Ming Dynasty Emperor Yongle commissioned explorer Zheng He (a
Chinese and Muslim) to explore Voyages from China to Southeast
Asia, India, the Red Sea and east Africa Purpose = reassert Chinas
power after the decline of Yuan Dynasty. China considered itself
the Middle Kingdom and the center of the world After emperor
Yongles death the dynasty decided to stop voyages This decision
reflects Chinas view on foreigners Distrust (Mongols- foreigners
that took control in past) and the belief that they were the center
of the world and not in need of goods from other nations
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Admiral Zheng He 1371-1435 Each ship was 400 long and 160 wide!
Shows the difference between Chinese Junk ships, which faired
better in the sea, and that of the agile caravel ships used by
Europeans to navigate
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Zheng Hes Voyages In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, Chinas
favorite port!
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Europeans Explore the East
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Why Explore? 4 Gs God- spread Christianity Gold- desire for
wealth Glory- return famous, recognition Ground- more land =
power
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Causes of European Exploration 1.the desire for wealth was the
main reason for European exploration (GOLD) 2.the desire to spread
Christianity also fueled European exploration (GOD) 3.political and
economic competition with other European empires (GLORY) 4.advances
in technology made the voyages of discovery possible a.the caravel
ships that used the triangular lateen sails and square sales to
pick up and sail against the wind b.astrolabe used to tell how far
north or south of the equator a ship was c.compass Chinese
invention to track directions
Technology 1.Astrolabe star-taker used to navigate and
determine the position of the stars, moon, sun and planets
2.Mariners compass measures directions in a frame of reference that
is stationary relative to the surface of the earth. Magnetic
compass interacts with the earths magnetic field. 3.Maps
improvements in map making and accuracy 4.Sextant - an instrument
used to measure the angle between any two visible objects. Its
primary use is to determine the angle between a celestial object
and the horizon which is known as the object's altitude
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Wealth
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Portugal Leads the Way 1.Prince Henry founded a navigation
school on the southwestern coast of Portugal 2.Bartolomeu Dias
discovered the Cape of Good Hope (the southern tip of Africa)
3.Vasco da Gama discovered first water route to Asia
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Portuguese
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Bartholomeu Dias
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Vasco da Gama
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Spanish Claims 1.Christopher Columbus a.Italian navigator who
believed he could reach India by sailing into the Atlantic b.landed
in San Salvador convinced he made it to India 2.Ferdinand Magellan
his voyage was the first to circumnavigate the planet 3.Hernando
Cortez conquered the Aztecs in central Mexico a.the Spanish forced
the Aztecs to mine gold and silver for them, the Aztec 4.Francisco
Pizzaro conquered the Incas in South America
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Christopher Columbus
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Columbus Four Voyages
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Other Voyages of Exploration
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Hernan Cortes
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Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs The
Aztecs The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs The Aztecs Montezuma
II vs.vs.
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
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Francisco Pizarro
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The First Spanish Conquests: The First Spanish Conquests: The
Incas The First Spanish Conquests: The First Spanish Conquests: The
Incas Atahualpa (ah-tah-wahl-pah) vs.
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Rivalry between Spain and Portugal a.Line of Demarcation line
that divided the world between Spain (to the west of the line) and
Portugal (to the east of the line) b. Treaty of Tordesillas the
line was moved so that Portugal got Brazil agreed to honor the
line
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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France 1.Jacques Cartier a.1534 searched for a way to Asia
through America b.sailed up the St. Lawrence River and established
a colony at present day Montreal 2.Samuel de Champlain(1608)
founded Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in North
America settlement in North America
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Jacques Cartier
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Samuel de Champlain
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England 1.Sir Francis Drake a. Dec. 1577 set out to raid
Spanish holdings on the Pacific Coast of the Americas 2.serious
overseas expansion did not begin until the founding of the English
East India Company 3.1607- Jamestown was established, the first
English settlement in North America 4.1620 Pilgrims established
Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts for religious reasons 5.had
no desire to convert the Native Americans, just wanted their land
6.established huge plantations in the southern areas, worked by
slave labor
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Sir Francis Drake
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Jamestown
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Pilgrims
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The Migration of Colonists 1.After establishing colonies, the
colonists explored their new surroundings and began settling in new
areas 2. As the colonists expanded, they carried their faith* with
them and began converting the Native Americans a.The Spanish
established Catholic missions throughout their land b.Priests spoke
out against the cruel treatment of the natives, but felt free to
break* the old religious relics the natives had
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1.) Colonial Latin America 2.) Colonial North America
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1.) Latin America a. Politically organized into Viceroyalties
1. Viceroys = the Kings representatives in the new world 2. Because
of distance operated independently
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b. Agricultural plantations and silver mines created 1.
required a large numbers of workers 2. Encomienda System forced
labor of native Amerindians in return for conversion to
Christianity and shelter/food 3. based off of Incan (Peru) Mita
system where Amerindians had to work for Spanish masters 2 to 4
months out of the year
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4. Many Amerindians died due to European diseases or from labor
and colonies needed a more stable work force a. imported Slaves
from Africa 5. Rigid social class systems developed a. Amerindians
were viewed as subjects b. few women traveled to the Americas so
men began taking native wives
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Peninsulares
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Peninsulares- men who were born in Spain hold high offices in
Government 0.1% Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America rise in
the ranks of army 22.8% Mestizos- those with European and native
American ancestory Mulattos- person mixed European and African
ancestry 7.6% Indians 55.8 % had little or no freedom and worked in
estates or in mines
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2.) North America a. Politically organized into colonies, all
exports going to the mother country 1. English and Dutch funded by
joint-stock companies (i.e. The Virginia Company) i. charters gave
colonist rights and responsibilities ii. Governments had more
independence than that of Latin American (directly financed by the
King) 2. Colonial English governments had assemblies and colonists
began to believe that they should share the governing power with
the king (no powerful viceroys)
Slide 49
b. Social class system 1. less rigid based on ethnicity 2.
colonies developed separately, at different times and were
comprised of people from the mother country i. many families
traveled over therefore less intermarriage than Latin American
colonies c. Labor systems develop 1. indentured servitude bound by
a contract (ethnically same as free settler) i. Passage in exchange
for years of service 2. Slave labor (from Africa) i. Plantations
(south) large amount of workers to sustain cash crops ii. Not
practical for small farms in North
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The Columbian Exchange 1.Western Hemisphere agricultural
products, such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco*, changed European
lifestyles 2.European horses and cattle* changed the lifestyles of
American Indians 3.European diseases*, such as smallpox*, killed
many American Indians 4.A shortage of labor to grow cash crops in
the Americas led to the use of African slaves, a.Slavery was now
based on race, not conquered peoples
Manila Galleons 1.Ships began crossing the Pacific to pick up
luxury goods A. Spanish Ships = Manila Galleons 1. twice a year
ships cross from Manilla, Spanish East Indies (Philippines) to
Acapulco, Mexico (New Spain) 2. Picked up Asian luxury goods and
silver from Mexico
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Silver Crash Course
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Mercantilism 1.mercantilism a nations power depended on its
wealth a.a nations wealth was determined by the amount of gold and
silver it had b.nations tried to export more than they imported
2.gold and silver were exported from the Americas to Europe and
Asia
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New Colonial Rivals
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The Slave Trade 1.The Triangular Trade linked Europe, Africa,
and the Americas through the trade of slaves, sugar, and rum 2.The
Middle Passage a.3000-mile, second part of the triangular
trade
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3. WHY? a. To meet labor needs 4. Why Africans? a. Had already
been exposed to diseases and built immunity to them b. Experience
in farming could do large scale plantation work c. Strangers to
America no tribes to side with and less likely to escape d. Slave
trade already existed in Africa
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Slave Ship Middle Passage
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5. Brazil = dominates the sugar trade a. 40% of all Africans
went to Brazil b. 3.6 million c. 10 times more than what will
arrive in N. America
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1. Slavery in Africa pre 1440 a. status came from owning other
Africans not land b. social status ranged from owning many to being
a slave c. slaves were spoils of war d. Characteristics i. Slaves
were inherited ii. Served a variety of functions (servant/laborer)
iii. Better treatment in Europe 2. Slavery upon arrival of
Europeans a. all parts of Africa b. well developed slave trade
markets and routes most slaves go to middle east
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Stage 1: Origin (1441-1500) Portuguese are first to engage in
exploration and slave trade Domestic servitude in Europe Africans
hold advantage in slave trade
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Stage 2: Expansion (1500-1650) Labor intensive agriculture in
New World Native Americans were ineffective labor source and
Africans were more secure source Role of Catholic Priests pushed
for Amerindian rights By 1605 most slaves went to Brazil and
Americas
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Stage 3: Peak (1650-1800) 10 million slaves mostly from west
Africa Increase due to growth of plantation economy Slaves surpass
gold and ivory trade Africans promote the increase in trade: Civil
wars on the rise Demand for guns Rulers cannot control commercial
mindset of elites European coercive tactics
Slide 74
Slave Trade Brazil3,646,800 British West Indies1,665,000 French
West Indies1,600,200 Spanish America1,552,000 (702,000 to Cuba
alone) Dutch West Indies500,000 North America399,000 Danish West
Indies28,000 Total9,391,000 DestinationNumber of slaves
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Major African Slave Trade Kingdoms 1. Asante Empire a. known
for producing and trading gold and kola nuts b. Clans are united
under Osei Tutu c. because of the slave trade it will remain one of
the most powerful kingdoms in the Sudan until early 19 th century
d. will fight off British who attempt to colonize 2. Benin does not
become a significant in slave trade
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Most of what we know about the slave trades comes from former
slave turned abolitionist Oludah Equiano
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Equianos homeland Eastern Nigeria
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C. Stage 3: (Decline) 1800s 1. Age of Enlightenment
(1750s-1800) a. Concepts of human rights & freedoms
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C. Stage 3: (Decline) 1800s 2. Role of Great Britain a. Led
abolition movement b. Slave trade outlawed- early 1800s British
navy firing on slave ship
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C. Stage 3: (Decline) 1800s 2. Role of Great Britain a. Led
abolition movement b. Slave trade outlawed- early 1800s British
navy firing on slave ship
Slide 83
C. Stage 3: (Decline) 1800s 3. Industrial Age - reduced need
for slave labor - paid labor better than free What are some
benefits to a paid labor source?