RDA 0.4.2 Objectives
0.4.2.3 Flexibility
The data should function independently of the
format, medium, or system used to store or
communicate the data. They should be amenable
to use in a variety of environments.
Flexible and adaptable
RDA 0.3.1 Conceptual Models
The FRBR and FRAD models provide RDA with an
underlying framework that has the scope needed to
support comprehensive coverage of all types of
content and media, the flexibility and extensibility
needed to accommodate newly emerging resource
characteristics, and the adaptability needed for the
data produced to function within a wide range of
technological environments.
RDA = content standard
not locked into MARC 21 encoding
not locked into MARC 21 record structure
can be used with web-friendly encoding schema, based on XML
can be used in new types of database structures
RDA in XML
not an abstract goal for the future
US test will include testing RDA for descriptions
encoded using Dublin Core and MODS
RDA Toolkit includes a section on schemas
• download RDA element sets as XML schema
core
enhanced
specialized
universal
RDA in XML
RDA in XML
RDA Core elements in XML
RDA data
• in existing database structures
bibliographic records = description + access points
+ authority records – linked to access points
+ holdings records – linked to bib records
diagram by Tom Delsey from his presentation to the Deutsche
Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, Germany, June 2nd, 2009: http://www.rda-
jsc.org/docs/td20090602.pdf
Bibliograph
ic
Authority
Authority
Holdings
RDA data
• newly emerging database structures
e.g. object oriented database
database mirroring FRBR/FRAD model
cluster of data pertaining to each entity
manifestation record
+ item record
+ work record
+ expression record
+ record for person, family, corporate body
+ relationships = links between the above entities
illustration: from Tom Delsey’s presentation to the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek,
Frankfurt, Germany, June 2nd, 2009: http://www.rda-jsc.org/docs/td20090602.pdf
AACR2 + MARC 21
for example
name of a person ------- title of book
AACR2 + MARC 21
type of relationship embedded in text of
bibliographic description
bibliographic record contains name of person and
title
may have an authority record that also ties together
name of person and title of work
AACR2 + MARC 21
bibliographic record for the animated film
245 00 $a Alice in Wonderland, or, What's a nice kid like
you doing in a place like this? /$cHanna-Barbera
Productions.
700 1# $a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898. $t Alice's
adventures in Wonderland.
record may or may not include text in a note that
explains the relationship
RDA
identify attributes of the resource
identify relationships
• relationship between the resource and
persons, families, corporate bodies
• relationships to related works, expressions …
• use relationship designators
relationship designators are not currently core
elements, but RDA provides a way to specify the
nature of the relationship
RDA + MARC 21
for example
name of a person ------- title of book
RDA + MARC 21
type of relationship embedded in text of bibliographic
description
bibliographic record contains name of person and title
may have an authority record that also ties together
name of person and title of work
relationship designators in bibliographic records
($e, 4, i)
RDA + MARC 21
bibliographic record
245 00 $a Alice in Wonderland, or, What's a nice kid like you doing in a place like this? /$cHanna-Barbera Productions.
700 1# $i parody of (work) $a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898. $t Alice's adventures in Wonderland.
suggested display of data :
(MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic data)
Alice in Wonderland, or, What's a nice kid like you doing
in a place like this? / Hanna-Barbera Productions.
Parody of Carroll, Lewis, 1832-1898. Alice's
adventures in Wonderland.
RDA + MARC 21
bibliographic record
100 1# $a Verdi, Giuseppe, $d1813-1901.
245 10 $a Otello :$b in full score / $c Giuseppe Verdi.
700 1# $i Libretto based on (work) $a Shakespeare, William, $d 1564-1616. $t Othello.
787 08 $i reproduction of (manifestation) $a Verdi, Giuseppe, $d 1813-1901. $t Otello. $d Milan: Ricordi, c1913
day 1 implementation in MARC 21 environment – can
record data about the type of the relationship
RDA + MARC 21
authority record for a work:
100 1# $a Stoppard, Tom. $t Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead
500 1# $w r $i based on (work) $a Shakespeare, William, $d 1564-1616. $t Hamlet
authority record for a person:
100 1# $a Clemens, Samuel, $d 1835-1910
500 ## $w r $i alternate identity $a Twain, Mark, $d 1835-1910
RDA + post MARC 21
for example
name of a person ------- title of book
RDA + post MARC 21 record environment
data about entities: “record” for person, work,
expression (as needed), manifestation, item …
explicitly defined relationships between entities
explicitly defined relationships means that MARC
record structure is no longer required
Making library data visible
User does not expect information silos:
users expect that all metadata is on the web
library data needs to be visible on the web
users do not ask whether the data they need comes
from a library or a digital repository or an archive
library data should interact and co-exist with
metadata of other cultural memory communities
e.g. museums, archives, digital repositories, …
Hidden data
online catalog = closed database
◦ abundance of metadata
◦ invisible to web search engines “dark data”
MARC 21 = library specific record format
◦ used in closed databases
◦ web cannot access and use MARC data
◦ many ILS cannot fully use MARC data
◦ not used in other cultural heritage communities
Making library data visible
release library data from MARC 21 record
structure
make library data available on the web
◦ use XML schema
◦ support use in semantic web with declared
name spaces and registered vocabularies
library data that can be discovered by web
search engines
Making library data visible
release from MARC 21 record format also
helps build connections to other communities
• connecting with other cultural heritage
communities
• data that can function alongside data
from other metadata communities
Point of transition
Us and our legacy data
Where is the future?
data that enables machine-actionable
processing of data
data that enables resource discovery on the
web
data that can be stored and used in new
database structures
data that can connect us with
other communities
Changing direction
make the point of
transition as
smooth as possible
emphasize
continuity
begin to travel
along a new track
RDA moves us forward
RDA …
takes us from where
we are
moves us to a new
track
opens up possibilities
for the future
Images from FlickrCreative Commons attribution license
Dinner train by Slideshow Bruce
http://www.flickr.com/photos/springfieldhomer/956146
22/
Cross track – iPhone wall paper by CJ Schmit
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cjschmit/4623783487/
Tracks by eirikref
http://www.flickr.com/photos/eirikref/432088535/
