Chinese.sentence.completion

중국 10회 문제 Sentence Completion, ver 1.3, [email protected]

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Test 1, Section 1

1. A computer program can provide information in ways that force students to ___ learning instead of being

merely ___ of knowledge.

(A) shore up ... reservoirs

(B) accede to ... consumers

(C) participate in ... recipients

(D) compensate for ... custodians

(E) profit from ... beneficiaries

A computer program can provide information in ways that force students to participate in learning instead

of being merely recipients of knowledge.

컴퓨터 프로그램은 학생들이 단순히 지식을 (받아들이는) 것이 아니라 배움에 (참여하고) 있다는 방식으로

지식을 제공할 수 있다.

(A) shore 지주로 받치다, 버팀목을 괴다

(B) accede 찬성/동의하다; (지위, 관직 등에) 이르다

1. to give one's consent, often at the insistence of another; concede

2. to arrive at or come into an office or dignity

3. to become a party to an agreement or treaty

(C) recipient functioning as a receiver; receptive

(D) custodian 관리인, 보좌관(keeper, caretaker); 잡역부, 수위(janitor)

2. The form and physiology of leaves vary according to the ___ in which they develop: for example, leaves

display a wide range of adaptations to different degrees of light and moisture.

(A) relationship

(B) species

(C) sequence

(D) patterns

(E) environment

The form and physiology of leaves vary according to the environment in which they develop: for

example, leaves display a wide range of adaptations to different degrees of light and moisture.

잎의 형태와 그 생리 작용은 그 잎이 만들어진 (환경)에 따라 변한다: 예를 들어 잎은 빛과 습기의 정도에

따라 적응한 형태가 다양하게 나타난다.

3. One theory about intelligence sees ___ as the logical structure underlying thinking and insists that since

animals are mute, they must be ___ as well.

(A) behavior ... inactive

(B) instinct ... cooperative

(C) heredity ... thoughtful

(D) adaptation ... brutal

(E) language ... mindless

One theory about intelligence sees language as the logical structure underlying thinking and insists that

since animals are mute, they must be mindless as well.

지능에 관한 어떤 이론에서는 (언어)를 사고의 기저에 있는 논리적인 구조로 보고 있으며, 따라서 동물은

말을 하지 않으므로 (사고하지 않는다)고 주장한다.


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(D) brutal 잔인한, 짐승의; 천한, 야비한

1. extremely ruthless or cruel

2. crude or unfeeling in manner or speech

3. harsh; unrelenting

4. disagreeably precise or penetrating

4. Though ___ in her personal life, Edna St. Vincent Millay was nonetheless ___ about her work, usually

producing several pages of complicated rhyme in a day.

(A) jaded ... feckless

(B) verbose ... ascetic

(C) vain ... humble

(D) impulsive ... disciplined

(E) self-assured ... sanguine

Though impulsive in her personal life, Edna St. Vincent Millay was nonetheless disciplined about her

work, usually producing several pages of complicated rhyme in a day.

비록 Edna St. Vincent Millay, 그녀의 개인적인 삶은 (충동적이었지만), 일에 관해서는 (엄격했다), 보통

하루에 복잡한 운율의 시를 몇 페이지 씩 써냈다.

rhyme 운, 압운(押韻)

(A) feckless 쓸모없는, 무기력한, 무관심한

1. lacking purpose or vitality; feeble or ineffective

2. careless and irresponsible

(E) sanguine 자신감 넘치는; 혈색이 좋은

1. a. of the color of blood; red b. of a healthy, reddish color

2. cheerfully confident; optimistic

5. The children's ___ natures were in sharp contrast to the even-tempered dispositions of their parents.

(A) mercurial

(B) blithe

(C) phlegmatic

(D) introverted

(E) artless

The children's mercurial natures were in sharp contrast to the even-tempered dispositions of their

parents.

그 아이들의 (변덕스러운) 성격은 그 부모들의 냉정한 성격과 극명한 대조를 이루었다.

(B) blithe 쾌활한, 명랑한; 경솔한, 부주의한

1. carefree and lighthearted

2. lacking or showing a lack of due concern; casual

(C) phlegmatic 냉담한, 게으른 having or suggesting a calm, sluggish temperament; unemotional


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6. By ___ scientific rigor with a quantitative approach, researchers in the social sciences may often have ___

their scope to those narrowly circumscribed topics that are well suited to quantitative methods.

(A) undermining ... diminished

(B) equating ... enlarged

(C) vitiating ... expanded

(D) identifying ... limited

(E) imbuing ... broadened

By identifying scientific rigor with a quantitative approach, researchers in the social sciences may often

have limited their scope to those narrowly circumscribed topics that are well suited to quantitative

methods.

수치적인 접근에 의한 과학적인 엄중함을 [연구에] (identify, 사용)함으로써, 사회 과학의 연구자들은 종종

수치적인 방법에 적합한 좁은 범위의 주제들로 자신의 연구 범위를 (제한하 을) 지도 모른다.

rigor 엄격함, 가혹함; 어려움, 고생

(C) vitiate 손상하다, 망치다

1. to reduce the value or impair the quality of

2. to corrupt morally; debase

3. to make ineffective; invalidate

(D) identify

1. to establish the identity of

2. to ascertain the origin, nature, or definitive characteristics of

3. to consider as identical or united; equate

4. to associate or affiliate (oneself) closely with a person or group

7. As early as the seventeenth century, philosophers called attention to the ___ character of the issue, and

their twentieth-century counterparts still approach it with ___ .

(A) absorbing ... indifference

(B) unusual ... composure

(C) complex ... antipathy

(D) auspicious ... caution

(E) problematic ... uneasiness

As early as the seventeenth century, philosophers called attention to the problematic character of the

issue, and their twentieth-century counterparts still approach it with uneasiness.

17 세기에, 철학자들은 그 문제의 (난해한) 점에 관심을 보 고, 20 세기의 철학자들 역시 아직도 (의심)을

가지고 접근하고 있다.

counterpart

1. a. one that closely resembles another b. one that has the same functions and characteristics as

another; an opposite number

2. a copy or duplicate of a legal paper

3. a. one of two parts that fit and complete each other b. one that servers as a complement

(D) auspicious 길조의, 상서로운; 번창하는

1. attended by favorable circumstances; propitious

2. marked by success; prosperous

(E) problematic

1. posing a problem; difficult to solve

2. open to doubt; debatable


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3. not settled; unresolved or dubious

uneasiness

1. lacking a sense of security; anxious or apprehensive

2. affording no ease or reassurance

3. a. awkward or unsure in manner; constrained b. causing constraint or awkwardness

4. not conducive to rest

Test 1, Section 4

1. Since most if not all learning occurs through ___ , relating one observation to another, it would be

strange indeed if the study of other cultures did not also illuminate the study of our own.

(A) assumptions

(B) experiments

(C) comparisons

(D) repetitions

(E) impressions

Since most if not all learning occurs through comparisons, relating one observation to another, it would

be strange indeed if the study of other cultures did not also illuminate the study of our own.

학습의 전부는 아니지만 대부분이 (비교)를 통해 발생하므로, 여러 관찰을 연관시켜 볼 때, 만약 다른 문화에

대한 연구가 우리 자신의 문화에 대한 연구에 도움을 주지 못한다면 참으로 이상한 일이다.

2. The new ___ of knowledge has created ___ people: everyone believes that his or her subject cannot and

possibly should not be understood by others.

(A) specialization ... barriers between

(B) decline ... associations among

(C) redundancy ... complacency in

(D) disrepute ... concern for

(E) promulgation ... ignorance among

The new specialization of knowledge has created barriers between people: everyone believes that his or

her subject cannot and possibly should not be understood by others.

지식에 대한 새로운 (전문화)는 사람들 (사이에 장벽을) 만들어왔다: 모든 사람은 자신의 주제에 대한 연구가

다른 사람들에 의해서는 이해될 수 없으며 이해되어서도 안된다고 믿고 있다.

(C) complacency 자기만족; 만족감을 주는 것

1. a feeling or contentment or self-satisfaction, especially when coupled with an unawareness

of danger or trouble

2. an instance of contented self-satisfaction

(D) disrepute 악평, 불명예 damage to or loss or reputation

(E) promulgate 공표하다; (주의 등을) 선전/보급하다

1. to make known (a decree, for example) by public declaration; announce officially

2. to put (a law) into effect by formal public announcement


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3. If a species of parasite is to survive, the host organisms must live long enough for the parasite to ___ ;

if the host species becomes ___ , so do its parasites.

(A) atrophy ... healthy

(B) reproduce ... extinct

(C) disappear ... widespread

(D) succumb ... nonviable

(E) mate ... infertile

If a species of parasite is to survive, the host organisms must live long enough for the parasite to

reproduce ; if the host species becomes extinct, so do its parasites.

한 종의 기생충이 살아남으려면, 기생충이 (생식하기에) 충분히 오래도록 숙주가 살아있어야 한다; 만약

숙주가 (멸종한다면) 기생충도 마찬가지이다.

(A) atrophy 퇴화, 쇠퇴

(D) succumb 지다, 굴복하다; 죽다

1. to submit to an overpowering force or yield to an overwhelming desire; give up or give in

2. to die

4. The author argues for serious treatment of such arts as crochet and needlework, finding in too many art

historians a cultural blindness ___ to their ___ textiles as a medium in which women artists predominate.

(A) traceable ... prejudice against

(B) opposed ... distrust of

(C) referring ... need for

(D) reduced ... respect for

(E) corresponding ... expertise in

The author argues for serious treatment of such arts as crochet and needlework, finding in too many art

historians a cultural blindness traceable to their prejudice against textiles as a medium in which women

artists predominate.

너무도 많은 예술 사학자들이 가지는 문화적인 blindness가 여성 예술가들이 다루는데 있어 탁월했던 직물과

같은 재료에 대한 (선입견적인 반대)에 (기인한다는) 것을 발견하고, 저자는 그러한 예술을 코바늘뜨기나

바느질로 다루는 것에 반대했다.

crochet <krouʃei> 코바늘뜨기

5. Those who fear the influence of television deliberately ___ its persuasive power, hoping that they might

keep knowledge of its potential to effect social change from being widely disseminated.

(A) promote

(B) underplay

(C) excuse

(D) laud

(E) suspect

Those who fear the influence of television deliberately underplay its persuasive power, hoping that they

might keep knowledge of its potential to effect social change from being widely disseminated.

TV의 향력을 두려워하는 사람들은 TV의 힘을 고의로 (과소평가하고) 있다, 그들은 사회의 변화에 향을

미칠 수 있는 TV의 잠재력에 관한 내용이 널리 퍼지지 않도록 할 수 있을 것으로 바라고 있을 지도 모른다.


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6. Because the high seriousness of their narratives resulted in part from their metaphysics, Southern writers

were praised for their ___ bent.

(A) technical

(B) discursive

(C) hedonistic

(D) philosophical

(E) scientific

Because the high seriousness of their narratives resulted in part from their metaphysics, Southern writers

were praised for their philosophical bent.

그들의 이야기가 가지는 진지함은 일부분 그들의 형이상학에서 연유하는 것이므로, 남부의 작가들은 그들의

(철학적인) 성향 때문에 칭찬을 받았다.

metaphysics 순수 철학, 형이 상학; 탁상공론

(B) discursive 산만한, 지리멸렬한; 논증적인 (⇔ intuitive)

1. covering a wide field of subjects; rambling

2. proceeding to a conclusion through reason rather than intuition

(C) hedonism 쾌락주의, 향락주의

7. Far from being ___ , Pat was always ___ to appear acquiescent.

(A) unctuous ... loath

(B) brazen ... reluctant

(C) ignoble ... concerned

(D) obsequious ... eager

(E) gregarious ... willing

Far from being unctuous, Pat was always loath to appear acquiescent.

(열심인 척하는) 것과는 거리가 멀지만, Pat은 항상 순종적으로 보이는 것과는 (거리가 멀었다).

acquiesce to consent or comply passively or without protest

(A) unctuous 열심인 척하는

1. characterized by affected, exaggerated, or insincere earnestness

2. having the quality or characteristics of oil or ointment; slippery

3. containing or composed of oil or fat

4. abundant in organic materials; soft and rich

loath 싫은, 꺼림칙한 unwilling or reluctant; disinclined

(D) obsequious full of or exhibiting servile compliance; fawning

Test 2, Section 2

1. Though ___ to some degree, telling a small lie sometimes enables one to avoid ___ another's feelings.

(A) necessary ... mollifying

(B) regrettable ... harming

(C) unfortunate ... exaggerating

(D) attractive ... considering

(E) difficult ... resisting

Though regrettable to some degree, telling a small lie sometimes enables one to avoid harming another's

feelings.


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비록 어느 정도는 (바람직하지 않지만), 작은 거짓말을 하는 것은 때때로 다른 사람의 감정을 (상하지) 않도록

해준다.

2. Perhaps because scientists have been so intrigued by dogs' superior senses of smell and hearing,

researchers have long ___ their eyesight, assuming that they inhabit a drab, black-and-white world,

devoid of color.

(A) studied

(B) coveted

(C) appreciated

(D) resented

(E) underestimated

Perhaps because scientists have been so intrigued by dogs' superior senses of smell and hearing,

researchers have long underestimated their eyesight, assuming that they inhabit a drab, black-and-white

world, devoid of color.

아마도 개의 후각과 청각의 뛰어남에 과학자들이 흥미를 가져왔기 때문에, 연구자들은 개들이 단조로운

흑백의 세상을 살아간다는 점에서 그들의 시력은 (무시했다).

intrigue vi. 음모를 꾸미다, 술책을 쓰다 vt. 호기심/흥미를 돋우다; (음모, 술책으로) 손에 넣다

drab 단조로운, 칙칙한 황갈색의

(B) covet <kʌvit> (남의 물건 등을) 턱없이 탐내다, 몹시 바라다, 갈망하다

3. Despite a string of dismal earnings reports, the two-year-old strategy to return the company to

profitability is beginning to ___ .

(A) falter

(B) disappoint

(C) compete

(D) work

(E) circulate

Despite a string of dismal earnings reports, the two-year-old strategy to return the company to

profitability is beginning to work.

비참한 소득 보고가 연속적으로 나오고 있지만, 회사가 이득을 보도록 만들기 위해 2년 동안 준비한 정책은

(진행되고) 있다.

dismal <dízməl> 음침한, 음산한; (기분 등이) 우울한; (경치 등이) 황량한; 비참한, 참담한

earnings 소득, 수입

1. salary or wages

2. a. business profits b. gains from investments

(A) falter 비틀거리다; 말을 더듬다, 중얼거리다; 주춤하다, 움칫하다; (용기가) 꺾이다

(C) compete 경쟁하다, 겨루다; 필적하다, 비견하다

to strive with another or others to attain a goal, such as gaining an advantage or winning a

victory


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4. The President reached a decision only after lengthy ___ , painstakingly weighing the ___ opinions

expressed by cabinet members.

(A) deliberation ... divergent

(B) confrontation ... unanimous

(C) relegation ... consistent

(D) speculation ... conciliatory

(E) canvassing ... arbitrary

The President reached a decision only after lengthy deliberation, painstakingly weighing the divergent

opinions expressed by cabinet members.

대통령은 내각의 의원들이 제시한 (다양한) 의견을 신중히 검토하는 긴 (숙고) 끝에 결론에 도달했다.

(C) relegation 좌천, 격하, 귀속; 이관, 위탁

(D) speculation 사색, 심사숙고; 추측, 억측; 투기

1. a. contemplation or consideration of a subject; meditation b. a conclusion, an opinion, or a

theory reached by conjecture c. reasoning based on inconclusive evidence; conjecture or

supposition

2. a. engagement in risky business transactions on the chance of quick or considerable profit

b. a commercial or financial transaction involving speculation

(E) canvass (투표, 기부 등을) 부탁하고 다니다, 의뢰하다, 권유하다; 유세하다; 상세히 조사하다

5. Although just barely ___ as a writer of lucid prose, Jones was an extremely ___ editor who worked

superbly with other writers in helping them improve the clarity of their writing.

(A) deficient ... muddling

(B) proficient ... contentious

(C) adequate ... capable

(D) appalling ... competent

(E) engaging ... inept

Although just barely adequate as a writer of lucid prose, Jones was an extremely capable editor who

worked superbly with other writers in helping them improve the clarity of their writing.

비록 명쾌한 산문을 쓰는 작가로는 거의 (적합하지) 않았지만, Jones는 다른 작가들의 명쾌함을 향상시키도록

도와주는 데 있어서는 뛰어난 아주 (유능한) 편집자 다.

barely 간신히, 겨우, 가까스로; 거의 ....않다; 노골적으로, 드러내놓고

superb 최고의, 훌륭한, 뛰어난; (건물 등이) 당당한, 장려한, 화려한, 눈부신

(A) deficient 부족한, 불충분한; 결함 있는(defective); 멍청한

(B) contentious 다투기 좋아하는, 논쟁하기 좋아하는(quarrelsome); (문제 등이) 이론이 분분한

(D) appall 오싹하게 하다, 질리게 하다(terrify)

to fill with consternation or dismay

consternation 대경실색

a state of paralyzing dismay

paralyze 마비시키다; 무능하게 만들다, 쓸모없게 만들다, 무효화하다

dismay a sudden or complete loss of courage in the face of trouble or danger

(E) inept 부적당한, 서투른; 어리석은, 바보 같은


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6. The accusations we bring against others should be ___ ourselves; they should not ___ complacency and

easy judgments on our part concerning our own moral conduct.

(A) definitions of ... produce

(B) instructions to ... equate

(C) denigrations of ... exclude

(D) warnings to ... justify

(E) parodies of ... satirize

The accusations we bring against others should be warnings to ourselves; they should not justify

complacency and easy judgments on our part concerning our own moral conduct.

우리가 다른 사람을 고발하는 것은 우리 자신에 대한 (경고)가 되어야만 한다; 이러한 고발은 우리의 도덕적

행위가 관련된 부분에 있어서 자기만족과 손쉬운 판단을 (정당화시켜서는) 안 된다.

complacent 자기만족의, 마음에 흡족한

1. contented to a fault; self-satisfied and unconcerned

2. eager to please; complaisant

complaisant 공손한, 정중한, 유순한, 고분고분한

exhibiting a desire or willingness to please; cheerfully obliging

obliging 잘 돌봐 주는, 친절한

ready to do favors for others; accommodating

accommodating 친절한, 잘 돌봐주는; 붙임성 있는, 싹싹한; (나쁜 의미에서) 융통성 있는

helpful and obliging

(C) denigrate 검게 하다, 더럽히다, 모욕하다

1. to attack the character or reputation of; speak ill of; defame

2. to disparage; belittle

(E) satirize <sætəràiz> 풍자시로 공격하다; 빈정대다

7. Although the meanings of words may necessarily be liable to change, it does not follow that the

lexicographer is therefore unable to render spelling, in a great measure, ___ .

(A) arbitrary

(B) superfluous

(C) interesting

(D) flexible

(E) constant

Although the meanings of words may necessarily be liable to change, it does not follow that the

lexicographer is therefore unable to render spelling, in a great measure, constant.

비록 단어의 의미가 변하는 것은 당연하지만, 그렇다고 해서 사전 편찬자가 이러한 이유로 해서 철자를

(일정하게) 표시할 수 없다는 것을 뜻하지는 않는다.

necessarily 반드시, 필연적으로; 부득이

of necessity; inevitably

lexicographer 사전 편찬자

Test 2, Section 6


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1. Some activists believe that because the health-care system has become increasingly ___ to those it

serves, individuals must ___ bureaucratic impediments in order to develop and promote new therapies.

(A) attuned ... avoid

(B) inimical ... utilize

(C) unresponsive ... circumvent

(D) indifferent ... supplement

(E) sensitized ... forsake

Some activists believe that because the health-care system has become increasingly unresponsive to those

it serves, individuals must circumvent bureaucratic impediments in order to develop and promote new

therapies.

몇몇 행동주의자들은, 보건 체계가 담당하고 있는 일에 점점 (태만해지고) 있으므로, 새로운 치료법을

개발하고 보급시키기 위해서는 관료적인 방해물들을 (피해나가야) 한다고 믿고 있다.

bureaucratic 관료 정치의, 관료적인; 절차가 번잡한

impediment 방해, 장애; 신체장애, (특히) 언어 장애

(B) inimical 적의 있는, 반복하는; 적대하는, 불리한, 해로운

(C) unresponsive 반응이 늦은, 둔감한; 동정심이 없는

circumvent 돌다, 우회하다; (곤란 등을) 교묘하게 회피하다; (남을) 앞지르다; (계략을 써서) 포위하다

1. to surround (an enemy, for example); enclose or entrap

2. to go around; bypass

3. to avoid or get around by artful maneuvering

□C If someone circumvents a rule or restriction, they avoid having to obey the rule or

restriction, in a clever and perhaps dishonest way.

□C If you circumvent someone, you cleverly prevent them from achieving something especially

when they are trying to harm you.

(D) supplement 부록, 추가

(E) sensitize 민감하게 하다

2. The acts of vandalism that these pranksters had actually ___ were insignificant compared with those they

had ___ but had not attempted.

(A) hidden ... renounced

(B) advocated ... meditated

(C) inflicted ... dismissed

(D) committed ... effected

(E) perpetrated ... contemplated

The acts of vandalism that these pranksters had actually perpetrated were insignificant compared with

those they had contemplated but had not attempted.

이들 장난꾸러기가 실제로 (저지른) 야만적인 행동은 그들이 (구상했지만) 실행하지 않은 행동과 비교하면

대수롭지 않은 것이었다.

vandalism 반달 사람의 기질/풍습; 예술/문화의 고의적 파괴; 야만 행위

prankster 장난꾸러기

prank 농담, 희롱, 장난

a mischievous trick or practical joke

mischievous <místʃivəs> 장난을 좋아하는, 개구쟁이의; (언행 등이) 화를 미치는, 해치는

(E) perpetrate (나쁜 짓, 과오 등을) 범하다, 저지르다

to be responsible for; commit


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contemplate 응시하다, 심사숙고하다; 기도하다, ....하려고 생각하다(intend)

1. to look at attentively and thoughtfully

2. to consider carefully and at length; meditate on or ponder

3. to have in mind as an intention or possibility

3. Though one cannot say that Michelangelo was an impractical designer, he was, of all nonprofessional

architects known, the most ___ in that he was the least constrained by tradition or precedent.

(A) pragmatic

(B) adventurous

(C) empirical

(D) skilled

(E) learned

Though one cannot say that Michelangelo was an impractical designer, he was, of all nonprofessional

architects known, the most adventurous in that he was the least constrained by tradition or precedent.

비록 미켈란젤로가 실용적인 면에서는 뒤지는 디자이너라고 말할 수는 없지만, 그는 알려진 모든 비전문적인

건축가 중에서 전통과 선례에 가장 향을 적게 받은 가장 (모험적인) 사람이었다.

4. Before adapting to changes in values, many prefer to ___ , to ___ the universally agreed-on principles

that have been upheld for centuries.

(A) innovate ... protect

(B) resist ... defend

(C) ponder ... subvert

(D) vacillate ... publicize

(E) revert ... ignore

Before adapting to changes in values, many prefer to resist, to defend the universally agree-on principles

that have been upheld for centuries.

가치의 변화를 받아들이기 이전에, 많은 사람들은 (저항하기를), 즉 수세기 동안 지켜온 합의된 일반 원칙을

(방어하기)를 좋아한다.

(C) ponder 숙고하다, 곰곰이 생각하다

subvert <səbvə:rt> (국가, 주의 등을) 전복시키다, 파괴하다; (신념, 충성심 등을) 차츰 잃게 하다,

부패시키다

1. to destroy completely; ruin

2. to undermine the character, morals, or allegiance of; corrupt

3. to overthrow completely

allegiance 신하의 의무; 충절, 충직

liege <li:dʒ> 군주, 주군; [the ∼s] 신하, 가신

(D) vacillate 흔들흔들하다, 동요하다, 비틀거리다; (사람, 마음이) 동요하다, 망설이다

5. Although the records of colonial New England are ___ in comparison with those available in France or

England, the records of other English colonies in America are even more ___ .

(A) sporadic ... irrefutable

(B) sparse ... incontrovertible

(C) ambiguous ... authoritative

(D) sketchy ... fragmentary

(E) puzzling ... unquestionable


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Although the records of colonial New England are sketchy in comparison with those available in France

or England, the records of other English colonies in America are even more fragmentary.

식민 뉴잉 랜드에 대한 기록은 프랑스나 국에 있는 것들과 비교하면 (개략적이지만), 미국에 있었던 다른

국 식민지의 기록들은 더욱더 (단편적이다).

(A) irrefutable <ìrifjú:təbl> 반박할 수 없는

(B) incontrovertible 논쟁의 여지가 없는(indisputable), 명백한

6. High software prices are frequently said to ___ widespread illegal copying, although the opposite - that

high prices are the cause of the copying - is equally plausible.

(A) contribute to

(B) result from

(C) correlate with

(D) explain

(E) precede

High software prices are frequently said to result from widespread illegal copying, although the opposite -

that high prices are the cause of the copying - is equally plausible.

소프트웨어의 높은 가격은 종종 만연한 불법 복제의 (결과)라고 말해진다; 하지만 그 반대 즉, 높은 가격이

복제를 부추긴다는 것도 똑같이 그럴 듯하다.

7. Because early United States writers thought that the mark of great literature was grandiosity and

elegance not to be found in common speech, they ___ the vernacular.

(A) dissected

(B) avoided

(C) misunderstood

(D) investigated

(E) exploited

Because early United States writers thought that the mark of great literature was grandiosity and

elegance not to be found in common speech, they avoided the vernacular.

초기 미국의 작가들은 위대한 문학의 표시가 일상적인 대화에서 발견되지 않는 웅장함과 우아함이라고

생각했기 때문에, 그들은 일상어[ 사용]을 (피했다).

vernacular 제 나라말, 자국어(自國語); 방언, 사투리; 직업/전문 용어, 은어; 속칭, 속명

1. the standard native language of a country or locality

2. the everyday language spoken by a people as distinguished from the literary language

3. the idiom of a particular trade or profession

4. an idiomatic word, phrase, or expression

5. the common, nonscientific name of a plant or an animal

(A) dissect 절개하다, 해부하다; 상세히 분석/비평하다

Test 3, Section 3


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1. It is assumed that scientists will avoid making ___ claims about the results of their experiments because

of the likelihood that they will be exposed when other researchers cannot ___ their findings.

(A) hypothetical ... evaluate

(B) fraudulent ... duplicate

(C) verifiable ... contradict

(D) radical ... contest

(E) extravagant ... dispute

It is assumed that scientists will avoid making fraudulent claims about the results of their experiments

because of the likelihood that they will be exposed when other researchers cannot duplicate their findings.

과학자들은 그들의 실험에 대한 (거짓) 주장을 않을 것으로 생각되어진다, 왜냐하면 다른 연구자들이 그들의

반결을 (재현하지) 못하면 거짓이 들어날 것이기 때문이다.

(D) radical 근본적인; 완전한; 과격한, 혁명적인

1. arising from or going to a root or source; basic

2. departing markedly from the usual or customary; extreme

3. favoring or effecting fundamental or revolutionary changes in current practices, conditions,

or institutions

2. As long as the nuclear family is ___ a larger kinship group through contiguous residence on undivided

land, the pressure to ___ and thus to get along with relatives is strong.

(A) nurtured among ... abstain

(B) excluded from ... compromise

(C) embedded in ... share

(D) scattered throughout ... reject

(E) accepted by ... lead

As long as the nuclear family is embedded in a larger kinship group through contiguous residence on

undivided land, the pressure to share and thus to get along with relatives is strong.

핵가족이 큰 지역에 이웃해서 살아가면서 더 큰 친족 관계에 (포함되어) 있으므로, [생활을] (공유하고)

따라서 친척들과 잘 지내고자 하는 열망은 강하다.

kinship 친척 관계, 혈연관계; 연관, 유사

3. In contrast to the substantial muscular activity required for inhalation, exhalation is usually a ___ process.

(A) slow

(B) passive

(C) precise

(D) complex

(E) conscious

In contrast to the substantial muscular activity required for inhalation, exhalation is usually a passive

process.

공기의 흡입을 위해 필요한 주요한 근육의 활동과는 대조적으로, 공기를 내뿜는 것은 상대적으로 (수동적인)

과정이다.

inhalation 흡입


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4. The documentary film about high school life was so realistic and ___ that feelings of nostalgia flooded

over the college-age audience.

(A) logical

(B) pitiful

(C) evocative

(D) critical

(E) clinical

The documentary film about high school life was so realistic and evocative that feelings of nostalgia

flooded over the college-age audience.

고등학교 생활에 관한 documentary film이 너무도 현실적이고 (지난 일을 기억나게 했으므로) 그리움이

대학생 또래의 청중들에게 물 듯이 려왔다.

(C) evocative 생각나게 하는, 불러일으키는 tending or having the power to evoke

(E) clinical 임상의, 병상의; 분석적인, 객관적인 very objective and devoid of emotion; analytical

5. Although Georgia O'Keeffe is best known for her affinity with the desert landscape, her paintings of

urban subjects ___ her longtime residency in New York City.

(A) condemn

(B) obfuscate

(C) attest to

(D) conflict with

(E) contend with

Although Georgia O'Keeffe is best known for her affinity with the desert landscape, her paintings of

urban subjects attest to her longtime residency in New York City.

비록 Georgia O'Keeffe는 사막 풍경으로 잘 알려져 있지만, 도시 풍경을 그린 그림들은 그녀가 뉴욕에서

오랫동안 살았었다는 것을 (보여준다).

(B) obfuscate 당혹시키다, 어리둥절하게 하다; 애매하게 하다

1. to make so confused or opaque as to be difficult to perceive or understand

2. to render indistinct or dim; darken

(C) attest 증명/증언하다; 증거가 되다, 입증하다

1. to affirm to be correct, true, or genuine

2. a. to certify by signature or oath b. to certify in an official capacity

3. to supply or be evidence of

4. to put under oath

6. Even though the survey was designated as an inter-disciplinary course, it involved no real ___ of subject

matter.

(A) encapsulation

(B) organization

(C) synthesis

(D) discussion

(E) verification

Even though the survey was designated as an inter-disciplinary course, it involved no real synthesis of

subject matter.

그 조사는 학제적인 과정으로 계획되었지만, 실제로 주제에 관해서 아무런 (종합)이 없었다.


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7. The failure of many psychotherapists to ___ the results of pioneering research could be due in part to the

specialized nature of such findings: even ___ findings may not be useful.

(A) understand ... baffling

(B) envision ... accessible

(C) utilize ... momentous

(D) reproduce ... duplicated

(E) affirm ... controversial

The failure of many psychotherapists to utilize the results of pioneering research could be due in part to

the specialized nature of such findings: even momentous findings may not be useful.

많은 정신 치료학자들이 선구적인 연구 결과를 (이용하는) 데 실패한 것은 그러한 발견이 너무도

전문적이라는 것에 부분적으로는 이유가 있다: (중요한) 발견조차도 별달리 유용하지 못할 수도 있다.

psychotherapy 정신 요법, 정신 치료학

(A) baffle 당황하게 하다; (희망을) 꺾다

1. to frustrate or check (a person) as by confusing or perplexing

2. to impede the force or movement of

(B) envision 상상하다, 마음에 그리다 to picture in the mind; imagine

(C) momentous of utmost importance; of outstanding significance or consequence

Test 3, Section 7

1. In the nineteenth century, novelists and unsympathetic travelers portrayed the American West as a land

of ___ adversity, whereas promoters and idealists created ___ image of a land of infinite promise.

(A) lurid ... a mundane

(B) incredible ... an underplayed

(C) dispiriting ... an identical

(D) intriguing ... a luxuriant

(E) unremitting ... a compelling

In the nineteenth century, novelists and unsympathetic travelers portrayed the American West as a land

of unremitting adversity, whereas promoters and idealists created a compelling image of a land of infinite

promise.

19 세기에, 소설가들과 동정심이 없는 여행자들은 (끝없는) 적의로 미국의 서부를 묘사했지만, 반면에

promoter들과 이상주의자들은 무한한 약속의 땅으로서 (강렬한) 이미지를 만들었다.

unremitting

(A) lurid <ljúərid> 무시무시한, 놀라운; 붉게 빛나는

1. causing shock or horror; gruesome

2. marked by sensationalism

3. glowing or shining with the glare of fire through a haze

mundane 지구의; 지상의, 현세의; 평범한, 세속의

(E) unremitting 끊임없는, 쉴 새 없는 never slackening; persistent

compelling 강제적인, 몰아대는; 칭찬하지 않을 수 없는

1. urgently requiring attention

2. drivingly forceful


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2. Honeybees tend to be more ___ than earth bees: the former, unlike the latter, search for food together

and signal their individual findings to one another.

(A) insular

(B) aggressive

(C) differentiated

(D) mobile

(E) social

Honeybees tend to be more social than earth bees: the former, unlike the latter, search for food together

and signal their individual findings to one another.

꿀벌은 earth bee에 비해 더 (사회적)이다: 전자는 후자와 달리 함께 먹이를 찾고 동료들에게 자신이 발견한

것을 알려준다.

(A) insular 섬의; 섬나라 근성의, 편협한, 고립된

3. Joe spoke of superfluous and ___ matters with exactly the same degree of intensity, as though for him

serious issues mattered neither more nor less than did ___ .

(A) vital ... trivialities

(B) redundant ... superficialities

(C) important ... necessities

(D) impractical ... outcomes

(E) humdrum ... essentials

Joe spoke of superfluous and vital matters with exactly the same degree of intensity, as though for him

serious issues mattered neither more nor less than did trivialities.

Joe는 그에게 있어서는 진지한 문제도 (사소한) 것과 다르지 않은 것처럼 사소한 문제와 (중요한) 문제를

같은 정도의 중요성으로 이야기했다.

(E) humdrum 평범한, 단조로운 lacking variety or excitement; dull

4. The value of Davis' sociological research is compromised by his unscrupulous tendency to use materials

___ in order to substantiate his own claims, while ___ information that points to other possible

conclusions.

(A) haphazardly ... deploying

(B) selectively ... disregarding

(C) cleverly ... weighing

(D) modestly ... refuting

(E) arbitrarily ... emphasizing

The value of Davis' sociological research is compromised by his unscrupulous tendency to use materials

selectively in order to substantiate his own claims, while disregarding information that points to other

possible conclusions.

Davis의 사회학 연구 가치는 그의 주장을 뒷받침하기 위해 (선택적으로) 사용하고 다른 가능한 결과를

이끌어낼 수 있는 정보는 (무시하는) 비양심적인 경향 때문에 위태롭게 되었다.

compromise

1. to settle by concessions 양보/타협하다

2. to expose or make liable to danger, suspicion, or disrepute 손상하다, 위태롭게 하다

scrupulous 양심적인, 신중한; 세심한, 면 한

(D) refute


- 17 -

1. to prove to be false or erroneous; overthrow by argument or proof 잘못을 증명하다

2. to deny the accuracy or truth of 반박/논파하다

5. Once Renaissance painters discovered how to ___ volume and depth, they were able to replace the

medieval convention of symbolic, two-dimensional space with the more ___ illusion of actual space.

(A) reverse ... conventional

(B) portray ... abstract

(C) deny ... concrete

(D) adumbrate ... fragmented

(E) render ... realistic

Once Renaissance painters discovered how to render volume and depth, they were able to replace the

medieval convention of symbolic, two-dimensional space with the more realistic illusion of actual space.

르네상스 시대의 화가들은 부피와 깊이를 (표현하는) 방법을 발견하 으므로, 중세의 상징적이고 2차원적인

공간을 더욱더 실제 공간처럼 보이게 할 수 있는 (현실적인) 환 으로 대체할 수 있었다.

(D) adumbrate 희미하게 나타내다, 윤곽을 그리다; (부분적으로) 어둡게 하다, 가리다

1. to give a sketchy outline of

2. to prefigure indistinctly; foreshadow

3. o disclose partially or guardedly

6. He had expected gratitude for his disclosure, but instead he encountered ___ bordering on hostility.

(A) patience

(B) discretion

(C) openness

(D) ineptitude

(E) indifference

He had expected gratitude for his disclosure, but instead he encountered indifference bordering on

hostility.

그는 그의 폭로에 감사를 기대했지만, 오히려 그는 적의에 찬 (무관심)을 직면하 다.

(B) discretion

1. the quality of being discreet; circumspection 분별, 신중

2. ability or power to decide responsibly 자유재량

3. freedom to act or judge on one's own 판단/행동의 자유

(D) inept

1. not apt or fitting; inappropriate 부적절한

2. a. displaying a lack of judgment, sense, or reason; foolish b. bungling or clumsy;

incompetent 어리석은

7. The diplomat, selected for her demonstrated patience and skill in conducting such delicate negotiations,

___ to make a decision during the talks because any sudden commitment at that time would have been

___ .

(A) resolved ... detrimental

(B) refused ... apropos

(C) declined ... inopportune

(D) struggled ... unconscionable

(E) hesitated ... warranted


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The diplomat, selected for her demonstrated patience and skill in conducting such delicate negotiations,

declined to make a decision during the talks because any sudden commitment at that time would have

been inopportune.

그처럼 미묘한 협상을 이끌기에 충분한 인내와 기술 때문에 선택된 외교관은 협상 중에 결정을 내리기를

(거절했다), 왜냐하면 그 시점에서의 어떠한 성급한 결정이라도 (부적절할) 것이기 때문이었다.

diplomat 외교관

(A) detrimental 해로운 causing damage or harm; injurious

(B) apropos <æprəpóu> 적절한, 알맞은 being at once opportune and to the point

(C) inopportune <inàpərtjú:n> 시기가 나쁜, 부적절한 inappropriate or ill-timed; not opportune

opportune

1. suited or right for a particular purpose

2. occurring at a fitting or advantageous tim

(D) conscionable 양심적인, 공정한

1. acceptable or permissible according to conscience

2. conscientious; principled

conscientious

1. guided by or in accordance with the dictates of conscience; principled 양심적인

2. thorough and assiduous 성실한, 진지한

(E) warrant 허가, 인가; 담보, 보증; 증명서, 수증

Test 4, Section 1

1. Because the monkeys under study are ___ the presence of human beings, they typically ___ human

observers and go about their business

(A) ambivalent about ... welcome

(B) habituated to ... disregard

(C) pleased with ... snub

(D) inhibited by ... seek

(E) unaware of ... avoid

Because the monkeys under study are habituated to the presence of human beings, they typically

disregard human observers and go about their business.

연구 중인 원숭이는 인간의 존재에 (익숙하기) 때문에, 원숭이들은 사람들의 관찰을 (무시하고) 자기 일을

한다.

Go about your business! 자기 일이나 해라; 남의 일에 참견 마라

(B) habituate 길들이다

to accustom by frequent repetition or prolonged exposure

be habituated to 익숙하다

(C) snub 윽박지르다, 타박 주다, 기를 꺾다; (남의 발언 등을) 갑자기 중지시키다; 담배를 비벼 끄다

1. to ignore or behave coldly toward; slight

2. to dismiss, turn down, or frustrate the expectations of

3. to stub out (a cigarette, for example)


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2. Given her previously expressed interest and the ambitious tone of her recent speeches, the senator's

attempt to convince the public that she is not interested in running for a second term is ___ .

(A) laudable

(B) likely

(C) authentic

(D) futile

(E) sincere

Given her previously expressed interest and the ambitious tone of her recent speeches, the senator's

attempt to convince the public that she is not interested in running for a second term is futile.

이전에도 관심을 표현한 적이 있었고 최근에도 야심적인 어조로 말했으므로, 상원 의원이 대중들에게 그녀가

두 번째 term에 출마하는 것에 관심이 없다는 것을 확신시키려는 노력은 (헛된) 것이었다.

senator <sénətər> 상원 의원

(A) laudable 칭찬할 만한, 훌륭한

(C) authentic 믿을 만한, 확실한, 근거 있는(reliable); 진정한, 진짜의(genuine)

3. Many of her followers remain ___ to her, and even those who have rejected her leadership are

unconvinced of the ___ of replacing her during the current turmoil.

(A) opposed ... urgency

(B) friendly ... harm

(C) loyal ... wisdom

(D) cool ... usefulness

(E) sympathetic ... disadvantage

Many of her followers remain loyal to her, and even those who have rejected her leadership are

unconvinced of the wisdom of replacing her during the current turmoil.

그녀의 추종자들 중 많은 사람들이 (충성을 지키고) 있으며, 그녀의 지도력을 믿지 않았던 사람들도 현재의

혼란 중에 그녀를 경질한다는 (생각)을 납득하지 않고 있다.

unconvinced 설득되지 않은, 납득하지 않은

4. Unlike many recent interpretations of Beethoven's piano sonatas, the recitalist's performance was a

delightfully free and introspective one; nevertheless, it was also, seemingly paradoxically, quite ___ .

(A) appealing

(B) exuberant

(C) idiosyncratic

(D) unskilled

(E) controlled

Unlike many recent interpretations of Beethoven's piano sonatas, the recitalist's performance was a

delightfully free and introspective one; nevertheless, it was also, seemingly paradoxically, quite controlled.

최근의 베토벤의 피아노 소나타 해석과는 다르게 연주자의 연주는 자유롭고 자기 성찰적인 것이었다;

그럼에도 불구하고, 역설적이지만 그 연주는 잘 (정돈된) 것이었다.

(B) exuberant 풍부한(abundant); 무성한, 우거진(luxuriant); 원기가 좋은, 넘쳐흐르는(overflowing); (상상력

등이) 풍부한; (문체가) 화려한

1. full of unrestrained enthusiasm or joy

2. lavish; extravagant

3. extreme in degree, size, or extent


- 20 -

4. growing, producing, or produced abundantly; plentiful

(C) idiosyncratic (한 개인에게) 특유한(peculiar); 기이한, 색다른

5. Species with relatively ___ metabolic rates, including hibernators, generally live longer than those whose

metabolic rates are more rapid.

(A) prolific

(B) sedentary

(C) sluggish

(D) measured

(E) restive

Species with relatively sluggish metabolic rates, including hibernators, generally live longer than those

whose metabolic rate are rapid.

동면하는 종들을 포함해서 상대적으로 (완만한) 대사율을 갖는 종들은 일반적으로 대사율이 급격한 종에 비해

오래 산다.

hibernate 동면하다; 피한(避寒)하다, 칩거하다

(A) prolific 다산의, 열매를 많이 맺는; (토질이) 비옥한; 다작의, 풍부한

(B) sedentary <sédntèri> 앉아 있는, 앉아 일하는; 정착성의

(C) sluggish 느린, 완만한; 기능이 둔한, 불경기의; 게으름 피우는, 나태한

1. displaying little movement or activity; slow; inactive

2. lacking alertness, vigor, or energy; inert or indolent

3. slow to perform or respond to stimulation

(E) restive (말 등이) 나가기 싫어하는; 다루기 힘든, 반항적인; 침착성이 없는, 들떠 있는

1. uneasily impatient under restriction, opposition, criticism, or delay

2. resisting control; difficult to control

3. refusing to move. used of a horse or other animal

6. Belying his earlier reputation for ___ as a negotiator, Morgan had recently assumed a more ___ stance

for which many of his erstwhile critics praised him.

(A) intransigence ... conciliatory

(B) impropriety ... intolerant

(C) inflexibility ... unreasonable

(D) success ... authoritative

(E) incompetence ... combative

Belying his earlier reputation for intransigence as a negotiator, Morgan had recently assumed a more

conciliatory stance for which many of his erstwhile critics praised him.

협상자로서 (비타협적이라는) 초기의 평판과는 다르게, Morgan은 최근 더욱더 (타협적인) 입장을 취해왔고

이로 인해 초기의 비평가들은 그를 칭찬했다.

belie (실제 모습을) 다르게 나타내다; (약속, 기대 등을) 어기다, 실망시키다; ....와 모순되다

erstwhile <ə:rsthwàil> 이전의, 옛날의

in the past; at a former time; formerly

(A) intransigence 비타협적인 (사람) (uncompromising)

conciliatory 달래는, 회유적인

(E) incompetence, incompetency 무능력, 부적격, 무자격


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7. Although Irish literature continued to flourish after the sixteenth century, a ___ tradition is ___ in the

visual arts: we think about Irish culture in terms of the word, not in terms of pictorial images.

(A) rich ... superfluous

(B) lively ... found

(C) comparable ... absent

(D) forgotten ... apparent

(E) lost ... extant

Although Irish literature continued to flourish after the sixteenth century, a comparable tradition is absent

in the visual arts: we think about Irish culture in terms of the word, not in terms of pictorial images.

비록 아일랜드 문학은 16세기 이후 번창했지만, (상응하는) 전통이 시각 예술에서는 (부재했다): 우리는

아일랜드 문화를 문학의 면에서 생각하지 시각적인 이미지에서 [즉, 시각 예술의 면에서] 생각하지 않는다.

(E) extant <ékstənt> 지금도 남아 있는, 현존하는

Test 4, Section 4

1. Although sales have continued to increase since last April, unfortunately the rate of increase has ___ .

(A) resurged

(B) capitulated

(C) retaliated

(D) persevered

(E) decelerated

Although sales have continued to increase since last April, unfortunately the rate of increase has

decelerated.

비록 지난 4월 이후로 판매량을 계속 증가했지만, 불행하게도 증가율은 (줄고 있다).

(A) resurge 소생하다, 재기/부활하다

(B) capitulate (조건부로) 항복하다, 저항을 그만두다

1. to surrender under specified conditions; come to terms

2. to give up all resistance; acquiesce

acquiesce (마지못해) 동의하다, 묵인하다, 묵종하다

to consent or comply passively or without protest

(C) retaliate 보복하다, 앙갚음하다, 응수하다

to return like for like, especially evil for evil

(D) persevere 인내하다, 견디다, 굴하지 않고 해내다

to persist in or remain constant to a purpose, an idea, or a task in the face of obstacles or

discouragement

2. Although the mental process that creates a fresh and original poem or drama is doubtless ___ that which

originates and elaborates scientific discoveries, there is clearly a discernible difference between the

creators

(A) peripheral to

(B) contiguous with

(C) opposed to

(D) analogous to

(E) inconsistent with


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Although the mental process that creates a fresh and original poem or drama is doubtless analogous to

that which originates and elaborates scientific discoveries, there is clearly a discernible difference between

the creator.

비록 참신하고 독창적인 시나 희곡을 만든 지적인 과정은 의심할 바 없이 과학적인 발견을 시작하고

다듬어나가는 과정과 (유사하지만), 창작자 사이에의 명확한 차이가 있다.

(A) peripheral 주위의, 주변의; 말초적인

(B) contiguous 접촉하는, 인접하는; (사건 등이) 끊임없는

1. sharing an edge or boundary; touching

2. neighboring; adjacent

3. a. connecting without a break b. connected in time; uninterrupted

3. It is disappointing to note that the latest edition of the bibliography belies its long-standing reputation for

___ by ___ some significant references to recent publications.

(A) imprecision ... appropriating

(B) relevance ... adding

(C) timeliness ... updating

(D) meticulousness ... revising

(E) exhaustiveness ... omitting

It is disappointing to note that the latest edition of the bibliography belies its long-standing reputation for

exhaustiveness by omitting some significant references to recent publications.

서적 목록의 최근 판에서는 오랜 전통이던 (방대함/철저함)이 최근 출판물에 대한 중요한 언급을

(생략)함으로써 잘못 전한 것에 대해 실망스럽다.

bibliography 서지학; 서적/출판 목록

(B) relevance 적절, 타당성; 관련(성)

(D) meticulous 사소한 일에 마음을 쓰는, 너무 신중한, 소심한(overscrupulous); 꼼꼼한, 완전한

4. Although Simpson was ingenious at ___ to appear innovative and spontaneous, beneath the rule he

remained uninspired and rigid in his approach to problem-solving.

(A) intending

(B) contriving

(C) forbearing

(D) declining

(E) deserving

Although Simpson was ingenious at contriving to appear innovative and spontaneous, beneath the rule he

remained uninspired and rigid in his approach to problem-solving.

비록 Simpson은 혁신적이고 거침없는 것처럼 보이도록 (꾸며내는) 것에 탁월했지만, 그 아래에서 그는 문제

해결을 위한 접근법에서 평범하고 완고한 채로 남아있었다.

(A) intend ....할 작정이다; 의도하다, 고의로 ....하다, ....할 예정이다; 의미하다, 가리키다

1. to have in mind; plan

2. a. to design for a specific purpose b. to have in mind for a particular use

3. to signify or mean

(B) contrive 고안하다, 연구하다; 꾸미다, (나쁜 일을) 획책하다; 그럭저럭 ....해내다

1. to plan with cleverness or ingenuity; devise

2. to invent or fabricate, especially by improvisation

3. to plan with evil intend; scheme


- 23 -

4. to bring about, as by scheming; manage

(C) forbear 억제하다, 삼가다, 참다

5. She was criticized by her fellow lawyers not because she was not ___ , but because she so ___ prepared

her cases that she failed to bring the expected number to trial.

(A) well versed ... knowledgeably

(B) well trained ... enthusiastically

(C) congenial ... rapidly

(D) hardworking ... minutely

(E) astute ... efficiently

She was criticized by her fellow lawyers not because she was not hardworking, but because she so

minutely prepared her cases that she failed to bring the expected number to trial.

그녀는 (성실하지) 못했기 때문에 동료 변호사들에게서 비판받은 것이 아니고, 그녀가 너무 (세세한 부분에)

신경을 쓰면서 소송을 준비했기 때문에 예정된 건수를 모두 재판에 붙일 수가 없었기 때문이다.

(A) verse 시로 표현하다/짓다; ....에 정통하다, ....에 숙달하다

knowledgeable 아는 것이 많은, 식견 있는, 총명한

(C) congenial 같은 성질의, 취미가 같은, 마음이 맞는; (건강, 취미 등에) 알맞은

(E) astute 기민한, 눈치 바른, 빈틈없는; 교활한

6. Schlesinger has recently assumed a conciliatory attitude that is not ___ by his colleagues, who continue

to ___ compromise.

(A) eschewed ... dread

(B) shared ... defend

(C) questioned ... reject

(D) understood ... advocate

(E) commended ... disparage

Schlesinger has recently assumed a conciliatory attitude that is not commended by his colleagues who

continue to disparage compromise.

Schlesinger는 최근 계속해서 타협을 (비난하는) 그의 동료들이 (찬성하지) 않는 회유적인 입장을 취했다.

(A) eschew <istʃwú:> (좋지 않은 일을) 피하다(avoid), 삼가다(abstain from)

dread 무서워하다, 두려워하다, 겁먹다; 걱정하다

(E) commend 기리다, 칭찬하다; 추천하다, 권하다; 맡기다, 위탁하다

1. to represent as worthy, qualified, or desirable; recommend

2. to express approval of; praise

3. to commit to the care of another; entrust

disparage 얕보다, 깔보다; 비난하다, 헐뜯다

1. to speak of in a slighting way; belittle

2. to reduce in esteem or rank


- 24 -

7. The National Archives contain information so ___ that researchers have been known never to publish

because they cannot bear to bring their studies to an end.

(A) divisive

(B) seductive

(C) selective

(D) repetitive

(E) resourceful

The National Archives contain information so seductive that researchers have been known never to

publish because they cannot bear to bring their studies to an end.

국립 문서보관소는 연구를 끝까지 진행할 수가 없어서 결코 출판할 수 없을 것이라고 여겨졌던 (눈길을 끄는)

정보들을 포함한다.

왜냐하면 그들은 그들의 연구를 끝까지

(A) divisive 구분하는; 분열시키는, 불화를 일으키는

creating dissension or discord

(B) seductive 유혹적인(enticing), 매력 있는, 눈길을 끄는(attractive)

seduce 부추기다, 타락시키다; 나쁜 길로 유혹하다; 매혹하다, 끌다

1. to lead away from duty, accepted principles, or proper conduct

2. to induce to engage in sex

3. a. to entice or beguile into a desired state or position b. to win over; attract

(E) resourceful 기략이 풍부한, 재치가 있는, 수완이 비상한; 자원이 풍부한

Test 5, Section 1

1. We first became aware that her support for the new program was less than ___ when she declined to

make a speech in its favor.

(A) qualified

(B) haphazard

(C) fleeting

(D) unwarranted

(E) wholehearted

We first became aware that her support for the new program was less than wholehearted when she

declined to make a speech in its favor.

그녀의 새로운 프로그램에 대한 지지는 (진심이) 아니라는 것을 그녀가 지지 연설하기를 거절했을 때

처음으로 깨달았다.

(B) haphazard 우연

(C) fleeting 잠깐 동안의, 무상한, 덧없는(transient)

(D) unwarranted 보증되지 않은; 정당하다고 인정할 수 없는, 부당한(unauthorized)

2. When a person suddenly loses consciousness, a bystander is not expected to ___ the problem but to

attempt to ___ its effects by starting vital functions if they are absent.

(A) cure ... precipitate

(B) minimize ... predict

(C) determine ... detect

(D) diagnose ... counter

(E) magnify ... evaluate


- 25 -

When a person suddenly loss consciousness, a bystander is not expected to diagnose the problem but to

attempt to counter its effects by starting vital functions if they are absent.

어떤 사람이 갑자기 의식을 잃었을 경우, 구경꾼은 [의식을 잃도록 한] 그 문제를 (진단하는) 것이 아니라

<vital function>이 없다면 이를 시작하도록 하여 그 [문제로 인한] 향을 (제거하도록) 시도해야 한다.

(A) precipitate 거꾸로 떨어뜨리다, 팽개치다; 몰아대다, 재촉하다, 촉진시키다; (어떤 상태에) 빠뜨리다,

갑자기 어 떨어뜨리다

(D) diagnose <dáiəgnòus> 진단하다 [사람을 목적어로 쓰지 않는다.]

counter 대항하다, 반대하다, 맞서다; 무효로 하다, 취소하다

3. The remark was only slightly ___ , inviting a chuckle, perhaps, but certainly not a ___ .

(A) audible ... reward

(B) hostile ... shrug

(C) amusing ... rebuke

(D) coherent ... reaction

(E) humorous ... guffaw

The remark was only slightly humorous, inviting a chuckle, perhaps, but certainly not a guffaw.

그 말은 단지 약간 (우스울) 뿐이다; 아마 약간의 웃음을 유도할 수는 있겠지만 (큰 웃음)을 유도할 수는

없을 것이다.

chuckle 킬킬 웃음, 싱그레 웃음; 꼬꼬

1. to laugh quietly or to oneself

2. to cluck or chuck, as a hen

cluck (암탉이) 꼬꼬 울다; (혀를) 차다, (흥미, 관심 등을) 나타내다

chuck (닭을) 구구하고 부르다, 이랴 하고 (말을) 몰다; (암탉이) 구구하고 울다

(B) shrug 어깨를 으쓱하다

(C) rebuke 비난하다, 꾸짖다

(D) coherent 응집성의, 착하는; (문체, 논리 등이) 조리가 서는

(E) guffaw <gʌfɔ> 실없이 크게 웃다

a hearty, boisterous burst of laughter

4. Doors were closing on our past, and soon the values we had lived by would become so obsolete that we

would seem to people of the new age as ___ as travelers from an ancient land.

(A) elegant

(B) ambitious

(C) interesting

(D) comfortable

(E) quaint

Doors were closing on our past, and soon the values we had lived by would become so obsolete that we

would seem to people of the new age as quaint as travelers from an ancient land.

과거는 단단히 닫혀 버렸고, 곧 우리가 살아왔던 가치는 낡은 것이 되어 새로운 세대에게는 고대의 땅에서 온

여행자와 같이 (기이하게) 될 것이다.

(E) quaint 별스러워 흥미를 끄는; 기이한, 기묘한(odd)

1. odd, especially in an old-fashioned way

2. unfamiliar or unusual in character; strange


- 26 -

5. Ability to ___ is the test of the perceptive historian, a history, after all, consists not only of what the

historian has included, but also, in some sense, of what has been left out.

(A) defer

(B) select

(C) confer

(D) devise

(E) reflect

Ability to select is the test of the perceptive historian: a history, after all, consists not only of what the

historian has included, but also, in some sense, of what has been left out.

(선택하는) 능력은 능력 있는 역사학자의 시금석이다: 결국 역사는 역사학자들이 포함시킨 것으로 구성되는

것이 아니라 어떤 면에서는 포함시키지 않은 것으로 구성된다.

perceptive 지각하는, 지각할 수 있는; 예민한

1. of or relating to perception

2. a. having the ability to perceive; keen in discernment b. marked by discernment and

understanding; sensitive

6. Some artists immodestly idealize or exaggerate the significance of their work; yet others, ___ to exalt the

role of the artist, reject a transcendent view of art.

(A) appearing

(B) disdaining

(C) seeking

(D) failing

(E) tending

Some artists immodestly idealize or exaggerate the significance of their work; yet others, disdaining to

exalt the role of the artist, reject a transcendent view of art.

몇몇 예술가들은 그들이 행하는 작업의 중요성을 천박하게 이상화하거나 과장한다; 하지만 아직도 다른

예술가들은 예술가의 역할을 높이 생각하거나 예술의 초월적인 견해를 거부하는 것을 (경멸한다).

immodest (특히 여성의 행위, 복장 등이) 천박한, 음란한; 무례한, 건방진, 안하무인격의

transcendent 탁월한, 뛰어난, 출중한; 초월적인, 선험적인

1. surpassing others; preeminent or supreme

2. lying beyond the ordinary range of perception

3. (Philosophy) a. transcending the Aristotelian categories b. in Kant's theory of knowledge, being

beyond the limits of experience and hence unknowable

4. being above and independent of the material universe. used of the Deity

deity <dí:əti> 신위, 신격, 신성; 신

exalt 높이다, 올리다, 승진시키다, 고상/고귀하게 하다(ennoble); 칭찬/찬양하다(extol)

1. to raise in rank, character, or status; elevate

2. to glorify, praise, or honor

3. to increase the effect or intensity of; heighten

(B) disdain 경멸하다(look down on); ....할 가치가 없다고 생각하다

1. to regard or treat with haughty contempt; despise

2. to consider or reject as beneath oneself


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7. Estimating the risks of radiation escaping from a nuclear power plant is ___ question, but one whose

answer then becomes part of a value-laden, emotionally charged policy debate about whether to construct

such a plant.

(A) an incomprehensible

(B) an undefined

(C) an irresponsible

(D) a divisive

(E) a technical

Estimating the risks of radiation escaping from a nuclear power plant is a technical question, but one

whose answer then becomes part of a value-laden, emotionally charged policy debate about whether to

construct such a plant.

핵발전소에서 유출되는 방사능의 위험을 추정하는 것은 (기술적인) 문제이다, 하지만 이 문제에 대한 대답은

발전소를 지을 것인지에 대한 이득과 감정이 개입되는 정책 논쟁의 일부가 된다.

laden 짐을 실은, 화물을 적재한; 많이 가진, 충분히 지닌; ....으로 괴로워하다

1. weighed down with a load; heavy

2. oppressed; burdened

(D) divisive 구분/분할하는; 분열시키는; 불화를 일으키는

creating dissension or discord

Test 5, Section 5

1. Because modern scientists find the ancient Greek view of the cosmos outdated and irrelevant, they now

perceive it as only of ___ interest.

(A) historical

(B) intrinsic

(C) astronomical

(D) experimental

(E) superfluous

Because modern scientists find the ancient Greek view of the cosmos outdated and irrelevant, they now

perceive it as only of historical interest.

현대의 과학자들은 고대 그리스의 우주에 대한 견해가 시대에 뒤떨어지며 적절하지 못하다는 것을 발견했기

때문에, 현재 과학자들은 이 견해를 단지 (역사적인) 관심에서 보고 있다.

(B) intrinsic 고유의, 본질적인(inherent, opp. extrinsic)

2. Religious philosopher that he was, Henry More derived his conception of an infinite universe from the

Infinite God in whom he believed, a benevolent God of ___ whose nature was to create ___ .

(A) plenitude ... abundance

(B) vengeance ... justice

(C) indifference ... suffering

(D) indulgence ... temperance

(E) rectitude ... havoc

Religious philosopher that he was, Henry More derived his conception of an infinite universe from the

Infinite God in whom he believed, a benevolent God of plenitude whose nature was to create abundance.

종교적인 철학자 으므로, Henry More는 무한 우주에 대한 그의 생각을 그가 믿고 있는 Infinite God, 즉


- 28 -

(풍요)를 만들어 낸 인자한 (풍요)의 신에서 가져왔다.

(A) plenitude 충분, 완전; 충실, 충만

1. an ample amount or quantity; an abundance

2. the condition of being full, ample, or complete

(B) vengeance 복수, 앙갚음

(E) rectitude 정직, 청렴; 정확

havoc <hævək> (자연력, 폭동 등이) 위력을 부림, 황폐화시킴; 대파괴, 때려부숨(devastation)

3. While some argue that imposing tolls on highway users circumvents the need to raise public taxes for

road maintenance, the phenomenal expense of maintaining a vast network of roads ___ reliance on these

general taxes.

(A) avoids

(B) diminishes

(C) necessitates

(D) discourages

(E) ameliorates

While some argue that imposing tolls on highway users circumvents the need to raise public taxes for

road maintenance, the phenomenal expense of maintaining a vast network of roads necessitates reliance

on these general taxes.

비록 몇몇이 고속도로 이용자들에게 통행료를 부과하는 것이 도로 유지를 위한 일반세를 상승시키는 것을

억제한다고 주장하지만, 광대한 도로망을 유지하기 위한 엄청난 비용은 일반세에 의존하는 것을 (필요로

한다).

toll 사용세, 요금; 희생, 대가

circumvent 우회하다; 교묘하게 회피하다, 의표를 찌르다; (남을) 앞지르다; (적 등을) 포위하다

1. to surround (an enemy, for example); enclose or entrap

2. to go around; bypass

3. to avoid or get around by artful maneuvering

(E) ameliorate 개량하다, 개선하다(improve, opp. deteriorate)

4. Although they were not direct ___ , the new arts of the Classical period were clearly created in the spirit

of older Roman models and thus ___ many features of the older style.

(A) impressions ... introduced

(B) translations ... accentuated

(C) copies ... maintained

(D) masterpieces ... depicted

(E) borrowings ... improvised

Although they were not direct copies, the new arts of the Classical period were clearly created in the

spirit of older Roman models and thus maintained many features of the older style.

비록 직접적인 (모사)는 아니라고 하더라도, 고전기의 새로운 예술은 오래된 로마의 방식으로 행해졌기

때문에 옛날 방식의 많은 특징들을 (간직하고) 있다.

(B) accentuate 강조하다, 역설하다; (색, 음 등을) 두드러지게 하다, 눈에 띄게 하다


- 29 -

5. In spite of the increasing ___ of their opinions, the group knew they had to arrive at a consensus so that

the award could be presented

(A) impartiality

(B) consistency

(C) judiciousness

(D) incisiveness

(E) polarity

In spite of the increasing polarity of their opinions, the group knew they had to arrive at a consensus so

that the award could be presented.

그들의 의견이 점점 더 (분열)되고 있었지만, 그 모임은 상을 받기 위해서는 의견일치를 보아야만 한다는

것을 알고 있었다.

(C) judicious 사려분별이 있는, 현명한

(D) incisive 예리한, 예민한; 재빠른, 기민한; (말 등이) 날카로운, 통렬한

6. By forcing our surrender to the authority of the clock, systematic timekeeping has imposed a form of ___

on society.

(A) anarchy

(B) permanence

(C) provincialism

(D) tyranny

(E) autonomy

By forcing our surrender to the authority of the clock, systematic timekeeping has imposed a form of

tyranny on society.

시계의 권위에 순종할 것을 강요함으로 인해, 체계적인 시간 계산은 사회에 일종의 (전제)를 가해왔다.

(A) anarchy 무정부 상태(lawlessness); 난세, 무질서(chaos)

(E) autonomy 자치(권), 자치 단체; 자율(성)

7. Our high ___ vocabulary for street crime contrasts sharply with our ___ vocabulary for corporate crime, a

fact that corresponds to the general public's unawareness of the extent of corporate crime.

(A) nuanced ... subtle

(B) uninformative ... misleading

(C) euphemistic ... abstract

(D) differentiated ... limited

(E) technical ... jargon-laden

Our highly differentiated vocabulary for street crime contrasts sharply with our limited vocabulary for

corporate crime, a fact that corresponds to the general public's unawareness of the extent of corporate

crime.

<street crime>에 대해 매우 (다양한) 용어들은 <corporate crime>에 대해 (제한적인) 용어와 좋은 대조를

이룬다, 이는 일반 대중이 <corporate crime>에 대해 얼마만큼 알지 못하는 지를 보여준다.

(E) jargon 횡설수설, 조리 없는 말; 방언, 사투리; 변말(cant), 은어, 전문어

laden <léidn> 짐을 실은, 화물을 적재한; (....을) 많이 가진, 충분히 지닌

Test 6, Section 1


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1. While scientists dismiss as fanciful the idea of sudden changes in a genetic code (spontaneous mutation),

it is possible that nature, like some master musician, ___ on occasion, departing from the expected or

predictable.

(A) repeats

(B) improvises

(C) ornaments

(D) corrects

(E) harmonizes

While scientists dismiss as fanciful the idea of sudden changes in a genetic code (spontaneous mutation),

it is possible that nature, like some master musician, improvises on occasion, departing from the expected

or predictable.

비록 과학자들은 유전자 정보의 갑작스러운 변화, 돌연변이와 같은 것에 대해 비현실적이라고 무시했지만,

몇몇 대음악가들이 때때로 (즉흥적인) 것처럼 자연도 예상되거나 예측할 수 있는 것에서 벗어나는 것도

가능할 것이다.

(C) ornament

1. something that decorates or adorns; an embellishment

2. a person considered as a source of pride, honor, or credit

2. Despite the ___ of time, space, and history, human societies the world over have confronted the same

existential problems and have come to remarkably ___ solutions, differing only in superficial details.

(A) continuity ... identical

(B) uniformity ... diverse

(C) actualities ... varied

(D) contingencies ... similar

(E) exigencies ... unique

Despite the contingencies of time, space, and history, human societies the world over have confronted the

same existential problems and have come to remarkably similar solutions, differing only in superficial

details.

시간, 공간, 역사 등의 (연관성이 결여된) 분야에서 인간 사회는 동일한 존재의 문제와 직면하게 되었지만, 그

해결책은 세부에서만 다를 뿐 거의 (비슷한) 것이었다.

(C) actuality 현존, 실재

1. the state or fact of being actual; reality

often actualities. actual conditions or facts

(D) contingency 우연

1. a. an event that may occur but that is not likely or intended; a possibility b. a possibility

that must be prepared for; a future emergency

2. the condition of being dependent on chance; uncertainty

3. something incidental to something else

(E) exigency 긴급, 위급; 요구, 필요성

1. the state or quality of requiring much effort or immediate action

2. a pressing or urgent situation

3. often exigencies. urgent requirements; pressing needs


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3. Although he was known to be extremely ___ in his public behavior, scholars have discovered that his

diaries were written with uncommon ___ .

(A) reserved ... frankness

(B) polite ... tenderness

(C) modest ... lucidity

(D) reticent ... vagueness

(E) withdrawn ... subtlety

Although he was known to be extremely reserved in his public behavior, scholars have discovered that

his diaries were written with uncommon frankness.

비록 그는 대외적인 활동에는 극도로 (나서지 않았지만), 학자들은 그의 일기가 드물게도 (솔직하게) 쓰여

졌다는 것을 발견했다.

4. With the ___ of scientific knowledge, work on the new edition of a textbook begins soon after completion

of the original.

(A) limitation

(B) culmination

(C) veneration

(D) certainty

(E) burgeoning

With the burgeoning of scientific knowledge, work on the new edition of a textbook begins soon after

completion of the original.

과학 지식의 (발전)에 따라, 초판 작업이 끝난 직후 곧 새로운 교재에 대한 작업이 시작된다.

(B) culmination 정점, 최고조, 전성

5. She is most frugal in matters of business, but in her private life she reveals a streak of ___ .

(A) antipathy

(B) misanthropy

(C) virtuosity

(D) equanimity

(E) prodigality

She is most frugal in matters of business, but in her private life she reveals a streak of prodigality.

그녀는 사업 문제에 있어서는 검소하지만 개인적인 삶에 있어서는 반대로 (낭비하는) 모습을 보인다.

(B) misanthropy <misænθrəpi> 염세 hatred or mistrust of humankind

(D) equanimity 침착, 평정, 냉정 the quality of being calm and even-tempered; composure

6. If the state government's latest budget problems were ___ , it would not be useful to employ them as

___ examples in the effort to avoid the inevitable effects of shortsighted fiscal planning in the future.

(A) typical ... representative

(B) exceptional ... aberrant

(C) anomalous ... illuminating

(D) predictable ... helpful

(E) solvable ... insignificant

If the state government's latest budget problems were anomalous, it would not be useful to employ them


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as illuminating examples in the effort to avoid the inevitable effects of shortsighted fiscal planning in the

future.

주정부의 최근 예산 문제들이 (특이한) 경우 다면, 미래에 근시안적 제정 계획의 폐해를 예방하는

(해결책으로써의) 예로 그 예산 문제를 든다는 것은 소용이 없을 것이다.

fiscal 국고의; 재정상의, 회계의

(B) aberrant 비정상적인

1. deviating from the proper or expected course

2. deviating from what is normal; untrue to type

(C) anomalous 변칙적인, 비정상의; 특이한, 이례의; 모순된, 일관성 없는

1. deviating from the normal or common order, form, or rule

2. equivocal, as in classification or nature

7. Just as some writers have ___ the capacity of language to express meaning, Giacometti ___ the failure of

art to convey reality.

(A) scoffed at ... abjured

(B) demonstrated ... exemplified

(C) denied ... refuted

(D) proclaimed ... affirmed

(E) despaired of ... bewailed

Just as some writers have despaired of the capacity of language to express meaning, Giacometti bewailed

the failure of art to convey reality.

몇몇 작가들이 언어가 의미를 나타내는 능력에 (실망한) 것과 마찬가지로, Giacometti는 예술이 실제의

전달에 실패한 것을 (한탄했다).

(A) scoff 비웃다; 게걸스럽게 먹다

to mock at or treat with derision

to eat (food) quickly and greedily

(E) bewail 비탄하다

1. to cry over; lament

2. to express sorrow or unhappiness over

Test 6, Section 5

1. In spite of the fact that it is convenient to divide the life span of animals into separate stages such as

prenatal, adolescent, and senescent, these periods are not really ___ .

(A) advanced

(B) variable

(C) repeatable

(D) connected

(E) distinct

In spite of the fact that it is convenient to divide the life span of animals into separate stages such as

prenatal, adolescent, and senescent, these periods are not really distinct.

동물들의 생존 기간을 출생 이전, 청년기, 노년기 등의 몇 단계로 구분하는 것이 편리하지만, 이들 단계의

구분은 실제로 (명확하지) 않다.

prenatal <prì:neitəl> 출생 전의 existing or occurring before birth


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2. Although the number of reported volcanic eruptions has risen exponentially since 1850, this indicates not

___ volcanic activity but rather more widespread and ___ record keeping.

(A) abating ... detailed

(B) increasing ... systematic

(C) substantial ... erratic

(D) stable ... superficial

(E) consistent ... meticulous

Although the number of reported volcanic eruptions has risen exponentially since 1850, this indicates not

increasing volcanic activity but rather more widespread and systematic record keeping.

1850년 이후 화산 분출 기록은 기하급수적으로 늘었지만, 이것은 화산 활동의 (증가)를 나타내는

것이라기보다는 광범위하고 (체계적인) 기록이 이루어졌음을 나타낸다.

(E) meticulous

1. extremely careful and precise

2. extremely or excessively concerned with details

3. The challenge of interpreting fictional works written under politically repressive regimes lies in

distinguishing what is ___ to an author's beliefs, as opposed to what is ___ by political coercion.

(A) innate ... understood

(B) organic ... imposed

(C) contradictory ... conveyed

(D) oblique ... captured

(E) peripheral ... demanded

The challenge of interpreting fictional works written under politically repressive regimes lies in

distinguishing what is organic to an author's beliefs, as opposed to what is imposed by political coercion.

정치적인 압제 하에서 씌어진 소설을 파악하는데 있어 문제는 무엇이 저자의 신념의 (기본)이고 무엇이

정치적인 강요에 의해 (강요된) 것인지를 구별하는 것이다.

(B) organic

1. of, relating to, or affecting organs or an organ of the body

2. of, relating to, or derived from living organisms

3. a. using or produced with fertilizers of animal or vegetable matter, using no fertilizers or

pesticides b. free from chemical injections or additives, such as antibiotics or hormones c.

simple, healthful, and close to nature

4. a. having properties associated with living organisms b. resembling a living organism in

organization or development; interconnected

5. constituting an integral part of a whole; fundamental

4. I am often impressed by my own ___ other people's idiocies: what is harder to ___ is that they, in their

folly, are equally engaged in putting up with mine.

(A) analysis of ... justify

(B) forbearance toward ... underestimate

(C) exasperation with ... credit

(D) involvement in ... allow

(E) tolerance of ... appreciate

I am often impressed by my own tolerance of other people's idiocies: what is harder to appreciate is that


- 34 -

they, in their folly, are equally engaged in putting up with mine.

나는 종종 다른 사람들의 바보스러움을 (참아내는) 내 자신에 놀란다: 더욱이 (이해하기) 어려운 것은 그들이

똑같이 나의 바보스러움을 참아내고 있다는 것이다.

idiocy extreme folly or stupidity; a foolish or stupid utterance or deed

(B) forbear 삼가다, 참다, 억제하다

1. to refrain from; resist

2. to desist from; cease

desist <dizíst> 그만두다 to cease doing something; forbear

(C) exasperate 분개시키다, 격노하다

1. to make very angry or impatient; annoy greatly

2. to increase the gravity or intensity of

5. Despite vigorous protestations, the grin on the teenager's face ___ her denial that she had known about

the practical joke before it was played on her parents.

(A) belied

(B) illustrated

(C) reinforced

(D) exacerbated

(E) trivialized

Despite vigorous protestations, the grin on the teenager's face belied her denial that she had known about

the practical joke before it was played on her parents.

격렬한 항의에도 불구하고, 그 십대의 얼굴에 떠오른 미소는, 그녀의 부모님들에게 저지른 장난을 사전에

알고 있었다는 것을 부정한 것과 (모순된다).

protestation 확언, 단언, 주장; 항의, 불복종

grin 싱긋 웃다 to draw back the lips and bare the teeth, as in mirth or good humor

practical joke (못된) 장난 a mischievous trick played on a person, especially one that causes the victim

to experience embarrassment, indignity, or discomfort

(A) belie

1. to picture falsely; misrepresent

2. to show to be false

3. to be counter to; contradict

(D) exacerbate 악화시키다; 분개시키다, 신경질 나게 하다

to increase the severity, violence, or bitterness of; aggravate

6. Far from undermining the impression of permanent decline, the ___ statue seemed emblematic of its ___

surroundings.

(A) indecorous ... opulent

(B) grandiose ... ramshackle

(C) pretentious ... simple

(D) ungainly ... elegant

(E) tawdry ... blighted

Far from undermining the impression of permanent decline, the tawdry statue seemed emblematic of its

blighted surroundings.

구적인 쇠퇴의 인상을 지우기는커녕, 그 (보잘것없는) 입상은 (망해가는) 주위 여건을 상징적으로 드러내는

것처럼 보 다.


- 35 -

emblematic 상징의, 상징적인 symbolic

emblem 사징, 문장(紋章); 전형, 화신; 우화

1. an object or a representation that functions as a symbol

2. a distinctive badge, design, or device

3. an allegorical picture usually inscribed with a verse or motto presenting a moral lesson

(A) indecorous 예의 없는; 거친, 보기 흉한 lacking propriety or good taste

opulent 부유한; 풍부한, 무성한

1. possessing or exhibiting great wealth; affluent

2. characterized by rich abundance; luxuriant

(B) ramshackle 덜커덩거리는, 금시라도 무너질 듯한

(E) tawdry 야한, 싸고 화려한 gaudy and cheap in nature or appearance

gaudy 속되게 화려한 showy in a tasteless or vulgar way

blight 시들게 하다; 파멸시키다, 망치다

7. Despite the fact that it is almost universally ___ , the practice of indentured servitude still ___ in many

parts of the world.

(A) condemned ... abates

(B) tolerated ... survives

(C) proscribed ... persists

(D) mandated ... lingers

(E) disdained ... intervenes

Despite the fact that it is almost universally proscribed, the practice of indentured servitude still persists

in many parts of the world.

비록 (금지되었다)고는 하지만 도제살이의 고단함은 많은 부분에서 아직도 (계속되고) 있다.

indenture 도제살이를 하다 to bind into the service of another by indenture

servitude 노예 상태, 예속; 강제 노동, 징역

1. a. a state of subjection to an owner or a master b. lack of personal freedom, as to act as one

chooses

2. forced labor imposed as a punishment for crime

(C) proscribe 금지하다

(D) mandate 위임 통치; 위임, 권한 부여; 명령, 칙령

linger 꾸물거리다; 근근이 목숨을 부지하다; (행동이) 느리다

1. to be slow in leaving, especially out of reluctance; tarry

2. to remain feebly alive for some time before dying

3. to persist

4. to proceed slowly; saunter

5. to be tardy in acting; procrastinate

tarry

1. to delay or be late in going, coming, or doing

2. to wait

3. to remain or stay temporarily, as in a place

saunter to walk at a leisurely pace; stroll

procrastinate to put off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness

Test 7, Section 3


- 36 -

1. What these people were waiting for would not have been apparent to others and was perhaps not very

___ their own minds.

(A) obscure to

(B) intimate to

(C) illusory to

(D) difficult for

(E) definite in

What these people were waiting for would not have been apparent to others and was perhaps not very

definite in their own minds.

이 사람들이 기다리는 것은 다른 사람들에게는 명확하지 않았고 아마 그들 자신들에게도 (명확하지) 않았을

것이다.

2. The attempt to breed suitable varieties of jojoba by using hybridization to ___ favorable traits was finally

abandoned in favor of a simpler and much faster ___ : the domestication of flourishing wild strains.

(A) eliminate ... alternative

(B) reinforce ... method

(C) allow ... creation

(D) reduce ... idea

(E) concentrate ... theory

The attempt to breed suitable varieties of jojoba by using hybridization to reinforce favorable traits was

finally abandoned in favor of a simpler and much faster method : the domestication of flourishing wild

strains.

유용한 성질을 (강화하기) 위해 잡종을 통해 다양한 종을 만들어내려는 시도는 더 간단하고 빠른 (방법)에

의해 무용지물이 되었다: 다양한 야생종을 재배하는 방법이 도입되었다.

jojoba <jəhóubə> 호호바 [북아메리카산 회양목과의 소관목, 씨에서 기름을 짬]

hybridize 잡종을 만들다 to produce or cause to produce hybrids; crossbreed

3. According to one political theorist, a regime that has as its goal absolute ___ , without any ___ law or

principle, has declared war on justice.

(A) respectability ... codification of

(B) supremacy ... suppression of

(C) autonomy ... accountability to

(D) fairness ... deviation from

(E) responsibility ... prioritization of

According to one political theorist, a regime that has as its goal absolute autonomy, without any

accountability to law or principle, has declared war on justice.

한 정치 이론가에 따르면, 절대적인 (자치)를 그 목표로 하는 정권에 법이나 원칙의 (책임)이 없는 경우, 이

정권은 전쟁을 일으키게 된다.

(B) supremacy 최고, 무쌍; 주권, 지배권

(C) autonomy 자율성; 자치, 자립

1. the condition or quality of being autonomous; independence

2. a. self-government or the right of self-government; self-determination b. self-government

with respect to local or internal affairs

3. a self-governing state, community, or group


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(E) prioritize to arrange or deal with in order of importance

4. Despite its ___ , the book deals ___ with a number of crucial issues.

(A) optimism ... cursorily

(B) importance ... needlessly

(C) virtues ... inadequately

(D) novelty ... strangely

(E) completeness ... thoroughly

Despite its virtues, the book deals inadequately with a number of crucial issues.

많은 (장점)에도 불구하고, 그 책은 (부적절하게도) 많은 어려운 문제들을 다루고 있다.

5. Although frequent air travelers remain unconvinced, researchers have found that, paradoxically, the ___

disorientation inherent in jet lag also may yield some mental health ___ .

(A) temporal ... benefits

(B) acquired ... hazards

(C) somatic ... disorders

(D) random ... deficiencies

(E) typical ... standards

Although frequent air travelers remain unconvinced, researchers have found that, paradoxically, the

temporal disorientation inherent in jet lag also may yield some mental health benefits.

비록 잦은 비행기 여행자들은 알아차리지 못하고 있지만 모순되게도 연구자들은 시차병에 기인하는 (한때의)

혼란 상태는 정신 건강에 (이점을) 줄지도 모른다는 것을 발견했다.

jet lag, jet syndrome 시차병 a temporary disruption of bodily rhythms caused by high-speed travel

across several time zones typically in a jet aircraft

(C) somatic 신체의(corporeal), 몸의, 육체의

6. Ironically, the proper use of figurative language must be based on the denotative meaning of the words,

because it is the failure to recognize this ___ meaning that leads to mixed metaphors and their attendant

incongruity.

(A) esoteric

(B) literal

(C) latent

(D) allusive

(E) symbolic

Ironically, the proper use of figurative language must be based on the denotative meaning of the words,

because it is the failure to recognize this literal meaning that leads to mixed metaphors and their

attendant incongruity.

우습게도, 비유적인 언어의 정확한 사용은 [비유에] 사용하는 단어들의 외연적인 의미에 기초하여야만 한다,

왜냐하면 은유를 무분별하게 사용하고 혼란시키도록 만드는 것은 바로 ( 자 그대로의) 의미를 인식하지

못했기 때문이다.

figurative 비유적인

denotative 표시/지시하는; 외연적인

connotative 암시하는, 함축적인; 내포적인

(C) latent 잠재성의 present or potential but not evident or active


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(D) allusive 암시하는 containing or characterized by indirect references

7. Although it seems ___ that there would be a greater risk of serious automobile accidents in densely

populated areas, such accidents are more likely to occur in sparsely populated regions.

(A) paradoxical

(B) axiomatic

(C) anomalous

(D) irrelevant

(E) portentous

Although it seems axiomatic that there would be a greater risk of serious automobile accidents in densely

populated areas, such accidents are more likely to occur in sparsely populated regions.

자동차 사고의 위험이 인구 도가 높은 지역에서 더 크다고 (당연히) 생각함에도 불구하고, 그러한 사고는

인구 도가 낮은 지역에서 일어날 가능성이 더 크다.

(E) portentous 전조의, 불길한(ominous), 흉조의; 경이적인, 터무니없는

1. of the nature of or constituting a portent; foreboding

2. full of unspecifiable significance; exciting wonder and awe

3. marked by pompousness; pretentiously weighty

Test 7, Section 6

1. If the theory is self-evidently true, as its proponents assert, then why does ___ it still exist among

well-informed people?

(A) support for

(B) excitement about

(C) regret for

(D) resignation about

(E) opposition to

If the theory is self-evidently true, as its proponents assert, then why does opposition to it still exist

among well-informed people?

지지자들이 말하는 것과 같이 그 이론이 자명하게 옳다면, 왜 정통한 사람들 사이에서 아직도 (반대)가

나오고 있는가?

(D) resignation 사직, 사임; 단념, 포기

2. Although the ___ of cases of measles has ___ , researchers fear that eradication of the disease, once

believed to be imminent, may not come soon.

(A) occurrence ... continued

(B) incidence ... declined

(C) prediction ... resumed

(D) number ... increased

(E) study ... begun

Although the incidence of cases of measles has declined, researchers fear that eradication of the disease,

once believed to be imminent, may not come soon.

비록 홍역의 (발생)은 (줄어들고) 있지만, 연구자들은 이 병의 근절이 임박했다는 믿음과는 달리 조만간에

근절이 이루어지지 않을 것을 두려워한다.


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measles 홍역

3. Nothing ___ his irresponsibility better than his ___ delay in sending us the items he promised weeks ago.

(A) justifies ... conspicuous

(B) characterizes ... timely

(C) epitomizes ... unnecessary

(D) reveals ... conscientious

(E) conceals ... inexplicable

Nothing epitomizes his irresponsibility better than his unnecessary delay in sending us the items he

promised weeks ago.

그가 몇 주 전에 약속했던 자료를 보내주는데 있어 (불필요하게) 지연시킨 것보다 그의 무책임함을 (잘

나타내주는) 것은 없다.

(A) conspicuous

1. easy to notice; obvious

2. attracting attention, as by being unusual or remarkable; noticeable

(C) epitomize 요약하다, 집약적으로 나타내다; 전형이 되다

1. to make an epitome of; sum up

2. to be a typical example of

(E) inexplicable difficult or impossible to explain or account for

4. The author did not see the ___ inherent in her scathing criticism of a writing style so similar to her

own.

(A) disinterest

(B) incongruity

(C) pessimism

(D) compliment

(E) symbolism

The author did not see the incongruity inherent in her scathing criticism of a writing style so similar to

her own.

저자는 그녀의 쓰기 형태와 유사한 그의 쓰기 형태에 대해 그녀가 통렬하게 비판하는 것에 내재하는

(모순)을 보지 못했다.

scathing 통렬한; 상처를 입히는

1. bitterly denunciatory; harshly critical

2. harmful or painful; injurious

(B) incongruity 부조화, 불일치

(C) pessimism 비관, 염세(주의)

5. Whereas the Elizabethans struggled with the transition from medieval ___ experience to modern

individualism, we confront an electronic technology that seems likely to reverse the trend, rendering

individualism obsolete and interdependence mandatory.

(A) literary

(B) intuitive

(C) corporate

(D) heroic

(E) spiritual


- 40 -

Whereas the Elizabethans struggled with the transition from medieval corporate experience to modern

individualism, we confront an electronic technology that seems likely to reverse the trend, rendering

individualism obsolete and interdependence mandatory.

엘리자베스 여왕 시대에서는 중세의 (집단적인) 경험에서 근대의 개인주의로의 전이로 혼란스러웠지만,

우리는 개인주의를 구시대의 유물로 하고 상호 의존을 필요로 하는 정반대의 경향인 전자 기술에 직면하고

있다.

mandatory 명령의; 의무적인, 강제적인 required or commanded by authority; obligatory

(C) corporate 법인/단체의

6. Our biological uniqueness requires that the effects of a substance must be verified by ___ experiments,

even after thousands of tests of the effects of that substance on animals.

(A) controlled

(B) random

(C) replicated

(D) human

(E) evolutionary

Our biological uniqueness requires that the effects of a substance must be verified by human experiments,

even after thousands of tests of the effects of that substance on animals.

우리의 생물학적인 유일성은, 동물을 대상으로 하는 수천 번의 약효 실험 이후에도, (인간을) 대상으로 하는

실험에 의해 검증받을 것을 요구하고 있다.

7. Today water is more ___ in landscape architecture than ever before, because technological advances have

made it easy, in some instances even ___ to install water features in public places.

(A) conspicuous ... prohibitive

(B) sporadic ... effortless

(C) indispensable ... intricate

(D) ubiquitous ... obligatory

(E) controversial ... unnecessary

Today water is more ubiquitous in landscape architecture than ever before, because technological

advances have made it easy, in some instances even obligatory to install water features in public places.

오늘날 조경술에서 물은 예전에 비해 (흔해졌다), 이는 기술적인 진보로 쉬워진 것도 있지만, 몇몇 경우에

있어서는 공공장소에 급수시설을 설치하는 것이 (의무이기) 때문이기도 하다.

(D) ubiquitous 도처에 존재하는 being or seeming to be everywhere at the same time; omnipresent

Test 8, Section 1

1. While many Russian composers of the nineteenth century contributed to an emerging national style, other

composers did not ___ idiomatic Russian musical elements, ___ instead the traditional musical vocabulary

of Western European Romanticism.

(A) utilize ... rejecting

(B) incorporate ... preferring

(C) exclude ... avoiding

(D) repudiate ... expanding

(E) esteem ... disdaining


- 41 -

While many Russian composers of the nineteenth century contributed to an emerging national style, other

composers did not repudiate idiomatic Russian musical elements, expanding instead the traditional musical

vocabulary of Western European Romanticism.

19 세기의 많은 러시아 작곡가들은 국민주의 양식의 출현에 기여한 데 반해, 다른 작곡가들은 러시아적인

음악 요소들을 (부인하지는) 않았지만, 대신 서유럽 낭만주의의 전통적인 음악 언어를 (확장했다).

(D) repudiate 부인하다, 거절하다; 인연을 끊다

1. to reject the validity or authority of

2. to reject emphatically as unfounded, untrue, or unjust

3. to refuse to recognize or pay

4. a. to disown (a child, for example) b. to refuse to have any dealings with

2. Because the painter Albert Pinkham Ryder was obsessed with his ___ perfection, he was rarely ___ a

painting, creating endless variations of a scene on one canvas, one on top of another.

(A) quest for ... satisfied with

(B) insistence on ... displeased with

(C) contempt for ... disconcerted by

(D) alienation from ... immersed in

(E) need for ... concerned with

Because the painter Albert Pinkham Ryder was obsessed with his quest for perfection, he was rarely

satisfied with a painting, creating endless variations of a scene on one canvas, one on top of another.

화가 Albert Pinkham Ryder는 완벽함을 (추구)하기에 너무도 집착하여 작품에 (만족하는) 일이 거의 없었다,

그래서 다른 그림 위에 덧칠하면서 하나의 캔버스에 끊임없이 변화를 만들어내었다.

3. Objectively set standards can serve as a ___ for physicians, providing them ___ unjustified malpractice

claims.

(A) trial ... evidence of

(B) model ... experience with

(C) criterion ... reasons for

(D) test ... questions about

(E) safeguard ... protection from

Objectively set standards can serve as a safeguard for physicians, providing them protection from

unjustified malpractice claims.

객관적으로 설정된 기준은 의사들에게는 (보호 장치)의 역할을 하므로, 기준을 제공하는 것은 근거 없는 의료

사고 주장으로부터 의사들을 (보호해줄) 것이다.

malpractice (의사의) 의료 과오; 부정행위, 오용

1. improper or negligent treatment of a patient, as by a physician, resulting in injury, damage, or

loss

2. improper or unethical conduct by the holder of a professional or official position

3. the act or an instance of improper practice


- 42 -

4. In spite of ___ reviews in the press, the production of her play was ___ almost certain oblivion by

enthusiastic audiences whose acumen was greater than that of the critics.

(A) lukewarm ... condemned to

(B) scathing ... exposed to

(C) lackluster ... rescued from

(D) sensitive ... reduced to

(E) admiring ... insured against

In spite of lackluster reviews in the press, the production of her play was rescued from almost certain

oblivion by enthusiastic audiences whose acumen was greater than that of the critics.

기고된 (미적지근한) 평에도 불구하고, 그녀의 연극 공연은 비평가보다 더 날카로운 안목을 지닌 열정적인

관객에 의해서 망각의 상태에서 (벗어났다).

oblivion 잊혀져 있는 상태; 사면(pardon, amnesty)

1. the condition or quality of being completely forgotten

2. the act or an instance of forgetting; total forgetfulness

3. official overlooking of offenses; amnesty

acumen 총명함, 통찰력 quickness, accuracy, and keenness of judgment or insight

(A) lukewarm 미지근한; 열의가 없는, 무관심한

1. mildly warm; tepid

2. lacking conviction or enthusiasm; indifferent

(B) scathing 통렬한; 상처를 입히는

1. bitterly denunciatory; harshly critical

2. harmful or painful; injurious

(C) lackluster 빛/광택이 없는; 흐리멍덩한 lacking brightness, luster, or vitality; dull

5. The passions of love and pride are often found in the same individual, but having little in common, they

mutually ___ , not to say destroy, each other.

(A) reinforce

(B) annihilate

(C) enhance

(D) weaken

(E) embrace

The passions of love and pride are often found in the same individual, but having little in common, they

mutually weaken, not to say destroy, each other.

사랑과 자존심의 감정은 한 개인에게서 종종 함께 발견된다, 하지만 이들은 공통점이 거의 없고 서로를

파괴하는 정도는 아니지만 (약화시킨다).

(B) annihilate <ənáiəlèit> 멸망시키다, 전멸시키다; 무효화하다, 폐기하다

1. a. to destroy completely b. to reduce to nonexistence c. to defeat decisively; vanquish

2. to nullify or render void; abolish


- 43 -

6. The necessity of establishing discrete categories for observations frequently leads to attempts to make

absolute ___ when there are in reality only ___ .

(A) analyses ... hypotheses

(B) correlations ... digressions

(C) distinctions ... gradations

(D) complications ... ambiguities

(E) conjectures ... approximations

The necessity of establishing discrete categories for observations frequently leads to attempts to make

absolute distinctions when there are in reality only gradations.

관찰의 결과를 완벽하게 분류하는 것은 때때로, 실제로는 (점차적인 변화)만이 존재하는 경우에도 완벽한

(구별)을 만들어내려는 시도로 이어진다.

(B) digress to turn aside, especially from the main subject in writing or speaking; stray

7. A unique clay disk found at the Minoan site of Phaistos is often ___ as the earliest example of printing

by scholars who have defended its claim to this status despite equivalent claims put forward for other

printing artifacts.

(A) questioned

(B) overlooked

(C) adduced

(D) conceded

(E) dismissed

A unique clay disk found at the Minoan site of Phaistos is often adduced as the earliest example of

printing by scholars who have defended its claim to this status despite equivalent claims put forward for

other printing artifacts.

Phaistos의 Minoan 유적지에서 발견된 유일한 진흙판은 종종, 다른 인쇄 유물이라는 다른 주장에도 불구하고

최초의 유물이라는 주장을 변호해온 학자들에 의해 인쇄를 위한 가장 오래된 유물로 (제시된다).

(C) adduce (증거로) 제출/제시하다; 인용하다 to cite as an example or means of proof in an argument

(D) concede

1. to acknowledge, often reluctantly, as being true, just, or proper; admit

2. to yield or gran (a privilege or right, for example)

Test 8, Section 4

1. Punishment for violating moral rules is much more common than reward for following them; thus, ___

the rules goes almost ___ in society.

(A) association with ... undefended

(B) adherence to ... unnoticed

(C) affiliation of ... uncorrected

(D) opposition to ... unchecked

(E) ignorance of ... unresolved

Punishment for violating moral rules is much more common than reward for following them; thus,

adherence to the rules goes almost unnoticed in society.

도덕적은 규범을 어기는 것에 대한 처벌은 규범을 준수하여 상을 받는 것보다 흔하다; 따라서 규칙을

(준수)하는 것은 사회에서 대부분 (주목받지 못한다).


- 44 -

(C) affiliate

1. to adopt or accept as a member, subordinate associate, or branch

2. to associate (oneself) as a subordinate, subsidiary, employee, or member 가입/합병하다

3. to assign the origin of 기원을 ∼로 하다

2. Compassion is a great respecter of justice: we pity those who suffer ___ .

(A) shamelessly

(B) unwittingly

(C) vicariously

(D) intensively

(E) undeservedly

Compassion is a great respecter of justice: we pity those who suffer undeservedly.

동정심은 선악(善惡)을 구별 한다: 우리는 (부당하게) 고통 받는 사람을 동정한다.

respecter 남을 차별 대우하는 사람

(C) vicarious 대신의, 대행의

(E) undeserved 받을 가치가 없는, 과분한; 부당한 not merited; unjustifiable or unfair

3. No work illustrated his disdain for a systematic approach to research better than his dissertation, which

was rejected primarily because his bibliography constituted, at best, ___ survey of the major texts in his

field.

(A) an unimaginative

(B) an orthodox

(C) a meticulous

(D) a comprehensive

(E) a haphazard

No work illustrated his disdain for a systematic approach to research better than his dissertation, which

was rejected primarily because his bibliography constituted, at best, a haphazard survey of the major

texts in his field.

그의 학위 논문만큼 그가 체계적인 접근을 싫어하는 것을 보여주는 것은 없다. 그 논문은 참고문헌 목록이

기껏해야 그가 연구한 분야의 주요한 논문들을 (되는대로) 모아놓은 것에 지나지 않아서 거부당했다.

bibliography 도서 목록, 저작 목록; 참고 문헌 일람표, 문헌 목록

(C) meticulous

1. extremely careful and precise

2. extremely or excessively concerned with details

(E) haphazard 엉터리의, 되는 대로의, 무작정의 dependent upon or characterized by mere chance

4. In contrast to the ___ with which the acquisition of language by young children was once regarded, the

process by which such learning occurs has now become the object of ___ .

(A) intensity ... fascination

(B) incuriosity ... scrutiny

(C) anxiety ... criticism

(D) reverence ... admiration

(E) impatience ... training

In contrast to the incuriosity with which the acquisition of language by young children was once


- 45 -

regarded, the process by which such learning occurs has now become the object of scrutiny.

어린 아이가 언어를 습득하는 것이 한때 (무관심)하게 주목을 끌었던 것과 대조적으로, 그러한 학습이

일어나는 과정은 현재 (세 한 연구)의 대상이 되었다.

(B) incurious 호기심 없는; 무관심한; 재미없는 lacking intellectual inquisitiveness or natural curiosity;

uninterested

scrutiny

1. a close, careful examination or study

2. close observation; surveillance

surveillance 감시, 사찰; 감독

1. close observation of a person or group, especially one under suspicion

2. the act of observing or the condition of being observed

5. The senator's remark that she is ambivalent about running for a second term is ___ given the extremely

___ fund-raising activities of her campaign committee.

(A) disingenuous ... reluctant

(B) futile ... clandestine

(C) sincere ... visible

(D) persuasive ... apathetic

(E) straightforward ... energetic

The senator's remark that she is ambivalent about running for a second term is persuasive given the

extremely apathetic fund-raising activities of her campaign committee.

그녀가 두 번째로 입후보할 것인가에 대해 갈등을 느끼고 있다는 상원 의원의 말은 그녀가 기금 모금을 위한

campaign committee 활동에 (냉담한) 것을 볼 때 (설득력이 있다).

ambivalent 불안정한; 양면 가치의

ambivalence

1. the coexistence of opposing attitudes or feelings, such as love and hate, toward a person, an

object, or an idea

2. uncertainty or indecisiveness as to which course to follow

(A) disingenuous 솔직하지 않은, 표리부동의 not straightforward or candid; crafty

(B) clandestine 비 리 행해지는

kept or done in secret, often in order to conceal an illicit or improper purpose

(D) apathetic 무표정의; 냉담한, 무관심한

1. feeling or showing a lack of interest or concern; indifferent

2. feeling or showing little or no emotion; unresponsive

6. Until quite recently research on diabetes had, as a kind of holding action, attempted to refine the ___ of

the disease, primarily because no preventive strategy seemed at all likely to be ___ .

(A) definition ... necessary

(B) anticipation ... acceptable

(C) understanding ... costly

(D) treatment ... practicable

(E) symptoms ... feasible

Until quite recently research on diabetes had, as a kind of holding action, attempted to refine the

treatment of the disease, primarily because no preventive strategy seemed at all likely to be practicable.

최근까지 당뇨병에 대한 연구는 현상태를 유지하기 위한 (치료법)을 개발하는 것에 집중되었다, 이는


- 46 -

당뇨병을 예방하는 것은 어느 것도 (실행 가능하지) 않았기 때문이다.

diabetes <dàiəbí:ti:z> 당뇨병

(E) feasible 실행 가능한; 적당한, 적합한; 그럴듯한

1. capable of being accomplished or brought about; possible

2. used or dealt with successfully; suitable

3. logical; likely

7. Most plant species exhibit ___ in their geographical distribution: often, a given species is found over a

large geographical area, but individual populations within that range are widely ___ .

(A) discontinuity ... separated

(B) density ... dispersed

(C) symmetry ... observed

(D) uniformity ... scattered

(E) concentration ... adaptable

Most plant species exhibit discontinuity in their geographical distribution: often, a given species is found

over a large geographical area, but individual populations within that range are widely separated.

많은 식물 종들은 지리적인 분포에서 (불연속)을 보인다: 종종 어떤 종은 넓은 지리적인 지역에서 발견되지만,

그 지역 내에서도 개개의 개체군은 넓게 (떨어져 있다).

(E) adaptable 적응/응용 할 수 있는; 순응성이 있는, 융통성이 있는

Test 9, Section 1

1. There is hardly a generalization that can be made about people's social behavior and the values informing

it that cannot be ___ from one or another point of view, or even ___ as simplistic or vapid.

(A) accepted ... praised

(B) intuited ... exposed

(C) harangued ... retracted

(D) defended ... glorified

(E) challenged ... dismissed

There is hardly a generalization that can be made about people's social behavior and the values informing

it that cannot be challenged from one or another point of view, or even dismissed as simplistic or vapid.

사람들의 사회적 행동과 가치를 알려주거나, 다른 관점에서 (도전받지) 않거나 또는 너무 단순하거나

시시해서 (버려지는) 그런 일반화는 있을 수 없다.

(B) intuit 직감으로 알다 to know intuitively

(C) harangue 열변, 장광설

1. a long, pompous speech, especially one delivered before a gathering

2. a speech or piece of writing characterized by strong feeling or expression; a tirade


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2. Although any destruction of vitamins caused by food irradiation could be ___ the use of diet supplements,

there may be no protection from carcinogens that some fear might be introduced into foods by the

process.

(A) counterbalanced by

(B) attributed to

(C) inferred from

(D) augmented with

(E) stimulated by

Although any destruction of vitamins caused by food irradiation could be counterbalanced by the use of

diet supplements, there may be no protection from carcinogens that some fear might be introduced into

foods by the process.

food irradiation에 의해 야기되는 비타민의 파괴는 식품 첨가물에 의해 (균형을 맞출) 수 있지만, 그 과정에서

식품에 생길지도 모르는 발암 물질로부터는 보호받을 수 없을지도 모른다.

irradiation 발광, 복사; X선 조사, X선에의 노출

1. the act of exposing to radiation or the condition of being so exposed

2. therapy or treatment by exposure to radiation

radiate 퍼져 나가다, 빛을 발하다, 발광하다

1. to send out rays or waves

2. to issue or emerge in rays or waves

3. to extend in straight lines from or toward a center; diverge or converge like rays

carcinogen <ka:rsínədʒən> 발암 물질

3. Though he refused any responsibility for the failure of the negotiations, Stevenson had no right to ___

himself: it was his ___ that had caused the debacle.

(A) blame ... skill

(B) congratulate ... modesty

(C) berate ... largesse

(D) accuse ... obstinacy

(E) absolve ... acrimony

Though he refused any responsibility for the failure of the negotiations, Stevenson had no right to

absolve himself: it was his acrimony that had caused the debacle.

비록 그는 그 협상의 실패에 대한 여하간의 책임을 부인했지만, Stevenson은 자신을 (용서할) 권리가 없다:

그 큰 실패를 불러온 것은 그의 (신랄함)이었다.

debacle 파괴, 붕괴, 와해; 대실패

(C) berate to rebuke or scold angrily and at length

largesse <la:rdʒes> 아낌없이 선물한 또는 그 선물; 관대함

(E) absolve 사면하다, 용서하다

1. to pronounce clear of guilt or blame

2. to relieve of a requirement or an obligation

3. a. to grant a remission of sin to b. to pardon or remit (a sin)

acrimony 매서움, 신랄함

bitter, sharp, ill-natured animosity, especially as it is exhibited in speech or behavior


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4. The prevailing union of passionate interest in detailed facts with equal devotion to abstract ___ is a

hallmark of our present society; in the past this union appeared, at best, ___ and as if by chance.

(A) data ... extensively

(B) philosophy ... cyclically

(C) generalization ... sporadically

(D) evaluation ... opportunely

(E) intuition ... selectively

The prevailing union of passionate interest in detailed facts with equal devotion to abstract generalization

is a hallmark of our present society; in the past this union appeared, at best, sporadically and as if by

chance.

세부 사항뿐만이 아니라 추상적인 (일반화)에도 열정을 보이는 유력한 단체가 우리의 현 사회를 대변한다:

과거에 이 단체는 기껏해야 (산발적으로) 마치 우연인 것처럼 등장했을 뿐이었다.

hallmark 순도 검증 각인, 품질 증명; 특질, 특징

(D) opportune

1. suited or right for a particular purpose

2. occurring at a fitting or advantageous time

5. A century ago the physician's word was ___ : to doubt it was considered almost sacrilegious.

(A) inevitable

(B) intractable

(C) incontrovertible

(D) objective

(E) respectable

A century ago the physician's word was incontrovertible: to doubt it was considered almost sacrilegious.

한 세기 전 의사의 말은 (논의의 여지가 없었다): 이를 의심하는 것은 거의 신성모독으로 여겨졌다.

sacrilegious <sækrəlídʒəs> 신성을 더럽히는

1. grossly irreverent toward what is or in held to be sacred

2. having committed sacrilege

sacrilege 신성모독 desecration, profanation, misuse, or theft of something sacred

(C) incontrovertible impossible to dispute; unquestionable

6. So much of modern fiction in the United States is autobiographical, and so much of the autobiography

fictionalized, that the ___ sometimes seem largely ___ .

(A) authors ... ignored

(B) needs ... unrecognized

(C) genres ... interchangeable

(D) intentions ... misunderstood

(E) misapprehensions ... uncorrected

So much of modern fiction in the United States is autobiographical, and so much of the autobiography

fictionalized, that the genres sometimes seem largely interchangeable.

미국의 현대 소설 중 많은 부분은 자서전적인 형태를 가지고 있고 자서전의 많은 부분은 허구화되어

있으므로 이들 (양식)은 대부분의 경우 (교체될 수 있는) 것으로 보인다.

(E) apprehension

1. fearful or uneasy anticipation of the future; dread 우려


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2. the act of seizing or capturing; arrest 체포

3. the ability to apprehend or understand; understanding 이해

7. Robin's words were not without emotion: they retained their level tone only by a careful ___ imminent

extremes.

(A) equipoise between

(B) embrace of

(C) oscillation between

(D) limitation to

(E) subjection to

Robin's words were not without emotion: they retained their level tone only by a careful equipoise

between imminent extremes.

Robin의 말에는 감정이 없지 않았다: 그 말들은 양 극단 사이에서 조심스럽게 (균형)을 유지함으로써

냉정함을 유지하고 있었다.

imminent 일촉즉발의 about to occur; impending

(A) equipoise 균형, 평형

1. equality in distribution, as of weight, relationship, or emotional forces; equilibrium

2. a counterpoise; a counterbalance

Test 9, Section 4

1. That she seemed to prefer ___ to concentrated effort is undeniable; nevertheless, the impressive quality of

her finished paintings suggests that her actual relationship to her art was anything but ___ .

(A) preparation ... passionate

(B) artfulness ... disengaged

(C) dabbling ... superficial

(D) caprice ... considered

(E) indecision ... lighthearted

That she seemed to prefer dabbling to concentrated effort is undeniable; nevertheless, the impressive

quality of her finished paintings suggests that her actual relationship to her art was anything but

superficial.

그녀가 집중해서 노력하는 것보다는 (장난스럽게 하는 것)을 더 좋아한다는 것은 부정할 수 없다: 그럼에도

불구하고 그녀의 작품이 보여주는 놀라운 재능은 그녀의 예술저인 재능이 (피상적인) 것이 아니라는 것을

보여준다.

(E) indecision 우유부단 reluctance or an inability to make up one's mind; irresolution

2. Because of the excellent preservation of the fossil, anatomical details of early horseshoe crabs were ___

for the first time, enabling experts to ___ the evolution of the horseshoe crab.

(A) scrutinized ... ensure

(B) verified ... advance

(C) identified ... distort

(D) obscured ... illustrate

(E) clarified ... reassess

Because of the excellent preservation of the fossil, anatomical details of early horseshoe crabs were


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clarified for the first time, enabling experts to reassess the evolution of the horseshoe crab.

화석이 잘 보존되어 있었기 때문에 초기 투구게의 해부학적 상세가 처음으로 (뚜렷해졌고), 전문가들이

투구게의 진화를 (재평가할) 수 있도록 하 다.

horseshoe crab 투구게

(E) reassess 재평가하다

assess

1. to estimate the value of (property) for taxation

2. to set or determine the amount of (a payment, such as a tax or fine)

3. to charge (a person or property) with a special payment, such as a tax or fine

4. to determine the value, significance, or extent of; appraise

3. The philosopher claimed that a person who must consciously ___ his or her own indifference before

helping another is behaving more nobly than one whose basic disposition allows such an act to be

performed without ___ .

(A) feign ... enthusiasm

(B) censure ... comment

(C) embrace ... duplicity

(D) suffer ... effort

(E) overcome ... deliberation

The philosopher claimed that a person who must consciously overcome his or her own indifference before

helping another is behaving more nobly than one whose basic disposition allows such an act to be

performed without deliberation.

철학자들은 다른 사람을 돕기 전에 자신의 무관심을 의도적으로 (극복해야하는) 사람이 아무런 (노력) 없이

그러한 행동을 할 수 있는 성향의 사람보다 더욱더 훌륭하게 행동한다고 주장했다.

4. The senator's attempt to convince the public that he is not interested in running for a second term is

___ given the extremely ___ fund-raising activities of his campaign committee.

(A) futile ... clandestine

(B) sincere ... visible

(C) specious ... apathetic

(D) disingenuous ... public

(E) straightforward ... dubious

The senator's attempt to convince the public that he is not interested in running for a second term is

disingenuous given the extremely public fund-raising activities of his campaign committee.

상원 위원이 다음 선거에 출마할 의향이 없다고 대중을 설득하려고 한 것은 그가 자금 모금을 위한

campaign committee 활동을 (눈에 띄게) 한 것을 볼 때 (솔직하지 못한) 것이다.

(A) clandestine 비 리 행해지는

kept or done in secret, often in order to conceal an illicit or improper purpose

(C) specious 허울 좋은, 겉만 번드르르한

1. having the ring of truth or plausibility but actually fallacious

2. deceptively attractive

(D) disingenuous 솔직하지 않은 not straightforward or candid; crafty


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5. Although a change in management may appear to ___ a shift in a company's fortunes, more often than

not its impact is ___ .

(A) hinder ... measurable

(B) promote ... demonstrable

(C) accelerate ... profound

(D) betray ... fundamental

(E) augur ... inconsiderable

Although a change in management may appear to augur a shift in a company's fortunes, more often than

not its impact is inconsiderable.

비록 경 의 변화는 회사의 운 에 변화를 (예시하지만), 대개 그 효과는 (미미하다).

more often than not 대개, 자주 [100회 중 51회 이상]

(B) demonstrable 논증/증명할 수 있는; 명백한

1. capable of being demonstrated or proved

2. obvious or apparent

(E) augur

1. to predict, especially from signs or omens; foretell

2. to serve as an omen of; betoken

betoken to be or give a sign or portent of

inconsiderable too small or unimportant to merit attention or consideration; trivial

6. The skeleton of ___ bird that was recently discovered indicated that this ancient creature ___ today's

birds in that, unlike earlier birds and unlike reptilian ancestors, it had not a tooth in its head.

(A) a primeval ... obscured

(B) a unique ... preempted

(C) a primitive ... anticipated

(D) a contemporary ... foreshadowed

(E) an advanced ... differed from

The skeleton of a primitive bird that was recently discovered indicated that this ancient creature

anticipated today's birds in that, unlike earlier birds and unlike reptilian ancestors, it had not a tooth in

its head.

최근 발견된 (원시적인 형태의) 새의 뼈는 이 고대의 생명체가 이미 초기의 새나 파충류 선조와 다르게

오늘날의 새를 (나타내고 있다)는 것을 보여준다. 이 생명체는 머리 부분에 이빨이 없다.

reptilian 파충류의; 비열한, 심술궂은

(C) primitive

1. not derived from something else; primary or basic

2. a. of or relating to an earliest or original stage or state; primeval b. being little evolved

from an early ancestral type

3. characterized by simplicity or crudity; unsophisticated

anticipate

1. to feel or realize beforehand; foresee

2. to look forward to, especially with pleasure; expect

3. to act in advance so as to prevent; forestall

4. to foresee and fulfill in advance

5. to cause to happen in advance; accelerate

6. to use in advance, as income not yet available


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7. to pay (a debt) before it is due

(D) foreshadow to present an indication or a suggestion of beforehand; presage

presage <presidʒ>

1. an indication or a warning of a future occurrence; an omen

2. a feeling or an intuition of what is going to occur; a presentiment

3. prophetic significance or meaning

7. While many people utilize homeopathic remedies to treat health problems, other people do not ___ such

alternative treatments, ___ conventional medical treatments instead.

(A) distrust ... employing

(B) embrace ... eschewing

(C) reject ... envisioning

(D) countenance ... relying on

(E) recommend ... turning from

While many people utilize homeopathic remedies to treat health problems, other people do not countenance

such alternative treatments, relying on conventional medical treatments instead.

많은 사람들이 건강 문제를 동종요법을 통해 치료하지만, 다른 사람들은 그런 방법에 (찬성하지) 않고

전통적인 치료법에 (의지한다).

homeopathy <hòumiápəθi> 동종요법

(B) eschew <istʃú:> 삼가다, 피하다 to avoid; shun

(C) envision 상상하다, 마음에 그리다 to picture in the mind; imagine

(D) countenance n.

1. appearance, especially the expression of the face 용모

2. the face or facial features 안색, 표정

3. a. a look or expression indicative of encouragement or of moral support b. support or

approval

Test 10, Section 2

1. As businesses become aware that their advertising must ___ the everyday concerns of consumers, their

commercials will be characterized by a greater degree of ___ .

(A) allay ... pessimism

(B) address ... realism

(C) evade ... verisimilitude

(D) engage ... fancy

(E) change ... sincerity

As businesses become aware that their advertising must address the everyday concerns of consumers,

their commercials will be characterized by a greater degree of realism.

기업에서 그들의 광고가 소비자들의 일상적인 관심에 (주의를 기울여야) 한다는 것을 깨닫게 되면서, 기업의

광고는 (현실성)이 한층 더 강화될 것이다.

(A) allay 가라앉히다, 완화시키다

1. to reduce the intensity of; relieve

2. to calm or pacify; set to rest

(C) verisimilitude 정말 같은, 있을 법함

1. the quality of appearing to be true or real


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2. something that has the appearance of being true or real

2. Because the lawyer's methods were found to be ___ , the disciplinary committee ___ his privileges.

(A) unimpeachable ... suspended

(B) ingenious ... withdrew

(C) questionable ... expanded

(D) unscrupulous ... revoked

(E) reprehensible ... augmented

Because the lawyer's methods were found to be unscrupulous, the disciplinary committee revoked his

privileges.

변소사의 방법들이 (비양심적인) 것으로 드러났기 때문에 징계 위원회는 기의 권한을 (박탈하 다).

disciplinary 훈련의; 규율상의, 징계적인

discipline 단련, 훈련; 징계, 징벌; 시련, 역경; 규율, 통제

(A) impeach

1. a. to make an accusation against b. to charge (a public official) with improper conduct in

office before a proper tribunal

2. to challenge the validity of; try to discredit

(B) ingenious 교묘한, 독창적인; 리한

1. marked by inventive skill and imagination

2. having or arising from an inventive or cunning mind; clever

(D) unscrupulous 비양심적인

devoid of scruples; oblivious to or contemptuous of what is right or honorable

scruple

1. an uneasy feeling arising from conscience or principle that tends to hinder action

2. a minute part or amount

(E) reprehensible deserving rebuke or censure; blameworthy

3. People of intelligence and achievement can nonetheless be so ___ and lacking in ___ that they gamble

their reputations by breaking the law to further their own ends.

(A) devious ... propensity

(B) culpable ... prosperity

(C) obsequious ... deference

(D) truculent ... independence

(E) greedy ... integrity

People of intelligence and achievement can nonetheless be so greedy and lacking in integrity that they

gamble their reputations by breaking the law to further their own ends.

지성과 성취를 이룬 사람들도 (탐욕적이고) (고결함)이 모자랄 수 있어, 법을 어겨 그들의 명성을 손상시킬 수

있다.

(B) culpable deserving of blame or censure as being wrong, evil, improper, or injurious

(D) truculent <trʌkjələnt> 잔혹한, 야만적인; 통렬한, 신랄한

1. disposed to fight; pugnacious

2. expressing bitter opposition; scathing

3. disposed to or exhibiting violence or destructiveness; fierce


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4. A number of scientists have published articles ___ global warming, stating ___ that there is no solid

scientific evidence to support the theory that the Earth is warming because of increases in greenhouse

gases.

(A) debunking ... categorically

(B) rejecting ... paradoxically

(C) deploring ... optimistically

(D) dismissing ... hesitantly

(E) proving ... candidly

A number of scientists have published articles debunking global warming, stating categorically that there

is no solid scientific evidence to support the theory that the Earth is warming because of increases in

greenhouse gases.

많은 과학자들은 온난화 현상을 (반대하는) 논물을 발표했다, 여기서 그들은 온실 효과를 일으키는 가스의

증가로 지구가 더워지고 있다는 이론을 뒷받침할 과학적인 증거는 아무것도 없다고 (확실하게) 말하고 있다.

(A) debunk 폭로하다 to expose or ridicule the falseness, sham, or exaggerated claims of

categorical 절대적인 being without exception or qualification; absolute

(C) deplore

1. to feel or express strong disapproval of; condemn

2. to express sorrow or grief over

3. to regret; bemoan

bemoan 슬퍼하다, 비탄하다; 가엾게 여기다

5. The senator's attempt to convince the public that she is not interested in running for a second term is as

___ as her opponent's attempt to disguise his intention to run against her.

(A) biased

(B) unsuccessful

(C) inadvertent

(D) indecisive

(E) remote

The senator's attempt to convince the public that she is not interested in running for a second term is as

unsuccessful as her opponent's attempt to disguise his intention to run against her.

그 상원 의원이 다음 선거에 출마할 의향이 없다고 대중을 설득하려는 것은 그녀의 상대가 그녀와 반대하는

입장에 출마한다는 것을 위장하려는 시도만큼이나 (성공적이지 못했다).

(C) advertent 조심하는, 주의 깊은, 신중한

6. MacCrory's conversation was ___ : she could never tell a story, chiefly because she always forgot it, and

she was never guilty of a witticism, unless by accident.

(A) scintillating

(B) unambiguous

(C) perspicuous

(D) stultifying

(E) facetious

MacCrory's conversation was scintillating : she could never tell a story, chiefly because she always

forgot it, and she was never guilty of a witticism, unless by accident.

MacCrory의 이야기는 (기지 넘치는) 것이었다 : 그녀는 항상 잊어버리기 때문에 이야기를 할 수 없었고,


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우연이 아니고서는 그런 기지를 발휘하지 못했다.

witticism 경구, 명언, 재담 a witty remark

(A) scintillate 불꽃을 튀기다, 번쩍이다

1. to throw off sparks; flash

2. to sparkle or shine

3. to be animated and brilliant

(C) perspicuous 명쾌한, 명확한 clearly expressed or presented; easy to understand

(D) stultify 바보같이 만들다; 못 쓰게 하다

1. to render useless or ineffectual; cripple

2. to cause to appear stupid, inconsistent, or ridiculous

(E) facetious 익살맞은, 우스운; 까부는, 경박한 playfully jocular; humorous

7. Despite its many ___ , the whole-language philosophy of teaching reading continues to gain ___ among

educators.

(A) detractors ... notoriety

(B) adherents ... prevalence

(C) critics ... currency

(D) enthusiasts ... popularity

(E) practitioners ... credibility

Despite its many critics, the whole-language philosophy of teaching reading continues to gain currency

among educators.

많은 (비판자)들이 있었지만, 읽기를 가리키는 whole-language 철학은 교육자들 사이에서 계속 (유행되고)

있다.

Test 10, Section 5

1. That she was ___ rock climbing did not diminish her ___ to join her friends on a rock-climbing

expedition.

(A) attracted to ... eagerness

(B) timid about ... reluctance

(C) fearful of ... determination

(D) curious about ... aspiration

(E) knowledgeable about ... hope

That she was fearful of rock climbing did not diminish her determination to join her friends on a

rock-climbing expedition.

그녀가 암벽 등반에 (두려움을) 느낀다는 것이 암벽 등반 여행에 그녀의 친구들과 동행하려는 (의지)를

감소시키지는 못했다.

(D) aspiration 강렬한 소망, 동경; 호흡, 흡기


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2. Data concerning the effects on a small population of high concentrations of a potentially hazardous

chemical are frequently used to ___ the effects on a large population of lower amounts of the same

chemical.

(A) verify

(B) redress

(C) predict

(D) realize

(E) augment

Data concerning the effects on a small population of high concentrations of a potentially hazardous

chemical are frequently used to predict the effects on a large population of lower amounts of the same

chemical.

위험 요소가 있는 화학 물질이 고농도로 존재할 경우 small population에 미치는 효과에 대한 자료는 동일한

화학 물질이 적은 양일 때 large population에 미치는 효과를 (예측하기) 위해 빈번히 사용된다.

(B) redress

1. to set right; remedy or rectify

2. to make amends to

3. to make amends for

4. to adjust (a balance, for example)

3. Conceptually, it is hard to reconcile a defense attorney's ___ to ensure that false testimony is not

knowingly put forward with the attorney's mandate to mount the most ___ defense conceivable for the

client.

(A) efforts ... cautious

(B) duty ... powerful

(C) inability ... eloquent

(D) failure ... diversified

(E) promises ... informed

Conceptually, it is hard to reconcile a defense attorney's duty to ensure that false testimony is not

knowingly put forward with the attorney's mandate to mount the most powerful defense conceivable for

the client.

개념적으로, 거짓 증언이 고의로 제출되어서는 안된다는 변호사의 (의무)와 고객을 위해 가장 (강력한) 변호를

해야 한다는 변호사의 임무 사이를 조절하는 것은 어렵다.

reconcile 화해시키다, 중재하다; 조화시키다

1. to establish a close relationship between

2. to settle or resolve

3. to bring (oneself) to accept

4. to make compatible or consistent

mandate

1. an authoritative command or instruction

2. a command or an authorization given by a political electorate to its representative

3. a. a commission from the League of Nations authorizing a member nation to administer a

territory b. a region under such administration

4. (law) a. an order issued by a superior court or an official to a lower court b. a contract by

which one party agrees to perform services for another without payment

conceivable 상상할 수 있는, 있을 법한


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4. The term “modern” has always been used broadly by historians, and recent reports indicate that its

meaning has become more ___ than ever.

(A) precise

(B) pejorative

(C) revisionist

(D) acceptable

(E) amorphous

The term “modern” has always been used broadly by historians, and recent reports indicate that its

meaning has become more amorphous than ever.

“현대적”이라는 용어는 역사학자들에 의해 광범위하게 사용되었고, 최근 보고서에 따르면 이 용어의 의미는

이전보다 더욱더 (남발되고) 있다.

(B) pejorative 가치를 떨어뜨리는, 경멸적인(depreciatory)

1. tending to make or become worse

2. disparaging; belittling

(E) amorphous 무정형의, 불규칙한; 특색이 뚜렷하지 않은; 조직적이지 못한

1. lacking definite form; shapeless

2. of no particular type; anomalous

3. lacking organization; formless

4. lacking distinct crystalline structure

5. He would ___ no argument, and to this end he enjoined us to ___ .

(A) brook ... silence

(B) acknowledge ... neglect

(C) broach ... abstinence

(D) fathom ... secrecy

(E) tolerate ... defiance

He would brook no argument, and to this end he enjoined us to silence.

그는 어떤 논의도 (참지) 않았고, 마침내 우리에게 (침묵하라고) 이야기했다.

enjoin

1. to direct or impose with authority and emphasis

2. to prohibit or forbid

(A) brook 허용하다, 참다 to put up with; tolerate

(C) broach 입 밖으로 꺼내다; 구멍을 내다/넓히다

1. a. to bring up (a subject) for discussion or debate b. to announce

2. to pierce in order to draw off liquid

3. to draw off (a liquid) by piercing a hole in a cask or other container

4. to shape or enlarge (a hole) with a tapered, serrated tool

(E) defiance 저항, 반항, 도전; 무시, 경멸

1. the act or an example defying; bold resistance to an opposing force or authority

2. intentionally contemptuous behavior or attitude; readiness to contend or resist


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6. Originally, most intellectual criticism of mass culture was ___ in character, being based on the assumption

that the wider the appeal, the more ___ the product.

(A) unpredictable ... undesirable

(B) ironic ... popular

(C) extreme ... outlandish

(D) frivolous ... superfluous

(E) negative ... shoddy

Originally, most intellectual criticism of mass culture was ironic in character, being based on the

assumption that the wider the appeal, the more popular the product.

근본적으로, 대부분의 대중문화에 대한 비평은 (ironic)하다, 이들 비평은 불만이 많을수록 그 상품이 더

(인기가 있다)는 가설에 근거하고 있다.

appeal

1. an earnest or urgent request, entreaty, or supplication

2. a resort or application to a higher authority, as for sanction, corroboration, or a decision

3. (law) a. the transfer of a case from a lower to a higher court for a new hearing b. a case so

transferred c. a request for a new hearing

4. the power of attracting or of arousing interest

(C) outlandish

1. conspicuously unconventional; bizarre

2. strikingly unfamiliar

3. located far from civilized areas

(D) frivolous 시시한, 하찮은; 천박한, 경망스러운

1. unworthy of serious attention; trivial

2. inappropriately silly

(E) shoddy 재생 털실; 겉만 번지르르한 물건, 가짜, 싸구려; 겉치레, 허울

7. Surprisingly, given the dearth of rain that fell on the corn crop, the yield of the harvest was ___ ;

consequently, the corn reserves of the country have not been ___ .

(A) inadequate ... replenished

(B) encouraging ... depleted

(C) compromised ... salvaged

(D) abundant ... extended

(E) disappointing ... harmed

Surprisingly, given the dearth of rain that fell on the corn crop, the yield of the harvest was encouraging;

consequently, the corn reserves of the country have not been depleted.

놀랍게도, 옥수수에 내린 강우가 부족했음에도 수확량은 (고무적이었다); 결과적으로 나라의 옥수수 비축은

(격감하지) 않았다.

(A) replenish 보충하다, 다시 채우다

1. to fill or make complete again; add a new stock or supply to

2. to inspire or nourish

(B) deplete to decrease the fullness of; use up or empty out

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