Chinese Mao 2015

Chinese Communist Chinese Communist RevolutionRevolution

Two ChinasTwo Chinas

Map of China and TaiwanMap of China and Taiwan

http://www.googleearth.com/

China is the most populous nation in the world.China is the most populous nation in the world. There are technically 2 Chinas:There are technically 2 Chinas:

• The The People’s Republic of ChinaPeople’s Republic of China-a -a communist statecommunist state on on the Asian mainland.the Asian mainland.

• TaiwanTaiwan, aka the , aka the Republic of ChinaRepublic of China-is a small island -is a small island that today is one of the Asian Tigers. It has a that today is one of the Asian Tigers. It has a non-non-communist governmentcommunist government..

The People’s Republic of China still considers The People’s Republic of China still considers TaiwanTaiwan a a part of Chinapart of China proper. proper.

Efforts to re-unite the 2 Chinas have sometimes Efforts to re-unite the 2 Chinas have sometimes led to led to tensiontension because Taiwan values its because Taiwan values its independence.independence.

Communist Communist Rise To PowerRise To Power1936-19491936-1949

Mao ZedongMao Zedong emerged as the emerged as the leader of the leader of the CommunistsCommunists in the 1930s. in the 1930s.

Along with 100,000 of his followers, Mao fled Along with 100,000 of his followers, Mao fled the the anti-communist Nationalist Partyanti-communist Nationalist Party, forces in , forces in 1934 in a retreat known as the 1934 in a retreat known as the Long MarchLong March..

Mao set up a base camp in northern China with Mao set up a base camp in northern China with about 20,000 survivors of the march.about 20,000 survivors of the march.

In the years that followed, the In the years that followed, the CommunistsCommunists, the , the GuomindangGuomindang, and , and JapaneseJapanese invaders invaders battled for battled for control of Chinacontrol of China..

After World War II, China’s civil war continued.After World War II, China’s civil war continued. Finally, in 1949, Finally, in 1949, Mao’s Communists were Mao’s Communists were

victoriousvictorious in defeating the Guomindang forces. in defeating the Guomindang forces. The followers of The followers of the Nationalist Party fled to the Nationalist Party fled to

the island of Taiwanthe island of Taiwan..

Communism Under Communism Under Mao ZedongMao Zedong

The The Communists set up the Communists set up the People’s Republic of ChinaPeople’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949.(PRC) in 1949.

They wanted to They wanted to transformtransform China from an China from an agricultural agricultural societysociety into a into a modern modern industrial nationindustrial nation..

Under communism, literacy Under communism, literacy increased, old landlord and increased, old landlord and business classes were business classes were eliminated, and rural eliminated, and rural Chinese were provided with Chinese were provided with health care.health care.

However, However, MaoMao set up a set up a one-party dictatorshipone-party dictatorship that that denied people basic rights and freedomsdenied people basic rights and freedoms..

The Great Leap The Great Leap ForwardForward

In 1958, In 1958, MaoMao launched a launched a programprogram called the called the Great Leap Great Leap ForwardForward..

He called on the He called on the people of China to people of China to increase agricultural increase agricultural and industrial outputand industrial output..

To make farms more To make farms more productive, he productive, he created created communescommunes, , groups of people who groups of people who live and work live and work togethertogether. .

The The Great Leap Great Leap ForwardForward ultimately ultimately failedfailed..

Commune-based Commune-based industries turned out industries turned out poorly made goods.poorly made goods.

At the same time, At the same time, agricultural output agricultural output declineddeclined..

Bad weather added to Bad weather added to the downturn, creating the downturn, creating widespread famine. widespread famine.

The Cultural The Cultural Revolution Revolution

&& The Red Guard The Red Guard

In 1966, In 1966, MaoMao launched the launched the Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution to to renew people’s loyalty to communism and renew people’s loyalty to communism and establish a more equitable societyestablish a more equitable society..

Mao fearedMao feared that that revolutionary peasants and revolutionary peasants and workersworkers were being were being replacedreplaced by by intellectualsintellectuals in in running the country.running the country.

A Red GuardA Red Guard

Red Guards March to Red Guards March to CantonCanton

He He shut down schoolsshut down schools and and universitiesuniversities throughout throughout China and urged Chinese students to experience China and urged Chinese students to experience the revolution for themselves.the revolution for themselves.

Students formed groups of fightersStudents formed groups of fighters called the called the Red GuardsRed Guards..

They They attacked professorsattacked professors, , government officialsgovernment officials, , and and factory managersfactory managers, many of whom were , many of whom were exiled or executed.exiled or executed.

The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us togetherChairman Mao, and us together

Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968Academy collective, 1968

Mao’s Little Red

Book

Propaganda PosterPropaganda Poster

Go among the workers, peasants and Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle!soldiers, and into the thick of struggle!

1967-19721967-1972




United States Recognition United States Recognition of of

Communist ChinaCommunist China

Due to the Due to the fears of fears of communismcommunism during the early during the early stages of the stages of the Cold WarCold War, , the the United States refused United States refused to recognize the People’s to recognize the People’s Republic of ChinaRepublic of China..

By the 1970s, however, By the 1970s, however, this situation was changing.this situation was changing.

China won admission into the China won admission into the United NationsUnited Nations in 1971 and in 1971 and President Richard Nixon President Richard Nixon visited Mao Zedongvisited Mao Zedong in in Beijing in 1972. Beijing in 1972.

Finally, in 1979, Finally, in 1979, the United States officially the United States officially recognized the People’s Republic of Chinarecognized the People’s Republic of China..

Communism Under Communism Under Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping

In 1976, Mao Zedong died and In 1976, Mao Zedong died and Deng Xiapong Deng Xiapong took controltook control. .

His leadership would bring His leadership would bring more economic more economic freedomfreedom but but little political changelittle political change..

Economic Reforms:Economic Reforms:The Four ModernizationsThe Four Modernizations

To make China a more To make China a more modern countrymodern country, , Deng Deng promoted foreign tradepromoted foreign trade and more and more contact with contact with western nationswestern nations..

He also introduced the He also introduced the Four ModernizationsFour Modernizations.. These were concentrated into four areas:These were concentrated into four areas:

1. 1. FarmingFarming-methods were modernized and mechanized-methods were modernized and mechanized

2. 2. IndustryIndustry-was upgraded and expanded-was upgraded and expanded

3. 3. Science and TechnologyScience and Technology-were promoted and developed-were promoted and developed

4. 4. DefenseDefense-systems and military forces were improved-systems and military forces were improved

Limited PrivatizationLimited Privatization Deng Deng eliminatedeliminated Mao’s Mao’s

unpopular unpopular communescommunes.. He allowed He allowed land to be land to be

leasedleased to individual to individual farmers.farmers.

This system This system increased increased agricultural outputagricultural output..

The government also The government also allowed some private allowed some private businesses to produce businesses to produce goods and offer services. goods and offer services.

Foreign InvestmentForeign Investment Deng also Deng also welcomed welcomed

foreign technology foreign technology and capitaland capital..

The government set The government set up special up special enterprise zones enterprise zones where foreigners where foreigners could own and could own and operate businesses.operate businesses.

Results of Economic ReformsResults of Economic Reforms

Deng’s policiesDeng’s policies had both had both positivepositive and and negativenegative resultsresults. .

The The economy greweconomy grew, and , and some Chinesesome Chinese enjoyed a enjoyed a better standard of livingbetter standard of living..

Foreign relationsForeign relations and and trade improvedtrade improved.. CrimeCrime and and corruption grewcorruption grew, however, and the gap , however, and the gap

between rich and poor widened.between rich and poor widened.

Deng Xiaoping (1905-Deng Xiaoping (1905-1997)1997)

De-MaoizationDe-Maoization

► Agriculture

► Industry

► Science

► Defense

““The 4 Modernizations”The 4 Modernizations”Progress in:Progress in:

Class struggle was no longer the central focus!

Gap Between Rich & PoorGap Between Rich & Poor Deng: If you open a window, some flies naturally get in!

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

The government was The government was willing to grant economic willing to grant economic reforms but not political reforms but not political ones.ones.

In May 1989, In May 1989, demonstratorsdemonstrators in Beijing in Beijing occupied occupied Tiananmen Tiananmen SquareSquare, demanding , demanding more more rights and freedomsrights and freedoms..

When they refused to When they refused to disperse as ordered, disperse as ordered, the the government sent in government sent in troops and tankstroops and tanks..

Thousands of Chinese were Thousands of Chinese were killedkilled or or woundedwounded.. The incident showed how important it was for The incident showed how important it was for

China’s communist leaders to maintain controlChina’s communist leaders to maintain control.. During the 1990s efforts were made to force During the 1990s efforts were made to force

China to China to end human rights violationsend human rights violations.. However, to date, these efforts have had However, to date, these efforts have had

limited effects.limited effects.

Tiananmen Square, 1989Tiananmen Square, 1989

More democracy!


Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University


Democracy—Our Common Ideal!


The“Goddess

ofDemocracy”


The Government Clamps Down


One Lone Man’s Protest


The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In


The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank


The Army Looks for Dissidents


Student Leaders Are Arrested


Chinese Students Mourn the Dead


The Reestablishment of Order

What’s the Message Here?What’s the Message Here?

Return of Return of Hong KongHong Kong

In 1842, In 1842, BritainBritain had had gainedgained the the island of Hong island of Hong KongKong, off the northern , off the northern coast of China.coast of China.

In the 1980s, Britain and In the 1980s, Britain and China decided that China decided that Hong Hong Kong would return to Kong would return to Chinese ruleChinese rule in 1997. in 1997.

China agreed not to China agreed not to change Hong Kong’s social change Hong Kong’s social or economic system for 50 or economic system for 50 years and to allow the years and to allow the island a degree of island a degree of self-self-rulerule..

The island was The island was officially turned overofficially turned over to China on to China on July 1, 1997.July 1, 1997.

The Role of Women:The Role of Women:Communist China Compared To Communist China Compared To

Dynastic ChinaDynastic China

Traditionally, in Traditionally, in Dynastic Dynastic ChinaChina, , women were women were treated as inferior to treated as inferior to menmen..

The only role for a The only role for a woman was that of a woman was that of a wifewife..

In In Communist ChinaCommunist China, , however, however, women gained women gained some rightssome rights..

Under the Under the new Chinese new Chinese constitutionconstitution, women won , women won equalityequality under the law. under the law.

They now were expected to They now were expected to work alongside menwork alongside men on farms and in factories.on farms and in factories.

However, only a few However, only a few womenwomen had top jobs in had top jobs in government and government and commonlycommonly were were not paid the not paid the same as men for doing the same worksame as men for doing the same work..

DemographyDemography

► may be no surer predictor of destiny than trade data. But of the two momentous changes championed by Deng Xiaoping a quarter-century ago, coercive population controls and experiments with market economics, the jury is still out on which will do more to shape China's long-term potential.



►There are too many retirees in China, and not enough young people to replace them.


► "The evidence is overwhelming that a large population of unmarried adult males is a risk factor for both crime and war," Ms. den Boer said in an interview. "The fact that China is an authoritarian country is another risk factor."

SUMMARYSUMMARY The The CommunistsCommunists, under , under Mao ZedongMao Zedong, rose , rose

to power in China after World War II. to power in China after World War II. Their Their appeal to peasants and to womenappeal to peasants and to women, , their their superior armysuperior army, and , and lack of support lack of support for the Nationalistsfor the Nationalists led to victory for the led to victory for the Communists. The communist government Communists. The communist government severely severely restricted the rights and restricted the rights and freedoms of most Chinesefreedoms of most Chinese. Later leaders, . Later leaders, such as such as Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping, allowed , allowed free free market reformsmarket reforms but but little political freedomlittle political freedom. . Violations of human rightsViolations of human rights in China have in China have often often made relationsmade relations with with ChinaChina and the and the United StatesUnited States difficult. difficult.

Documents

Chinese Mao 2015