Upload
hector-johnson
View
225
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chlorophyll and Phytoplankton
in Lakes
Emily DeBoltJosh Conway
Chlorophyll and phytoplankton tell the story of lake productivity.
• Why study chlorophyll and plankton
•How to collect data
•Interpreting data from local lakes
Why study chlorophyll and plankton
Lake productivity depends on basin morphology, light, nutrients, temperature, etc.• determines biota present
•All phytoplankton have chlorophyll
•Chlorophyll values are used to estimate phytoplankton biomass and its potential photosynthetic capacity
•Microscopic cell counts would be best – but too time consuming
•A spectrophotometer is used to measure the total chlorophyll absorption in the water column.
How to collect chlorophyll data
How to collect chlorophyll dataIn the lab:•Filtered 250 ml of water from each sample, and ran through spectrophotometer in 10 ml samples.
•So when working with chlorophyll values from lab, had to divide values by 25 to account for the concentration of water filtered
How to collect phytoplankton dataIn the field:•Kimmerer bottle with marked line and messenger•Sample water at epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion•Fill 1 liter bottle for each sample•Lugols preservative in each sample
In the lab:•Counted the number of phytoplankton present in each sample.
(note: phytoplankton counts are from 2004)
Interpreting data from local lakes
Onondaga Catlin Oneida Green
Rich Lake Arbutus Lake
Percentage of Species Identified in Oneida Lake
Melosira19%
Cyclotella9%
Ulothrix9%
Stephanodiscus9%Aviacosira
18%
Stictodiscus9%
Romeria9%
unknow n9%
Scenedesmus9%
Oneida Lake Chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
chlorophyll values (ug/L)
laye
r o
f la
ke
(1=
ep
i, 2=
me
ta, 3
=hyp
o)
Oneida Lake
Oneida Lake
Percentage of Species Identified in Oneida Lake
Melosira19%
Cyclotella9%
Ulothrix9%
Stephanodiscus9%Aviacosira
18%
Stictodiscus9%
Romeria9%
unknow n9%
Scenedesmus9%
73%Chrysophyta (Bacillariophyceae)
MelosiraCyclotellaUlothrixStephanodiscusAviacosiraStictodiscus
9%Cyanophyta
Romeria
18%Chlorophyta
unknownScenedesmus
Oneida Lake
Oneida Lake Chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
chlorophyll values (ug/L)la
yer
of
lak
e (
1=e
pi,
2=m
eta
, 3=h
ypo
)
Oneida Lake
Most chlorophyll in the hypolimnion ??
Oneida Lake
Oneida Lake
Parameters:
epi: 1mhypo: 8m
SA: 207 km2
Eutrophic, DimicticMean depth: 6.8 mMax depth: 16.8 mLength: 20.9 miWidth: 5.8 mi
•Highest chlorophyll values in hypo!!
•Most common phyto are diatoms (which are traditionally more common in early summer)
•Light makes it all the way to the bottom – so plankton can live there in this lake!
Percentage of Species Identified in Rich Lake
Cladophora21%
Closterium27%
Anabaena6%
Merismopedia6%
Oscillatoria6%
Spirulina10%
Micricystis6%
Cyclotella6%
Melosira6%
Stephanodiscus6%
Rick lake chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
chlorophyll values (ug/L)
laye
r in
lak
e (
1=e
pi,
2=m
eta
, 3=h
ypo
)
Rich Lake
Rich Lake
Percentage of Species Identified in Rich Lake
Cladophora21%
Closterium27%
Anabaena6%
Merismopedia6%
Oscillatoria6%
Spirulina10%
Micricystis6%
Cyclotella6%
Melosira6%
Stephanodiscus6%
48% 34%Chlorophyta Cyanophyta Cladophora Anabaena Closterium Merismopedia
Oscillatoria Spirulina Micricystis
Rich Lake
18%Crysophyta (Bacillariophyceae)
CyclotellaMelosiraStephanodiscus
Rich Lake phytoplankton
• Cosmarium: desmids which are tolerant of acidic conditions
• Microsystis: BG that is common blooming nuisance
• Oscillatoria: indicator of beginning eutrophism
Rick lake chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
chlorophyll values (ug/L)la
yer
in la
ke
(1=
ep
i, 2=
me
ta, 3
=hyp
o)
Rich Lake
Rich Lake
Values only for epi and meta obtained
Epi: 1mMeta: 6mHypo: 11m
Rich Lake
Mostly greens and blue-greens - not sure why…
All chlorophyll < 1 ug/L sopossibly an oligotrophic lake
Note Oscillatoria presence!!
Percentage of Species Identified in Catlin Lake
Gonatozygon25%
Eudorina25%
LGR25%
Synura25%
Catlin Lake chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
chlorophyll values (ug/L)
laye
r o
f la
ke
(1=
ep
i, 2=
me
ta, 3
=hyp
o)
Catlin Lake
Catlin Lake
Percentage of Species Identified in Catlin Lake
Gonatozygon25%
Eudorina25%
LGR25%
Synura25%
Catlin Lake
50%Chlorophyta
GonatozygonEudorina
50%Chrysophyta
LGRSynura
Catlin Lake chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
chlorophyll values (ug/L)
laye
r o
f la
ke
(1=
ep
i, 2=
me
ta, 3
=hyp
o)
Catlin Lake
Catlin Lake
Phytoplankton mostly in epilimnion
• We have no additional info on Catlin…
• Since there is no BG, I would guess it is oligotrophic
Catlin Lake
Percentage of Species Identified in Onondaga Lake
Pandorina20%
unknow n8%
Oedogonium4%
Pediastrum16%
Protococcus4%
Scenedesmus4%
Gleocapsa8%
Romeria4%
Microcystis4%
Aphanocapsa4%
LGR12%
Euglena4%
Peridinium8%
Onondaga Lake Chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
chlorophyll values (ug/L)
laye
r o
f la
ke
(1=
ep
i, 2=
me
ta, 3
=hyp
o)
Onondaga Lake
Onondaga Lake
Percentage of Species Identified in Onondaga Lake
Pandorina20%
unknow n8%
Oedogonium4%
Pediastrum16%
Protococcus4%
Scenedesmus4%
Gleocapsa8%
Romeria4%
Microcystis4%
Aphanocapsa4%
LGR12%
Euglena4%
Peridinium8%
Onondaga Lake
64%Chlorophyta Pandorina unknown Oedogonium Pediastrum Protococcus Scenedesmus Gleocapsa
24%Cyanophyta Romeria Microcystis Aphanocapsa LGR
4%Euglenophyta Euglena
8%Pyrophyta(dinoflagellates) Peridinium
Onondaga Lake Chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
chlorophyll values (ug/L)
laye
r o
f la
ke
(1=
ep
i, 2=
me
ta, 3
=hyp
o)
Onondaga Lake
Onondaga Lake
Chlorophyll decreases with depthHighest chlorophyll values!
Onondaga Lake
Epi: 1mMeta: 12mHypo: 14m
Polluted – excess phosphorous and anoxic hypo
Green algae most dominant, but also some BG which makes sense bc Onondaga has highest phosphorous of any of the lakes by far (all other lakes < 2 uM, Onondaga almost 15 uM)
Calanoid copepods were most common in all lakes except Onondaga – where Daphnia were most abundant – Daphniado well with good quality food which might make sense withthe high green algae levels
Percentage of Species Identified in Arbutus Lake
Cladophora5%
unknow n13%
Scenedesmus5%
unknow n5%
Spirulina9%
Ceratium18%
Navicula5%
Melosira5%
Nitzestia5%
Tabellaria5%
Synura5%
Dinobrium5%
Peridinium5%
Euglena5%
Cryptomonas5%
Arbutus Lake Chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
chlorophyll (ug/L)
laye
r in
lak
e(1
=ep
i, 2=
me
ta, 3
=hyp
o)
Arbutus Lake
Arbutus Lake
Percentage of Species Identified in Arbutus Lake
Cladophora5%
unknow n13%
Scenedesmus5%
unknow n5%
Spirulina9%
Ceratium18%
Navicula5%
Melosira5%
Nitzestia5%
Tabellaria5%
Synura5%
Dinobrium5%
Peridinium5%
Euglena5%
Cryptomonas5%
Arbutus Lake 20% Chrysophyta (Bacillariophyceae) Navicula Melosira Nitzestia Tabellaria
10% Chrysophyta (Chrysophyceae) Synura Dinobrium
23 % Chlorophyta Cladophora Unknown Scenedesmus
14% Cyanophyta Unknown Spirulina
23% Pyrophyta Ceratium Peridinium
5% Euglenophyta Euglena
5% Cryptophytas Cryptomonas
Arbutus Lake Chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
chlorophyll (ug/L)
laye
r in
lak
e(1
=ep
i, 2=
me
ta, 3
=hyp
o)
Arbutus Lake
Arbutus Lake
Phytoplankton are hanging out at the metalimnion
Arbutus Lake
Most phytoplankton diversity of all the lakesEpi: 1mMeta: 6mHypo: 7m
Secchi disk at 3 m, so not sure why most phyto wouldbe down at 6 m (think critical mixing depth)
Ceratium
EuglenaSpirulina
Cryptomonas
Green Lake chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
chlrorphyll values (ug/L)
laye
r in
lak
e (
1=e
pi,
2=m
eta
, 3=h
ypo
, 4=
che
mo
, 5=m
on
om
o)
Green Lake
The only phytoplankton present:Chlorophyta: Pediastrum
Green Lake
Green Lake
Secchi disk at 9m – so good visibility in the lake
Epi: 1mMeta: 11mHypo: 15mChemo: 19mMonomo: 35m
Highest chlorophyll values at chemocline – must be reading chlorophyll fromthe purple sulfur bacteria
Hardwater, meromicitc lake, 52 m deep, veryoligotrphic
Lake by Lake comparison of chlorophyll values by lake layer
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
chlrorphyll values (ug/L)
laye
r o
f la
ke
(1
=e
pi,
2=
me
ta, 3
=h
ypo
, 4=
ch
em
o,
5-m
on
om
o)
Onondaga Lake
Oneida Lake
Green Lake
Rich Lake
Deer Lake
Arbutus Lake
Catlin Lake
All lakes chlorophyll values
Onondaga has highest values, Deer has lowestNo real consistent patterns…
Lake comparison of chlrorphyll values from multiprobe and depth
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
chlorophyll values (ug/L)
dp
eth
in
me
ters
Arbutus Lake
Rich Lake
Deer Lake
Oneida Lake
Green
Onondaga Lake
Chlorophyll from the multiprobe
Lake comparison of chlrorphyll values from multiprobe and depth
-5
0
5
10
15
-2.5 2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5
chlorophyll values (ug/L)
dp
eth
in
met
ers
Arbutus Lake
Rich Lake
Deer Lake
Oneida Lake
Green
Onondaga Lake
Chlorophyll from the multiprobe
Lake comparison of chlrorphyll values from multiprobe and depth
-5
0
5
10
15
20
-2.5 2.5 7.5
chlorophyll values (ug/L)
dp
eth
in
met
ers
Arbutus Lake
Rich Lake
Deer Lake
Oneida Lake
Green
Onondaga Lake
Comparison of multiprobe and spectrophotometer data
Lake by Lake comparison of chlorophyll values by lake depth
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
chlrorphyll values (ug/L)
lak
e d
pe
th in
me
ters Onondaga Lake
Oneida Lake
Green Lake
Rich Lake
Deer Lake
Arbutus Lake
Comparison of Lake Depths at Layers
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Oneida Deer Arbutus Green Rich Onondaga
Lake
de
pth
in m
ete
rs
Epilimnion Metalimnion Hypolimnion chemocline monomolimnion
Comparison of Lake Depths at Layers
Lake by Lake comparsion of epilimnion chlorophyll values
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lake
Lake
chlo
rop
hyl
l va
lue
(u
g/L
)
Arbutus
Deer
Rich
Green
Oneida
Onondaga
Catlin
Comparison of Epilimnion chlorophyll data
Lake by lake comparison of metalimnion chlorophyll values
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lake
Lake
Ch
loro
ph
yll
valu
e (
ug
/L)
Arbutus
Deer
Rich
Green
Oneida
Onondaga
Catlin
Comparison of Metalimnion chlorophyll data
Lake by lake comparison of hypolimnion chlorophyll values
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Lake
Lake
Ch
loro
ph
yll
valu
e (
ug
/L)
Arbutus
Deer
Rich
Green
Oneida
Onondaga
Catlin
Comparison of Hypolimnion chlorophyll data
What does it all mean?(chlorophyll values)
• Seemed to get more chlorophyll in hypolimnion than we would have thought
• Bad sampling? Or serious lake mixing?
What does it all mean?(phytoplankton)
• In general the pattern throughout the year goes:
• Diatoms (spring)• Greens (summer)• Blue –greens (late summer)• Dinoflagellates (winter)
• With blue-greens dominating in late summer
• But we did not really see this – we had mostly greens
Lake: dominant phyto: trophic state (?)• Oneida: diatoms (E)• Rich: greens (O)• Catlin: greens and goldens (O)• Onondaga: greens (E)• Arbutus: very diverse! (O)• Green: greens (O)
What does it all mean?
What does it all mean?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
K
Oneida Green Deer Arbutus Onondaga Rich
Lake
Average Light Coefficients (K)
Secchi Depth
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Oneida Onondaga Deer Arbutus Green Rich
Lake
Dep
th (
met
ers)
Secchi Depth
Green had deepest light – but both Green and Oneida hadhighest light coefficients (odd bc Green is oligotrphic and Oneida is eutrophic… zebra mussels maybe…)
Lake by Lake comparison of chlorophyll values by lake depth
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
chlrorphyll values (ug/L)
lak
e d
pe
th in
me
ters Onondaga Lake
Oneida Lake
Green Lake
Rich Lake
Deer Lake
Arbutus Lake
Does more light mean more chlorophyll?
• Arbutus and Onondaga had highest chlorophyll values
• Onondaga also had highest phosphorous values
• But Arbutus had low values! Phosphorus vs. Depth (2004)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Phosphorus Concentration (uM)
Dep
th (m
) Arbutus
Green
Oneida
Rich
• So if more light doesn’t mean more chlorophyll and more phosphorous doesn’t mean more chlorophyll then what does!!
ADK lakes: Sept 9-11Onedia: Sept 21-22Onondaga: Sept 28-29Green: Oct 5-6
When did we sample?
Would have thought possibly lakes visited later more mixed and lakes visited earlier still stratified…
Temperature Comparison
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Temperature (oC)
Pe
rce
nt
of
To
tal
De
pth
Arbutus
Rich
Deer
Oneida
Green
Onondaga
Oneida and Deer have mixed – the rest are still stratified
Phytoplankton growth affected by temperature, light Nutrients. Right before FT is a good time for them –But after turnover is not so good - although sometimesTurnover actually increases nutrients so there is a bloom.
Since we found so many algae in hypo layer – does that meanall lakes were mixed? This doesn’t appear to be true basedon the temp data…
Controls of Phytoplankton Growth
What was missing and what were our errors?
Counting phytoplankton in lab did not work very well!•Problems with identification•Problems with preservation of phytoplankton??
•Collection of water and data from the lakes
Images satellite de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon (off New Brunswick, Canada)
Phytoplankton blooms