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02/27/21 Chivalry and Warfare in Late Medieval Europe, c. 1300 to c. 1500 |
University of Glasgow
Chivalry and Warfare in Late MedievalEurope, c. 1300 to c. 1500
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This course aims to explore the nature of chivalry in aristocratic culture in relation to theconduct of warfare in theory and in practice. In his seminal study The Waning of the MiddleAges, the Dutch historian and anthropologist Jan Huizinga argued that by the fifteenthcentury, concepts of chivalry had become ossified and anachronistic. As displays ofchivalric culture became more elaborate and notions of chivalry more self consciouslyarticulated and developed, so an increasingly wide gulf emerged between reality andperception, between outmoded ideals that had lost the vigour they had once enjoyed andthe brutal realities of war as revealed by the Hundred Years War and subsequent conflicts.Not only had chivalry lost touch with the rapid developments in weaponry and in armiesthat made the knight redundant, but chivalry itself had become a cynical cloak for brutalityand profiteering in war. This profoundly influential thesis still enjoys its adherents, but hasbeen seriously challenged by historians such as Maurice Keen and Malcolm Vale. Theyargue that far from stagnating in the face of technological and social change, the warriorelites of Europe were quick to adapt to new forms of warfare, and that chivalry, even inmost extravagant manifestations, remained a vital aspect of aristocratic life on as much asoff the battlefield.
This module will explore key aspects of this debate. To what extent did the'infantry revolutions' of the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, which witnessed theincreasing role of pikemen, spearmen and archers on the battlefield, challenge thenobility's methods of combat, and how did they respond? How did the aristocracy react tothe rapid development of artillery and firearms? To what extent was there a clash betweennotions of honour and military professionalism? How far do theoretical treatises on warreflect intellectual engagement with the changing face of war? Did increasingly elaboratetournaments and jousts retain any serious military and social purpose? What was the roleof religious belief in warfare, and was crusading still an integral element in the chivalricideal? We shall also explore the role played by the 'law of arms' in later medieval chivalry,as well as examining the operation of conventions of ransom and the profits of war whichwere such a key incentive in the prosecution of war.
Introduction: Chivalry in Decline? Huizinga, Keen and Sir Thomas Grey(11 items)This introductory seminar explores the critique of later medieval chivalry by the famousDutch anthropologist Johan Huizinga, and the response of the greatest modern historian ofchivalry, Maurice Keen, a debate which in many essentials informs the wider framework ofthis course. By way of comparison, we will also look at a chivalric voice from themid-fourteenth century, Sir Thomas Grey, whose Scalacronica is one of the earliestvernacular chronicles written by an English nobleman and which provides a valuablereflection of the attitudes of a soldier and castellan on the Anglo-Scottish borders.
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Class reading (4 items)
The Political and Military Significance of Chivalric Ideas in the Late Middle Ages - J.Huizinga
Chapter
The waning of the Middle Ages - Huizinga, Johan, 1999Book | There are many reprints of this work. See chapters 4, 6, 7.
Chivalry - Keen, Maurice H., c1984Book | See chapter 1.
Fourteenth century England - Nigel Saul, Chris Given-Wilson, W. M. Ormrod, J. S. Hamilton,2000-2012
Chapter | See: King, A., ‘A Helm with a Crest of Gold; the Order of Chivalry in ThomasGrey’s Scalacronica’, in Volume 1, pp. 21-35.
Background Reading (7 items)
Chivalry, Nobility and the Man-at-Arms - M. KeenChapter
From a Death to a View: Louis Robessart, Johan Huizinga and the Political Significance ofChivalry - D. Morgan
Chapter
War and chivalry: warfare and aristocratic culture in England, France and Burgundy at theend of the Middle Ages - Vale, M. G. A., 1981
Book
Huizinga, Kilgour and the Decline of Chivalry - M. KeenChapter | Available via Online Resource button.
The decline of chivalry as shown in the French literature of the late Middle Ages - RaymondL. Kilgour, 1966 [c1937]
Book
War, literature and politics in the late Middle Ages - Allmand, C. T., Coopland, GeorgeWilliam, 1976
Book
Chivalry and the ideals of knighthood in France during the Hundred Years War - CraigTaylor, 2013
Book
2) The Dawn of an Infantry Revolution? Courtrai (1302) and
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Bannockburn (1314) (49 items)In 1296, Edward I successfully invaded Scotland, with his forces routing the Scots army atDunbar. The following year, however, William Wallace and Andrew Murray inflicted a heavydefeat on an English army at Stirling Bridge. This reverse brought Edward in north inperson at the head of a massive army, which routed Wallace’s forces at the battle ofFalkirk in 1298 by a combination of heavy cavalry and archers. Only four years later,however, the forces of the Flemish towns destroyed a major French army at the battle ofCourtrai. At Bannockburn in 1314, this phenomenon was repeated when massed Scottishspearmen under Robert Bruce won an impressive victory over the numerically andqualitatively superior army of Edward II of England. These engagements have been seenby some historians as marking what has been termed ‘an infantry revolution’, which, it hasbeen claimed, spelt the demise of the knight and heavy cavalry warfare on the medievalEuropean battlefield. Such a view needs to be substantially qualified, but a comparison ofthe great battles of Courtrai and Bannockburn sheds much light on the nature of earlyfourteenth century warfare and on conduct in battle. *
Presentation 1: Why did the Flemish win the battle of Courtrai, and how effectively did theFrench respond to Flemish tactics in subsequent battles during the fourteenth century?
*Presentation 2: Why did the English lose the battle of Bannockburn, and how docontemporary sources explain the defeat?
Texts (5 items)
The Battle of the Golden Spurs, 1302Article | The battle of Courtrai, from the Annales Gandenses, ed. H. Johnston (Oxford,
1986), available in extract here.
The life of Edward the Second - Monk of Malmesbury, 1957Book | See: pp. 48-59.
Scalacronica 1272-1363 - Thomas Gray, Andy King, Surtees Society, 2005Book | See: pp. 69-85.
The chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346 - Herbert Maxwell, James Wilson, Internet Archive(Firm), 1913
Book | See: pp. 194-217
The Bruce - John Barbour, A. A. M. Duncan, 1997Book | See: pp. 412-508
Essential Class reading (11 items)
Chivalry - Keen, Maurice H., c1984Book | Essential | Read chapters 1 and 4
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The book of chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: text, context, and translation - Kaeuper,Richard W., Kennedy, Elspeth, Charny, Geoffroi de, NetLibrary, Inc, 1996
Book | Essential | Read Introduction, especially, 19-64.
The book of chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: text, context, and translation - Richard W.Kaeuper, Elspeth Kennedy, Geoffroi de Charny, c1996
Book | Essential
Chivalry and violence in medieval Europe - Kaeuper, Richard W., Oxford University Press,2001
Book | Essential | Read chapter 13
Edward III's Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and Its Context - Chris Given-Wilsonand Françoise Bériac, Sep., 2001
Article | Essential
Scottish Spearmen, 1298–1314: An Answer to Cavalry - David H. Caldwell, 2012-07Article | Essential
Technology, Society, and the Infantry Revolution of the Fourteenth Century - John Stone,2004
Article | Essential
The art of warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: from the eighth century to1340 - J. F. Verbruggen, 1997
Book | Essential | See: Chapter 3 by Verbruggen, J. F., ‘The Foot Soldiers’
The art of warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: from the eighth century to1340 - J. F. Verbruggen, 1997
Book
Robert Bruce and the community of the realm of Scotland - G. W. S. Barrow, 2005Book | Essential | See: 'Bannockburn'(Chapter 12)
Medieval warfare: a history - 1999Book | Essential | See: N. Housley, ‘European Warfare, c. 1200 -1320’, a useful broad
overview of the period preceding the ‘infantry revolution’
Further Reading (33 items)
On the battle of Courtrai (4 items)
The art of warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: from the eighth century to1340 - J. F. Verbruggen, 1997
Book | See: Chapter 3 by Verbruggen, J. F., ‘The Foot Soldiers’
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Print copies of this book also in stock @ Main Library Level 8 History CG230 VER
The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302): a contribution to the history ofFlanders' war of liberation, 1297-1305 - J. F. Verbruggen, Kelly DeVries, 2002
Book
Infantry warfare in the early fourteenth-century: discipline, tactics, and technology - KellyDeVries, 1996
Book
The art of war in the Middle Ages, A.D. 378-1515 - Charles William Chadwick Oman, JohnBeeler, c1953
Book
On Bannockburn (7 items)
Robert Bruce and the community of the realm of Scotland - G. W. S. Barrow, 2005Book | See: 'Bannockburn'(Chapter 12)
Bannockburn: the Scottish war and the British Isles, 1307-1323 - Michael Brown, c2008Book
Bannockburn: the triumph of Robert the Bruce - David Cornell, c2009Book
The battle of Bannockburn: a study in mediaeval warfare - W. M. Mackenzie, 1913Book
Bannockburn - John Edward Morris, 1914Book
The battle of Bannockburn, 1314 - Aryeh J. S. Nusbacher, 2000Book
Barbour's Bruce and its cultural contexts: politics, chivalry and literature in late medievalScotland - 2015
Book | For Barbour's Bruce
On English armies under Edward I and Edward II (17 items)
War, politics and finance under Edward I - Michael Prestwich, 1972Book
Miles in Armis Strenuus: The Knight at War - Michael Prestwich, 1995Article
Edward I’s armies - Michael Prestwich, 2011-09Article
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Armies and warfare in the Middle Ages: the English experience - Michael Prestwich, 1996Book | See especially Chapter. 2, ‘The Military Elite’ and Chapter 5, ‘Infantry’.
Armies and warfare in the Middle Ages: the English experience - Michael Prestwich, 1996Book
The English aristocracy at war: from the Welsh wars of Edward I to the Battle ofBannockburn - David Simpkin, 2008
Book
The roll of arms of the princes, barons, and knights who attended King Edward I. to thesiege of Caerlaverock, in 1300. Edited from the manuscript in the British Museum, with atranslation and notes by Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A. With the coat-armours emblazoned ingold and colours - Thomas Wright, 1864
Book | An Anglo-French roll of arms relating to Edward’s campaign of 1300
The Galloway roll (1300): its content, composition and value to military history - DavidSimpkin, 2009-11
Article
The Welsh wars of Edward I: a contribution to mediaeval military history, based on originaldocuments - John Edward Morris, 1901
Book
Edward I - Michael Prestwich, 1997Book
Edward II - J. R. S. Phillips, 2010Book
A great and terrible king: Edward I and the forging of Britain - Marc Morris, 2008Book
Robert Bruce and the community of the realm of Scotland - G. W. S. Barrow, 2005Book
Scotland in 1298: documents relating to the campaign of King Edward the First in thatyear, and especially to the Battle of Falkirk - Henry Gough, 1888
Book
The Wallace book - Edward J. Cowan, 2007Book
England and Scotland at war, c.1296-c.1513 - Andy King, David Simpkin, 2012Book | See: Spencer, A. M. ‘John, Earl of Warenne, Guardian of Scotland, and the Battle
of Stirling Bridge’, pp. 39-52.
England and Scotland in the fourteenth century: new perspectives - Andy King, Michael A.Penman, 2007
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Book | See: Simpkin, D., ‘The English Army and the Scottish Campaign of 1310-1311’,pp. 14-39.
Chivalry in the Age of Bannockburn (5 items)
For honour and fame: chivalry in England, 1066-1500 - Nigel Saul, 2011Book | see: Ch. 5 ‘Kingship and War, 1272-1327’.
War, government and aristocracy in the British Isles, c.1150-1500: essays in honour ofMichael Prestwich - Chris Given-Wilson, Ann J. Kettle, Len Scales, 2008
Book | See: King, A. ‘War and Peace: A Knight’s Tale. The Ethics of war in Sir ThomasGrey’s Scalacronica’, pp. 148-62.
Fourteenth century England - Nigel Saul, Chris Given-Wilson, W. M. Ormrod, J. S. Hamilton,2000-2012
Book | See: Volume 1. King, A. ‘A Helm with a Crest of Gold; the Order of Chivalry inThomas Grey’s Scalacronica’, pp. 21-35.
Englishmen, Scots and Marchers: National and Local Identities in Thomas Gray'sScalacronica - A. King, 2000-09
Article
England and Scotland at war, c.1296-c.1513 - 2012Book | See: Beam, A. G. ‘At the Apex of Chivalry: Sir Ingram de Umfraville and the
Anglo-Scottish Wars’, pp. 53-75.
3) Edward III and the Triumph of the Longbow: Halidon Hill, 1333 andCrécy, 1346 (23 items)
Continuing our examination of theme of the ‘infantry revolution’, this seminarexplores the rising importance of the longbow in English armies from the fourteenthcentury, and the development of battle winning tactics by Edward III and his captains,which combined archers with dismounted men-at-arms in a devastating defensiveformation. Though there were antecedents for such tactics, they emerge as distinctmilitary thinking with the battles of Dupplin Moor (1332), won by a force under EdwardBalliol against the Scots, then that of Halidon Hill (1333), in which Edward III destroyed amajor Scottish army outside Berwick. With the outbreak of the Hundred Years War in 1337,Edward sought to deploy these successful tactics against the French, but had to wait until1346 until King Philip VI finally committed to a major battle at Crécy. The resulting triumphfor the English marked out Edward III as the greatest general of his age, and led to hisformation of the elite order of chivalry, the Order of the Garter. An examination andcomparison of Halidon Hill and Crécy raise important questions not only about tactics andthe (disputed) significance of the longbow as a winning weapon, but of strategy, and theplace of battle-seeking within it.
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Texts (4 items)
Halidon Hill - various textsArticle
The life and campaigns of the Black Prince from contemporary letters, diaries andchronicles, including Chandos Herald's Life of the Black Prince - Richard W. Barber,Chandos, 1986
Book | See: Geoffrey le Baker’s description of the battle of Crécy, pp. 42-45.
The true chronicles of Jean Le Bel 1290-1360 - Jehan Le Bel, Nigel Bryant, 2011Book | See: Jean Le Bel's account of Crécy, pp. 179-183.
The Chronicles of Froissart FroissartDocument | See: account of the Battle of Crecy, 1346.
Class Reading (4 items)
Edward III and the Scots: the formative years of a military career, 1327-1335 - RanaldNicholson, 1965
Book | See: ch. 9 ‘The Siege of Berwick’ (and see also ch. 6, ‘Dupplin Moor’).
War cruel and sharp: English strategy under Edward III, 1327-1360 - Clifford J. Rogers,2000
Book | See: ch. 3 ‘Halidon Hill’.
The military revolutions of the Hundred Years' War - Rogers, Clifford J, Apr 1, 1993Article
Catapults Are Not Atomic Bombs: Towards a Redefinition of `Effectiveness' in Premodern Military Technology - Kelly DeVries, 1997-10
Article
Further Reading (5 items)
Arms, armies and fortifications in the Hundred Years War - Anne Curry, Michael Hughes,1994
Book | See: Bennett, M. ‘The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War’.
Technology, Society, and the Infantry Revolution of the Fourteenth Century - John Stone,2004
Article
The great warbow: from Hastings to the Mary Rose - Matthew Strickland, Robert Hardy,c2005
Book | See: chapters 12, 13, 16.
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War cruel and sharp: English strategy under Edward III, 1327-1360 - Clifford J. Rogers,2000
Book
Medieval warfare: a history - 1999Book | See: Rogers, C. ‘The Age of the Hundred Years War’.
For the Battle of Halidon Hill (2 items)
Edward III and the Scots: the formative years of a military career, 1327-1335 - RanaldNicholson, 1965
Book | See: ch. 9 ‘The Siege of Berwick’ (and see also ch. 6, ‘Dupplin Moor’).
English Heritage Battlefield Report: Halidon Hill 1333Document
On the Battle of Crecy: (8 items)
The battle of Crécy, 1346 - Andrew Ayton, Philip Preston, 2005Book | See especially chapters 1 and 4.
The Crecy War: a military history of the Hundred Years' War from 1337 to the Peace ofBretigny, 1360 - Alfred Higgins Burne, 1955
Book
Crécy, 1346: autopsie d'une bataille - Henri de Wailly, c1985Book
The road to Crécy: the English invasion of France, 1346 - Marilyn Livingstone, MorgenWitzel, 2005
Book
England and Normandy in the Middle Ages - c1994Book | See: Ayton, A. “The English Army and the Normandy Campaign of 1346", pp.
253–268.
The battle of Crécy: a casebook - 2015Book
Chivalry - Maurice H. Keen, c1984Book | See: ch. 10.
The knights of the Crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe1325-1520 - D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton, 2000, c1987
Book | See: ch. 4, ‘Order of the Garter’ and ch. 5, ‘The Company of the Star’.
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4) Garter and Star: The Monarchical Orders of Chivalry in theFourteenth Century (17 items)The fourteenth century witnessed the emergence of a series of chivalric orders, of whichthe ‘monarchical orders’, founded kings, were the most significant. Though influenced bythe first of such orders, the Castilian Order of the Band, Edward III’s Order of the Garter,founded in 1348 in the wake of his victorious campaigns in 1346-7, consciously drew onthe Arthurian Round Table to create an elite fraternity of knights and to add martial lustreto English kingship. Such was its military and political significance that the French KingJean II soon emulated Edward by creating his own chivalric order, The Order of the Star.Though short-lived, the order was intended by the king as a means of political as well asmilitary reform, and it was almost certainly for its elite brotherhood that the renownedFrench knight, Sir Geoffrey de Charny, wrote his famous Livre de Chevalerie as well as hisDemandes, a series of questions on conduct put to the Order. A comparative examinationof these two orders sheds important light on the significance of chivalric ideals, and theirexpression through these elite confraternities of warriors.
Presentation 1: What do the statutes of the Order of the Garter reveal about the nature ofthis chivalric confraternity and its purposes?
Presentation 2: What does the Order of the Star, and, more widely, Geoffrey de Charny'sLivre de Chevalerie reveal about the place of religion within the chivalric ethos?
Chivalry - Maurice H. Keen, c1984Book | See: chapter 10.
The knights of the Crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe1325-1520 - D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton, 2000, c1987
Book | See: ch. 4, ‘Order of the Garter’ and ch. 5, ‘The Company of the Star’.
Journal of medieval military history - 2002-Journal | See: Barber, R. ‘The Military Role of the Order of the Garter’, pp. 1-11.
Edward III and the triumph of England: the Battle of Crécy and the company of the garter -Richard Barber, 2014
Book
Edward III and chivalry: chivalric society and its context 1270-1350 - Juliet Vale, c1982Book
For honour and fame: chivalry in England, 1066-1500 - Nigel Saul, 2011Book | See: Saul, N. ‘Edward III and Chivalric Kingship, 1327-99’, chapter 6.
War, government and aristocracy in the British Isles, c.1150-1500: essays in honour ofMichael Prestwich - Chris Given-Wilson, Ann J. Kettle, Len Scales, 2008
Book | See: Keen, M. ‘Chivalry and English Kingship in the Later Middle Ages’.
The Order of the Garter, 1348-1461: chivalry and politics in late Medieval England - Hugh
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E. L. Collins, 2000Book
Edward III's Round Table at Windsor: the House of the Round Table and the WindsorFestival of 1344 - Julian Munby, Richard W. Barber, Richard Brown, 2007
Book
St. George's Chapel, Windsor, in the fourteenth century - Nigel Saul, 2005Book
Edward III - W. M. Ormrod, c2011Book
The book of chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: text, context, and translation - Richard W.Kaeuper, Elspeth Kennedy, Geoffroi de Charny, 1996
Book | See: Geoffrey de Charny and the Order of the Star.
The knights of the Crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe1325-1520 - D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton, 2000, c1987
Book | See: ch. 5, ‘The Company of the Star’.
Holy warriors: the religious ideology of chivalry - Richard W. Kaeuper, 2009Book | See: ch. 2.
Chivalry and violence in medieval Europe - Richard W. Kaeuper, 2001Book
5) Conduct in War: Prisoners and Ransom (19 items)In 1356, Edward the Black Prince won a resounding victory over the army of King Jean II atPoitiers. Though Geoffrey de Charny was killed in the battle bearing the Oriflamme, theFrench war banner, Jean himself was captured, along with a great many nobles andknights. A study of the battle not only allows us to see how contemporaries reacted to thisgreat engagement, but also offers an important case study of the operation of ransom, oneof the most crucial chivalric conventions.
Presentation 1: What does the evidence from the fourteenth century reveal about hownoble prisoners were expected to be treated, and how far their captors adhered to orabused these conventions?
Presentation 2: To what extent had the legal framework for the effective arbitration ofdisputes concerning ransom been established by the end of the fourteenth century?
The life and campaigns of the Black Prince from contemporary letters, diaries andchronicles, including Chandos Herald's Life of the Black Prince - Richard W. Barber,Chandos, 1986
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Book | See: The battle of Poitiers, 1356, in Chandos Herald’s Life of the Black Prince.
Chronicles - Jean Froissart, Geoffrey Brereton, 1968Book | See: The Battle of Poitiers, 1356 and the capture of Jean II, pp. 132-45.
Reading (15 items)
Edward III's Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and its Context - Chris Given-Wilson,Francoise Beriac
Article
Prisoners of war in the Hundred Years War: ransom culture in the late Middle Ages - RémyAmbühl, 2013
Book
The laws of war in the late Middle Ages - Maurice Keen, 2016Book | See: chapters 9 & 10.
Hoton versus Shakell: A ransom case in the court of chivalry, 1390-5 - Rogers, A, Jan 1,1963
Article | Deals with the notorious case of the count of Denia, captured at Najera in 1367.
The Wars of the Roses: the soldiers' experience - Anthony Goodman, 2006Book | See: Chapter 2 ‘Attitudes to War’. Despite the book’s title, this offers a wide
ranging discussion of conduct in war in the later Middle Ages more generally.
Les prisonniers de la bataille de Poitiers - Françoise Bériac-Lainé, Chris Given-Wilson, 2002Book
The High Court of Chivalry: a study of the civil law in England - G. D. Squibb, 1959Book
Edward of Woodstock, known as the Black Prince (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography)Document
Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine: a biography of the Black Prince - Richard W. Barber, 1978
Book
The black prince - David Green, 2001Book
Edward the Black Prince: power in medieval Europe - David Green, 2007Book
The battle of Poitiers, 1356 - David Green, 2002Book
Studies in medieval history presented to Frederick Maurice Powicke - F. M. Powicke,Richard William Hunt, 1948
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Book | See: Mathew, G., ‘Ideals of Knighthood in Late Fourteenth Century England’
The court of Richard II. - Gervase Mathew, 1968Book | See: Chapter 13, ‘Chivalry’
War in medieval society: social values and the Hundred Years War, 1337-99 - John Barnie,1974
Book
6) War and the Non-Combatant (23 items)The majority of warfare in the fourteenth and fifteenth century consisted not of pitchedbattles, which were comparatively rare, but in siege warfare and in raiding. The fastmoving mounted raid, known as the chevauchée, was scarcely an innovation in thefourteenth century, but the Scots under Robert Bruce had used it to good effect againstnorthern England, and, applied on a still larger scale, it became the hallmark of Englishcampaigns in France during the reign of Edward III. The great chevauchées launched insouthern France by the Black Prince in 1355 and 1356 were particularly devastating, andserve to illustrate the aims and methods of such warfare, aimed at destroying the enemy’seconomic base and inflicting both material and psychological damage. The principalvictims of such a type of warfare were the peasants and townspeople, and this seminarexplores the extent to which the warrior elite regarded the targeting of those who did notbear arms as licit, or how far commanders sought to extend protection to them. To whatextent were such elements of society seen, whether in theory or in practice, as‘non-combatants’?
Texts (23 items)
The wars of Edward III: sources and interpretations - Rogers, Clifford J., 1999Book | See: Edward III’s devastation of the Cambrai region, 1339 pp.71-78 and
Chevauchées of the Black Prince, 1356 152-155, 169.
The wars of Edward III: sources and interpretations - Clifford J. Rogers, 1999Book | See: 'The chevauchées of the Black Prince', pp. 152-155, 169.
The tree of battles: an English version - Bonet, Honore, Coopland, George William, 1949Book | pp. 153, 183-9 (ch. 48, ch. 91-102)
War, government and aristocracy in the British Isles, c.1150-1500: essays in honour ofMichael Prestwich - Given-Wilson, Chris, Kettle, Ann J., Scales, Len, Dawson Books, 2008
Book | Includes e-version of Henry V’s Military Ordinances of 1415.
Presentation 1: To what extent can we speak of a recognized non-combatant status in civillaw and the law of arms in the later Middle Ages?
Presentation 2 : What light do the military ordinances of Richard II and Henry V shed onthe problems faced by commanders in enforcing discipline in their armies, and on relations
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with the civilian population?
Class Reading (5 items)
Medieval warfare: a history - Ebooks Corporation Limited, 1999Book | See : ‘War and the Non-Combatant in the Middle Ages’ by C. Allmand. pp.
253-272
The laws of war: constraints on warfare in the Western world - Howard, Michael Eliot,Andreopoulos, George J., Shulman, Mark R., c1994
Book | See: ‘The Age of Chivalry’ by R.C. Stacey. pp. 27-39. Available via OnlineResource button.
War, literature and politics in the late Middle Ages - Allmand, C. T., Coopland, GeorgeWilliam, 1976
Book | See: ‘The Tree of Battles of Honoré Bouvet and the Laws of War’ by N. Wright. Available via Online Resource button.
Knights and peasants: the hundred years war in the french countryside - Wright, Nicholas,1998
Book | See chapters 1, 2 & 3.
Civilians in the path of war - Grimsley, Mark, Rogers, Clifford J., c2002Book | See: ‘By Fire and Sword: Bellum Hostile and “Civilians” in the Hundred Years
War’ by C. Rogers, pp. 33-78. Available via Online Resource Button.
Further Reading (12 items)
The Hundred Years War - Fowler, Kenneth, 1971Book | See: ‘War and the Non-Combatant’ by C. Allmand.
Rulers and ruled in late medieval England: essays presented to Gerald Harriss - Archer,Rowena E., Walker, Simon, Harriss, G. L., 1995
Book | See: Keen, M. ‘Richard II’s Ordinances of War of 1385’, pp. 33-48.
Disciplinary ordinances for English and Franco-Scottish armies in 1385: An internationalcode? - Anne Curry, 2011-09
Article
The Division of the Spoils of War in Fourteenth-Century England - Denys HayArticle
The laws of war: constraints on warfare in the Western world - Howard, Michael Eliot,Andreopoulos, George J., Shulman, Mark R., c1994
Book | See: Constraints on Warfare by M. Howard pp. 1-11.
Honoré Bonet: A Fourteenth-Century Critic of Chivalry - Raymond L. Kilgour, Jun., 1935Article
Discipline in the Norman Garrisons under Bedford, 1422-35 - B. J. H. Rowe and Rouxel,
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1931Article
On the chevauchée itself, see: (5 items)
The Hundred Years War - Fowler, Kenneth, 1971Book | See H. J. Hewitt, ‘The Organization of War’ (reprinted in C. Rogers, The Wars of
Edward III (Woodbridge, 1999).)
The organization of war under Edward III, 1338-62 - Hewitt, Herbert James, AmericanCouncil of Learned Societies, c1966
Book
The Black Prince's expedition of 1355-1357 - Hewitt, Herbert James, 1958Book
Journal of medieval military history - De Re Militari (Organization), 2002-Journal | See: Rogers, C. 'The Black Prince in Gascony and France (1355-1357) according
to MS78 of Corpus Christi College, Oxford', in Journal of Medieval Military History, Volume 7(2009), pp. 168-75.
In the steps of the Black Prince: the road to Poitiers, 1355-1356 - Peter Hoskins, 2011Book
7) Chaucer’s Knight: Crusading and Contemporary Criticisms ofChivalry (19 items)By the late fourteenth century, English success in the Hundred Years war was in markeddecline. Edward the Black Prince, after suffering a long and debilitating illness,predeceased his father Edward III in 1376, and the old king, now in his dotage, died thefollowing year. England’s new king, Richard II (1377-1399), had little taste for pursuing thewar, and those campaigns which did take place were costly or humiliating failures. A senseof war weariness was reflected in a mounting chorus of criticism, both against what wasperceived as a incompetent and corrupt court, but more widely against the abuses ofknighthood and the profiteering that was seen to be driving the continuation of the war. Anumber of authors, notably Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower, sought to attack theapparent moral decline and corruption of contemporary society, and chivalry was far fromimmune from such critiques. Chaucer begins his famous Canterbury Tales with vividportraits of the pilgrims travelling from London to St Thomas’ Becket’s shrine atCanterbury, starting with that of the Knight. But was Chaucer depicting a pious warrior andcrusader who was the embodiment of chivalry, or was he, as Terry Jones has suggested inan important revisionist work, in fact painting a picture of a ruthless and immoralmercenary, and thus by extension condemning contemporary knighthood? This seminaruses Chaucer’s depiction of the Knight to explore contemporary criticisms of knighthood,and to ask how far crusading, whether in the Mediterranean or the Baltic, was stillregarded as an essential and vibrant dimension of chivalry.
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Text (1 items)
The Canterbury tales: fifteen tales and the general prologue : authoritative text, sourcesand backgrounds, criticism - Chaucer, Geoffrey, Kolve, V. A., Olson, Glending, c2005
Book | Many editions of the text. Read The Knight, from The Prologue.
Presentation 1: What does a study of the crusading activities of Henry of Bolingbroke orMarshal Boucicaut contribute to the debate on the chivalric significance of crusading in thelater Middle Ages?
Presentation 2:What does the evidence of crusading activity among the English aristocracyin thesecond half of the fourteenth century contribute to the debate concerning theinterpretation ofChaucer's Knight?
Class reading (5 items)
Chaucer's knight: the portrait of a medieval mercenary - Jones, Terry, 1994Book | Chapters 1-3. Chapter 3, 'Commentary on the Description of the Knight in the
General Prologue', pp. 31-141, available via Online Resource button.
Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade - M. KeenChapter | Available via Online Resource button.
Chaucer and Chivalry re-visited - M. KeenChapter | Available via Online Resource button.
Armies, chivalry and warfare in medieval Britain and France: proceedings of the 1995Harlaxton Symposium - Matthew Strickland, Harlaxton Symposium, 1998
Book | See: Keen, M., ‘Chaucer’s Knight Revisited’, pp. 1-12.
One man and his wars: the depiction of warfare by Marshal Boucicaut’s biographer -Norman Housley, 2003-03
Article
Further Reading (11 items)
The World of Chaucer introductionWebpage | A valuable webpage on Chaucer by Glasgow University Library Special
Collections
Medievalia et Humanistica NS 1, 1970-27, 2000Webpage | A. Blamires, ‘Chaucer’s Re-evaluation of Chivalric Honour’, Medievalia et
Humanistica, 5 (1979), 245-67
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Chaucer’s Knight and the Mediterranean - A. LuttrellChapter
Beginning the Board in Prussia - Albert S. Cook, Jul., 1915Article
Sir William Beauchamp between Lollardy and Chivalry - J. CattoChapter | Available via Online Resource button.
Chivalry, knighthood, and war in the Middle Ages - Susan J. Ridyard, 1999Book | See: Day, J. F. R., ‘Bernard, Chaucer and the Literary Critique of the Military
Class’, pp. 137-150, and Barton Palmer, J.,‘Guillaume de Machaut’s La Prise d’Alexandrieand the Late Medieval Chivalric Ideal’, pp. 195-204.
The knights of the Crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe1325-1520 - Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre, 2000, c1987
Book | Read Chapter 7 The Order of the Sword. Cyprus, 1347/59 - 1489
Chivalry, kingship and crusade: the English experience in the fourteenth century - TimothyGuard, 2013
Book | An important new study of the extent of crusading among the English nobility.
For the Teutonic Knights and the Reisen: (3 items)
The Northern crusades - Christiansen, Eric, 1997Book
The Baltic Crusade - Urban, William L., 1994Book
Arms and armour in the medieval Teutonic Order's state in Prussia - Nowakowski, Andrzej,1994
Book
Two Case Studies (11 items)
i) Henry of Bolingbroke (4 items)
One of the sources for Chaucer’s depiction of the Knight may have been Henry ofBolingbroke, earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt and to become the future Henry IV in1399. He served on two expeditions with the Teutonic Knights in Prussia.
Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land made by Henry, Earl of Derby (afterwards King
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Henry IV.) in the years 1390-1 and 1392-3: being the accounts kept by his treasurer duringtwo years - Kyngeston, Richard, Smith, Lucy Toulmin, Camden Society (Great Britain),1894
Book
Henry of Derby’s Expeditions to Prussia 1390-1 and 1392 - F.R.H. Du BoulayChapter | Chapter 8, pp. 153-172, available via Online Resource button.
Henry IV: the establishment of the regime, 1399-1406 - Dodd, Gwilym, Biggs, Douglas,2003
Book | See: Tuck, A., ‘Henry IV and Chivalry’, pp. 55-72.
Henry IV (New Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) - A. L. Brown, H. SummersonDocument | For a good introductory survey of Henry IV
ii) Marshal Boucicaut (7 items)A valuable comparison is the exploits of the famous French commander MarshalBoucicaut, who with John the Fearless of Burgundy, took part in the disastrous crusadewhich ended in a crushing defeat by the Turks at Nicopolis in 1396.
One man and his wars: the depiction of warfare by Marshal Boucicaut’s biographer -Norman Housley, 2003-03
Article
Le Maréchal Boucicaut à Nicopolis - N. HousleyChapter
The crusade of Nicopolis - Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1934Book
Nicopolis 1396 - David Nicolle, 1999Book
Le livre des fais du bon Messire Jehan Le Maingre, dit Bouciquaut, marâeschal de France etgouverneur de Jennes - Boucicaut, Lalande, Denis, 1985
Book
Jean II le meingre, dit Bouciaut, (1366-1421): étude d'une biographie héroïque - DenisLalande, 1988
Book
The Boucicaut Master - Millard Meiss, Kathleen Morand, Edith W. Kirsch, Samuel H. KressFoundation, 1968
Book | This contains a valuable introduction.
8) The Battle of Agincourt, 1415 (32 items)There are more contemporary or near contemporary sources for the battle of Agincourtthan for almost any other engagement of the medieval period, reflecting the enormous
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impact of Henry V’s victory, which was hailed by English (and some French) writers as atriumph against seemingly overwhelming odds. The actual course of the battlenevertheless remains difficult to reconstruct, and sources often are contradictory, givingample scope for debate among historians. The most controversial aspect of the battle,however, remains Henry V’s order to kill the French prisoners, an action which has ledmore than one modern author to accuse him of a ‘war crime’. What were Henry’s motives,and how far, in the eyes of contemporaries, was such an action justified? Beyond this, howdid Henry and English writers seek to portray this great victory? In particular, theremarkable procession and pageant of celebration in London offers a rare glimpse intopost-battle ceremony, ritual and propaganda
Texts (32 items)
The battle of Agincourt: sources and interpretations - Anne Curry, Ebooks CorporationLimited, 2015
Book | See: pp. 37, 47, 73-4, 108-10, 118, 162-71.
Presentation 1: To what extent can Henry V's execution of prisoners at Agincourt beregarded as a 'war crime'
‘Then a great misfortune befell them’: the laws of war on surrender and the killing ofprisoners on the battlefield in the Hundred Years War - Andy King, 2017-01
Article
‘Pavilion’d in Splendour’: Henry V’s Agincourt Pageants - Nicola Coldstream, 2012-09Article
Presentation 2: What does the great ceremony of welcome to Henry V by the citizens ofLondon in 1415 reveal about perceptions of triumphal kingship and victory in war?
Class Reading (7 items)
The face of battle: a study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme - John Keegan, 2004Book | See: Chapter 2, 'Agincourt'
The laws of war in the late Middle Ages - Maurice Keen, Ebooks Corporation Limited, 2016Book | See: Chapter 10, ‘The Law of Ransom’
Agincourt: a new history - Anne Curry, 2006Book | See especially pp. 212-221.
Henry's wars and Shakespeare's laws: perspectives on the law of war in the later MiddleAges - Theodor Meron, Oxford University Press, 1993
Book | See: Chapter 9, ‘Agincourt: Prisoners of War, Reprisals, and Necessity’.
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Henry V, war criminal?: and other Shakespeare puzzles - John Sutherland, Cedric Watts,2000
Book
Henry V: new interpretations - Gwilym Dodd, 2013Book | See: Taylor, C., ‘Henry V, Flower of Chivalry'
Agincourt 1415: a tourist's guide to the campaign by car, by bike and on foot - PeterHoskins, Anne Curry, 2014
Book
Studies of the battle (20 items)
The battle of Agincourt: sources and interpretations - Anne Curry, Ebooks CorporationLimited, 2015
Book | The essential work for the study of the battle, providing translations of all themain sources.
Agincourt: a new history - Anne Curry, 2006Book | Perhaps the best and most detailed modern analysis of the 1415 campaign and
battle.
Agincourt 1415: the archers' story - Anne Curry, 2008Book | A valuable collection of essays, with a focus on Sir Thomas Erpingham.
This book is a reprint of 'The Battle of Agincourt, 1415', ed. A. Curry (Stroud, Tempus,2000).
Agincourt - Anne Curry, Hew Strachan, 2015Book | How the battle has been interpreted over the centuries.
The Agincourt companion: a guide to the legendary battle and warfare in the medievalworld - Anne Curry, Peter Hoskins, Thom Richardson, Dan Spencer, 2015
Book | A pocket-sized overview.
24 hours at Agincourt - Michael K. Jones, 2016Book
Agincourt 1415: battlefield guide - Michael K. Jones, Matthew Strickland, 2005Book | Short, racy and atmospheric
Agincourt: the King, the campaign, the battle - Juliet R. V. Barker, 2005Book | Readable and well-informed.
Agincourt 1415: triumph against the odds - Matthew Bennett, 1991Book | Brief, well illustrated overview
Agincourt - Christopher Hibbert, 1964Book | A good short account.
The face of battle: a study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme - John Keegan, 2004
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Book | A classic work of military history, focusing on the soldiers’ experience of combat
The Battle of Agincourt - 2015Book | A well illustrated series of essays to accompany the current exhibition on the
battle at the Tower of London.
The French Plan of Battle during the Agincourt Campaign - Christopher Phillpotts, 1984Article
This plan is translated by Allmand, and by Bennett below, and a plan also given in idem.
Society at war: the experience of England and France during the Hundred Years War - C. T.Allmand, 1998
Book | See: pp. 194-5
Agincourt 1415: triumph against the odds - Matthew Bennett, 1991Book | See: pp. 62-6, and Chapter 17 ‘The Development of Battle Tactics’
The great warbow: from Hastings to the Mary Rose - Matthew Strickland, Robert Hardy,c2005
Book | See: Chapters 16 & 17
Hundred Years War: a wider focus - L. J. Andrew Villalon, Donald J. Kagay, MyiLibrary, 2005Book | See: Rogers, C. J., ‘Henry V’s Military Strategy in 1415’.
Print copy also available at Main Library Level 8 History LH70 HUN
The soldier in later medieval England - Adrian R. Bell, Anne Curry, Andy King, DavidSimpkin, Oxford University Press, 2014
Book | See: Curry, A., ‘Personal links and the nature of the English war retinue : A casestudy of John Mowbray, earl marshal, and the campaign of 1415’.
The reign of Henry the fifth - James Hamilton Wylie, 1914-29Book | 3 volumes
9) Gunpowder, Artillery and the Changing Face of Siege Warfare (27items)Gunpowder weapons made their appearance in warfare as early as the 1320s, but it wasonly gradually that guns became effective as changes to design and the manufacture ofgunpowder developed. By the early fifteenth century, cannon were a familiar andincreasingly important element in the weapons deployed by both besieger and besieged.But what was the impact of the new weaponry, and just when did cannon really begin topose a serious threat to existing fortifications? How, and how quickly, did fortificationsrespond to the threat, and how far can we speak in terms of a ‘military revolution’ inregard to guns and their impact before c. 1500? Henry V’s campaigns of conquest inNormandy between 1415 and 1422 afford a valuable case study, as do the campaignswaged by the French king Charles VII against the remaining English possessions inNormandy and Gascony, in which his advanced siege train played an important role.
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Texts (4 items)
Gesta Henrici Quinti =: The deeds of Henry the Fifth - Taylor, Frank, Roskell, John Smith,1975
Book | See entry on The siege of Harfleur, 1415.
Bulletin of the John Rylands Library - Henry Guppy, John Rylands Library, 1903-1972Journal | The surrender of Rouen to Henry V.
See: Taylor, F. (ed.), ‘Chronicle of John Strecche for the Reign of Henry V’, in Bulletin of theJohn Rylands Library, Volume 16 (1932).
Presentation 1: In what ways do the campaigns of Henry V in France from 1415 to 1422indicate both the strengths and limitations of gunpowder artillery?
Presentation 2: How significant a factor was artillery in ultimate French victory in theHundred Years War from c. 1422-1453?
Class Reading (4 items)
War in the Middle Ages - Contamine, Philippe, 1984Book | See chapter 6, ‘Artillery’.
Medieval warfare: a history - Ebooks Corporation Limited, 1999Book | See chapter 13, ‘The Changing Scene: Guns, Gunpowder and Permanent armies’.
War, literature and politics in the late Middle Ages - Allmand, C. T., Coopland, GeorgeWilliam, 1976
Book | See: ‘New Techniques and Old Ideals: The Impact of Artillery on War and Chivalryat the End of the Hundred Years War’ by M. G. A. Vale, pp. 57-72
The medieval city under siege - Corfis, Ivy A., Wolfe, Michael, NetLibrary, Inc, 1999Book | See: 'The Impact of Gunpowder Weaponry on Siege Warfare in the Hundred
Years War' by K. De Vries
Further reading (17 items)
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Hundred Years War: a wider focus - Villalon, L. J. Andrew, Kagay, Donald J., MyiLibrary,2005
Book | See ‘The Walls Come Tumbling Down: The Campaigns of Philip the Good and theMyth of Fortification Vulnerability to Gunpowder Weapons’ by K. De Vries
Weapons and warfare in renaissance Europe: gunpowder, technology, and tactics - Hall,Bert S., c1997
Book | Chapters 1, 2 & 4.
‘So notable Ordynaunce’: Christine de Pisan, Firearms and Siegecraft in a Time ofTransition’ - B.S. Hall
Webpage
Arms, armies and fortifications in the Hundred Years War - Curry, Anne, Hughes, Michael,1994
Book | See: Artillery and the Hundred Years War: Myth and Interpretation, R. Smithpp.151-160
The artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363-1477 - Smith, Robert D., DeVries, Kelly, 2005Book
For the use of artillery by the Burgundian dukes, see also: (3 items)
John the Fearless: the growth of Burgundian power - Vaughan, Richard, 2002Book
Philip the Good: the apogee of Burgundy - Vaughan, Richard, 2002Book
Charles the Bold: the last Valois Duke of Burgundy - Vaughan, Richard, 1973Book
For Henry V and siege warfare: (9 items)
Henry V - Allmand, C. T., 1992Book | See Chapters 4 & 6.
The reign of Henry the fifth - Wylie, James Hamilton, 1914-29Book
‘The scourge of the stones’: English gunpowder artillery at the siege of Harfleur - DanSpencer, 2017-01
Article
Journal of medieval military history - De Re Militari (Organization), 2002-Journal | See: D..Spencer, The Provision of Artillery for the 1428 Expedition to France’,
Journal of Medieval Military History, 13 (2015), 197-92
Henry V and the administration of justice: the surrender of Meaux (May 1422) - Rémy
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Ambühl, 2017-01Article
Henry V: the practice of kingship - Harriss, G. L., 1985Book | ‘Henry V the Soldier and the War in France’ by C. Allmand.
Henry's Wars and Shakespeare's LawsPerspectives on the Law of War in the Later MiddleAges - Theodor Meron, 1993-12-16
Book | See: Ch. 6, ‘The Siege of Harfleur’.
The laws of war in the late Middle Ages - Maurice Keen, Ebooks Corporation Limited, 2016Book | See Chapter 8: 'Sieges'
The medieval siege - Jim Bradbury, 1992Book | See: Ch. 10, ‘Conventions and Laws of Siege Warfare’
For the siege of Rouen: (2 items)
Henry V - C. T. Allmand, 1992Book
The reign of Henry the fifth - James Hamilton Wylie, 1914-29Book
10) Jousts of Peace, Jousts of War: The Tournament and late MedievalChivalry (18 items)The tournament was a fundamental mechanism for the expression and development ofchivalric ideas. By the fourteenth century, highly regulated jousts between individualknights had become the principal form of the tournament (see text 2 on the jousts of StIngelvert), but the original form of tournament involving melee combat between largenumbers of knights did not completely disappear (see text 1, the tournament fromChaucer's Knight's Tale). During the first part of the fifteenth century, elaborate jousts witha strong theatrical element known as the pas d'armes became very popular (see text 3),while the need to prove oneself in combat in the joust was reflected in the creation of'votal orders' of chivalry, such as Jean de Bourbon's Order of the Prisoner's Iron (see text4). These orders also had a powerful dimension of courtly love, stipulating the service ofnoble women to be among the main aims of the members.
Presentation 1: How far was Huizinga correct in seeing the pas d'armes of the first half ofthe fifteenth century as nothing more than decadent and redundant spectacle?
Presentation 2: How and why did combat on foot come to play such an important elementin knightly spectacle between c. 1300 and c. 1500?
Texts (5 items)
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The Canterbury tales: fifteen tales and the general prologue : authoritative text, sourcesand backgrounds, criticism - Chaucer, Geoffrey, Kolve, V. A., Olson, Glending, c2005
Book | See the melée tournament, from Chaucer, The Knight’s Tale.
Chronicles - Froissart, Jean, Brereton, Geoffrey, 1968Book | See "The jousts at St Ingelvert" Pp. 132-145 are available via Online Resource
button.
Other contemporary accounts of these jousts are given in translationhere: (2 items)
Muhlberger's World History: Joust at St. InglevertWebpage | Other contemporary accounts of these jousts are given in translation here.
Froissart: The Tournament at St. InglevertWebpage
The Deeds of Jacque LalaingWebpage | Excerpts from Georges Chastellain, The Book of the Deeds of Sir Jacques de
Lalaing
Reading (11 items)
Chivalry - Keen, Maurice H., c1984Book | Chapter 11, ‘Pageantry, Tournies and Solemn Vows’ (and see also chapter 5,
‘The rise of the Tournament’)
The knight and chivalry - Barber, Richard W., 1995Book | See chapters 7-8.
The tournament in England, 1100-1400 - Barker, Juliet, 1986Book | See chapters 5-7.
Tournaments: jousts, chivalry and pageants in the Middle Ages - Barber, Richard W.,Barker, Juliet, 1989
Book | See Chapter 5.
Tournament - Crouch, David, 2005Book
The study of chivalry: resources and approaches - Chickering, Howell, Seiler, Thomas H.,1988
Book | See H. Nickel, ‘The Tournament: A Historical Sketch’ and A. Annunziata,‘Teaching the Pas d’armes’.
Studies in medieval history presented to Frederick Maurice Powicke - Powicke, F. M., Hunt,Richard William, 1948
Book | See N. Deholm-Young, ‘The Tournament in the Thirteenth Century’ pp.204-68.
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Jousts and tournaments: Charny and the rules for chivalric sport in fourteenth-centuryFrance - Charny, Geoffroi de, Muhlberger, Steven, 2002
Book
The Influence of Romances on Tournaments of the Middle Ages - Ruth Huff Cline, Apr.,1945
Article
Tourneys in the Arthurian Tradition - Edouard Sandoz, Oct., 1944Article
Medieval studies in memory of A. Kingsley Porter - Koehler, Wilhelm Reinhold Walter, 1939Book | See: R. S. Loomis, ‘Chivalric and Dramatic Imitations of Arthurian Romance’
Digitised Readings (from previous year) (3 items)
The knights of the Crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe1325-1520 - Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre, 2000, c1987
Book | See Chapter 5, ‘The Company or Society of Our Lady of the Noble HouseCommonly Called the Company of the Star France, 1344/52 - 1364/80?'. Available viaOnline Resource button.
Ideals of Knighthood in Late Fourteenth Century England - G. MathewChapter | pp. 354-362, available via Online Resource button.
The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War - M. BennettChapter | Available via Online Resoure button.
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