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Sediment Diagenesis http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c542/ http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c542/

CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

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Page 1: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

Sediment Diagenesis

http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c542/http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c542/

Page 2: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

S di t Di iSediment DiagenesisDiagenesis refers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g  Diagenesis refers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e.g., composition and texture) in a sediment or sedimentary rock subsequent to deposition in water. The processes may be physical, chemical, and/or biological in nature and may occur at any time subsequent to the arrival of a particle at the sediment‐water interface.

The range of physical and chemical conditions included in diagenesis is 0 to 200oC,   1 to 2000 bars and water salinities from fresh water to concentrated brines. In fact, 1 to 2000 bars and water salinities from fresh water to concentrated brines. In fact, the range of diagenetic environments is potentially large and diagenesis can occur in any depositional or post‐depositional setting in which a sediment or rock may be placed by sedimentary or tectonic processes. This includes deep burial processes but 

l d     i  hi h        hi  excludes more extensive high temperature or pressure metamorphic processes.

Early diagenesis refers to changes occurring during burial up to a few hundred meters where elevated temperatures are not encountered (< 140oC) and where uplift p ( 4 ) pabove sea level does not occur, so that pore spaces of the sediment are continually filled with water.

Page 3: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

E l Di iEarly Diagenesis1. Physical effects: compaction.1. Physical effects: compaction.

2. Biological/physical/chemical influence of burrowing organisms: bioturbation and bioirrigationbioturbation and bioirrigation.

3. Formation of new minerals and modification of pre‐existing mineralsminerals.

4. Complete or partial dissolution of minerals.

5. Post‐depositional mobilization and migration of elements.

6 B t i l d d ti   f  i   tt6. Bacterial degradation of organic matter.

Page 4: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

Physical effects and compactionPhysical effects and compaction(resulting from burial and overburden in the sediment column,

most significant in fine-grained sediments – shale)

Porosity = φ = volume of pore water/volume of total sediment

Page 5: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

E l Di iEarly Diagenesis1. Physical effects: compaction.1. Physical effects: compaction.

2. Biological/physical/chemical influence of burrowing organisms: bioturbation and bioirrigationorganisms: bioturbation and bioirrigation.

3. Formation of new minerals and modification of pre‐existing mineralsminerals.

4. Complete or partial dissolution of minerals.

5. Post‐depositional mobilization and migration of elements.

6 B t i l d d ti   f  i   tt6. Bacterial degradation of organic matter.

Page 6: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

Bi t b ti /bi i i tiBioturbation/bioirrigation

Some organisms, such as crabs and snails, mix surface sediments simply by crawling and plowingthrough it. More importantly, others, especially polychaete worms and bivalves, burrow into the sediment and ingest the sediment particles to extract organic matter as food  Such burrowing sediment and ingest the sediment particles to extract organic matter as food. Such burrowing activity can extend to several tens of centimetres. Once their burrows are constructed, some organisms remain in them and flush the burrows with overlying seawater, bringing about enhanced exchange between pore waters and overlying seawater. This process is referred to as bioirrigation.

Page 7: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

E l Early DiagenesisPh i l  ff   i1. Physical effects: compaction.

2. Biological/physical/chemical influence of burrowing organisms: b b d bbioturbation and bioirrigation.

3. Formation of new minerals and modification of pre‐existing minerals.

4. Complete or partial dissolution of minerals.

5. Post‐depositional mobilization and migration of elements

6. Bacterial degradation of organic matter.

Page 8: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

Ion exchange on the surface and intrasheet layers of clay minerals

Page 9: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

Authigenic mineralsAuthigenic minerals

Framboidal pyrite

Carbonate cement5 μm

2 μmChert μChert

Page 10: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

E l Early Diagenesis1 Physical effects: compaction1. Physical effects: compaction.

2. Biological/physical/chemical influence of burrowing organisms: bioturbation and bioirrigationbioturbation and bioirrigation.

3. Formation of new minerals and modification of pre‐existing i lminerals.

4. Complete or partial dissolution of minerals.

5. Post‐depositional mobilization and migration of elements.

6. Bacterial degradation of organic matter.

Page 11: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

Bi i di tBiogenic sedimentsCaCO3 SiO2

100 µm 10 µm 25 µm

Coccolithophores Foraminifera Diatoms Radiolaria

100 µm 10 µm25 µm

From: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html

Page 12: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

0 1 2 3 4 50

Ω AragoniteΩ Calcite

0 2 4 60

Saturation state of the oceanic water column

0

1000

0

1000

pth

(m)

2000

3000

pth

(m)

2000

3000

De

4000

Dep

4000

5000

6000

N. AtlanticN. Pacific

5000

6000

N. AtlanticN. Pacific

We will also see how carbonate mineral dissolution is closely linked to the oxidative degradation of organic matter.

Page 13: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

O li iliNi (nmol kg-1) SiO2 (μmol kg-1) PO4 (μmol kg-1)

Opaline silica

0 2 4 6 8 10 120

1000

0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 40

1000

PTH

(m

)

1000

2000

1000

2000NorthPacific

DE

P 3000

4000

3000

4000

NorthAtlantic North

AltanticNorthNorth

NorthPacific

5000 5000

NorthAtlantic

NorthPacific

Unlike CaCO3, all the oceanic water column is undersaturated with respect to 3 pamorphous silica but only a fraction (<50%) of this material dissolves in the water column as it falls through it after the death of the organisms. Most of the opal dissolution occurs at the seafloor.

Page 14: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

E l Early DiagenesisPh i l  ff   i1. Physical effects: compaction.

2. Biological/physical/chemical influence of burrowing organisms: b b d bbioturbation and bioirrigation.

3. Formation of new minerals and modification of pre‐existing minerals.

4. Complete or partial dissolution of minerals.

5. Post‐depositional mobilization and migration of elements.

6. Bacterial degradation of organic matter.

Page 15: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

P d l b lPost-depositional remobilization

While some elements escape the sediment through advection of pore waters as a result of compaction, many others migrate in and out of the d b d ff d bsediment by diffusion, driven by 

concentration gradients established as a result of diagenetic processes such as mineral dissolution  ion exchange  and mineral dissolution, ion‐exchange, and bacterial degradation of organic matter. 

Page 16: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

E l Early Diagenesis1 Physical effects: compaction1. Physical effects: compaction.

2. Biological/physical/chemical influence of burrowing organisms: bioturbation and bioirrigationbioturbation and bioirrigation.

3. Formation of new minerals and modification of pre‐existing i lminerals.

4. Complete or partial dissolution of minerals.

5. Post‐depositional mobilization and migration of elements.

6. Bacterial degradation of organic matter.

Page 17: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

l Anabolic processes

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f b l In the presence of free O2: G (kJ/mol)

Sequence of catabolic reactions

(1) Aerobic respiration: (CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 138O2→H3PO4 + 16HNO3 + 106CO2 + 122H2O -475

In the absence of free O2:

(1) Denitrification: (CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 94.4HNO3→H3PO4 + 55.2N2 + 106CO2 + 177.2H2O -448

(1) Manganese reduction: (CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 236MnO2 + 472H+→H3PO4 + 236Mn2+ + 16NH3 + 106CO2 + 366H2O -349

(1) Iron reduction: (CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 212Fe2O3 + 848H+→H3PO4 + 424Fe2+ + 16NH3 + 106CO2 + 530H2O -114

(1) Sulfate reduction: (CH O) (NH ) H PO + 53SO 2−→H PO + 53S2− + 16NH + 106CO + 106H O 77(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 53SO4

2 →H3PO4 + 53S2 + 16NH3 + 106CO2 + 106H2O -77

In the absence of free and linked oxygen:

(1) Disproportionation: (CH O) (NH ) H PO H PO + 16NH + 53CO + 53CH 58(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4→H3PO4 + 16NH3 + 53CO2 + 53CH4 -58

Page 19: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

f b l Sequence of catabolic reactions

From: Gaillard JF (1999)

Page 20: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

d h Oxygen penetration depth

From: Mouret et al. (2010) Deep-Sea Research I, 57: 528-540.

Page 21: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

O t ti d th Oxygen penetration depth 1. Oxygen content of the overlying waters

2. Porosity

3. Rate of organic matter catabolism‐ Organic matter contentReactivity of the organic matter‐ Reactivity of the organic matter‐ Temperature

From: Burdige (2006) Geochemistry of Marine Sediments)

Page 22: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

d h Oxygen penetration depth

From: Middelburg et al. (1997) Deep-Sea Res. I 44: 327-344 From: Burdige (2006) Geochemistry of Marine Sediments

Page 23: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

f b l Sequence of catabolic reactions

Oxic

Suboxic

AnoxicSulfidic

Page 24: CHOC Week 12a 2010.pptcourses/c452/CHOC_Week 12a...Sdi Dti iSediment Diagenesis Diagenesisrefers to the sum of all the processes that bring about changes (e g(e.g., composition and

d Redox zonation

From: Froelich et al. (1979) GCA, 43: 1075-1090. From: Burdige (2006) Geochemistry of Marine Sediments