Chinese Astrology in Tamil

1

kdpjDf;Fs; xspe;jpUf;Fk; kpUfk;kdpjDf;Fs; xspe;jpUf;Fk; kpUfk;kdpjDf;Fs; xspe;jpUf;Fk; kpUfk;kdpjDf;Fs; xspe;jpUf;Fk; kpUfk; rPd tpyq;F N[hjplk;rPd tpyq;F N[hjplk;rPd tpyq;F N[hjplk;rPd tpyq;F N[hjplk;

rpj;uh rptFkhh;rpj;uh rptFkhh;rpj;uh rptFkhh;rpj;uh rptFkhh; `hq;fhq;`hq;fhq;`hq;fhq;`hq;fhq; Nk 2009 Nk 2009 Nk 2009 Nk 2009

2

«½¢óÐ¨Ã “§ƒ¡¾¢¼õ” ¦º¡ø¾¢¼õ ±ýÈ Å¡÷ò¨¾ ¸¡Äô§À¡ì¸¢ø ÁÚÅ¢ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ ±ýÚ ¬¸¢Å¢ð¼Ð. ¿¡¨Ç ¿¼ôÀ¨¾ Â¡÷ «È¢Å¡÷? Â¡ÕÁÈ¢Â¡÷. ¿¡¨Ç ¿¼ôÀ¨¾ «È¢Ôõ ¬÷Åõ; ¬¨º ±ø§Ä¡ÕìÌõ ¯ñÎ. ÌÈ¢ôÀ¡¸ ²¾¡ÅÐ º¢ÃÁò¾¢ø º¢ì¸¢ÂÅ÷¸û «ó¾ º¢ÃÁõ ±ô§À¡Ð ¿£íÌõ ±ýÚ «È¢Ôõ ¬Åø Á¢ÌóÐ §ƒ¡¾¢¼÷¸¨Çò §¾Êî ¦ºøÅ¡÷¸û. Â¡Ã¡ÅÐ ƒ¡¾¸ò¨¾ò àì¸¢ì ¦¸¡ñÎ Åó¾¡ø, «øÄÐ ¯ûÇí¨¸Â¢ø ¯ûÇ §Ã¨¸¸¨Çì ¸¡ðÊ ±¾¢÷¸¡Äò¨¾ô ÀüÈ¢ì §¸ð¸ Åó¾¡ø «Å÷¸ÙìÌ Å¢¨ÃÅ¢ø º¢ÃÁõ ¿£íÌõ, ¿øÄ §¿Ãõ ÅÕõ ±ýÚ ¾¢¼õ ¦º¡øÄ §ÅñÎõ ±ýÚ Â¡§Ã¡ ´Õ ¿øÄ ¯ûÇõ ¦º¡øÄ ¯ÕÅ¡¸¢ÂÐ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ. §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ ±ô§À¡Ð Â¡Ã¡ø ±ôÀÊò ¦¾¡¼í¸ôÀð¼Ð ±ýÚ ¬¾¡Ãõ §¾¼ ÓÊÂ¡Ð. −ýÚ ±íÌ À¡÷ò¾¡Öõ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ! À¢Èó¾ ¿¡û ¿ðºò¾¢Ãõ §¿Ãõ −¨Å¸¨Çì ¸½¢òÐ ƒ¡¾¸õ ±ØÐ¸¢È¡÷¸û. Àðº¢ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ ±ýÚ ¸¢Ç¢¸ÙìÌô ÀÂ¢üº¢ «Ç¢òÐì ÜðÊø «¨¼òÐ «¨Å¸û ±ÎòÐò ¾Õõ «ð¨¼¸Ç¢ø ¯ûÇ¨Å¸¨Çô ÀÊòÐô ÀÄý ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û. Ã¡º¢ôÀÄý ¦ÅÇ¢Â¢¼¡¾ Àò¾¢Ã¢ì¨¸¸§Ç −ø¨Ä. ¾¢ÉôÀÄý ±Ø¾¡¾ ¾¢ÉºÃ¢¸û ±íÌõ −ø¨Ä. §Á„õ,Ã¢„Àõ,Á¢ÐÉõ,¸¼¸õ,º¢õÁõ ±ýÚ ÀÉ¢¦ÃñÎ −Ã¡º¢¸Ç¢ý ÀÄý ¦ÅÇ¢Â¢¼¡¾ ¿¡§Ç§¼ ¸¢¨¼Â¡Ð. NUMEROLOGY ±ýÚ ±ñ¸¨Çì ¦¸¡ñÎ ÜðÊì ¸Æ¢òÐ Á¡üÚì ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û. §º¡Å¢¨Â ¯ÕðÊô §À¡ðÎô ÀÄý ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û. †¡í¸¡í¸¢ø Åº¢ìÌõ ¾¢ÕÁ¾¢. º¢òÃ¡ º¢ÅìÌÁ¡÷ “º£É Å¢ÄíÌ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ” ±ýÚ ¿øÄ áø ¾Á¢Æ¢ø ±Ø¾¢Â¢Õì¸¢ÈÐ. ¿øÄ áø ±ØÐÅÐ º¢òÃ¡×ìÌô Ò¾¢¾øÄ. −ó¾ áø Á¢¸×õ º¢ÈôÀ¡¸ ±Ø¾ôÀðÊÕì¸¢ÈÐ. áÄ¢ý ¦ÀÂ÷ º£É Å¢ÄíÌ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ. º£É¡Å¢ø Calendar ¸¡Äñ¼÷-§¾¾¢¸û ±ôÀÊì ¸½ì¸¢¼ôÀÎ¸¢ÈÐ? º£É¡Å¢ø ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¬ñÎìÌõ ¦ÀÂ÷ ¯ñÎ. 1. ±Ä¢ 2. ±ÕÐ 3. ÒÄ¢ 4. ÓÂø 5. ÊÃ¡¸ý 6. À¡õÒ 7. Ì¾¢¨Ã 8. ¬Î 9. ÌÃíÌ 10. §ºÅø 11. ¿¡ö 12. ÀýÈ¢. ¿õ ¿¡ðÊø À¢ÃÀÅ,Å¢ÀÅ,Íì¸¢Ä, À¢Ã§Á¡à¾ −ôÀÊ 60 ¬ñÎ¸ÙìÌô ¦ÀÂ÷ ¯ñÎ. 12 ¬ñÎ¸Ùì¦¸¡Õ Ó¨È Á¡Á¡í¸õ(Á¸¡Á¸õ) ±ýÚõ 5x12=60 õ ¬ñÎ Á†¡Á¸õ ±ýÚõ ¦¸¡ñ¼¡Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. º£É¡Å¢Öõ 5x12=60 «ÚÀ¾¡õ ¬ñÎ ´Õ º¢ÈôÀ¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñ¼¡Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. ¿¡ðÌÈ¢ôÒ, §¿Ãì¸½¢ôÒ ±øÄ¡õ ¿¨¼Ó¨ÈìÌ Åó¾Ð ±ô§À¡Ð ±ýÚ ÜÈ ÓÊÂ¡Ð. −ô§À¡Ð ¯Ä¦¸íÌõ ²üÚì ¦¸¡ñÊÕìÌõ ¸¡Äñ¼÷ Gregorian Calendar 1752 õ ¬ñÊÄ¢ÕóÐ ¿¨¼Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø −Õì¸¢ÈÐ. «¾üÌ ÓýÒ ƒ¥Ä¢ÂŠ Julius Calendar ÍÁ¡÷ 2100 ¬ñÎ¸ÙìÌ ÓýÒ ÀÆì¸òÐìÌ Åó¾Ð.

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º£É¡Å¢ý Å¢ÄíÌ ¬ñÎ¸û Òò¾Ã¡ø ¯ÕÅ¡ì¸ôÀð¼Ð ±ýÚ ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û. Òò¾÷ À¢ÈóÐ, ¿¢÷Å¡½õ «¨¼ó¾Ð, Óì¾¢Â¨¼ó¾Ð ±øÄ¡õ −ó¾¢Â¡Å¢ø ¾¡§É! ¾Á¢ú, ¬í¸¢Ä ¬ñÎ¸û ÝÃ¢Â ¬ñÎ¸Ç¡Ìõ. º£É ¬ñÎ¸û ºó¾¢Ã ¬ñÎ¸Ç¡Ìõ. −ŠÃ¡Â¢ø,«ÃÒ,Òò¾ Á¾ò¨¾ô ¦ÀÕõÀ¡ý¨ÁÂ¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñÎûÇ À÷Á¡,−Äí¨¸,¾¡öÄ¡óÐ,Å¢Âð¿¡õ,¸õ§À¡ÊÂ¡,Ä¡§Å¡Š §À¡ýÈ ¿¡Î¸Ùõ ºó¾¢Ã Á¡¾í¸¨Ç§Â ¨ÅòÐì ¸½¢ì¸¢È¡÷¸û. «ÃÒ ¿¡Î ¾Å¢Ã ÁüÈ ¿¡Î¸û ãýÚ ¬ñÎìÌ ´Õ ¾¼¨Å 13 Á¡¾í¸¨Ç ¬ñÎìÌ «¨ÁòÐì ¦¸¡ûÅ¡÷¸û. −ó¾ ¬Ã¡öîº¢ìÌò ¾É¢ á§Ä ±Ø¾ §ÅñÎõ. º¢òÃ¡Å¢ý ÓÂüº¢ Á¢¸×õ À¡Ã¡ð¼ò¾ì¸Ð. −ó¾ á¨Äô ÀÊôÀÅ÷¸ÙìÌô ÀÄ Å¢ÀÃí¸û ¦¾Ã¢Â ÅÕõ, ¸¢Ã§¸¡Ã¢Âý ¸¡Äñ¼÷ ¸¢.À¢.- ¸¢È¢ŠÐ À¢Èó¾Ð Ó¾ø ±ýÚ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. ÓŠÄ¢õ¸û †¢ˆÃ¢ ±ýÚ ¿À¢¸û ¿¡Â¸õ Áì¸¡Å¢Ä¢ÕóÐ Á¾¢É¡×ìÌî ¦ºýÈ ¿¡Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¸½ì¸¢Î¸¢È¡Ã¸û. ¾Á¢ú ¿¡ðÊø ¾¢ÕÅûÙÅ÷ §¾¡ýÈ¢Â¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¸½ì¸¢ðÎò ¾¢ÕÅûÙÅ÷ ¬ñÎ ¸½ì¸¢Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. †¢óÐ Á¸¡ºÓò¾¢Ãõ ¸Ä¢Ô¸õ §¾¡ýÈ¢Â¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. ¾¢ÕÁ¾¢. º¢òÃ¡ º¢ÅÌÁ¡Ã¢ý º£É Å¢ÄíÌ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ Á¢¸×õ º¢Èó¾ Ó¨ÈÂ¢ø ±Ø¾ôÀðÊÕì¸¢ÈÐ. º¢òÃ¡×ìÌ ÁÉÁ¡÷ó¾ Å¡úòÐì¸û. §ÁÖõ §ÁÖõ ¦¾¡¼÷óÐ ¿øÄ ÀÄ áø¸û ±Ø¾¢ ¦ÅÇ¢Â¢¼ Å¡úòÐ¸¢§Èý. ÍÀõ. Á¢ì¸ «ýÒ¼ý, ¦º. Ó†õÁÐ äëŠ.

4

cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;

ePq;fs; ahh;? ........................................................................................................................ 5

1 JWJW vyp .................................................................................................................. 12

2 ciog;ghsp vUJ ........................................................................................................ 18

3 RWRWg;G Gyp ............................................................................................................... 25

4 mikjp Kay; .............................................................................................................. 31

5 tPu buhfd; .................................................................................................................... 37

6 rhfrf;fhug; ghk;G ........................................................................................................ 44

7 Gj;jprhypf; Fjpiu ....................................................................................................... 50

8 gilghsp ML .............................................................................................................. 56

9 rhJh;af; Fuq;F ........................................................................................................... 63

10 xspT kiwtw;w Nrty; ............................................................................................. 70

11 Njhoik eha; ............................................................................................................. 77

12 MuhAk; gd;wp .............................................................................................................. 84

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ePq;fs; ahh;?ePq;fs; ahh;?ePq;fs; ahh;?ePq;fs; ahh;?

Gj;j ngUkhd; ,e;j cyfj;ij tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; NghJ> cyfpYs;s midj;J tpyq;FfsplKk; tpilngw;Wr; nry;y Ntz;b> re;jpf;f tUkhW miog;G tpLj;jhuhk;. mth; miog;ig Vw;W te;j tpyq;Ffs; gd;dpuz;Nl. miog;gpid Vw;W te;j tpyq;FfSf;F kjpg;Gj; jUk; tifapy;> mtiu ghh;f;f te;j thpirapd; gb> gd;dpuz;L tUlq;fSf;F xt;nthU tpyq;fpd; ngaiu itj;jjha; rPdhtpy; fij xd;W cz;L. ,d;Wk; rPdh;fs; xt;nthU tUlj;ijAk; xt;nthU tpyq;fpd; ngaiuf; nfhz;Nl Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. kdpjh;fs; jq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j mwpitf; nfhz;L> vj;jidNah tpraq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jdh;. vj;jidNah tpe;ijfis Muha;e;J njspT ngw;W tUfpd;wdh;. vj;jidNah GJg;GJ fiyfis cUthf;fp tho;f;ifia Rthurpag;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdh;. mj;jifa fiyfspy; xd;Nw N[hjplf; fiy. gy;NtW ehLfspy; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; N[hjplk; ifahsg;gl;lhYk;> vy;yhtw;wpYk; xU xw;Wik cz;L. Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;gpid> Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gijAk;> mth;fs; tUq;fhyk; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijAk; fzpj;Jf; $Wtjpy; vy;yh ehLfSk; xd;WgLk;. Mdhy; fzf;fpLk; Kiw kl;LNk NtWgLk;. ,e;jpahtpy; el;rj;jpuq;fspd; Nghf;fpidg; nghUj;J xUthpd; jd;ikiaAk; Fzq;fisAk; tUq;fhyj;ijAk; fzpj;Jf; $Wth;. Nkiy ehLfspy; xt;nthU khjj;jpw;F xt;nthU FwpaPLfisf; $wp> me;jf; FwpaPLfspy; gpwe;jth;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; Fzq;fisAk; tUq;fhyj;ijAk; fzpg;gh;. rPdhtpYk; N[hjplk; vd;gJ nghpa mstpy; ek;gg;gLk; xd;W. th];J rhj;jpuj;jpd; gb gy tpraq;fs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. xU kdpjhpd; gpwe;j tUlk;> khjk;> Neuk; mbg;gilapy; gy fzpg;Gfs; nra;ag;gl;L> gpd;dh; th];J fzpg;Gfs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. rPdhtpy; 'cq;fs; taJ vd;d?” vd;W ngUk;ghYk; Nfl;f khl;lhh;fs;. 'ePq;fs; ve;j tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;?” vd;W Nfl;ghh;fs;. mjw;F ePq;fs; gpwe;j Mq;fpy tUl vz;iz Fwpg;gpl Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. ve;j tpyq;F tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth; vd;gijr; nrhd;dhy; NghJk;. cq;fs; taijr; rhpaha; fzpj;J tpLthh;fs;.

6

Kd; nrhd;d fijapy; Fwpg;gpl;l gb> rPdhtpy; xt;nthU tUlKk; xt;nthU tpyq;fpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. xt;nthU khjKk; xt;nthU kzp NeuKk; xt;nthU tpyq;fpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. rPdh;fs; xt;nthU kdpjhpd; Fzq;fSk;> nray;fSk;> ntw;wp Njhy;tpfSk; mth;fs; gpwe;j Neuj;jpd; gb mikfpd;wJ vd;gijg; nghpJk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. fp.K. 2600y; Nguurh; `{thq; jP vd;gtuhy; ,e;j tpyq;Fr; rf;fuk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;W tuthW $WfpwJ. fy;tpahsh;fs; ,e;j N[hjplk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J rpd; tk;rj;jpd; NghJ Gj;j kj Nghjfh;fshy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ vd;Wk; $Wth;. rPdhtpy; Kd;Ndhh;fs; tUlq;fis 10 Njt Nyhf jz;LfshfTk; 12 JUtf; fpisfshfTk; fzpj;jdh;. Mdhy; ,it kpfTk; fbdkha; ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy;> 12 fpisfis tpyq;Fr; rpd;dq;fisf; nfhz;L Fwpg;gpl Muk;gpj;jdh;. 10 jz;Lfs; vd;gd Ie;J %yfq;fs; kw;Wk; apd;-ahq; Kiwfspy; mike;jit. kuk;> neUg;G> G+kp> cNyhfk;> ePh; vd;gd Ie;J %yfq;fs;. ,j;Jld; apd;-ahq; Nrh;e;jhy; apd; kuk;> apd; neUg;G> apd; G+kp> apd; cNyhfk;> apd; ePh; vd;w Ie;Jk; ahq; kuk;> ahq; neUg;G> ahq; G+kp> ahq; cNyhfk;> ahq; ePh; vd;w Ie;Jk; Nrh;e;J gj;jhapd. ,j;Jld; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty;> eha;> gd;wp vd;W 12 JUtf; fpisfshd tUlq;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk; Nrh;j;J rPdh;fspd; N[hjplq;fs; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ie;J %yfq;fs;> apd;-ahq;> gd;dpuz;L tUlk; vd;w ,e;jr; rf;fuk; 60 tUlr; rf;fuk;. re;jpuid mbg;gilaha;; nfhz;Nl tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tUlj;jpDs;Ns gd;dpuz;L khjq;fs; rPdg; GJ tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; Kjy; ,Wjp tiu gFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F kzp Neuj;jpy;> xt;nthU ,uz;L kzp NeuKk; kWgbAk; tpyq;Ffsha; gFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjypy; ePq;fs; ve;j tpyq;F tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; vd;gijj; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthkh? fPo;fz;l ml;ltiziaf; nfhz;L mijf; fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

vyvyvyvypppp vUJvUJvUJvUJ GypGypGypGyp Kay;Kay;Kay;Kay; buhfd;buhfd;buhfd;buhfd; ghk;Gghk;Gghk;Gghk;G FjpiuFjpiuFjpiuFjpiu MLMLMLML Fuq;FFuq;FFuq;FFuq;F Nrty;Nrty;Nrty;Nrty; eha;eha;eha;eha; gd;wpgd;wpgd;wpgd;wp

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935

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vyvyvyvypppp vUJvUJvUJvUJ GypGypGypGyp Kay;Kay;Kay;Kay; buhfd;buhfd;buhfd;buhfd; ghk;Gghk;Gghk;Gghk;G FjpiuFjpiuFjpiuFjpiu MLMLMLML Fuq;FFuq;FFuq;FFuq;F Nrty;Nrty;Nrty;Nrty; eha;eha;eha;eha; gd;wpgd;wpgd;wpgd;wp

1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 ,e;jg; gl;bay; rPd tUlj;ij mbg;gilaha;; nfhz;lJ. rPd tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; KbT Mq;fpy tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; KbTf;F rw;Nw NtWgLk;. rPd tUlk; [dthp my;yJ gpg;uthp khjj;jpy; tUk; KO epyT ehsd;W Muk;gk; MFk;. xU khjk; 29.5 ehl;fs; nfhz;lJ. Mq;fpy tUl ml;ltizf;F ,izahf;f rpy tUlq;fspy; $Ljyha; xU khjk; Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. [dthp khjk; gpg;uthp khjk; gpwe;jth;fSf;F rw;W fzf;fpl;Nl tUlj;ij fzpf;f Ntz;b tUk;. rhp> mg;gbg; gpwe;jth;fSk; rhpaha; tUlj;ijf; fzpf;f Ntz;Lkpy;iyah? ,Njh mjw;fhd ml;ltiz.

rPd re;jpu tUl ml;ltizrPd re;jpu tUl ml;ltizrPd re;jpu tUl ml;ltizrPd re;jpu tUl ml;ltiz E}W tUlq;fSf;fhd GJ tUl Muk;gj; Njjpfs;E}W tUlq;fSf;fhd GJ tUl Muk;gj; Njjpfs;E}W tUlq;fSf;fhd GJ tUl Muk;gj; Njjpfs;E}W tUlq;fSf;fhd GJ tUl Muk;gj; Njjpfs;

rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;F rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;F

1900 - [dthp 31 vyp 1926 - gpg;uthp 13 Gyp 1901 - gpg;uthp 19 vUJ 1927 - gpg;uthp 02 Kay; 1902 - gpg;uthp 8 Gyp 1928 - [dthp 23 buhfd; 1903 - [dthp 29 Kay; 1929 - gpg;uthp 10 ghk;G 1904 - gpg;uthp 16 buhfd; 1930 - [dthp 30 Fjpiu 1905 - gpg;uthp 04 ghk;G 1931 - gpg;uthp 17 ML 1906 - [dthp 25 Fjpiu 1932 - gpg;uthp 06 Fuq;F 1907 - gpg;uthp 13 ML 1933 - [dthp 26 Nrty; 1908 - gpg;uthp 02 Fuq;F 1934 - gpg;uthp 14 eha; 1909 - [dthp 22 Nrty; 1935 - gpg;uthp 04 gd;wp 1910 - gpg;uthp 10 eha; 1936 - [dthp 24 vyp 1911 - [dthp 30 gd;wp 1937 - gpg;uthp 11 vUJ 1912 - gpg;uthp 18 vyp 1938 - [dthp 31 Gyp 1913 - gpg;uthp 06 vUJ 1939 - gpg;uthp 19 Kay; 1914 - [dthp 26 Gyp 1940 - gpg;uthp 08 buhfd; 1915 - gpg;uthp 14 Kay; 1941 - [dthp 27 ghk;G 1916 - gpg;uthp 03 buhfd; 1942 - gpg;uthp 15 Fjpiu 1917 - [dthp 23 ghk;G 1943 - gpg;uthp 05 ML 1918 - gpg;uthp 11 Fjpiu 1944 - [dthp 25 Fuq;F 1919 - gpg;uthp 01 ML 1945 - gpg;uthp 13 Nrty; 1920 - gpg;uthp 20 Fuq;F 1946 - gpg;uthp 02 eha; 1921 - gpg;uthp 08 Nrty; 1947 - [dthp 22 gd;wp 1922 - [dthp 28 eha; 1948 - gpg;uthp 10 vyp 1923 - gpg;uthp 16 gd;wp 1949 - [dthp 29 vUJ 1924 - gpg;uthp 05 vyp 1950 - gpg;uthp 17 Gyp 1925 - [dthp 25 vUJ

8

rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;F rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;F 1951 - gpg;uthp 06 Kay; 1976 - [dthp 31 buhfd; 1952 - [dthp 27 buhfd; 1977 - gpg;uthp 18 ghk;G 1953 - gpg;uthp 14 ghk;G 1978 - gpg;uthp 07 Fjpiu 1954 - gpg;uthp 03 Fjpiu 1979 - [dthp 28 ML 1955 - [dthp 24 ML 1980 - gpg;uthp 16 Fuq;F 1956 - gpg;uthp 12 Fuq;F 1981 - gpg;uthp 05 Nrty; 1957 - [dthp 31 Nrty; 1982 - [dthp 25 eha; 1958 - gpg;uthp 18 eha; 1983 - gpg;uthp 13 gd;wp 1959 - gpg;uthp 08 gd;wp 1984 - gpg;uthp 02 vyp 1960 - [dthp 28 vyp 1985 - gpg;uthp 20 vUJ 1961 - gpg;uthp 15 vUJ 1986 - gpg;uthp 09 Gyp 1962 - gpg;uthp 05 Gyp 1987 - [dthp 29 Kay; 1963 - [dthp 25 Kay; 1988 - gpg;uthp 17 buhfd; 1964 - gpg;uthp 13 buhfd; 1989 - gpg;uthp 06 ghk;G 1965 - gpg;uthp 02 ghk;G 1990 - [dthp 27 Fjpiu 1966 - [dthp 21 Fjpiu 1991 - gpg;uthp 15 ML 1967 - gpg;uthp 09 ML 1992 - gpg;uthp 04 Fuq;F 1968 - [dthp 30 Fuq;F 1993 - [dthp 23 Nrty; 1969 - gpg;uthp 17 Nrty; 1994 - gpg;uthp 10 eha; 1970 - gpg;uthp 06 eha; 1995 - [dthp 31 gd;wp 1971 - [dthp 27 gd;wp 1996 - gpg;uthp 19 vyp 1972 - gpg;uthp 15 vyp 1997 - gpg;uthp 07 vUJ 1973 - gpg;uthp 03 vUJ 1998 - [dthp 28 Gyp 1974 - [dthp 23 Gyp 1999 - gpg;uthp 16 Kay; 1975 - gpg;uthp 11 Kay; 2000 - gpg;uthp 05 buhfd;

rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk;rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;Ftpyq;F

2001 - [dthp 24 ghk;G

2002 - gpg;uthp 12 Fjpiu

2003 - gpg;uthp 01 ML

2004 - [dthp 22 Fuq;F

2005 - gpg;uthp 9 Nrty;

2006 - [dthp 29 eha;

2007 - gpg;uthp 18 gd;wp

2008 - gpg;uthp 7 vyp

2009 - [dthp 26 vUJ

9

tUq;fhyr; rPd tUlq;fs;tUq;fhyr; rPd tUlq;fs;tUq;fhyr; rPd tUlq;fs;tUq;fhyr; rPd tUlq;fs;

2010 - gpg;uthp 14 Gyp

2011 - gpg;uthp 3 Kay;

2012 - [dthp 23 buhfd;

2013 - gpg;uthp 10 ghk;G

2014 - [dthp 31 Fjpiu

2015 - gpg;uthp 19 ML rPdh;fs; ,e;j cyfpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fs; midj;jpYk; Neh;> vjph; vd;W ,U tpjkhd rf;jpfs; ,Ug;gjhf ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ,e;j Neh; vjph; rf;jpfs; vg;NghJk; xd;NwhL xd;W Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L ,ize;Nj cyfj;ij ,af;FtjhfTk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ,uTf;F gfy;> ngz;ikf;F Mz;ik> jho;Tf;F cah;T vd;W apd; ahq; vq;Fk; vjpYk; epyTfpd;wJ. fUg;G> vjph;kiw rf;jp> mbikj;jdk;> ePh;> cNyhfk;> G+kp Mfpait apd; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. mJ ,uT> gs;sj;jhf;F> ejpfs;> Xilfs; Mfpatw;iwr; rhh;e;jJ. nts;is> Neh;kiw rf;jp> MSik> neUg;G> kuk;> fhw;W ahq; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. mJ gfy;> kiyfs;> Fd;Wfs; Mfpatw;iwr; rhh;e;jJ. ,t;tpU rf;jpfSk; kdpjh;fspd; eltbf;iffis khw;w ty;yJ. mjdhNyNa> N[hjplj;jpy; ,JTk; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ. ,g;NghJ tUlq;fis vg;gb apd;-ahq;> kuk;> neUg;G> G+kp> cNyhfk;> ePh; vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. Mq;fpy tUl vz;izNa ,jw;F cgNahfg;gLj;jyhk;.

tUl KbT 0 ,Ue;jhy; ahq; cNyhfk;. tUl KbT 1 ,Ue;jhy; apd; cNyhfk;. tUl KbT 2 ,Ue;jhy; ahq; ePh;. tUl KbT 3 ,Ue;jhy; apd; ePh.; tUl KbT 4 ,Ue;jhy; ahq; kuk;. tUl KbT 5 ,Ue;jhy; apd; kuk;. tUl KbT 6 ,Ue;jhy; ahq; neUg;G. tUl KbT 7 ,Ue;jhy; apd; neUg;G. tUl KbT 8 ,Ue;jhy; apd; G+kp. tUl KbT 9 ,Ue;jhy ahq; G+kp.

10

xt;nthU %yfKk; xt;nthU Fwpfspd; jd;ikfis MSk;.

%yfq;fs; tUlf; Fwpfs; kuk; Kay;> Gyp(nkype;j)> buhfd;(tYj;j) neUg;G ghk;G> Fjpiu(tYj;j)> ML(nkype;j) cNyhfk; Fuq;F(tYj;j)> Nrty;;> eha; (nkype;j) ePh; vyp(tYj;j)> vUJ> gd;wp(nkype;j) G+kp buhfd;> ML> eha;> vUJ (rk epiyapy;

,Ug;gjhy; midj;J Fwpfspd; jd;ikfis Ms ty;yJ)

ve;j khjj;jpy; gpwe;NjhNkh me;je;j khjj;jpd; FwpfisAk; mwpe;jhy;> mjd; mbg;gilapYk; Fzq;fis Muhayhk;. fPo; fz;l ml;ltiz mijf; fz;L gpbf;f cjTk;. ,ij xUthpd; cs;Fwp vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk;. #upa Nuif

Njjp rPd khjk;

epiyahd %yfk;

fhyk;

314 gpg; 04-gpg; 18 1-Gyp kuk; tre;j fhyk; 329 gpg; 19-khh;r; 05 344 khh;r; 06-khh;r; 20 2-Kay; kuk; tre;j fhyk; 0 khh;r; 21-Vg;uy; 04 14 Vg;uy; 05-Vg;uy; 19 3-buhfd; kuk; tre;j fhyk; 29 Vg;uy; 20-Nk 04 44 Nk 05-Nk 20 4-ghk;G neUg;G Nfhil fhyk; 59 Nk 21-[_d; 05 74 [_d; 06-[_d; 20 5-Fjpiu neUg;G Nfhil fhyk; 89 [_d; 21-[_iy 06 104 [_iy 07-[_iy 22 6-ML neUg;G

Nfhil fhyk;

119 [_iy 23-Mf];l; 06 134 Mf];l; 07-Mf];l; 22 7-Fuq;F cNyhfk; ,iyAjph; fhyk; 149 Mf];l; 23-nrg; 07 164 nrg; 08-nrg; 22 8-Nrty; cNyhfk; ,iyAjph; fhyk; 181 nrg; 23-mf; 07 194 mf; 08-mf; 22 9-eha; cNyhfk; ,iyAjph; fhyk; 211 mf; 23-et 06 224 et 07-et 21 10-gd;wp ePh; Fsph; fhyk; 244 et 22-br 06 251 br 07-br 21 11-vyp ePh; Fsph; fhyk; 271 br 22-[d 05 284 [d 06-[d 19 12-vUJ ePh; Fsph; fhyk; 301 [d 20-gpg; 03 xt;nthU kzp Neuj;jpw;Fk; FwpaPLfs; cz;L. xUth; gpwe;j Neuj;jpd; gb> ,e;j ,ufrpa Fwpfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

11

• 23:00 - 01:00: vyp • 01:00 - 03:00: vUJ • 03:00 - 05:00: Gyp • 05:00 - 07:00: Kay; • 07:00 - 09:00: buhfd; • 09:00 - 11:00: ghk;G • 11:00 - 13:00: Fjpiu • 13:00 - 15:00: ML • 15:00 - 17:00: Fuq;F • 17:00 - 19:00: Nrty;; • 19:00 - 21:00: eha; • 21:00 - 23:00: gd;wp

tUlf; Fwp> khjf; Fwp> Neuf; Fwp ,k;%d;iwAk; ,izj;Nj xUthpd; Fzhjpaq;fisf; fzpf;fpwJ rPd N[hjplk;.

rPd N[hjplj;jpd; rpd;dq;fSf;F ,izaha; ,e;jpa N[hjplj;jpYk;> Nkw;fj;jpa N[hjplj;jpYk; rpd;dq;fs; cz;L. mtw;iw ,q;F ghh;g;Nghk;.

rPdk;rPdk;rPdk;rPdk; ,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah Nkiy ehLfs;Nkiy ehLfs;Nkiy ehLfs;Nkiy ehLfs; buhfd; - Nk\k; - Vhp]; ghk;G - hp\gk; - lhu]; Fjpiu - kpJdk; - n[kpdp ML - fhh;j;jpif - fhd;rh; Fuq;F - rpk;kk; - ypNah Nrty;; - fd;dp - tph;Nfh eha; - Jyh - ypg;uh gd;wp - tpUf;rpfk; - ];fhh;gpNah vyp - jDR - rfplhupa]; vUJ - kfuk; - Nfg;hpfhh;s; Gyp - Fk;gk; - mf;thhp]; Kay; - kPdk; - gprp]; ,it midj;ijAk; mbg;gilaha; nfhz;Nl rPd N[hjplq;fs; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,dp xt;nthU tpyq;Ff; Fwpfisg; gw;wpAk; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

12

1 1 1 1 JWJW vypJWJW vypJWJW vypJWJW vyp

((((1900> 1912> 1924> 1936> 1948> 1960> 1972 >1984> 1996> 2008> 2020> 2032> 2044) Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; ,uT 11:00 Kjy; 1:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir Nkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; Fsph;fhyk;> brk;gh; khjk;;;; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; ePh; apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; ahq; Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; Gj;j ngUkhd;> tUlq;fSf;Fr; rpd;dkpl vy;yh tpyq;FfisAk; xU $l;ljpw;F mioj;jhuhk;. $l;lk; elf;ftpUe;j Ke;ija ehs; G+id jd;Dila ez;gdhd vypaplk; $l;lj;ijg; gw;wp $wp tpl;L> mjpfhiyapy; Kjypy; vOgth; mLj;jtiu vOg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;J tpl;L J}q;fr; nrd;wJ. fhiyapy; vyp Kjypy; vOe;jJ. jhd; kl;LNk Kjyhtjha; nry;y vz;zk; nfhz;l vyp G+idia vOg;ghky; $l;ljpw;F nrd;wJ. mJNt $l;lj;jpd; Kjy; MshfTk; ,Ue;jJ. gpwF vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> Nrty;> eha;> gd;wp vd;W xd;wd; gpd; xd;wha; tpyq;Ffs; te;J Nrh;e;jd. tpyq;Ffs; te;J Nrh;e;j thpirapd; gb Gj;j ngUkhd; tUlq;fSf;F rpd;dkpl;lhuhk;. G+id J}q;fp vOe;J ghh;j;j NghJ> mq;F vyp ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Ntf Ntfkha; $l;lk; elf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wJ. Mdhy; mJ nrd;W NrUk; NghJ $l;lNk Kbe;Jtpl;bUe;jJ. md;wpypUe;J vyp G+idf;Fg; gifahdJ. ,e;jf; fij vyp tUlk; Vd; Kjypy; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;f $wg;gLk; fij. fPo;fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; vyp tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

[dthp 31> 1900 - gpg;uthp 18> 1901 gpg;uthp 18> 1912 - gpg;uthp 05> 1913 gpg;uthp 05> 1924 - [dthp 24> 1925 [dthp 24> 1936 - gpg;uthp 10> 1937 gpg;uthp 10> 1948 - [dthp 28> 1949 [dthp 28> 1960 - gpg;uthp 14> 1961 gpg;uthp 15> 1972 - gpg;uthp 02> 1973 gpg;uthp 02> 1984 - gpg;uthp 19> 1985 gpg;uthp 19> 1996 - gpg;uthp 06> 1997

13

gpg;uthp 07> 2008 - [dthp 25> 2009 ,dp vypthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh;f;F vypiag; gpbf;fhJ. ,Ue;jhYk; rPd N[hjplj;jpy;> vypNa Kjy; tUlj;ija rpd;dk;. ,e;j tpyq;F Mh;tk;> rhJhpak;> vr;rhpf;ifj; jd;ik> nkd;ik> ,zf;fk;> cw;rhfk; Mfpa Fzq;fSf;F rhd;wha; tpsq;Fk; tpyq;F. tUlk; 2008> vyp tUlk;. ,J ahq; - G+kpiar; rhh;e;j tUlk;. vyp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; trPfukhfTk; NghuhLk; kdg;ghd;ikAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. epfo;fhyj;jpy; ed;wha; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ve;jr; #oiyAk; jdf;Fr; rhjfkha; Mf;fpf; nfhz;L thoj; njhpe;jth;fs;. Nkk;Nghf;fha; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ kpfTk; mikjpahAk; ed;F rPh; J}f;fpg; ghh;j;Jr; nray;gLgtuha; njhpe;jhYk;> cs; kdjpy; mth;fs; mikjpaw;wth;fshAk;> rpwpJ gae;j Rghtk; nfhz;lth;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. vypthrpfs; vspjpy; vjw;Fk; xj;Jg; Nghff; $bath;fs;. fbd ciog;gpy; mjpf ehl;lk; nfhz;lth;fs;. fhhpaq;fis Muk;gpj;jTld;> jhd; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kl;Lk; mwpe;J tpl;lhh;fs; vd;why;> mjw;Fg; gpwF mth;fis epWj;jNt KbahJ. ve;jr; nraiy Muk;gpj;jhYk; mij Kbf;fhky; tpl khl;lhh;fs;. fUkNk fz;zhf ,Ue;J rhjpf;f ciog;ghh;fs;. Rw;wp gyh; ,Ue;j NghJk; jd;Dila Ntiyiaj; jpwikaha; nra;a ty;yth;fs;. ve;jr; #oiyAk; rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhs;s ty;yth;fs;. rq;flq;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ mtw;iw kpfj; jpwikaha;; ifahs ty;yth;fs;. nfhf;fpidg; Nghy; re;jh;gq;fSf;fha; fhj;jpUe;J jq;fs; tho;f;ifia Kd;Ndw;wj; njhpe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; ,aw;ifapNyNa clypy; mgha kzpia itj;jpUg;gth;fs;. Jd;gk; tUk; Kd; fhf;f> nra;a Ntz;ba nray;fisr; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;. ntsp tpraq;fspy; mjpf ehl;lk; nrYj;Jthh;fs;. mLj;jth;fSf;F mwpTiu nrhy;y ty;yth;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fs; gpur;rpidfis mLj;jth;fsplk; nrhy;yj; jaq;Fthh;fs;. mjdhy; kw;wth;fs; tho;f;ifr; rpf;fy;fspy; ,th;fSk; rpf;fpj; jtpg;ghh;fs;. vypthrpfs; gzj;jpw;F nghpJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. fhy; fhRf;Fk; fzf;F ghh;f;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. vypthrpfisAk; gzj;ijAk; gphpg;gJ kpff; fbdk;. vypthrpfSf;F Nguk; NgRtJ kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. mth;fs; Njitaw;w nghUl;fisAk; kyptha; fpilf;fpwnjd;why; thq;fp tpLthh;fs;. epidTg; nghUl;fs; mth;fsplk; epiwaNt ,Uf;Fk;. gz tpraq;fspy; mjpf ftdk; Njit. rpy rkak; mth;fspd; fzpg;Gfs; ngha;j;Jg; Nghdhy; mJ mjpf el;lj;jpy; nfhz;L tpl;L tpLk;.

14

khiyapy; gpwe;j vypthrpfSf;F fhiyapy; gpwe;jth;fis tplTk; rw;Nw fbdkhd tho;f;ifiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;b tUk;. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; vypthrpfs; mjpGj;jprhypfs;. epidthw;wy; kpf;fth;fs;. vijAk; vspjpy; fw;f ty;yth;fs;. cz;ikahdth;fs;. mjpfk; gbf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. jq;fisg; gw;wp mofha; $wTk; vOjTk;; jFe;jth;fs;. JWJWntd vijahtJ njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tk; cs;sth;fs;. vypthrpfs; ,ufrpaq;fis fl;bf; fhg;gjpy; if Njh;e;jth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; ,ufrpaq;fis mwpAk; Mh;tk; mth;fsplj;jpy; mjpfkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fspd; ,e;j tpraq;fisj; njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mty; mjpfkha; ,Ug;gjpd; fhuzkha;> mth;fs; Njh;e;j vOj;jhsh;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; mtiug; Nghw;Wk; $l;lj;jth;fs; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kdjpw;F gpbj;jkhdth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. vg;NghJk; gspr;nrd;W kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Uf;Fk; cUt mikg;igg; ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; Nghw;wj;jf;fth;fshAk; mjpfkhd Ntiy cs;sth;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F $l;lq;fSf;Fr; nry;yTk; tpohf;fSf;Fr; nry;yTk; kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. mth;fs; jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j FOf;fspy; ,Uf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fSf;F gy ,ufrpa csthspfs; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;j tpraj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; mjpy; mjpf <LghL ,Uf;Fk;. kpFe;j Gj;jp $h;ik> vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik fhuzkha; mth;fs; cah;e;j gjtpfis mila Kayyhk;. mth;fsJ Fzk; fhuzkhAk; rhpahd KbT vLf;Fk; jd;ik fhuzkhAk;> gpur;rpidfSf;F vspjpy; jPh;T fhZk; jpwk; ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; cah;gjtpfSf;F Fwp itf;fyhk;. mJ kjpg;igAk; nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;Wj; jUk;. mth;fs; ey;y v[khdh;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. GjpJ Gjpjhd fhhpaq;fisr; nra;a tpUk;Gfpwth;fs;. mjdhy; ,ir ty;Yeh;fs;> eifr;Rit tpj;jfh;fs;> murpay;thjpfs;> tof;fwpQh;fs;> fhh; ge;ja tPuh;fs;> Muha;r;rpahsh;fs;> ,af;Feh;fs;> Nkyhsh;fs;> eph;thfpfs; vd ,Uf;f Kayyhk;. ,tw;wpy; mth;fs; gpufhrpf;f mjpf tha;g;Gfs; fpl;Lk;. cwTcwTcwTcwT cwtpdh;fs; tpraj;jpy; mth;fs; kpfTk; jahs Fzk; kpf;fth;fs;. cwtpdh;fis vg;NghJk; Mjhpf;f vz;Zthh;fs;. ngw;NwhUf;F mjpf kjpg;G nfhLg;ghh;fs;. jq;fs; Foe;ijfspd; Nky; ghrk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F FLk;gk;> tPL> kidtp> kf;fs; kpfg; gpbj;jkhd tpraq;fs;. FLk;g tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;ghh;fs;.

15

mth;fSf;F Rw;wpYk; kdpjh;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gk; fhuzj;jhy;> vg;NghJNk Gjpa Gjpa kdpjh;fisr; re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; cwTfisj; Jz;bf;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mjdhy; rpy Neuq;fspy; Gjpa el;Gfis Vw;f jilfs; Vw;gLk;. vypthrpfSld; el;G itf;f tpUk;Ggth;fs; mth;fSf;F ,izaha; RWRWg;gha; ,Uf;f Kaw;rp nra;tJ eyk;. cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; vypthrpfspd; cly; epiy nghJtha; ed;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; RWRWg;ghfNt ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;> jq;fs; cly; epiyia ey;y gbahfTk; Neha;fis vjph;j;Jg; NghuhLk; tifapYk; itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. vypthrpfs; rQ;rykha; ,Uf;Fk; rkaj;ij vspjha;; fz;L nfhs;syhk;. me;j rkaq;fspy; kpfTk; mikjpaw;wth;fshAk; Nfhgf;fhuh;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mj;jifa Neuq;fspy; kd mOj;jj;jhy; jtpg;ghh;fs;. kdij mikjpg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rpfis fw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; eyk;. kw;nwhU FiwAk; mth;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. xNu Neuj;jpy; gy fhhpaq;fspy; <LgLtNj mJ. jq;fs; rf;jpapid gy fhhpaq;fspy; tpuak; nra;J mtw;iw Kbf;f Kbahky; jtpg;ghh;fs;. ,J clYf;Fk; NfL tpistpf;Fk;. vyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;vyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;vyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;vyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; jkpof Kjy;th;fs; fiyQh; fUzhepjp> n[. n[ayypjh> tpQ;Qhdp rh;. rp. tp. ,uhkd;> Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; lhf;lh;. v];. ,uhjhfpU\;zd;> tpz;ntsp tPuh; uhNf\; rh;kh> ebif N`kkhypdp> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; nrsut; fq;Fyp> Kj;ijah Kuspjud;> ehkf;fy; ftp> ebfh; uh[; fg+h;> Mq;fpyf; ftpQh; tpy;ypak; N\f;];gpah;> Kjy; mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjp [hh;[; th\pq;ld;> ,ir ty;Yeh; cy;g;fhq; Nkhrhh;l;> ,sturh; rhh;y];> u\;a vOj;jhsh; ypNah lhy;];lha; mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 1> 4> 5> 10> 11> 14> 41> 45> 51> 54 xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : buhfd;> vUJ> Fuq;F xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : Fjpiu> Kay;> Nrty;> ML %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; vypthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha;; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

16

neUg;G vypneUg;G vypneUg;G vypneUg;G vyp

([dthp 24> 1936 - gpg;uthp 10> 1937 gpg;uthp 19> 1996 - gpg;uthp 06> 1997) FzFzFzFzq;fs; q;fs; q;fs; q;fs; Mf;Nuhrk;> RWRWg;G> Nghl;bfis vjph; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik> jd;dk;gpf;if> kd cWjp> nfhs;if gpbg;G Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. JLf;Fj;jdkhdth;fs;. gazk; nry;tJ tpUk;gj; jf;f tprak;. Gjpa Ntiyfis tpUk;gp Vw;ghh;fs;. xNu khjphpahd Ntiy Vw;gLj;Jk; Nrhh;tpypUe;J jg;gpf;f tpj;jpahrkhd Ntiyfisr; nra;a Jbg;gh;. gpwuhy; tpUk;gg;gLgth;fs;.

ku vypku vypku vypku vyp

(gpg;uthp 05> 1924 - [dthp 24> 1925 gpg;uthp 02> 1984 - gpg;uthp 19> 1985) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Mty;> cs;Szh;T> vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;> #oYf;FNfw;g khWjy;> rpuj;ij Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;fth;fsha; Njhd;wpa NghJk;> jq;fsJ Fiwfis ntspf;fhl;bf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. Njhy;tpiaf; fz;L mQ;rpa NghJk;> mth;fs; ntw;wp ngWtJ epr;rak;. ez;gh;fSlDk; FLk;gj;jhUlDk; ,Ug;gJ ,d;gk; juf; $baJ. md;Gk; kjpg;Gk; mth;fs; tpUk;Gk; gz;Gfs;.

G+kp vypG+kp vypG+kp vypG+kp vyp (gpg;uthp 10> 1948 - [dthp 28> 1949 gpg;uthp 07> 2008 - [dthp 25> 2009) Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs; ek;gpf;if> njsptha; Muha;e;J KbT vLj;jy;> khWjy;fspy; tpUg;gk;> J}a;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. ];jpuj; jd;ik> ntw;wpfukha; Ntiyia Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mokhd gw;Wjy; tpUk;gg;gLk; Fzq;fs;. nkJtha;> epjhdkha;f; fhhpaq;fisr; nra;tijNa rpwe;j top vd;W vz;Zthh;fs;.

cNyhf vypcNyhf vypcNyhf vypcNyhf vyp ([dthp 31> 1900 - gpg;uthp 18> 1901 [dthp 28> 1960 - gpg;uthp 14> 1961) Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs; vspjpy; czh;r;rp trg;gLk; jd;ik> cah;e;j nfhs;ifAld; ,Uj;jy;> vz;zq;fshy; jd;idj;jhNd Cf;Ftpj;jy;> vijAk; tpl;L nfhLf;fhik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. vt;tsT tpiyahapDk;> jhq;;fs; tpUk;gpaijg; ngw tplhgpb nfhs;ifAld; miythh;fs;. nghwhik> Nguhir>

17

MSik gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;L tUk;. cwTfspy; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gl tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;.

ePh; vypePh; vypePh; vypePh; vyp

(gpg;uthp 18> 1912 - gpg;uthp 05> 1913 gpg;uthp 15> 1972 - gpg;uthp 02> 1973) Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs; tpNtfk;> Qhdk;> fy;tpahy; Cf;fk;> vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. trPfuj; jd;ikAilath;fs;. rhkh;j;jpar;rhypfs;. Mo;e;j mwpT ngw;wth;fs;. rpe;jidahsh;fs;. gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;T fhz;gjpy; rkh;j;jh;fs;. eilKiwthjpfs;. Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik vy;NyhhplKk; ed;F gofTk;> gyuhYk; tpUg;gg;gLgtuhfTk; nra;Ak;.

ePq;fs; vyp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. vyp tUlg; gyd;fsvyp tUlg; gyd;fsvyp tUlg; gyd;fsvyp tUlg; gyd;fs;: re;jh;gk;> ey;y vjph;fhyk; ,e;j tUlj;jpd; Kf;fpahk;rq;fs;. njhopy; Jiw nghJtha; ed;wha; ,Ue;jhYk;> tUlj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; vjph;ghuhj khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L tpahghuq;fspy; f\;l e\;lq;fs; Vw;gLk;. vJtha; ,Ue;jhYk;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy; njhlq;fpa fhhpaq;fs; ntw;wp ngWk; tha;g;Gf;fs; kpf mjpfk;.

18

2 ciog;ghsp vUJ2 ciog;ghsp vUJ2 ciog;ghsp vUJ2 ciog;ghsp vUJ

(1901>1913>1925>1937>1949>1961>1973>1985>1997>2009>2021>2033>2045)

Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; ,uT 1:00 Kjy; 3:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir tlf;F> tl fpof;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; Fsph;fhyk;> [dthp khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; ePh; apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; apd; xU Kiw tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; Kjy; ,lj;ijg; ngw tpyq;FfspilNa rz;il %z;lJ. flTsh;fsplk; ,e;jg; gpur;rpid vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; ,jw;Fj; jPh;T fhz tpyq;FfSf;F xU Mw;iw flf;Fk; Nghl;bia itj;jdh;. ahh; Kjyhtjha; tUfpwhh;fNsh mth;fs; Kjy; tUlj;jpa rpd;dkhAk; mLj;J tUgth;fs; tUfpd;w thpirg;gb rpd;dkha; nfhs;sg;gLth; vd;Wk; jPh;khdpf;fg; gl;lJ. xU ehs; vy;yh tpyq;FfSk; Mw;wpd; fiuapy; mzptFj;J epd;wd. Nghl;bAk; Muk;gkhdJ. vUJf;Fj; njhpahky; vyp mjd; Nky; rthhp nra;jJ. vUJ mf;fiuiar; NrUk; NghJ> mjw;Fj; njhpahky; rthhp nra;j vyp> mjw;F Kd;gha; fiuapy; Fjpj;J Kjy; ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ. vUJ ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ. ,e;jf; fij vUJ Vd; ,uz;lhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; fij. fPo;fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; vUJ tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 19>1901 - gpg;uthp 07>1902 gpg;uthp 06>1913 - [dthp 25>1914 [dthp 25>1925 - gpg;uthp 12>1926 gpg;uthp 11>1937 - [dthp 30>1938 [dthp 29>1949 - gpg;uthp 16>1950 gpg;uthp 15>1961 - gpg;uthp 04>1962 gpg;uthp 03>1973 - [dthp 22>1974 gpg;uthp 20>1985 - gpg;uthp 08>1986 gpg;uthp 07>1997 - [dthp 27>1998 [dthp 26>2009 - gpg;uthp 13>2010

,dp vUJthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. vUJ tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; rhe;jkhdth;fs; Nghy; fhzg;gLthh;fs;. Mdhy; [hf;fpuij. mth;fs; kpfTk; Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. mth;fs;

19

jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;fth;fs;. jq;fsJ Fwpf;Nfhis mila njhlh;e;J mauhJ ghLglj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. gbg;gbaha; jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis vl;l Kaw;rp nra;thh;fs;. mth;fs; gpbthjf;fhuh;fs;;. fh;tk; kpf;fth;fs;. ntspg;ghh;itapy; mth;fs; mikjpaha; ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; ,Wkhg;G kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. vUJthrpfs; gz;ghl;il kjpg;gth;fs;. Neh;j;jpaha; jq;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fsJ ghh;itapypUe;J vJTNk jg;g KbahJ. vijAk; ntspg;gilahfNt ghh;g;ghh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; kpfTk; Ntfkha; tpraq;fis fpufpf;f ty;yth;fs;. tpraj;jpd; ey;yJ nfl;lij cld; Ghpe;J nray;gLth;. jq;fSf;F Ghpahj tpraq;fis ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. ey;yJ my;yJ nfl;lJ vd;gij kl;LNk ghh;g;ghh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; kpfTk; Rj;jkhfTk;> cz;ikahfTk;> ciog;ghspfshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F ey;y epidthw;wy; ,Uf;Fk;. kw;wth;fs; kwf;Fk; rpy rpwpa tpraq;fisAk; epidTg;gLj;jp nrhy;yf; $bath;fs;. xU thuk;> xU khjk;> xU tUl tpraq;isAk; epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jf;fth;fs;. mth;fSf;F tUj;jk; Vw;gLk; NghJk;> Jd;gk; te;j NghJk; kd mikjp Vw;gLk; tiu VjhtJ Ntiyapy; jq;fis Mo;j;jpf; nfhz;L tpLthh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; cjtp Nfl;f ntWg;gth;fs;. xU nraiyr; nra;a ,uz;L klq;F NeuKk; Kaw;rpAk; NjitahdhYk; $l> mij ahUila cjtpAk; ,d;wp jhq;fsha;; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;. mLj;jth;fis vjph;ghh;f;f khl;lhh;fs;. gpwh; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fisf; ftdkha; ftdpj;J> jq;fis gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;. neL ehisa %jyPLfis kpfTk; jpwikAld; ifahs ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; #jhl;lj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;j khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fs; Fzj;jhYk; Kaw;rpahYk; jq;fs; ntw;wpiaj; Njbr; nry;thh;fs;. mjph;\;lj;ijAk; mLj;jth; cjtpiaAk; vd;WNk ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; jq;fs; fld;fis vg;NghJk; milj;J tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; ahUf;NfDk; fld;gl;L ,Ue;jhy;> mjd; filrp fhirf; nfhLf;Fk; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; ed;wp kwthjth;fs;. jq;fs; ed;wpia moF thh;j;ijfspy; Ngrhtpl;lhYk;> gy topfspy; jq;fs; ed;wpiaf; fhl;Lthh;fs;. mth;fsJ nray;fs; mth;fsJ thh;j;ijfis tpl mjpfk; NgRk;. vUJthrpfspd; jd;dk;gpf;if mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;> kw;wth;fis Cf;Ftpf;f ty;yth;fs;. ngUk;ghYk; mikjpAk;>

20

nghWikAk; nfhz;lth;fshjyhy;> msthfNt NgRthh;fs;. Ntz;ba NghJ NgRtdtw;iw thh;j;ijr; Rj;jkhAk; ftdkhAk; NgRthh;fs;. FWf;F topia ek;ghjth;fs;. ciof;f tpUg;gkpy;yhjth;fisAk; Nrhk;NgwpfisAk; kjpf;fj;jfhjth;fsha; vz;Zgth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij jpwe;j kdk; nfhz;L Nfl;Lf; nfhs;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ mwpthh;e;j Muha;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapNyNa KbTfis vLg;ghh;fs;. tajhd fhyj;jpy; mjpf kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fsplk; cs;s nfl;l Fzk; gpbthj Fzk;. FWfpa kdk; nfhz;L nray;gLjy; kw;wth;fSldhd el;igf; Fiwf;Fk;. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; vUJthrpfs; kpfTk; ek;gfkhdth;fs;. Ntiyia Kbf;Fk; tiu jq;fsJ nray;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lj; njhlh;e;J nra;j tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; eLepiy nfhz;lth;fs;. ,t;tsT ew;Fzq;fs; nfhz;l NghJk; mth;fsJ mlKk; NfhgKk; rpy rkak; mth;fsJ gytPdq;fsha; mike;J tpLk;. vUJthrpfspd; ek;gfkhd jd;ikapd; fhuzkha; mth;fs; gy Neuq;fspy; cah;e;j mjpfhuj;jpYk; nghWg;GfspYk; ,Ug;gth;fsha; jpfo;thh;fs;. mth;fs; cyfpy; vy;yhiuAk; tpl NkNy NkNy nry;y tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; jhq;fs; nra;Ak; njhopYf;F kl;Lk; mbikahfhky; ,Uf;Fk;gb ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vUJthrpfs; rkak; tUk;NghJ jiy rpwe;j jiyth;fshfTk;> Ngr;rhsh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. fbdkhd Neuq;fspYk; $l mth;fs; mwpT jwpnfl;Lg; Nghfhky; rhpahd topapy; nray;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. xNu khjphpahd Ntiyiar; nra;a tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Mdhy; nra;Ak; Ntiyia Nfhh;itahfTk;> Neh;j;jpahfTk; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;. vijAk; ftdkha; nra;a vz;Zthh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; $l;L Kaw;rpfspy; mjpfk; fye;J nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. tPz; Ngr;Rf;Fk; Mlk;gu gfl;Lf;Fk; ,lk; ju khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fspd; gpwtpf;FzNk jiyik jhq;Fk; Fzk;. mth;fs; ifj;jpwd; kpf;fth;fs; vd;gjhy; kUj;Jth;fshfTk;> mWit rpfpr;ir epGzh;fshfTk;> fl;bl ty;Yeh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. Nghh;tPuh;fshfTk;> tpahghu ty;Yeh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

21

cwTcwTcwTcwT mth;fs; FLk;gj;ij md;Gld; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. tPl;il mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. FLk;gj;jpdUf;F Njitahdtw;iw rhpahd Neuj;jpy; ju ty;yth;fs;. jq;fs; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; jq;fs; gq;fpw;F epiwaNt nra;af; $bath;fs;. jhq;fs; tpUk;Ggth;fsplk; mlq;fhj tpRthrk; nfhs;gth;fs;. mth;fs; vjphpfis vg;gb vjphg;;;ghh;fs; vd;W nrhy;yNt KbahJ. mjdhy; vUJthrpfis vjph;f;f KayhjPh;fs;. mth;fSld; neUq;fpa el;G nfhs;tjw;F gy fhyk; gof Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. Mdhy; gofptpl;lhNyh> mJ kpfTk; gykhd el;gha; mikAk;. mth;fs; xUth; Nky; ek;gpf;if itj;J tpl;lhy; mth;fSf;F kpfTk; ek;gfkhfTk; md;GlDk; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. jdf;F jFe;j $l;lhspfis ePz;l ehl;fs; gofpa gpd;dNu Njh;T nra;J nfhs;thh;fs;. cwtpy; khw;wq;fis tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. vUJthrpfSf;F xUth; Nky; ek;gpf;if Ngha;tpl;lhYk;> Nfhgk; Vw;gl;lhYk; mijr; rPh; nra;J kPz;Lk; cwitg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdk;. ngz;fs; rpwe;j FLk;gj;jiytpfsha;; jpfo;thh;fs;. Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;F kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fs;. cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; mth;fs; nghJthfNt kpfTk; ey;y cly;epiyiaf; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; Neha;tha;g;gLtJ kpfTk; fbdk;. mjdhy; mth;fs; gykpy;yhjth;fsplk; gof tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kdij mikjpaha; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gapw;rpfisr; nra;jy; eyk; Nrh;f;Fk;. vUJthrpfs; tPl;bNy ,Ug;gijNa trjpaha; vz;Zthh;fs;. Ntiyfisj; njhlh;e;J nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy; Xa;T gw;wpa ftdk; ,Uf;fhJ. vUJthrpfSf;F Nfhgk; Vw;gl;lhy;> mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; ,uz;L gl;LtpLk;. me;j Neuq;fspy; ve;j thh;j;ijfSk; vLglhJ. mth;fsha; mikjpahFk; tiu nghWf;f Ntz;Lk;. vvvvUJUJUJUJ tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; ePyk; rQ;[pt nul;b> nld;dp]; tPuh;fs; ypad;lh; gpa];> uNk\; fpU\;zd;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; rr;rpd; njz;Ly;fh;> jpNd\; fhh;j;jpf;> tpQ;Qhdp N`hkp ghgh> ebfh; `pUjpf; Nuh\d;> ebif I];th;ah uha; gr;rd;> gpud;R kd;dd; neg;Nghypad; Nghdghh;l;> fhh;̂ d; epGzh; thy;l; b];dp> mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjp hpr;rh;l; epf;rd;> ebfh; rhh;yp rhg;ypd;

22

mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 1> 5> 12> 15> 33> 35> 51> 53 xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : vyp> Nrty;> ghk;G xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsyq;Ffsyq;Ffsyq;Ffs; : Gyp> Fjpiu> ML %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; vUJthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G vUJ neUg;G vUJ neUg;G vUJ neUg;G vUJ

(gpg;uthp 11>1937 - [dthp 30>1938 gpg;uthp 07>1997 - [dthp 27>1998) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; rf;jp tha;e;j> gzj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk;> NghuhLk; jd;ik nfhz;L> Fwpf;NfhshL thOk; Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. gpwtpj; jiyth;fs;. NtiyapYk;> r%fj;jpy; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfspy; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gpwhpd; fUj;Jf;fis rkaq;fspy; Vw;fhky; rpf;fy;fspy; khl;bf; nfhs;sf; $bath;fs;.

ku vUJku vUJku vUJku vUJ

([dthp 25>1925 - gpg;uthp 12>1926 gpg;uthp 20>1985 - gpg;uthp 08>1986) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Ijpfj;jpy; ek;gpf;if> ve;jr; #oiyAk; Vw;wy;> ePjp newpg;gb tho;jy;> eLT epiyik> cz;ikAld; Cf;fj;Jld; nray;gLjy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. FOtpy; ed;F nray;gl;lhYk;> mth;fspd; mZFKiw> jd;dk;gpf;if> ed;dlj;ij fhuzkha;> mth;fs; FO jiytuha; ,Ue;jhy; NkYk; rpwg;gha;; nrayhw;Wthh;fs;. vspjpy; Nfhgg;gLgth;fs;. JLf;Fj;jdkha; Ngrf; $bath;fs;.

G+kp vUJG+kp vUJG+kp vUJG+kp vUJ

([dthp 29>1949 - gpg;uthp 16>1950 [dthp 26> 2009 - gpg;uthp 13> 2010) Fzq;Fzq;Fzq;Fzq;fs; fs; fs; fs; JzpT> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> nghWikAld; nray;gLjy;> Fwpf;Nfhis Nehf;fp gazpf;Fk; Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. fbd ciog;ghy; jdp kdpjuha; rhjpf;f ty;yth;fs;. kpjkhd Nghf;Fk;> fz;zpaKk; gpwuhy; tpUk;gg;gLgth;fsha;; jpfor; nra;Ak;.

23

cNyhf vUJcNyhf vUJcNyhf vUJcNyhf vUJ

(gpg;uthp 19>1901 - gpg;uthp 07>1902 gpg;uthp 15>1961 - gpg;uthp 04>1962) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; vjph;j;Jg; NghuhLk; jd;ik> fh;tk;> gspr;nrd;W ,Uj;jy;> jpl ek;gpf;if jUk; Cf;fj;jhy; nray;gLjy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. cNyhfj;ijg; Nghd;Nw kpf typik kpf;fth;fs;. jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis mila fbdkha; ciof;f jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. czh;r;rpfis vspjpy; ntspf;fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. ek;gfkhdth;fs;. gpwuJ czh;Tfis Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; rq;flq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.

ePh; vUJePh; vUJePh; vUJePh; vUJ (gpg;uthp 06>1913 - [dthp 25>1914 gpg;uthp 03>1973 - [dthp 22>1974) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; fhhpaq;fis Kiwaha; nra;jy;> kNdhgyj;jpd; %yk; Cf;fk; nfhz;L nray;gLjy;> nghWik> mDgtj;ij ek;Gk; Fzk;> eLT epiyik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. tise;J nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik fhuzkhf gpwuJ vz;zq;fSf;Fk; czh;TfSf;Fk; kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. ,th;fSld; ,Ug;gij gyh; tpUk;Gth;.

ePq;fs; vUJ tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. 2009tJ tUlk; apd; G+kp vUJ tUlk;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy; gpwg;gth;fspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fisg; ghh;g;Nghkh? jiyik tfpf;Fk; jd;ik> ek;gfkhd> tpRthrKs;s> nghWikkpf;f> nghWg;Gs;s Fzk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. rpwe;j mikg;ghsh;fsha; jpfo;thh;fs;. mth;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy; vy;NyhUlDk; jFe;j Kiwapy; Ngrp Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbf;ff; $bath;fs;. kw;wth;fs; mth;fspd; MNyhridfis Nfl;f tUthh;fs;. kpFe;j Gj;jprhypfs;. mikjpia tpUk;Ggth;fs;. mth;fSld; ,Uf;f midtUk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. rpyh; Mf;NuhrkhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik kpf;fth;fs;. mth;fSld; goFgth;fis tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kpFe;j tPuk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;j tpjr; #oypy; ,Ue;jhYk;> mijf; fle;J tUk; JzpT nfhz;lth;fs;. vUJ tUlg; gyd;fsvUJ tUlg; gyd;fsvUJ tUlg; gyd;fsvUJ tUlg; gyd;fs;: vt;tsT ftdkha; cioj;J ghLgl;lhYk; ntw;wp eOtpr; nrd;WtpLk;. FLk;gr; rpf;fy;fs; epiwa Vw;gl;L

24

njhlh;e;j f\;lq;fisj; jUk;. me;j tUlj;jpy; xOf;fk; epiwa Njitg;gLk;. FWf;F topfs; ed;ik juhJ.

25

3 RWRWg;G Gyp3 RWRWg;G Gyp3 RWRWg;G Gyp3 RWRWg;G Gyp

(1902 1914 1926 1938 1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010 2022 2034 2046) Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; ,uT 3:00 Kjy; 5:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir fpof;F> tl fpof;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; Fsph;fhyk;> gpg;uthp khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; kuk; apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; ahq; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp KjypYk; vUJ ,uz;lhtjhAk; te;J Kjy; ,uz;L tUlq;fspd; rpd;dq;fsha; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. vj;jid typajha; ,Ue;j NghJk; Gyp %d;whtJ ,lj;ijNa gpbf;f Kbe;jJ. ,J mth;fis Mr;rhpaj;jpw;F cs;shf;fpaJ. fhuzk; Nfl;l NghJ> Gyp ePe;jp tUk; NghJ Mw;wpd; Ntfk; mjpfkha; ,Ue;jjhYk; kpfTk; rpukg;gl;L mij vjph;j;J ePe;jp te;j fhuzj;jhYk; rpwpJ jhkjk; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W Gypahh; $wpajha; fij xd;W cz;L. fPo;fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Gyp tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 08>1902 - [dthp 28>1903 [dthp 26>1914 - gpg;uthp 13>1915 gpg;uthp 13>1926 - gpg;utup 01>1927 [dthp 31>1938 - gpg;uthp 18>1939 gpg;uthp 17>1950 - gpg;uthp 05>1951 gpg;uthp 05>1962 - [dthp 24>1963 [dthp 23>1974 - gpg;uthp 10>1975 gpg;uthp 09>1986 - [dthp 28>1987

[dthp 28>1998 - gpg;uthp 15>1999 gpg;uthp 14>2010 - gpg;uthp 02> 2011

,dp; Gypthrpfspd;; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. rPd N[hjplj;jpy; kpfTk; RWRWg;Gf;F Ngh; Nghd rf;jp tha;e;j rpd;dk; ,J. Gypthrpfs; trPfuj;jw;Fk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;> vhpr;rYf;Fk; Ngh; Nghdth;fs;. mth;fs; tbtj;jpy; rpWj;j NghJk; fk;gPukhdth;fs;. nghWikrhypfshdhYk; Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. mikjpahdth;fshdhYk; vjph;f;f ty;yth;fs;. mr;RWj;jpdhYk; md;ghdth;fs;. mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; gy;NtWgl;l ,e;j Fzq;fspd; fhuzkha; mth;fs; jq;fSila kdj;ij epiy epWj;j rw;Nw fbdkha;

26

czh;thh;fs;. mth;fs; jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;tJ kpff; fbdk;. Gypthrpfs; mjpf jw;ngUik nfhz;lth;fs;. nghwhik nfhz;lth;fs;. Gypthrpfs; fl;Lf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ njhpe;j #oypy; kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fs; czh;Tfis fl;Lf;Fs; itf;fhky; Nghdhy;> gy gpur;rpidfisr; re;jpf;f NeUk;. mth;fspd;; tho;f;if KOtJNk czh;r;rp G+h;tkha; ,Uf;Fk;. mJNt mth;fSf;F gpbj;j FzKk; $l. tho;f;ifia tpUk;gp tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w kNdhepiyiaf; nfhz;lth;fs;. epiwtha; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; cs;sth;fs;. VjhtJ xU jPur; nraypy; <Lgl Ntz;Lnkd;whYk; nehbapy; KbT nra;J fhhpaj;jpy; ,wq;fj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. Gypthrpfs; Gjpa Gjpa rthy;fisr; re;jpf;fg; gha;thh;fs;. gzj;jpw;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; nrtp rha;f;f khl;lhh;fs;> kaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; czh;Tg;g+h;tkhdth;fs;. jq;fSf;fhfNth my;yJ cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fSf;fhfNth Kd;dpd;W Ngr Ntz;ba> nra;a Ntz;ba rkaq;fspy;> mr;rkw;W jq;fis Kd;dpiyg; gLj;jpf; nfhz;L nray;gLth;. rKjhaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mePjpfis vjph;f;fj; Jzpthh;fs;. rhpahd fUj;Jf;fis Vw;W> mjd;gb rKjhak; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mjw;fhd fhhpaq;fspy; <Lgl Kay;thh;fs;. mth;fSf;F Jzpfukhd nray;fspy; <Lgl kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. Gypthrpfs; xg;gpl;Lf; $wKbahj mstpw;F kpFe;j ijhparhypfs;. Nghh;f;fhyq;fspy; Kd; epw;f ty;yth;fs;. kf;fs; kdijj; jd; gf;fk; <h;g;gjpy; murh;fs;. mth;fsJ fk;gPukhd Njhw;wk;> nray; kw;wth;fis mth;fs; ghy; <h;f;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. Gypthrpfs; vg;NghJk; cz;ikapd; gf;fNk epw;gjd; fhuzkha;> mth;fs; ey;ytw;wpw;fha; Nghuhb> ,Wjp tiu Nghuhb nty;y Kay;thh;fs;. Nfhgg;gl;lhYk; mth;fs; cz;ikahdth;fshfTk; jhuhs kdk; cs;sth;fshfTk; md;ghdth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; eifr;Rit jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; kf;fsplKk; rKjha eydpYk; kpFe;j mf;fiw nfhz;lth;fs;. Gypthrpfs; nra;tij xj;Jf; nfhs;shjth;fSk; $l cs;Sf;Fs; mth;fisg; Nghw;Wthh;fs;. Gyp fhl;bd; murdha; ,y;yhj NghJk;> kpfr; rhjhuz tpyq;fd;W. Gypthrpfs; jpwik tha;e;j Rag;gw;W kpf;f kdpjh;fs;. mth;fs; trPfukhdth;fshfTk; eifr;Rit jd;ik nfhz;lth;fshfTk; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> rpy Neuq;fspy; jdpikia tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Gypthrpfspd; gykhd Fzk; tho;f;ifapy; caUk; Nehf;fKk; mij mila ,Uf;f Ntz;ba fl;Lg;ghLk; jhd;. GypthrpfSld; goF NghJk; rw;Nw [hf;fpuijaha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJ gha;thh;fs; vd;Nw nrhy;y KbahJ. mth;fsJ

27

czh;Tfs; mjpfkhfNt Cryhl ty;yJ. ,j;jifa Fzk; rpy rkak; mth;fSf;F rhjfkhfTk; ghjfkhfTk; mikfpwJ. Gypthrpfs; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tprak; vy;yhtw;wpYk; kpjkha; ele;J nfhs;tJ. mth;fsJ rf;jpia xUKfg; gLj;jpr; nray;gl;lhy; mth;fshy; vijAk; ey;ygbaha; rhjpf;f KbAk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; ve;jf; $l;lj;jpYk; jq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bf; nfhs;Sk; gb ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; nray;fs; nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Rk;kh ,Ug;gJ Rfkd;W vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;lth;fs;. vt;tsT jho;e;j epiyia mile;j NghJk; mth;fs; kdk; jsu khl;lhh;fs;. KjypypUe;J Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;whYk; mijr; nra;aj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; gpwtpapNyNa jiyik jhq;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; mjpfhuj; jd;ik mth; mUNf ,Uf;Fk; midtiuAk; mth;fs; tpUk;gpagb top elj;jpr; nry;y cjTk;. Ntiy ,lq;fspy; mth;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; ,aw;ifahfNt mike;j jiyik Fzj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Kay;th;. mg;gb ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fs; jdpNa Ntiy nra;a tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs; tpahghu ty;Yeh;fshfTk;> rKjha Nghuhl;l tPuh;fshfTk;> Muha;r;rpahsh;fshfTk;> gazf;Fwpg;ghsh;fshfTk;> ebfh;fshfTk;> tpkhd Xl;Leh;fshfTk;> vOj;jhsh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. cwTcwTcwTcwT md;G nfhz;lth;fsplk; fhl;Lk; ghpTk; ek;gpf;ifAk; mth;fis trPfukhdthfshAk;> MSk; jd;ik cs;s cUtk; nfhz;lth;fshAk; fhl;Lk;. Gypthrpfs;> goFfpwth;fsplk; kjpg;Gk; khpahijAk; vspjpy; ngw;W tpLthh;fs;. Gypthrpfspd; $l;lhspfSk; mth;fSf;F ,izaha; RWRWg;gha; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. mth;fs; cwTfspy; jq;fsJ Mjpf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lthh;fs;. ,q;fpjkha; ele;J nfhs;gth;fisf; fz;lhy; mth;fSf;F kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. gw;gy ghpRfisj; je;J mth;fis Mjhpf;fj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. tpUe;J itj;jhy;> tpUe;jhspfis kpfTk; md;GlDk; MjuTlDk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; czh;Tfisg; Gz;gLj;Jk; gb ele;J nfhs;tJ ey;yjy;y. mth;fs; vspjpy; ahiuAk; kd;dpf;f khl;lhh;fs;.

28

cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; NghJ kpfTk; Nkhrkha; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. czh;r;rp nfhe;jspg;gpy; %o;fp tpLgth;fs;. mth;fspd; nray;fs; ez;gh;fisAk; gifth;fisAk; kpfTk; mr;RWj;Jk;. GypthrpfSf;F clypy; VJk; fhak; gl;lhy; mth;fs; vy;yhhpd; mDjhgj;ijAk; vjph;ghh;g;ghh;fs;. ve;j tpj yh[pf;Fk; ghh;f;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F cly; epiy rPuhtNj Kf;fpa Nehf;fkha; ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; ahh; vijr; nrhd;dhYk; mij rpuNkw;nfhz;L mg;gbNa nra;a Kw;gLthh;fs;. Ntiy nra;tjpy; kw;w vy;yh tpraq;fisAk; kwe;J tpLthh;fs;. mjdhy; tpiutpy; fisg;gile;J tpLthh;fs;. gpwF ntF tpiutpNyNa ghaj; jahuhfp tpLthh;fs;. mjdhNyNa mth;fspd; cly; epiy ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shFk;. mjdhy; tho;f;ifiar; rkepiyAld; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikiag; ngw Kay Ntz;Lk;. Gyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;Gyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;Gyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;Gyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; vOj;jhsh; NjtNeag; ghthzh;> %jwpQh; uh[h[p> ebfh; u[pdpfhe;j;> ghlfp v];. [hdfp> ebfh; tp[a;> nld;dp]; tPuh;fs; kNf\; G+gjp> rhdpah kph;rh> u\;ahtpd; fhh;y; khh;f;];> ebif kh;ypd; kd;Nuh> ntdp]; efu thzpfd; khh;Nfh NghNyh> ,uz;lhk; vyprngj;> ebfh; lhk; F&]; mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 4> 5> 7> 9> 13> 34> 44> 45> 54 xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : eha;> Fjpiu> buhfd; xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : ML> vUJ> Fuq;F %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; Gypthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G Gyp neUg;G Gyp neUg;G Gyp neUg;G Gyp

(gpg;uthp 13>1926 - gpg;utup 01>1927 gpg;uthp 09>1986 - [dthp 28>1987) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; cjhu Fzk;> cjTk; jd;ik> Mh;tk;> Cf;fk; Nghd;w Fzq;fspd; ,Ug;gplk;. ey;y gf;fj;ijNa ghh;f;Fk; Rghtk; cs;sth;fs;. kw;wth;fis kfpo;tpf;Fk; gz;G nfhz;l fhuzj;jhy; jiyth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.

29

kug; Gypkug; Gypkug; Gypkug; Gyp

([dthp 26>1914 - gpg;uthp 13>1915 [dthp 23>1974 - gpg;uthp 10>1975) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; trPfuk;> jiyik> $l;Lwtpy; ehl;lk;> nghWik> cjTk; kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. gpwUld; ,ize;J gzpahw;w Ntz;ba NghJ rpwg;gha;; nray;gLthh;fs;.

G+kp GypG+kp GypG+kp GypG+kp Gyp

([dthp 31>1938 - gpg;uthp 18>1939 [dthp 28>1998 - gpg;uthp 15>1999) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;G> gbg;gjpy; mf;fiw> eLT epiyik> nghWg;G> Fwpf;Nfhspd; Nky; gw;Wjy; Mfpa Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. #o;epiyf; ifjpahf khl;lhh;fs;. gha;tjw;F Kd; vy;yh gf;fq;fisAk; myrp MuhAk; jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;.

cNyhf GypcNyhf GypcNyhf GypcNyhf Gyp

(gpg;uthp 17>1950 - gpg;uthp 05>1951 gpg;uthp 14> 2010 - gpg;uthp 02> 2011) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Mf;Nuh\k;> trPfuk;> Raeyk;> Cf;fk; Nghd;w Fzq;fshy; Mdth;fs;. Fwpf;Nfhis milAk; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;. jtwhd Kbit vLg;gjpy; ty;yth;fs;. mjdhy; mijj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tJ eyk; gaf;Fk;.

ePh; GypePh; GypePh; GypePh; Gyp

(gpg;uthp 08>1902 - [dthp 28>1903 gpg;uthp 05>1962 - [dthp 24>1963) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; $h;e;J Nehf;Fjy;> eLT epiyik> Neh;ik> jpwe;j kdk;> rhe;jk; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; thh;j;ijfSf;F nrtp kLg;gth;fs;. mth;fsJ MuhAk; jd;ik> fbdkhd #o;epiyfspYk; rhpahd Kbit vLf;f itf;Fk;.

ePq;fs; Gyp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

30

Gyp tUlg; gyd;fsGyp tUlg; gyd;fsGyp tUlg; gyd;fsGyp tUlg; gyd;fs;: Gyp tUlk; epiyaw;w jd;ik nfhz;lJ. me;j tUlj;jpy; Nghh;> ,aw;if rPw;wk;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; Vw;gLk;. khw;wq;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. mit ed;ikapy; KbAk; jd;ikAk; nfhz;ldtha; mikAk;.

31

4 mikjp Kay;4 mikjp Kay;4 mikjp Kay;4 mikjp Kay; (1903 1915 1927 1939 1951 1963 1975 1987 1999 2011 2023 2035 2047) Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; fhiy 5:00 Kjy; 7:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir fpof;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; tre;j fhyk;> khh;r; khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; kuk; apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp KjypYk; vUJ ,uz;lhtjhfTk;> Gyp %d;whtjhfTk; te;J Kjy; %d;W tUlq;fspd; rpd;dq;fsha; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. Kay; kpfTk; rhJthdJk; nkd;ikahd cly; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Ue;j NghJk; mJ ehd;fhtjha; te;jJ flTsh;fSf;F Mr;rhpaj;ijj; je;jJ. fhuzk; Nfl;l NghJ> jhd; Kjypy; Mw;iw flf;f vd;d nra;tJ vd;W Nahrpj;jjhAk;> gpwF Mw;wpd; eLNt ,Ue;j ghiwfspd; Nky; Fjpj;J Fjpj;J ghjp J}uj;ijf; fle;jjhAk; Kay; $wpajhk;. gpwF vd;d ele;jJ vd;W flTsh;fs; Mtyha; Nfl;f> ghiw KbTw;wJk; jhd; Nghl;bapy; n[apf;f KbahJ vd;W vz;zpa Neuj;jpy; me;jg; gf;fk; xU kuf; fl;il kpje;J tu mijg; gw;wpf; nfhz;L jhd; fiuiar; Nrh;e;jjha; Kay; $wpajhk;. ,e;jf; fij Kay; Vd; ehd;fhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; fij. fPo;fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Kay; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

[dthp 29>1903 - gpg;uthp 15>1904 gpg;uthp 14>1915 - gpg;uthp 02>1916 gpg;uthp 02>1927 - [dthp 22>1928 gpg;uthp 19>1939 - gpg;uthp 07>1940 gpg;uthp 06>1951 - [dthp 26>1952 [dthp 25>1963 - gpg;uthp 12>1964 gpg;uthp 11>1975 - [dthp 30>1976 [dthp 29>1987 - gpg;uthp 16>1988 gpg;uthp 16>1999 - gpg;uthp 04> 2000 gpg;uthp 03>2011 - [dthp 22> 2012

,dp Kay;thrpfspd;; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. Kay; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; mjph;\;l uhrpiag; ngw;wth;fs;. me;j uhrpfhuh;fs; ePz;l MAs; ngw;wth;fs;. epytpd; mj;jidr; rf;jpiaAk; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fs; moif Muhjpg;gth;fs;.

32

trPfukhdth;fs;. kpfTk; nkd;ikaha; NgRgth;fs;. mth;fs; uh[ je;jphpfs;. mikjp tpUk;gpfs;. rhe;jkhd tho;f;if tho tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fSf;F mikjpahd khiyg; nghOJ kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. mth;fs; fiyeak; kpf;fth;fs;. ey;y mwpthh;e;j gz;ghsh;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; mjph;\;lrhypfsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F Nfl;fhkNyNa gy mjph;\;lg; ghpRfs; te;J FtpAk;. mikjpahd> rhJthd> tpUk;gj;jf;f tifapy; cs;s Kay;thrpfs; kpfTk; cah;e;j Nehf;fk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mth;fspd; cs;Szh;T nfhz;Nl Cfpj;J nray;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. ngUk;ghYk; Kay;thrpfs; jq;fisAk; jq;fisr; Rw;wpas;s ,lq;fisAk; kpfTk; mofhfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; itj;Jf; nfhs;th;. mth;fSf;F fiy> moFgLj;Jjy;> cilayq;fhuk; Mfpatw;wpy; mjpf <LghL ,Uf;Fk;. Kaiyg; gyUk; Nfhioaha; vz;zpdhYk;> mth;fs; gpwtpapNyNa kpFe;j vr;rhpf;ifj; jd;ikAk; tpNtfKk; nfhz;lth;fs;. Kay;thrpfs; ve;jr; nraiyAk; KOikaha; myrp Muhahky;> jpBnud KbT vLj;J fhhpaj;ijr; nra;a Kd; tu khl;lhh;fs;. nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W rl;nld Fjpf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fspd; rhe;jkhd Fzk; Nghl;bfis vjph; nfhs;s jilr; nra;Ak;. mjdhy; mghafukhd nray;fisr; nra;a Mh;tk; fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. rpy rkak; ey;y re;jh;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jhky; tpl;L tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; Rfthrpfisg; Nghy; njhpe;jhYk; mth;fs; rpwe;j je;jphpfs;. mth;fs; kNdhgyk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mjdhy; jq;fs; Nehf;fj;ij mila mth;fs; mikjpahfTk; cWjpahfTk; nray;gLth;. mth;fs; ve;jtpjj;jpYk; Mh;g;ghl;lk; nra;J nraypy; <Lgl khl;lhh;fs;. Kay;thrpfs; vg;NghJk; ey;y Kiwapy; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. jtwhd thh;j;ijfisAk; Ngr;Rf;fisAk; gad;gLj;j khl;lhh;fs;. ePq;fs; nra;tij ed;F ftdpj;J midj;Jr; nray;fisAk; jpwk;glr; nra;J> rkaj;jpy; cq;fisNa Ke;j ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; nkj;jdkha; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy; mJ mth;fs; vr;rhpf;if jd;ik fhuzkha; mg;gb ,Uf;Fk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; jPu Muha;e;J> thpf;F thp gbj;J tpl;Nl jq;fs; ifnahg;gj;ij ,Lthh;fs;. vy;NyhUk; Xbf;nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> mth;fs; mikjpahfNt ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nraypNy ntw;wpAk; ngWthh;fs;. jhDk; tho;e;J mLj;jtiuAk; tho tpLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.

33

ve;jg; gpur;rpidfspYk; rpf;fpf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. f\;lq;fisf; fz;L mDjhgg;gl;L cjt Kd; tUthh;fs;. Mdhy; mjw;fhf vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhl Ntz;Lnkd;why;> Ms; fz;fspy; gl khl;lhh;fs;. clNd ntspNawp tpLthh;fs;. mth;fSf;Ff; f\;lq;fSk; Jd;gq;fSk; gpbf;fhj xd;W. Kay;thrpfs; f\;lq;fistpl;L ntF njhiytpy; Xl vj;jdpg;ghh;fs;. gak; Vw;gLk; NghJ mth;fs; vd;d nra;thh;fs; vd;Nw njhpahJ. mth;fis kpfTk; tw;GWj;jpdhy;> cwNt Ntz;lhk; vd;W ntl;br; nry;Yk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fsplk; gpwtpapNyNa vjph;f;Fk; jd;ik fpilahJ. mth;fs; jq;fs; topapy; gpur;rpidfis vjph; nfhs;thh;fs;. jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s ed;F mwpe;jth;fs;. jq;fs; nrhe;j tpraq;fisAk; nghUl;fisAk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s vd;d tpiy nfhLf;fTk; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. vd;d ele;jhYk; mth;fSf;F jq;fs; fhypNyNa epw;Fk; jpwidg; ngw;W jilfisj; jhz;l ty;yth;fs;. jq;fs; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; jpUg;jpahd tho;f;if tho tpUk;Gthh;fs;. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; Ntiy ,lq;fspYk; mth;fspd; mikjpAk;> gzpTk; mth;fis ek;gfkhdth;fsha; fhl;Lk;. kpfTk; fbdkhd tpahghug; Ngr;Rf;fis mikjpahd Kiwapy; Ngrp Kbf;Fk; jpwd; mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs; ed;F njsptha; NgRk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy; mwpe;jth;fSk; ez;gh;fSk; ,th;fspd; mwpTiufisf; Nfl;f tUthh;fs;. ve;jnthU FOtpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> Kay;thrpfs; mikjpf;Fg; ngah; Nghdth;fs;. rz;il rr;ruTfs; Vw;gl;lhy;> mq;F rkhjhdk; nra;a Kd;dpw;gth;fs; mth;fshf ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;jr; #oypYk; mikjpiaf; filgpbj;J> Mj;jpuk; nfhs;shky; nraiy Kbf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fSf;F NfhgNk mjpfk; tuhJ. Ntfkha; Nfhgk; tuhj Mrhkpfs; Kay;thrpfs;. mjdhy; mth;fs; murpay;thjpfshfTk;> mjpfhupfshfTk; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; Mrphpah;> ebfh;fs;> cil myq;fhuk; nra;gth;fs;> Gj;jf ntspaPl;lhsh;> nghJr; Nrit nra;gth; Nghd;w njhopy;fspy; <Lglyhk;. cwTcwTcwTcwT Kay;thrpfs; urid kpf;fth;fs;. mLj;jtiuAk; kfpo;tpf;f ty;yth;fs;. vy;Nyhiug; gw;wpAk; ey;y tpjkha; nrhy;y tpraq;fis itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ntspNa nrhy;yhtpl;lhYk;> xUtiu ed;F fzpj;J> mth;fsplk; vg;gbg; gof Ntz;LNkh mg;gbg; gof ty;yth;fs;.

34

Kay;thrpfs; ed;F ftdkha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mLj;jthpd; Ngr;rpid rhpaha; nrtpkLj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fs;. mth;fs; ,uf;f Fzk; ngw;wth;fs;. ,aw;ifapNyNa ,dpikahd jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fs; cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fs; kj;jpapy; gpugykhdth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F ek;gj;jFe;j ez;gh;fs; gyh; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Kay;thrpfSf;F tpNuhjpfs; mt;tsthf ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. kdpjh;fis rhpaha;; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; Fzk; mth;fsplk; gpwtpapNyNa ,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs; rw;Nw mfe;ijAld; elg;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; el;GlDk; ghrj;Jld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nghJ ,lq;fspy; ahiuAk; jh;k rq;flkhd epiyf;Fj; js;s khl;lhh;fs;. vg;gb xUtiuf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mth;fSf;Fj; njhpAk;. czh;TfSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLf;fj; njhpe;jth;fs; vd;gjhy;> midtuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLk; [Ptd;fs; ,th;fs;. kpf neUq;fpa cwtpdh;fs; kj;jpapy; rhfrpfsha; kaf;Fgth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; gpwtpf; Fzkhd vr;rhpf;ifj; jd;ik mth;fis epiyahd cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;s jil nra;Ak;. mjdhy; fz;lJk; fhjy; vd;gJ ,th;fsplk; rw;W fbdNk. el;Gk; NjhoikAk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. rr;ruT Vw;gLk; NghJ vjph; jug;gpdiug; gw;wpAk; vz;zpg; ghh;g;gh;. mth;fs; ez;gh;fisAk; cwtpdh;fisAk; ek;gp tpl;lhy; mjpy; tYthf ,Ug;ghh;fs;. cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; mth;fSf;F vg;gb> vg;NghJ Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ed;F njhpAk;. mth;fs; kd mikjpapd;wp jtpf;Fk; NghJ kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkha; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; kdr;rq;flq;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ mijg; gw;wp ntspapy; fhl;bf; nfhs;shky; jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt itj;J kUFthh;fs;. mjdhy; cly;epiy ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shFk; epiy $l Vw;gLk;. mth;fsJ rq;flq;is jpdrhp fhhpaq;fs; nra;J> kwf;fr; nra;jhy; cly; epiy rPuhFk;. Kay; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;Kay; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;Kay; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;Kay; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuh; mtpehrypq;f nrl;bah;> ghNte;jh;; ghujpjhrd;> ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;> jhtputpayhsh; gPh;gy; rfdp> ngUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh;> je;ij nghpahh;> ebfh;fs; rpth[p fNzrd;> #h;ah> ebif =Njtp> ghlfh; NaRjh];> jgyh ,ir fiyQh;; rhfph; `_ird;> tpQ;Qhdp My;gh;l; Id;];Bd;> gjpdhd;fhk; Nghg; Ngdbf;l;> fhy;ge;jhl;l tPuh; Nltpl; ngf;fhk;> Nfhy;g; tPuh; ilfh; Cl;];> ebif tpl;dp `_];ld;

35

mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 1> 3> 5> 9> 15> 19> 35. xj;Jgxj;Jgxj;Jgxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : gd;wp> eha;> ML xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : Nrty;> vyp %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; Kay;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G Kay;neUg;G Kay;neUg;G Kay;neUg;G Kay;

(gpg;uthp 02>1927 - [dthp 22>1928 [dthp 29>1987 - gpg;uthp 16>1988) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; md;G> czh;r;rp trg;gLjy;> $h;e;J Nehf;Fjy;> ghuhl;il vjph;ghh;j;J cioj;jy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. jP Kay;thrpfis Gjpa gjpa rhfrq;fis vjph; nfhs;s itf;Fk;.

ku Kay; ku Kay; ku Kay; ku Kay;

(gpg;uthp 14>1915 - gpg;uthp 02>1916 gpg;uthp 11>1975 - [dthp 30>1976) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; ,uf;fk;> jhuhsj; jd;ik> $h;e;J Nahrpf;Fk; jd;ikfisg; ngw;wth;fs;. mLj;jth;fis jpUg;jpg; gLj;j Kay;th;. gpwUf;fhf mjpfkha; Ntiy nra;af; $bath;fs;. mth;fSf;Ff; njhpahkNyNa mth;fsplk; vy;NyhUk; fhhpaq;fisr; rhjpj;Jf; nfhs;th;.

GGGG+kp Kay; +kp Kay; +kp Kay; +kp Kay;

(gpg;uthp 19>1939 - gpg;uthp 07>1940 gpg;uthp 16> 1999 - gpg;uthp 04> 2000) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; nry;tj;jpy; ehl;lk;> Mh;tk;> rk Nehf;F> ftiy Nghd;w jd;ikfisg; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fsJ MNyhridfs; kpfTk; cz;ikahditaha; ,Uf;Fk;. FLk;g tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUth;.

cNyhf Kay; cNyhf Kay; cNyhf Kay; cNyhf Kay;

(gpg;uthp 06>1951 - [dthp 26>1952

36

gpg;uthp 03>2011 - [dthp 22> 2012) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; fiyeak;> rhe;jk;> czh;r;rp trg;gLjy;> Muha;e;J mwpAk; jd;ik Mfpa Fzq;fisg; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fs; gyrhypfshfTk; Fwpf;NfhSilath;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nra;Ak; nraypy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; ,Ug;gh;.

ePh; Kay; ePh; Kay; ePh; Kay; ePh; Kay;

([dthp 29>1903 - gpg;uthp 15>1904 [dthp 25>1963 - gpg;uthp 12>1964) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; nkd;ik> mikjp jUk; Cf;fk;> eLT epiyik> mjpfk; ntspahl;fSld; gofhj Fzk; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. tho;f;if NghFk; jpirapy; nry;Yk; jd;ik> gpur;rpidfis jtph;f;Fk; jd;ik> mLj;jtUf;F cjtp nra;Ak; jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;.

ePq;fs; Kay; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. Kay; tUlg; gyd;fsKay; tUlg; gyd;fsKay; tUlg; gyd;fsKay; tUlg; gyd;fs;: Kay; tUlk; Gyp tUlj;ijg; Nghd;W ntbf;fhky; kpfTk; mikjpiaj; juf; $ba tUlk;. f\;lq;fs; mjpfk; ,uhky;> kpjkhd tUlkha; ,Uf;Fk;.

37

5 5 5 5 tPu buhfd;tPu buhfd;tPu buhfd;tPu buhfd;

(1904 1916 1928 1940 1952 1964 1976 1988 2000 2012 2024 2036) Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; fhiy 7:00 Kjy; 9:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir fpof;F> njd; fpof;F chpa fhyq;fschpa fhyq;fschpa fhyq;fschpa fhyq;fs; ; ; ; tre;j fhyk;> Vg;uy;; khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; kuk; apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; ahq;; buhfd; vd;gJ rpq;fk; Nghd;w jiyAk; ghk;G Nghd;w tisthd ePz;l clYk; nfhz;l tpyq;F. flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp KjypYk; vUJ> Gyp> Kay; mLj;jLj;J te;J Kjy; ehd;F tUlq;fspd; rpd;dq;fsha; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. tPuKk; gyKk; nfhz;l buhfd; thapy; neUg;igf; ff;fpf; nfhz;Nl> Ie;jhtjha; gwe;J te;J epd;w NghJ flTsh;fSf;F Mr;rhpaj;ijj; je;jJ. fhuzk; Nfl;l NghJ> buhfd; cyf caph;fSf;fhfTk; kf;fSf;fhfTk; kioiaj; ju Ntz;b ,Ue;jjhy; rpwpJ gpd; jq;fpajhfTk;> fiuia te;jilAk; rkak; Kay; kuf;fl;iliag; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L jpz;lhbf;nfhz;bUe;jijj; ghh;j;jJk; mjw;Ff; fiu Nru cjt vz;zp xU nghpa Kr;ir mjd; gf;fk; tpl;l gpd; te;jjhy; jkhjkhfp tpl;lJ vd;W $wpajhk;. ,ijf; Nfl;l flTsh;fs; kfpo;j;J mij tho;j;jp tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; Ie;jhk; rpd;dkha; njhpT nra;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; buhfd; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 16>1904 - gpg;uthp 03>1905 gpg;uthp 03>1916 - [dthp 22>1917 [dthp 23>1928 - gpg;uthp 09>1929 gpg;uthp 08>1940 - [dthp 26>1941 [dthp 27>1952 - gpg;uthp 13>1953 gpg;uthp 13>1964 - gpg;uthp 01>1965 [dthp 31>1976 - gpg;uthp 17>1977 gpg;uthp 17>1988 - gpg;uthp 05>1989 gpg;uthp 05> 2000 - [dthp 23>2001 [dthp 23> 2012 - gpg;uthp 09>2013

,dp; buhfd;thrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. Ie;jhk; ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; buhfd; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; kpfTk; mjph;\;lr; rpd;dj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,J Kf;fpakhd kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;j rpd;dkhff; fUjg;gLk; xd;W.

38

buhfd; vd;gJ cz;ikahd tpyq;F fpilahJ. ,J fw;gidapy; jPl;lg;gl;l> cUthf;fg;gl;l tpyq;F. rPdhtpy; buhfd; rpq;fj;jpw;F ,izahd rf;jp nghUe;jpa tpyq;fha; fUjg;gLfpwJ. buhfd;thrpfs; neUg;Gg; ge;Jfs; vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. mth;fs; cly; cuk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F tPuk; cld;gpwe;j xd;W. buhfd;thrpfspy; mfe;ijAk; mfq;fhuKk; nfhz;lth;fSk; cz;L. gpj;jh;fs;. mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jgth;fs;. ve;jr; rkaj;jpYk; cjtpf;fuk; ePl;l ty;yth;fs;. tpl;Lf; nfhLf;ff; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; vijAk; Neubaha; vjph; nfhs;sj; Jzpthh;fs;. NgRthh;fs;. tho;f;ifia tho tpUk;Ggth;fs;. tho;f;ifia Nerpg;gth;fs;. tho;f;ifia KOikahf kpfTk; Mlk;gukha; mDgtpf;f vz;Zgth;fs;. buhfd;thrpfSf;F tho;f;iff;F xU mh;j;jk; Ntz;Lk;. Nghuhl VjhtJ fhuzk; Ntz;Lk;. mila Ntz;ba ,yf;F Ntz;Lk;. vjpYNk Mh;tk; fhl;lhj buhfd;thrpfs; kpfTk; ftiyf;fplkhdth;fs;. vg;NghJNk Xbf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gth;fs;. me;j Xl;lj;jpy; jdf;nfd xU $l;lj;ijAk; nfhz;L nrYj;jf; $bath;fs;. jq;fsJ cah;e;j nfhs;ifapd; Nky; gw;W nfhz;L> mij mila Kaw;rp nra;gth;fs;. mth;fs; Ngr;Rk; nray;fSk; midtiuAk; ftuj;jf;fit. VjhtJ $l;lj;jpy; buhfd;thrpfs; Eioe;jhy;> clNd mijf; fz;Ltplyhk;. mth;fs; $lNt mth;fsJ Rthurpakhdr; nray;fSk; Ngr;Rk; $l;lj;jpdh; kj;jpapYk; Clhb mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; fhl;bf; nfhLf;Fk;. mth;fsJ nkd;ikahd czh;Tg;G+h;tkhd nray;fs; mth;fis njhpe;jth;fs; kj;jpapy; tpUk;gj;jf;fth;fsha; cah;j;Jk;. kpFe;j Mh;tKk; ek;gpf;ifAk; vg;NghJk; ntspf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fsJ Neh;ikAk; JLf;Fj;jdKk; midtiuAk; mth;fsplk; ek;gpf;if nfhs;Sk;gbr; nra;Ak;. vg;NghJNk mth;fs; Ngr;R cs;sj;jpypUe;J tUk; thh;j;ijfsha; ,Uf;Fk;. mit cz;ikAk; fglkw;Wk; ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs; Kw;Nghf;fhdth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; ,aw;ifapy; Ml;lKk; NtfKk; nfhz;lth;fs;. vijAk; mirf;fty;y kdpjh;fs;. jdf;F Ntz;baijg; ngw ve;jnthU ntl;fKk; glhky; nray;gl ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; mjpfhuj; jd;ikNa mth;fSf;F gy rkak; vjphpahfptpLk; tha;g;G cz;L. mth;fs; rpy Neuq;fspy; Mo;e;J rpe;jpf;fhky; Ngrp vjpuhspapd; kdijg; Gz;gl itf;Fk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. jq;fs; Kl;lhs;jdkhd nray;fs; kw;Wk; KbTfshy; tUj;jg;gl;lhYk;> clNd mij tpl;L ntspNa tu Kaw;rp nra;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ jtiw czh;e;J NkYk; mjpf

39

jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; clNd nray;glf; $bath;fs;. mth;fsJ Gj;jprhypj;jdKk; gpbthjKk; mth;fs; ve;jj; Jiwf;Fr; nrd;whYk;> mjpy; gpufhrpf;fr; nra;Ak;. mth;fs; rhjpf;fg; gpwe;jth;fs; vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. vjph;f;f Ntz;ba rkaq;fspy;> tpjpia nehe;J nfhz;L mikjpaha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;> vjph;f;fj; Jzpthh;fs;. mth;fs; Ntiy nra;tjpYk; mjpfhuk; nra;tjpYk; jpwik tha;e;jth;fs;. Nky; jl;by; ,Uf;f vd;d nra;a Ntz;LNkh mijr; nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F kpf cah;e;j nray;fisr; nra;J rhjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w cWjpAk;; Mh;tKk; ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fshy; mij mila kpfTk; Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;. kpf cauj;jpw;F vspjpy; nry;y Kbahky; jtpg;ghh;fs;. buhfd;thrpfs; ey;yNjh nfl;lNjh vijr; nra;jhYk;> mLj;jth; fz;zpypUe;J jg;gNt KbahJ. mth;fs; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fs; vg;NghJNk vy;yhUf;Fk; njhpAk; nra;jpahfptpLk;. thjk; nra;tjpYk; mth;fs; ty;yth;fs;. mth;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdkhd fhhpak;. mth;fs; rthiy Neubaha; vjph; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fis vjphpahfNth Nfhgk; nfhs;sNth nra;Jtpl;lhy;> mth;fs; tplhky; Juj;jf; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fis vy;NyhUk; tpUk;Gthh;fs; vd;W jhdhfNt vz;zpf; nfhz;L nray;gLthh;fs;. mth;fs; gpbthjkha; ,Ue;jhYk; mw;gFzk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fsJ czh;Tfis kiwj;Jf; nfhs;tJ fbdk;. mij kiwf;fTk; Kay khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fsJ ufrpaq;fisNaf; fhf;fj; jLkhWthh;fs;. mjdhy; ek;gpf;ifia neLehl;fSf;F jhf;Fg;gpbf;f KbahJ. nray;fisr; nra;J Kbg;gjpNyNa Fwpaha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. buhfd; nray;ghl;bw;F ngah; Nghd rpd;dnkd;gjhy; mth;fs; mLj;jth;fis Cf;Ftpf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; Ntfkha;r; nray;gl vz;zk; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy; mth;fSf;F mijr; nra;tjpy; Vw;gLk; jtWfisf; ftdpf;f Neuk; fpilf;fhJ. mjdhy; buhfd;thrpfNs> vg;NghJk; nray;fisr; nra;a jiyfPoha; tpOtij tpl;L> mij Muha;e;J nray;gLjy; eyk; gaf;Fk;. mth;fs; jq;fisr; rf;jp tha;e;jth;fsha;; fUJthh;fs;. gy nray;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; jpwk;glr; nra;Ak; jd;ikAk; mth;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. mfyf; fhy; itg;gth;fs;. nky;tjw;F mjpfkhfNt fbj;Jr; rhg;gpLthh;fs;. Jd;gg;gLk; Neuq;fspy;> mfe;ijapd; fhuzkha; mLj;jth;fsplk; cjtp Nfl;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; mfe;ijAk; fh;tKk; nfhz;l fhuzj;jhy; jdpNa nray;gLtJ Nghd;W Njhd;wpdhYk;> mit Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fshfh. mth;fs; kpFe;j Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. Nfhgk; te;jhy; vd;d elf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;yNt KbahJ.

40

buhfd;thrpfsplk; ,Uf;Fk; Ntz;lhj Fzk; jiyf;fdKk;> JLf;Fj;jdkhd ehf;Fk; jhd;. typik> RWRWg;G> Xbf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;. jq;fsplkpUe;J vij vjph;ghh;f;fpwhh;fNsh mijNa mLj;jthplKk; vjph;ghh;ghh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; nrhy;tijj; jhd; nra;ahky; mLj;jth;fSf;F Nghjpg;gJk; elf;Fk;. mjpfj; jd;dk;gpf;if> mLj;jth;fis Fiw nrhy;tJ> jhNd $l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiytd; vd;w vz;zk;> mjpf RWRWg;ghd NghjpYk; kpf Ntfj;Jld; nray;gLk; jd;ik Jd;gj;ij tutiof;f ty;yJ. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; murpay;thjpfs;> kUj;Jth;fs;> mikr;rh;fs;> fiyQh;fsha; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; rhpahdj; njhopiy Njh;T nra;Jtpl;lhy;> mjpy; mth;fSf;F ntw;wp epr;rak;. mjw;Nf jq;fis mh;g;;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;LtpLthh;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fis ntw;wp ngWtjpypUe;J jLf;fNt KbahJ. nry;thf;Fk; Fwpf;NfhSk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ,th;fs; jhq;fshf tpjpj;j tpjpfspd;gb jq;fs; tho;f;ifia tho;gth;fs;. jdpahf tpl;lhy;> ngUk;ghYk; mth;fs; ntw;wp ngWthh;fs;. mth;fs; Ra Cf;fk; nfhz;L> Nghl;bfis vjph;nfhz;L> Jzpe;J fhhpaq;fisr; nra;a ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fis tpUk;gpr; nra;thh;fs;. mij gpuk;khz;lkha;; nra;a tpUk;Ggth;fs;. ,e;j tpUg;gKk; Mh;tKk; rpy rkak; mth;fis Nrhh;tilr; nra;J mjpUg;jpiaAk; juf; $Lk;. buhfd;thrpfs; kw;wth; gpd; Nghtijf; fhl;bYk;> top elj;jpr; nry;y tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; GjpJ Gjpjha; gilf;Fk; gilj;jy; njhopypy; <Lgl;lhy; ed;ik gaf;Fk;. fz;Lgpbg;ghsh;> Nkyhsh;> fzpg;nghwp ty;Yeh;> tof;fwpQh;> nghwpahsh;> fl;bl epGzh;> tpahghhp> jufh; Nghd;w Ntiyfs; ,th;fSf;F cfe;j NtiyfshFk;. cwTcwTcwTcwT fhjypy; mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Njhy;tpiaj; jOTthh;fs;. mth;fs; ,jaq;fis cilf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; ,stajpy; ngUk;ghYk; kzk; nra;J nfhs;s tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. jdpaha; tho;tjpy; kfpo;r;rpAk; jpUg;jpAk; nfhs;gth;fs;. buhfd;thrpfSf;F mstpw;F mjpfkhd ez;gh;fSk;> Nghw;Wgth;fSk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; nkd;ikahdth;fs;. mjdhy; gphpTfs; mth;fisg; nghpJk; ghjpf;Fk;. mjdhNyNa jdp tho;f;if tho tpUk;Ggth;fs;.

41

mth;fs; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; cz;ikahdth;fsha; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. Ntz;ba NghJ fhg;ghw;w Kd; epw;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jhd; cjtpf;F Kjy; Msha; epw;ghh;fs;. mbf;fb mLj;jtUf;F cjtp nra;Ak; buhfd;thrpfs;> jq;fSf;nfd cjtp Nfl;fj; jaq;Fthh;fs;. mth;fsJ jd;ikAk;> elj;ijAk; gyiu mth;fSld; gof itj;jhYk;> mth;fs; mbg;gilapy; jdpik tpUk;gpfs;. mjdhNyNa mth;fs; jdpj;J tplg;gl;lhy; fhhpaq;fisr; nrt;tNdr; nra;J Kbg;ghh;fs;. fhjiy tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jhYk; nfhLg;ghh;fNsnahopa> Rje;jpuj;ij tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fsJ JLf;Fj;jdkhd Ngr;Rk; NfhgKk; mth;fs; cld; ,Ug;gth;fis tUj;jf; $baJ. mjdhy; mth;fs; jplk; kpf;fth;fsha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; neUq;fpa ez;gh;fsplKk; cwtpdh;fsplKk; kl;LNk jq;fspd; Rf Jf;fq;fis vLj;Jr; nrhy;yp md;igg; nghopaf; $bath;fs;. cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; fbd ciog;ig tpUk;Gk; ,th;fs; ngUk;ghYk; MNuhf;fpak; kpf;fth;fs;. Jzpfukhd fhhpaq;fspy; mjpfk; <LgLtjhy; mth;fs; kd mOj;jk; nfhz;L mbf;fb jiytypf;Fs;shFk; tha;g;G cz;L. mjdhy; kpfr; rhjhuz fhhpaq;fisr; nra;tJ mth;fSf;F eyk; gaf;Fk;. Nahfhrdk;> elj;jy; Nghd;w gapw;rpfs; mth;fsJ cliyAk; kdijAk; ed;Kiwapy; itf;f cjTk;. mth;fs; kpfTk; czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; kdf;fpsh;r;rp nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. buhfd; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;buhfd; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;buhfd; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;buhfd; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; ghuj; uj;dh tpUJ ngw;w ghlfp vk;. v];. Rg;Gyl;Rkp> ghlfp vk;. vy;. tre;jFkhhp> fhh; ge;ja tPuh; eNud; fhh;j;jpNfad;> Njrgf;jh; jpUg;G+h; Fkud;> njhopyjpgh; N[. Mh;. b. lhlh> Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; fpahdp n[ay; rpq;> cjtpf;fuk; ePl;ba Gshud;]; iel;bq;Nfy;> tPuhq;fid N[hd; Mg; Mh;f;> kNdhjj;Jt epGzh; rpf;kz;l; gpuhl;> ebfh; fpD hPt;];> fhy;ge;jhl;l tPuh; Nuhdhy;Nlh mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 3> 4> 5> 6> 15> 21> 34> 35> 36> 45. xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : Fuq;F> vyp> ghk;G> Nrty; xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : vUJ> ML> eha; %yf%yf%yf%yff; Fzq;fs;f; Fzq;fs;f; Fzq;fs;f; Fzq;fs; buhfd;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

42

neUg;G buhfd;neUg;G buhfd;neUg;G buhfd;neUg;G buhfd;

(gpg;uthp 03>1916 - [dthp 22>1917 [dthp 31>1976 - gpg;uthp 17>1977) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; ,uf;fk;> vjph; nfhs;Sjy;> Neh;ik Nghd;w ew;Fzq;fs; cilath;fs;. czh;r;rpg; Nghuhl;lk; mjpfk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mtruKk;> Mh;tKk; jtwhd KbTfis vLf;fj; J}z;Lk;. mj;jifath;fspd; Ntfk; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. czh;Tfis fl;Lf;Fs; itf;f Kay Ntz;Lk;.

ku buhfd; ku buhfd; ku buhfd; ku buhfd;

(gpg;uthp 16>1904 - gpg;uthp 03>1905 gpg;uthp 13>1964 - gpg;uthp 01>1965) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; mfq;fhuk;> tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy;> ntFspj;jdk;> fglkw;w jd;ik cilath;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; vz;zq;fSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;gth;fs;. mth;fs; fiy eak; rpwe;jJ. mLj;jth;fsplk; ed;F gofpdhYk;> mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jthh;fs;. mth;fs; gilg;G Kaw;rpfspy; ifj; Njh;e;jth;fs;.

G+kp buhfd;G+kp buhfd;G+kp buhfd;G+kp buhfd;

([dthp 23>1928 - gpg;uthp 09>1929 gpg;uthp 17> 1988 - gpg;uthp 05> 1989) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; tPuk;> tpNtfk;> epiyahd jd;ik cilath;fs;. cy;yhrpfs;. buhfd; epyj;jpy; Cd;wp ,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs; KbTfisr; rhpaha; vLg;ghh;fs;. rkNehf;F cilath;fs;. jq;fsJ nray;fisf; fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUg;gth;fs;. mLj;jth;fis Mjhpj;jhYk;> jd;id Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zthh;fs;. eilKiwr; nray;ghLfis ek;Ggth;fs;.

cNyhf buhfd; cNyhf buhfd; cNyhf buhfd; cNyhf buhfd;

(gpg;uthp 08>1940 - [dthp 26>1941 gpg;uthp 05>2000 - [dthp 23> 2001) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; cz;ik> Ntfk;> tisahj jd;ik> jplk;> JzpT nfhz;lth;fs;. cNyhfk;> buhfd; rpd;dj;jpd; gyj;ij NkYk; gyg;gLj;jf; $baJ. mth;fs; nfhs;if gpbg;Gf; nfhz;lth;fs;. jhd; ek;Gtij nray;gLj;jg; NghuhLthh;fs;. jd;Dila fUj;Jfis vjph;g;gth;fSld; ,Uf;f mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. jiyik jhq;Fk; Fzk; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fspd; gpd; elf;f gyh; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.

43

ePh; buhfd;ePh; buhfd;ePh; buhfd;ePh; buhfd;

([dthp 27>1952 - gpg;uthp 13>1953 [dthp 23> 2012 - gpg;uthp 09>2013) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; ePh;> buhfdpd; Mf;Nuh\j;ij rw;Nw kl;Lg;gLj;j ty;yJ. mh;g;gzpg;G Fzk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fs;. ek;gj; jFe;jth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; fzpg;Gfis rPh; J}f;fpg; ghhg;;gth;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJNk rhpahd KbTfis vLf;ff; $bath;fs; my;y. mth;fs; KbTfs; Muhag;gl;l Kbtha; ,Ue;jhy;> kw;wth;fspd; fUj;JfSk; mjpy; mlq;fp ,Ue;jhy;> KbT rhpahdjha; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;.

ePq;fs; buhfd; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. buhfd; tUlg; gyd;fsbuhfd; tUlg; gyd;fsbuhfd; tUlg; gyd;fsbuhfd; tUlg; gyd;fs;: buhfd; tUlk; re;Njhrj;ijAk; mjph;\;lj;ijAk; jUk;. mJ rf;jp tha;e;j> gyk; nghUe;jpa rpd;dk;. mjdhy; ,aw;ifr; rPw;wk; mjpfk; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ey;yd gy elf;Fk;. jpUkzk; nra;gth;fs;> Gjpa njhopiy Muk;gpg;gth;fs; ,e;j tUlj;jpy; nra;jhy;> ed;ik ngWthh;fs;.

44

6 6 6 6 rhfrf;fhug; ghk;Grhfrf;fhug; ghk;Grhfrf;fhug; ghk;Grhfrf;fhug; ghk;G (1905 1917 1929 1941 1953 1965 1977 1989 2001 2013 2025 2037 2049)

Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; fhiy 9:00 Kjy; 11:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir njw;F> njd; fpof;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; tre;j fhyk;> Nk khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; neUg;G apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd; Kjy; Ie;J ,lq;fspy; te;jd. buhfd; te;J Nrh;e;j gpd;> Fok;Gr; rj;jk; Nfl;L flTsh;fs; me;jg; gf;fk; ghh;j;jdh;. fiuia vl;Lk; Neuj;jpy; jpBnud Fjpiuapd; Fok;gpypUe;J ghk;G ntsp te;jJ. ,ijf; fz;L gae;J gpd; thq;fpaJ Fjpiu. ghk;G Mwhtjha; Nghl;bapy; te;jJ. flTsh;fs; mij tho;j;jp tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; MwhtJ rpd;dkha; njhpT nra;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; ghk;G tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 04>1905 - [dthp 24>1906 [dthp 23>1917 - gpg;uthp 10>1918 gpg;uthp 10>1929 - [dthp 29>1930 [dthp 27>1941 - gpg;uthp 14>1942 gpg;uthp 14>1953 - gpg;uthp 02>1954 gpg;uthp 02>1965 - [dthp 20>1966 gpg;uthp 18>1977 - gpg;uthp 06>1978 gpg;uthp 06>1989 - [dthp 26>1990 [dthp 24>2001 - gpg;uthp 01> 2002 gpg;uthp 10>2013 - [dthp 30> 2014

,dp ghk;Gthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. Mokhd Mw;iwg; Nghy;> ghk;Gthrpfs; NkNyhl;lkha; mikjpaha;; njhpe;jhYk;> mth;fsJ vz;zq;fSk; czh;TfSk; kpfTk; MokhdJ> Mh;g;ghl;lkw;wJ. ghk;Gthrpfs; rhfrf;fhuh;fshfTk; trPfuk; kpf;fth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; Mo;e;j rpe;jidahsh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; G+lfkhdth;fs;. nkd;ikahdth;fs;. Gj;jfq;fis tpUk;gpg; gbg;gth;fs;. vy;yhf; fiyfisAk; Nghw;Wthh;fs;. tho;f;ifapd; nky;ypa czh;TfisAk; urpf;f ty;yth;fs;. kw;w vy;yhiuAk;tplj; jq;fs; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; jtW nra;tJ kpff; fbdk;. %lek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. re;Njfthjpfs;. kaf;ff;

45

$bath;fs;. je;jputhjpfs;. NgRk; Kd; kpfTk; Nahrpj;Nj NgRthh;fs;. mikjpahfTk; Mh;g;ghl;lkpy;yhkYk; jhDz;L jd; NtiyAz;L vd;W ,Uf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; ftdj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mh;g;ghl;lkhd nray;fspy; <Lgl khl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fs; Ntiyiaf; ftdkha;r; nra;J rhjpf;f Ntz;baijr; rhjpj;Jf; fhl;Lthh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; vijAk; vspjpy; fw;Wf; nfhs;thh;fs;. xU Kiw jtW nra;tJ Ghpe;J tpl;lhy;> mijj; jpUk;gTk; nra;a khl;lhh;fs;. rj;jpak; jtWjiy mth;fs; kd;dpf;f khl;lhh;fs;. Njhy;tpia ntWg;gth;fs;. gz tpraj;jpy; kpfTk; mjph;\;lrhypfs;. mth;fs; gzj;ijr; Nrkpg;gth;fs;. rpf;fdkhfTk; ftdkhfTk; mijg; ghJfhg;gh;. kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd tpraq;fspy;> mLj;jth;fspd; vz;zq;fisAk; MNyhridfisAk; ek;ghky;> jq;fsJ kdk; fhl;Lk; ghijapd; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if itj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fs;. jhd;> jdJ vz;zk;> jdJ nray; vd;W ,Ug;gth;fs; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis vjph; Nehf;Fk; NghJk;> jq;fs; Mo;kdj;jpd; KbTfis Vw;W> nray;gl;L> me;j gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;f;f top NjLthh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; kdj;jhy; Mo;rpe;ijAk;> ,aw;ifapy; nghwhik Fzk; nfhz;lth;fshAk;> tpyf;fg;gl;lhy; mij Vw;f Kbahj jd;ikiaAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fisf; Nfhgk; nfhs;s itj;jhy;> mth;fs; thh;j;ijfshy; fj;jhky; mikjpaha; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. mth;fs; tQ;rk; itj;Jf; ftpo;f;f Neuk; ghh;j;Jf; fhj;jpUf;f ty;yth;fs;. ,aw;ifahfNt vijAk; $h;e;J Nehf;Fthh;fs;. MdhYk; re;Njfq;fisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;shky;> jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mLj;jth; tpraq;fspy; jiyapLjiy tpUk;ghjth;fs;. Ch; tk;G NgRtJ gpbf;fhj tprak;. ghk;Gthrpfs; mofha; cilayq;fhuk; nra;J nfhs;thh;fs;. ed;dlj;ij cilath;fs;. Kd; [hf;fpuijthrpfs;. mikjpahfNt fhzg;gLthh;fs;. jq;fs; cz;ik czh;TfSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;J elg;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F eifr;Rit czh;T mjpfk; ,Uf;Fk;. f\;lkhdr; #oypYk;> ,e;j czh;thy;> #oiy mD$ykhf;f ty;yth;fs;. jq;fisf; f\;lj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhYk;> mth;fs; jq;fs; gspr;rpLk; vz;zq;fistpl;Lf; nfhLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. gyKs;s J}z;fisg; Nghd;w mth;fspd; vz;zq;fs;> mth;fSf;F Fog;gf; fhyj;jpYk;> gpur;rpidfs; epiwe;j Neuj;jpYk;> epjhdkha; ftdkha; nray;gl itf;Fk;.

46

mth;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wpa mUikahd vz;zq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. tpiy kjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fis tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Nghypfis tpUk;ghky; cz;ikahd ey;y nghUl;fis thq;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; mjpfhuj;ijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ntw;wpahsh;fisj; jq;fisr; Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk;gb ghh;j;Jg; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fis mjph;\;lKk; GfOk; jhNd Njb tUk;. Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> ed;dlj;ij> nghUs; Nky; gw;W vd;w Fzq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. KbTfs; vLf;f Ntz;ba Neuq;fspy; mth;fs; fzf;fha; Nahrpj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fNsnahopa> jtwhd #oiy cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; KbTfis vLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. jdf;F Ntz;Ltdtw;iw ngw> nra;a Ntz;baijr; nra;J> mr;nraiy Kbf;f ty;yth;fs;. tho;f;ifapy; ngw Ntz;ba midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk; jq;fisr; Rw;wp itj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; nghUshir nfhz;lth;fs; ,th;fs;. mth;fsJ ,y;yq;fisf; fhZk; NghJ mJ njhpAk;. kpfTk; Mlk;gukhdg; nghUs;fshy; tPl;il myq;fhpj;J> mikjp Njl tpUk;Gthh;fs;. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; mth;fsJ gy tpjkhd jpwikfSk; ,ay;ghd jd;ikfSk; mth;fis jiyik epiyf;F cah;j;j ty;yit. ghk;Gthrpfis ed;F Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kbahtpl;lhYk;> kf;fs; mth;fisf; fz;L gpukpg;ghh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; rpwe;j murpay;thjpfshfj; jpfo KbAk;. mth;fs; vij Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nguk; Ngr ty;yth;fs;. vd;d ele;jhYk;> ghk;Gthrpfs; jhq;fshfNt ve;jr; nraiyAk; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;. mth;fSf;F kdpjh;fis vg;gbg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ed;F njhpAk;. mth;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fs; gyTk; Kd;Ng jpl;lkplg; gl;litaha; ,Uf;Fk;. jq;fs; gjtpia filrp tiu jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s Kay;thh;fs;. mjpf Ntiy nra;a tpUk;ghky;> nra;aj; jFe;j kpjkhd Ntiy gSit tpUk;Gk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F gzk; xU ghlha; ,Uf;fhJ. KjyPLfisg; gw;wp mth;fs; ftiyg;gl Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,Uf;fhJ. gzk; Njitg;gLk; NghJ> jtwhky; fpilj;J tpLk;. gz tpraj;jpy; mjph;\;lk; ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fs; #jhl;lj;jpy; ehl;lk; itj;jy; Mgj;ij tpistpf;Fk;. ngUj;j e\;lj;ijg; ghh;f;f Ntz;b tUk;. fbd ciog;ghspfsha; ,Ue;jhYk;> mbf;fb Ntiy khw;wk; nra;Ak; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. xNu khjphpahd Ntiy nra;tjhy;> Ntfkha; Nrhh;T mile;J> mLj;j Ntiyiaj; Njl Muk;gpg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; gilg;ghspfshfTk; kpFe;j RWRWg;Gs;sth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.

47

mth;fs; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjpy; ty;yth;fs;. kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhdr; #oypYk; thoj; njhpe;jth;fs;. tpQ;Qhdp> Xtpah;> ghid tpidQh;> Mrhhp> Nrhjplh;> [hytpj;ijf;fhuh;> r%f Ma;thsh;> vOj;jhsh;> jj;JtQhdp> Mrphpah; Nghd;w Ntiyapy; rpwe;j epiyia mila KbAk;. tpahghu tptfhuq;fspy;> ghk;Gthrpfs; jq;fs; rhjidfis mLj;jth;fs; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zthh;fs;. tpahghu tpraq;fspy; vr;rhpf;if mjpfk; Njit. cwTcwTcwTcwT ghk;Gthrpfs; cwTfis nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhlj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jPtpuf; fhjyh;fshd NghJk; nghwhik kpf;ff; fhjyh;fs;. jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis mila vt;tsT J}uk; nry;thh;fs; vd;W ahUk; nrhy;y KbahJ. ,uf;fkw;wth;fs;. mth;fsJ %is fzpg;nghwp Ntfj;jpy; rjpahNyhrid nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. ghk;Gthrpfs; jq;fs; Jizfis kpfTk; kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;J nrhe;jkhf;fpf; nfhs;s vz;Zthh;fs;. mjpy; nghwhikAk; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fNs cwTfis ve;j mstpw;F itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;gth;fs;. jd;Dila Jiziaj; Njh;T nra;j gpd;dNu> mth;fsJ kWgf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lthh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; jq;fs; czh;Tfis mjpfkha; ntspf;fhl;bf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. vg;NghJk; mth;fis Vkhw;w vz;zhjPh;fs;. Vndd;why; mijj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;fr; rkak; fpilf;Fk; tiu kwf;fTk; khl;lhh;fs;. ez;gh;fSf;F fld; nfhLf;f nghpJk; jaq;Fthh;fs;. mtrpaj;jpw;F mth;fs; fl;lhak; cjtj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. f\;lg;gLgth;fisf; fz;lhy; kdkpuq;fp jd;dhyhdijr; nra;thh;fs;. ek;gpath;fSk; md;G nfhz;lth;fSk; Vkhw;Wk; NghJ Jf;fk; mjpfk; nfhs;thh;fs;. cly; eyk;;cly; eyk;;cly; eyk;;cly; eyk;; mikjpahd tho;f;if tho tpUk;Gthh;fs;. rj;jj;ij tpUk;ghky; mikjpia tpUk;Gk; kdk; cilath;fs;. kd mOj;jk; vspjpy; ngWth;. mikjpahd tho;f;ifg; Nghf;F ,y;iynad;why; tUe;jp mOj;jk; nfhz;L jtpg;gh;. mg;gb mjpfkha; Ntiy nra;J nray;gl;lhy;> mth;fs; tho;ehs; FiwAk; jd;ik Vw;glyhk;.

48

ghk;G tUlj;ija gpughk;G tUlj;ija gpughk;G tUlj;ija gpughk;G tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;gyq;fs;gyq;fs;gyq;fs; ,iraikg;ghsh; v. Mh;. u`khd;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp> Kd;dhs; jkpof Kjy;th; vk;.[p.Mh;> ftpQh; ituKj;J> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; kfpy [ath;jNd> mutpe;j b rpy;th> ebfh; \hUf; fhd;> nld;dp]; Ml;l tPuh; tp[a; mkph;juh[;> Kd;dhs; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; [hd;. vg;. nfd;db> Xtpah; gg;Nyh gpfhNrh> mnkhpf;f murpay;thjp bf; rPdp> mnkhpf;fg; ghlfh; ghg; ilyd; mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 1> 2> 4> 6> 13> 24> 42> 46 xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : Nrty;> vUJ xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : gd;wp> Fuq;F %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; ghk;Gthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G ghk;GneUg;G ghk;GneUg;G ghk;GneUg;G ghk;G

(gpg;uthp 10>1929 - [dthp 29>1930 gpg;uthp 06>1989 - [dthp 26>1990) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if> tise;J nfhLf;fhj jd;ik> gjtp kw;Wk; gyk; fhuzkha; Cf;fk; ngWk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. ntspg;gilahdth;fs;. vg;NghJk; jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;> jq;fs; kdj;jpy; Njhd;WtijAk; khw;whwplk; nrhy;ypa tz;zk; ,Ug;gh;. midtUk; ,th;fspd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;L kfpo;th;. mth;fs; jhq;fs; nrhy;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;W ek;g itf;Fk; nrhy;td;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.

ku ghk;Gku ghk;Gku ghk;Gku ghk;G

([dthp 23>1917 - gpg;uthp 10>1918 gpg;uthp 18>1977 - gpg;uthp 06>1978) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; ,uf;f kdk;> cz;ik> ];jpuj; jd;ik> gFj;jwpT> trPfuk; ,th;fspd; ,ay;ghd Fzq;fs;. cwtpdh;fsplKk; ez;gh;fsplKk; rpwe;j gykhd cwT nfhz;L> mth;fSld; ,Ug;gijNa nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. vt;tsT MjuT ,Ue;j NghJk;> kw;wth;fspd; MNyhridfisf; Nfl;gJ kpfTk; mhpJ.

49

G+kp ghk;GG+kp ghk;GG+kp ghk;GG+kp ghk;G

([dthp 27> 1941 - gpg;uthp 14>1942 [dthp 24> 2001 - gpg;uthp 01> 2002) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; mikjp> jpUg;jp> Njhoik> Mo;e;j mwpT cilath;fs;. MNyhridg; ngwj; jFe;jth;fs;. fbd ciog;ghy; tho;f;ifapy; ey;y gyd;fis milth;. jq;fspd; Muha;e;J czUk; mwptpd; Nky; mjpfk; ek;gpf;if itj;J mijr; rhh;e;J ,Ug;gh;. ek;gpf;iff;F cfe;jth;. ek;gj; jFe;jth;.

cNyhf ghk;GcNyhf ghk;GcNyhf ghk;GcNyhf ghk;G

(gpg;uthp 14>1953 - gpg;uthp 02>1954 gpg;uthp 10> 2013 - [dthp 30> 2014) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; vr;rhpf;if jd;ik> tplhKaw;rp> jpl;lkpLk; jd;ik> RWRWg;G nfhz;lth;fs;. fw;gidf;Fk; vl;lhj mstpw;F> Fwpf;Nfhs; Nehf;fpNa mth;fs; vz;zk; ,Uf;Fk;. jq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;f Ntz;baij ve;jj; jil te;j NghJk; ngWk; Kaw;rp ,th;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. Njhy;tp vd;gJ ,th;fspd; mfuhjpapy; fpilahJ. gzj;ijf; nfhz;L jq;fSf;nfd njhlh;e;J vijNaDk; thq;fpa tz;zk; ,Ug;gh;.

ePh; ghk;GePh; ghk;GePh; ghk;GePh; ghk;G

(gpg;uthp 04>1905 - [dthp 24>1906 gpg;uthp 02>1965 - [dthp 20>1966) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; gzj;jpd; kPJ gw;W> Mo;e;j rpe;ij> nghWik cilath;fs;. nry;thf;F> Cf;fk;> $hpa mwpT ,th;fspd; Fzj;ijf; Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gLk; thh;j;ijfs;. FOtpy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gzp nra;th;. ftdpg;igAk; ghuhl;ilAk; vjph;ghh;g;gh;. kpf neUf;fkhdth;fsplk; kl;LNk jq;fs; czh;Tfisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;th;.

ePq;fs; ghk;G tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. ghk;G tUlg; gyd;fsghk;G tUlg; gyd;fsghk;G tUlg; gyd;fsghk;G tUlg; gyd;fs;: ghk;G tUlk; khw;wq;fs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;L tUk;. Kaw;rpfSk;> NahridfSk; mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk;;. mikjpaha; gy Gjpa Gjpa tpraq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; mikjpahd tUlkha; ,Uf;fhJ. kpfTk; fbdkhdr; #oy;> Ntw;Wikfs; jPh;f;fg;glhj fhuzq;fshy;> Nghh;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk;. ghk;G tUlk; kpfTk; vjph;kiwahd rf;jpfis cUthf;Fk; tUlk;.

50

7 7 7 7 Gj;jprhypf; FjpiuGj;jprhypf; FjpiuGj;jprhypf; FjpiuGj;jprhypf; Fjpiu (1904 1918 1930 1942 1954 1966 1978 1990 2002 2014 2026 2038 2050)

Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; fhiy 11:00 Kjy; kjpak; 1:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir njw;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; Nfhil fhyk;> [{d; khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; neUg;G apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; ahq; fPo;fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Fjpiu tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

[dthp 25>1906 - gpg;uthp 12>1907 gpg;uthp 11>1918 - [dthp 31>1919 [dthp 30>1930 - gpg;uthp 16>1931 gpg;uthp 15>1942 - gpg;uthp 04>1943 gpg;uthp 03>1954 - [dthp 23>1955 [dthp 21>1966 - gpg;uthp 08>1967 gpg;uthp 07>1978 - [dthp 27>1979 [dthp 27>1990 - gpg;uthp 14>1991 gpg;uthp 12> 2002 - [dthp 31>2003 [dthp 31>2014 - gpg;uthp 18>2015

,dp Fjpiuthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. Fjpiuthrpfs; rpwe;j Gj;jprhypfs;. Gjpa tpraq;fis clDf;Fld; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ty;yth;fs;. cw;rhfk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. vy;NyhuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLgth;fs;. gpbthjf;fhuh;fs;. rkaq;fspy; vhpr;rYl;bdhYk;> goFtjw;F cfe;jth;fs;. cz;ik> Njhoik> jpwe;j kdk; Nghd;w Fzq;fisg; ngw;wth;fs;. Rje;jpukha;> eLT epiyik nfhz;ltuha;> jpwikfs; gyTk; nfhz;ltuha;> #oYf;F Vw;g jd;id nghUj;jpf; nfhs;gtuha;> vg;NghJk; JWJWg;Gld; caph;g;Gld; ,Ug;gth;fs;. czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. kdpjh;fisAk; #oiyAk; rhpaha; vil Nghl ty;yth;fs;. jq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jij jd; topapNyNa nra;Ak; Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;Ggth;fs;. Ntfkha; KbTfis vLf;ff; $bath;fs;. kwjp> rkaq;fspy; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhLf;Fk;. ,Ue;jhYk; nra;tijr; nra;J Kbf;f Kay;th;. ek;gfkhdth;fs;. nghwhik Fzkw;wth;fs;. Neuj;ij tPzhf;Fgth;fs;. ml;ltizg;gb elf;f tpUg;ghjth;fs;. ez;gh;fs; FOtpy; gyh; ,Ue;jhYk; jhd; nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyiaj; jhd; tpUk;gpa topapy; nra;a vz;zk; nfhz;L nray;gLth;.

51

gyk;> Ntfk;> gof ,yFthd Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. Kf;fpa eguha; vz;zg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpNyNa nray;gLth;. re;Njhrkha; tho;f;if tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpf;Nfhs; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy;> $l;lq;fspy; jq;fsJ eifr;Rit %yk; $bAs;sth;fis re;Njhrg;gLj;Jth;. gy Ntiyfis xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;af; $ba rf;jp gilj;jth;fs;. Mdhy; njhlq;fpa gy Ntiyfis Kbf;f khl;lhh;fs;. Vndd;why; mLj;j re;jh;g;gj;ij vjph;ghh;j;Nj Ntiy nra;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;> ,Uf;Fk; Ntiyfis mg;gbNa Nghl;L tpl;L> mLj;j Ntiyf;Fj; jhtp tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wpNa mjpfk; vz;zpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; fhuzkha;> VjhtJ jhd; tpUk;gpagb elf;ftpy;iynad;why;> mjw;fhff; Nfhgg;gl;L> gf;fj;jpy; cs;sth;fisr; rhLthh;fs;. mth;fs; NgRtjpy; Rfk; fhz;gth;fs;. mth;fs; cw;rhfk; kpff; nfhz;L> khWjy;fis tuNtw;gth;fs;. rpy Neuq;fspy; mth;fs; mjpff; Nfhgk;> mfe;ij> %h;f;fjdk; nfhz;lth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ,d;W tho;. ehis ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;w nfhs;if cilath;fs;. FjpiuthrpfSf;F mth;fsJ czh;Tfisf; fhl;l tha;g;G nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghWikaw;wth;fs;. Nfhgk; kpff; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; vr;rhpf;ifAld; nray;gl Kay Ntz;Lk;. Jzpr;ry;kpf;fth;fs;. $h;ikahd mwpT nfhz;lth;fshjyhy; gz tpraq;fis jpwk;glf; ifahsf; $bath;fs;. Rakha; vijAk; nra;a ty;yth;fs;. cw;rhfg; Ngh;topfs;. clw;gapw;rpAk; kdg;gapw;rpAk; tpUg;gkhdit. Ntfkha; Xlhlf; $bath;fs;. Ntfkha; NgrpdhYk; espdkha; NgRth;. jhd; tpUk;gpa topapy; vJk; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gLth;. mg;gb elf;ftpy;iynad;why; MNtrg;gLth;. vij tplTk; jq;fs; Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;Gth;. ahiuAk; Nguhirf; fz;NzhL ghh;f;f khl;lhh;fs;. vijAk; cilik nfhz;lhl khl;lhh;fs;. kpfTk; mikjpaha; ,Ug;gh;. cs;Szh;itr; rhh;e;jpUg;gh;. Fjpiuthrpfs; Gjpa Gjpa vz;zq;fs; nfhz;lth;fs;. fbdkhd gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; Gjpa topapy; jPh;T fhz;gh;. xU fUj;Jj; Njhd;wpaJNk> mijr; nra;J Kbf;fj; Jbg;gh;. Ntiyia Kbf;Fk; tiu Neuk; fhyk; ghh;f;f khl;lhh;fs;. Neukpd;ik fhuzkha; ve;j KbitAk; tpiutpy; vLf;fj; Jbg;gh;. jtwhd Kbtha; ,Ue;jhYk; rhp> Neuj;ij tPzbf;fhky; KbT vLj;jhy; rhp. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; gy fhhpaq;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;Ak; jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;. nray;fs; ele;J nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; NghNj> mijj; jd; topNa nra;a ty;yth;fs;. Neuk; fhyk; ghuhky; ciof;ff; $bath;fs;. mth;fs;

52

nghpJk; fisg;gilAk; NghJ kl;LNk Ntiyr; nra;tij epWj;Jthh;fs;. mth;fSf;F md;whlk; nra;Ak; Ntiy ml;ltiz vd;gnjy;yhk; gpbf;fhj xd;W. Neug;gb fhhpak; nra;a tpUk;ghjth;fs;. vg;NghJk; jq;fis VNjhnthU nraypy; <LgLj;jpa tz;zk; ,Ug;gh;. gyUld; ,ize;J nra;Ak; Ntiyfis tpUk;gpr; nra;th;. MizfSf;F mb gzptJ mth;fSf;F gpbf;fhj tprak;. jpdKk; xNu khjphpahf nra;Ak; Ntiyfisf; fz;L XLth;. Gjpa Gjpa tpraq;fis clDf;Fld; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; rhkh;j;jpak; ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkha;> mth;fs; vy;yh NtiyfisAk; jpwk;glr; nra;thh;fs;. mth;fs; ey;y kf;fs; njhlh;ghsh;fs;. gjtp> mjpfhuk;; tpUg;gj;jf;f tpraq;fs;. ftpQh;> gazf;fl;Liuahsh;> vOj;jhsh;> murpay;thjp> Jzpfur; nray;fs; nra;gth;> gj;jphpf;ifahsh;> nkhopngah;g;ghsh;> nkhop fw;gpg;gth;> Rw;Wyh cjtpahsh;> E}yfh;> tpkhd Xl;Leh;> tpw;gidahsh;> tpsk;gug;gzpahsh; gzpfs; cfe;jit. cwTcwTcwTcwT midtiuAk; ftuj;jf;fth;fs;. mth;fs; Njhoik Fzk; mjpfk; nfhz;lth;fshjyhy;> epiwa kdpjh;fs; $bapUf;Fk; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Nerpf;Fk; mNj Ntfj;jpy; ntWf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. Ntfkhf ez;gh;fshthh;fs;. mNj Ntfj;jpy; goFtjpy; Mh;tkw;Wk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. rl;nld KbT vLf;ff;$bath;fs; vd;gjhy;> vijAk; Ntfj;Jld; nra;th;. mjdhy; cld; ,Ug;gth;fSf;F mth;fSld; xj;Jg; NghtJ rw;Nw rpukk;. xt;nthU Gjpa cwtpYk;> jd;Dila KO xj;Jiog;igAk; juf; $bath;fs;. ,j;jifa jd;ik mth;fsJ gpw;fhy tho;tpy; ];jpukhd> gykhd cwtpid Vw;gLj;jf; $baJ. md;gpw;fhf vijAk; nfhLf;fj; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Fjpiuthrp tPl;by; ,Ue;jhy;> tPl;by; ,Ug;gth;fs; midtuJ ftdKk; mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk;gb ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; eLehafkha; ,Ue;J> vy;yhk; mth;fisr; Rw;wp elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zk; ,ay;gpdh;. mjw;F ghprhf> cioj;J> vy;NyhUlDk; mijg; gfph;e;J nfhs;th;. cly; ecly; ecly; ecly; eyk;yk;yk;yk; MNuhf;fpakhd cly; nfhz;lth;fs;. tho;f;ifiar; rhp Nehf;fpy; fhz;gjhy;> mth;fs; cly;epiy ed;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. tpisahl;by; Mh;tk; mjpfk; cs;sth;fs;. mth;fis ntl;l ntspapy; tpl;L tpl;lhy;> kpFe;j cw;rhfj;Jld; nray;gLth;. fl;bg; Nghl;lhy; kl;LNk NehAWth;. J}f;fkpd;ik Nehapdhy; jtpf;Fk; tha;g;Gk; cz;L.

53

Fjpiu tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;Fjpiu tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;Fjpiu tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;Fjpiu tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; kfhftp ghujpahh;> fh;ehlf ,irf;fiyQh;; ghyKusp fpU\;zh> Kd;dhs; gpujkh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp> Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp lhf;lh; rq;fh; jahs; \h;kh> ftpQh; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;> vOj;jhsh;fs; Mh;. Nf. ehuhazd;> rptrq;fhp> ebfh;fs;; fky`hrd;> mkpjhg; gr;rd;> ebfh;fs; fpspz;l; ,];l;Tl;> `hprd; Nghh;l;> ghlfp [Ndl; [hf;rd;> Fj;Jr; rz;il tPuh; ikf; ilrd;> Kd;dhs; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; Nll;b &];nty;l;> njhopyjpgh; thud; gngl; mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 1> 3> 4> 8> 13> 14> 41> 43 xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : eha;> Gyp> ML xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : vyp> Fuq;F %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; Fjpiuthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G FjpiuneUg;G FjpiuneUg;G FjpiuneUg;G Fjpiu

([dthp 25>1906 - gpg;uthp 12>1907 [dthp 21>1966 - gpg;uthp 08>1967) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; cWjpahdth;fs;. Kuzhdth;fs;. kd cWjp %yk; nray;gLth;fs;. kaf;Fgth;fs;. cs;Sf;Fs; vg;NghJk; jP nfhOe;J tpl;L vhpe;J nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs; tho;f;ifapd; Kidapy; tho tpUk;Ggth;. khw;wq;fSf;F vg;NghJk; jahuha; ,Ug;gh;. khw;wNk Rthurpak; vd;W vz;Zgth;fs;. fUj;jpy; cWjpAilath;fs;. vq;FNk neUg;Gf; Fjpiuthrpfs; fUj;Jf;fspd; vy;iyapy; epw;f khl;lhh;fs;.

ku Fjpiu ku Fjpiu ku Fjpiu ku Fjpiu

(gpg;uthp 03>1954 - [dthp 23>1955 [dthp 31>2014 - gpg;uthp 18>2015) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; cjTjy;> ek;gfj; jd;ik Fzq;fs;. Kd;Ndw;wk; ngw ngw Cf;fj;Jld; ciof;f ty;yth;fs;. cWjp> typik> jpwkhd KbT mth;fspd; Kf;fpa jd;ikfs;. khw;whUld; ed;F goFth;. mth;fsplk; neUq;fpa cwTfspYk; njhopy; rhh;e;j tpraq;fspYk; ntw;wp ngWk; jpwk; cz;L.

G+kp Fjpiu G+kp Fjpiu G+kp Fjpiu G+kp Fjpiu

54

(gpg;uthp 11>1918 - [dthp 31>1919 gpg;uthp 07>1978 - [dthp 27>1979) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; ek;gfj;jd;ik> tpNtfk;> epjhdk;> jPh;fkhd KbT vLf;Fk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. vt;tsT fhykhdhYk;> jq;fs; Fwpf;NfhSf;fhf Kaw;rp nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gh;. vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspypUe;Jk; #oiy Muhae;J ed;Kbit vLg;gh;. #oYf;F Vw;g jq;fis nghUj;jpf; nfhs;th;. mth;fs; Ntbf;ifahdth;fSk; $l.

cNyhf Fjpiu cNyhf Fjpiu cNyhf Fjpiu cNyhf Fjpiu

([dthp 30>1930 - gpg;uthp 16>1931 [dthp 27>1990 - gpg;uthp 14>1991) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; ghrk;> mfe;ij> gpbthjk; nfhz;lth;fs;. Nghl;bapdhy; Cf;fk; nfhz;L ciog;ghh;fs;. nrhd;d thf;if rhjhuzkhf vLj;Jr; nray;gLth;. nghWg;igf; nfhLj;J mth;fis vspjpy; mr;RWj;jyhk;. xU cwtpypUe;J kw;nwhU cwT> xU NtiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU Ntiy vd;W ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;. mjdhy; Jizia tplTk; mth;fSf;F ez;gh;fs; mjpfk; ,Ug;gh;.

ePh; FjePh; FjePh; FjePh; Fjpiu piu piu piu

(gpg;uthp 15>1942 - gpg;uthp 04>1943 gpg;uthp 12> 2002 - [dthp 31>2003) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Ra fUj;Jf;fspy; gw;Wilath;fs;. nrayhy; Cf;fk; nfhs;gth;fs;. cy;yhrg; Ngh;topfs;. Kuzhdth;fs;. #oYf;F jq;fis vspjpy; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;th;. Mdhy; vspjpy; KbT vLf;f Kbahjth;fs;. XLfpw Xl;lj;jpy; nry;y tpUk;Gth;. jpwkhd KbTfis vLf;f Kbahj fhuzj;jhy; vg;NghJk; mLj;jth;fis Fog;gj;jpy; Mo;j;j ty;yth;fs;. ,J rw;Nw njhe;juthf ,Ue;j NghJk;> ePh; Fjpiuthrpfs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kfpo;r;rp juf;$baNj. mjdhy; cld; ,Ug;gth;fs; mjw;Fg; gofp tpLth;.

ePq;fs; Fjpiu tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. Fjpiu tUlg; gyd;fsFjpiu tUlg; gyd;fsFjpiu tUlg; gyd;fsFjpiu tUlg; gyd;fs;: Fjpiu tUlk; Kd;Ndw;wk; jUk; tUlk;. kfpo;r;rpfukhdJ. Jzpr;ryhd fhhpaq;fs; nra;aj; jFe;j tUlk;. jpUg;jpiaj; jUk; tUlk;. JzpTk;> ijhpaKk; mjpfkha; nray;gLkhjyhy; tsh;r;rp cau caur; nry;Yk;. ];jpukhd #oy;

55

,Ue;jNghJk;> kw;w tUlq;fspy; elg;gd Nghd;W mjpu itf;Fk; rk;gtq;fs; epr;rak; elf;Fk;.

56

8 8 8 8 gilghsp MLgilghsp MLgilghsp MLgilghsp ML (1907 1919 1931 1943 1955 1967 1979 1991 2003 2015 2027 2039 2051)

Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; kjpak; 1:00 Kjy; 3:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir njw;F> njd;Nkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; Nfhil fhyk;> [_iy khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; neUg;G apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu Kjy; VO ,lq;fspy; te;jd. Fjpiu te;J Nrh;e;j gpd;> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty; %d;Wk; flTsh;fspd; fz;fspy; njd;gl;ld. ,k;Kd;W tpyq;FfSk; xUtUf;F xUth; cjtp nra;J nfhz;Nl fiuia te;J Nru Kad;wd. Nrty; xU kug; gyifiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J> kw;w ,uz;L tpyq;FfisAk; mjpy; Vwr; nra;J mioj;J te;jJ. topapy; ,Ue;j Gjh;fspy; gyif khl;bf; nfhz;l Nghnjy;yhk; Fuq;Fk;> MLk; mij tpyf;fp top Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;J> ,Wjpapy; fiuia te;jile;jd. flTsh;fs; mtw;iw tho;j;jp tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; vl;lhtJr; rpd;dkha; Ml;ilj; njhpT nra;J Fuq;if xd;gjhtjhfTk;> Nrtiy gj;jhtjhfTk; mwptpj;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. ,e;jf; fij ML Vd; vl;lhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; fij. fPo;fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; ML tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 13>1907 - gpg;uthp 01>1908 gpg;uthp 01>1919 - gpg;uthp 19>1920 gpg;uthp 17>1931 - gpg;uthp 05>1932 gpg;uthp 05>1943 - [dthp 24>1944 [dthp 24>1955 - gpg;uthp 11>1956 gpg;uthp 09>1967 - [dthp 29>1968 [dthp 28>1979 - gpg;uthp 15>1980 gpg;uthp 15>1991 - gpg;uthp 03> 1992 gpg;uthp 01>2003 - [dthp 21> 2004 gpg;uthp 19>2015 - gpg;uthp 07> 2016

,dp MLthrpfspd;; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. rPd N[hjplj;jpy; ML tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fNs kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;ghspfsha; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fiy

57

eak; kpf;fth;fshfTk;> ,dpikahdth;fshfTk;> trPfukhdth;fshfTk; ,Ug;gh;. gilg;G> Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> mikjp> rhh;e;jpUj;jy; Mfpa Fzhk;rq;fs; nfhz;lth;fs;. jdpikia tpUk;Ggth;fs;. kdj;jpd; Xl;lj;ij Muha;e;J nfhz;L ,Ug;gJ gpbj;j tprak;. $l;lj;jpdUld; ,Ug;gJ gpbj;jhYk;> eLehafkha; ,Uf;f tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fsJ ftdpf;Fk; jpwd; mth;fis ey;y ghJfhtyh;fsha; ,Uf;fr; nra;Ak;. mth;fs; mlf;fKk;> mikjpAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mjpf Neuj;ij jq;fs; vz;z Xl;lq;fis ftdpg;gjpNyNa nrytopg;gh;. ,aw;ifapy; $r;r Rghtk; cs;sth;fs;. mth;fs; ew;gz;Gfisg; ngw;wpUe;jhYk;> tho;f;if eilKiwfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;shjth;fs;. jtwhd Neuq;fspy; jtwhdtw;iwf; $wp khl;bf; nfhs;Sk; gz;G gyhplj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fsJ trPfuKk;> fglkw;w jd;ikAk; mth;fSf;F Fiwtpy;yhj ez;gh;fisAk;> njhz;lh;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;Fk;. mth;fs; ,aw;ifapNyNa #uh;fs;. nfl;ldtw;iw Cfpf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAk;> kd;dpf;Fk; FzKk;> ,sfpa kdKk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ntspAUtpy; mth;fs; fw;gidapy; kjpg;gth;fsha; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; cs;Sf;Fs; mth;fs; kpFe;j MtYs;s gj;jpuj; jd;ikaw;w kdk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F md;whl tho;f;ifNa fbdkhdjhfTk; jLkhw;wkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. jq;fisr; Rw;wp mofpag; nghUl;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gth;. mth;fs; ed;Kiwapy; jq;fis myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhs;th;. rpy rkaq;fspy; cUtj; Njhw;wj;jpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jTk; nra;th;. jq;fSf;F rpwe;j Njhw;wj;ijj; ju> mjpfkha; nryT nra;J rpwe;j cilfisg; ngw Kay;th;. tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fisg; ngw nryT nra;j NghJk;> mth;fs; nrythopfshfTk; gfl;lhfTk; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; ebg;G> iftpidf; fiyfs; Nghd;w gilg;G Kaw;rpfspy; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;L kfpo;r;rp milth;. mofw;w nghUl;fs; mth;fisg; nghpJk; ghjpf;Fk;. mth;fSf;F tPl;by; Mlk;gukhd myq;fhuq;fs; Njitapy;iy. mth;fsJ fiy eaj;ijf; fhl;Lk; nghUl;fs; ,Ue;jhNy NghJk;. rPd N[hjplj;jpy; mth;fs; r%fr; Nrtfh;fsha; th;zpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; cz;ikahdth;fs;. ftiyf;fplkhd fijfis mg;gbNa ek;Ggth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; nra;Ak; jtWfisg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L kd;dpg;gjpy; rkh;j;jh;fs;.

58

mth;fisg; gw;wp gpwh; tpkh;rdk; nra;tJ mth;fSf;Fg; gpbf;fhj tprak;. czh;TfSf;F mbikahfpg; Nghdth;fs;. mbf;fb vijNaDk; Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;> tUj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;Lk;> Jf;fpj;Jk; ,Ug;ghh;;fs;. MLthrpfis ahNuDk; xOq;Fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mth;fsJ jpwikiag; gad;gLj;j vLj;Jf; $wpr; nra;ar; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ahNuDk; mth;fis md;Gld; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;sTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fsplk; mbf;fbg; Ngrp> ek;gpf;if ju Ntz;Lk;. MLthrpfs; jq;fis thl;Lk; tpraq;fis Neubaha; nrhy;y khl;lhh;fs;. ePq;fs; nky;y nky;y mth;fsplkpUe;Jj; JUtpj; JUtp Nfl;L mwpa Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh Kaw;rpAk; Njhw;why;> mth;fsplk; Nfhgkha; Ngrpdhy; NghJk;. tpraq;fs; ntspte;J tpLk;. nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; mth;fs; kdjpy; gjpa Ntz;Lk;. gpd; vy;yh ufrpaq;fisAk; nfhl;b tpLth;. MLthrpfs; gy rkaq;fspy; ftiyAlNd ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fis kw;wth;fs; cw;rhfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhk; eyNk vd;W vLj;Jf; $wp nray;gl itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghuhl;Lf;fs; mth;fis kfpor; nra;Ak;. Cf;Ftpj;jhy; mth;fs; neLe;njhiyT nry;y ty;yth;fs;. MLthrpfSf;F ey;y vjph;fhyk; ,Uf;Fk;. mjph;\;lKk; cz;L. mth;fSf;F nrhj;J> capy; tpraq;fspy; ey;y gyd; fpilf;Fk;. f\;lkhd #oypYk;> MLthrpfSf;Fj; Njitahdit vspjpy; fpilj;JtpLk;. mth;fs; mr;RWj;jypd;wp jq;fs; fhhpaq;fisr; rhptur; nra;af; $bath;fs;. mth;fsJ nghWikAk; rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAk; rkaq;fspy; kw;wth;fis igj;jpakhfr; nra;Ak;. mth;fsJ rkhjhdr; rhf;F jsur; nra;J tpLk;. mth;fis cilf;fNt KbahJ. MLthrpfs; mjpfr; nrythspfshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; gz tptfhuq;fspy; mjpfk; <LgLjy; ey;yjy;y. mth;fs; Mlk;gukhfTk; [hypahfTk; ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;. eilKiwf;F xj;Jg;Nghfhjth;fs;. jpwkhd Kbit vLf;fhky; kjpy; Nky; G+idaha; epw;gh;. MLthrpfSf;F ,aw;ifapd; kPJ mjpf ehl;lkpUf;Fk;. epynthsp> Nuh[hf;fs;> ,dpa ,ir> nkOFth;j;jp xsp mth;fis kaf;Fk;. mth;fs; cyfj;ij mofpa fz;zhb nfhz;L ghh;f;f tpUk;Gth;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; fbdkha; ciof;f Ntz;b ,Uf;fhJ. ey;y tpraq;fs; jhdhfNt elf;Fk;. mth;fSf;F kpfTk; ntspr;rkhd fhw;Nwhl;lkhd #oy; gpbf;Fk;. gilf;Fk; njhopypy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fth;. tPl;by; kl;LNk mth;fs; kpFe;j Rfj;ijg; ngWth;. mq;Nf mth;fs; jq;fs; fiy eaj;ijf; fhl;l KbAk;. Xtpak;> rikay; fiy vd;W

59

gw;gyf; fiyfspy; <Lgl;L kfpo;th;. mth;fs; gLf;ifiag; nghpJk; Nerpg;gh;. mq;Fjhd; Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhz;Nl> jq;fs; vz;zq;fis Muhayhk; my;yth? gazk; nra;Ak; NghJk;> kfpo;r;rp juf; $ba epfo;r;rpfSf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJk;> MLthrpfs; FOtha;r; nry;yNt tpUk;Gth;. mjpf kf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;Gth;. njhopynjhopynjhopynjhopy;;;; $l;lj;Jld; Nrh;e;J Ntiy nra;a tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mjpfhuk;> gjtp mth;fSf;F xU nghUl;Nl my;y. mth;fs; Neubahff; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhy; kl;LNk jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;fr; rk;kjpg;ghh;fs;. G+f;filahsh;> tPl;L myq;fhu epGzh;> Foe;ijf; fhg;ghsh;> Foe;ij kUj;Jth;> ebfh;> xspg;gjpthsh;> rpif myq;fhuk; nra;gth;> Xtpah;> ,iraikg;ghsh;> fiy gapw;Wtpg;gth;> tuyhw;W Mrphpah; Nghd;w gzpfSf;F cfe;jth;fs;. jq;fSf;fhd Ntiy Neuq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;L nray;gLth;. mth;fs; kpf mjpfkhd xOf;f Kiwfisf; filgpbf;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. tpahghu tpraq;fspy; mth;fs; rw;Nw xOq;fpd;ik cilath;fs;. mj;jid mf;fiw nrYj;j khl;lhh;fs;. fbdkhd rkaq;fspy; Ntiyiar; rhpaha; nra;J Kbf;f Kbahky; jtpg;gh;. mth;fsJ Nghf;fpy; tpl;lhy; nraiyr; nrt;tNd nra;J Kbg;gh;. MLthrpfs; cah;e;j Nehf;fk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,y;yhj NghJk;> mth;fsJ jpwikf;Nfw;w Ntiy fpilj;J tpl;lhy; mijr; nra;tjpy; jPtpuKk; NguhtYk; nfhz;L nray;gLth;. cwTcwTcwTcwT MLthrpfs; me;juq;fthrpfs;. mjdhy; mth;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ> Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdk;. mth;fshfNt vq;Nf> vg;NghJ ahUld; jq;fsJ me;juq;f tpraq;fisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ vd;gij KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; ngUk;ghyhd MLthrpfSf;F neUq;fpa ez;gh;fs; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. MdhYk; mth;fs; Nerpg;gth;fSf;fhf kpff; fLikaha; ciog;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jhq;fs; tpUk;Ggth;fis ntWg;Gf;F cs;shf;f tpUk;ghjth;fs;. MLthrpfs; FLk;gj;jpy; gw;Wilath;fs;. mth;fs; ahUila gpwe;j ehisAk; kwf;f khl;lhh;fs;. ePq;fSk; mth;fSilaij kwf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; MLthrpfs; mikjpaha; ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;> mth;fSf;F cly; NfhshWfs; kpff; FiwNt. mth;fsJ ey;y ntspj;Njhw;wk;>

60

mth;fis vg;NghJk; MNuhf;fpakhdth;fshfNt fhl;Lk;. mth;fs; kfpo;Tld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ MNuhf;fpak; kpf;fth;fs;. kfpo;r;rpapd;wp ,Uf;Fk; Neuq;fspy;> mJTk; md;Gnfhz;lth;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; tUk;NghJ> Nrhh;Tw;W Neha;tha;g;gLthh;fs;. f\;lq;fs; kpfTk; rq;flg;gLj;Jk;. vspjpy; czh;r;rptag;glf; $bath;fs;. rkaq;fspy; msTf;F mjpfkhfTk; nray;gLth;. ML tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;ML tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;ML tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;ML tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; lhf;lh; mg;Jy; fyhk;> njhopyjpgh;fs; gpy; Nfl;];> tp[a; khy;ah> tlY}h; ts;syhh;> tpQ;Qhdp tpf;uk; rhuhgha;> ghl;kpd;ld; Ml;lf;fhuh; gpufh\; gLNfhd;> ghlfp b. Nf. gl;lk;khs;> ftpQh; thyp> ebif khJhp bf;rpj;> nld;dp]; Ml;lf;fhuh; Nghhp]; ngf;fh;> tpkhdj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;j Mh;tpy; iul;> Xtpah; ikf;fNyd;[Nyh> mnkhpf;f vOj;jhsh; khh;f; bitd;> ebfh; g&]; tpy;];> vOj;jhsh; N[d; M];bd; mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 3> 4> 5> 12> 34> 45> 54 xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : Kay;> gd;wp> Fjpiu xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : vyp> vUJ %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; MLthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G MLneUg;G MLneUg;G MLneUg;G ML

(gpg;uthp 13>1907 - gpg;uthp 01>1908 gpg;uthp 09>1967 - [dthp 29>1968) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; njspT> Mf;Nuh\k;> cw;rhfk; nfhz;lth;fs;. kw;w MLthrpfisg; Nghd;wy;yhJ mLj;jthpd; mDkjpia vjph;ghh;f;f khl;lhh;fs;. vg;NghJk; kw;wth;fspd; eLtpy; jq;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;th;. mth;fs; r%f tpUk;gpfs;. mjdhy; mth;fspd; FLk;gk;> ez;gh;fs; tl;lk; kpfTk; gykhdjha; ,Uf;Fk;.

ku ML ku ML ku ML ku ML

([dthp 24>1955 - gpg;uthp 11>1956 gpg;uthp 19>2015 - gpg;uthp 07>2016)

61

Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; ek;gfj; jd;ik> gue;j kdk;> ek;gpf;ifahy; Cf;fk;> czh;r;rp trg;gLk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. ez;gh;fSk; cwtpdh;fSk; ,th;fSld; ,Uf;f nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. mjdhy; FOtpy; mth;fs; vg;NghJk; Rfkha; ,Ug;gh;. cjtp nra;tijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. mth;fspd; me;j ,uf;f Fzk; gy Neuq;fspy; kw;wth;fshy; rhjfkha; gad;gLj;jgLk;. ku MLthrpfs; jq;fisg; ftdpj;Jj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;s rkak; xJf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.

G+kp ML G+kp ML G+kp ML G+kp ML

(gpg;uthp 01>1919 - gpg;uthp 19>1920 [dthp 28>1979 - gpg;uthp 15>1980) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;G> Ra mjpfhuk;> ey;yJ elf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if cilath;fs;. ];jpukhdth;fs;. epyj;jpy; nfl;baha; fhy; gjpj;J epw;gh;. Rje;jpukhdth;fs;. cyf mDgtk; kpf;fth;fs;. Mdhy; jd;dk;gpf;if rw;Nw FiwT. mth;fSf;F tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpa tprak; FLk;gNk. tho;f;if jUk; vijANk kfpo;r;rpAld; Vw;gh;.

cNycNycNycNyhfhfhfhf ML ML ML ML

(gpg;uthp 17>1931 - gpg;uthp 05>1932 gpg;uthp 15>1991 - gpg;uthp 03> 1992)

Fzq;fsFzq;fsFzq;fsFzq;fs; nghwhik> jw;fhg;Gj; jd;ik> ];jpuj; jd;ik cilath;fs;. ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; cWjpaha; Njhd;wpdhYk;> cs;sj;jhy; kpfTk; ,sfpath;fs;. ed;F Ghpe;J nfhz;l neUq;fpa ez;gh;fs; ,ij epr;rak; MNkhjpg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; fyhr;rhuj;ij Nerpg;gth;fs;. vy;yhf; fiyfisAk; cah;tha; kjpg;ghh;fs;.

ePh; ML ePh; ML ePh; ML ePh; ML

(gpg;uthp 05>1943 - [dthp 24>1944 gpg;uthp 01>2003 - [dthp 21> 2004) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if FiwT> trPfuk;> MNyhridfs; toq;FtJ> Neuj;ij rkNahrpjkha; gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. ftiyaw;w cy;yhrpfs;. tho;f;if Nghfpw Nghf;fpy; nry;y tpUk;Gth;. mjdhy;> mth;fs; ek; mUfpy; ,Ue;jhy;> kfpo;r;rp jUk;. jhq;fs; epidj;jJ elf;ftpy;iynad;why; kpfTk; Gyk;Gthh;fs;.

ePq;fs; ML tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

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ML tUlg; gyd;fsML tUlg; gyd;fsML tUlg; gyd;fsML tUlg; gyd;fs;: ML tUlk; mikjpAk; epjhdKk; nfhz;l tUlkha; ,Uf;Fk;. xUtiu xUth; ed;F ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;th;. fw;gidAk;> gilg;Gj; jpwDk; mjpfkha; ntspf;fhl;Lk;. kpjthjj;jpy; xw;Wik vd;w nfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

63

9 rhJh;af; Fuq;FrhJh;af; Fuq;FrhJh;af; Fuq;FrhJh;af; Fuq;F (1908 1920 1932 1944 1956 1968 1980 1992 2004 2016 2028 2040 2052)

Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; khiy 3:00 Kjy; 5:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir Nkw;F> njd;Nkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;;> Mf];l;; khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; cNyhfk; apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; ahq;; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML Kjypad Kjy; vl;L ,lq;fspy; te;jd. ML> Nrty; ,uz;bd; cjtpAld; Fuq;Fk; fiuia te;jile;jJ. flTsh;fs; mtw;iw tho;j;jp tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; xd;gjhtJr; rpd;dkha; Fuq;ifj; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. ,e;jf; fij Fuq;F Vd; xd;gjhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; fij. fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Fuq;F tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 02>1908 - [dthp 21>1909 gpg;uthp 20>1920 - gpg;uthp 07>1921 gpg;uthp 06>1932 - [dthp 25>1933 [dthp 25>1944 - gpg;uthp 12>1945 gpg;uthp 12>1956 - [dthp 30>1957 [dthp 30>1968 - gpg;uthp 16>1969 gpg;uthp 16>1980 - gpg;uthp 04>1981 gpg;uthp 04>1992 - [dthp 22>1993 [dthp 22>2004 - gpg;uthp 08> 2005

,dp Fuq;Fthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. mofhdth;fs;. trPfukhdth;fs;. fw;gid tsk; kpf;fth;fs;. Rl;bj;jdk;> Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tk; mjpfk; cilath;fs;. tpisahl;Lj; jdj;Jld; vg;NghJk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. eifr;Rit czh;T nfhz;lth;fs;. RWRWg;ghdth;fs;. mwpTf;Fk; Gj;jprhypj;jdj;jpw;Fk; Ngh; Nghdth;fs;. rthiyr; re;jpg;gjpy; rkh;j;jh;fs;. Njh;e;j uh[Pathjp. mwpQh;fs;. epidthw;wy; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mwpTj; jhfKk;> Gjpadtw;iw njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tKk; mjpfk; nfhz;lth;fshjyhy;> tpraq;fis njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJk;

64

fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; NghJk; kpfTk; kfpo;r;rp milthh;fs;. fw;wjidj;ijAk; glq;fsha; jq;fsJ kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fs; fz;l> Nfl;l> gbj;jwpe;j cz;ikfis kpf el;gkhd tpraq;fisAk; Jy;ypakhf epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;. mth;fs; KOf;f KOf;f ,e;j epidthw;wiyr; rhh;e;Nj ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; gyh;; epiyahd Gj;jpaw;wth;fs;. kdk; vg;NghJk; miygha;e;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. gpur;rpidfSf;Fs; GFe;J vspjpy; ntspNa tuj; njhpe;jth;fs;. Ra gpur;rpidfisAk; gpwUf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisAk; vj;jid nghpjha; ,Ue;j NghJk; rhpahd tifapy; jPh;T fhz ty;yth;fs;. kpfTk; fbdkhd gpur;rpidfis kpf vspa tifapy; GJ Kiwapy; jPh;f;Fk; rf;jpiag; ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; njhopy; rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs; kj;jpapYk; ez;gh;fs; kj;jpapYk; ghuhl;Lk; kjpg;Gk; ngw ty;yth;fs;. mth;fsJ rpwe;j fth;r;rpfukhd Njhw;wj;jhYk;; ele;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jhYk; rhJh;aj;jhYk; midtiuAk; jq;fs; gf;fk; <h;f;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fsplk; kpfr; rpwg;ghd trPfhpf;ff;$ba jd;ikfs; ,Ug;gjhy;> kw;wth;fis <h;f;f ty;yth;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfis kf;fs; nkha;g;gh;;. jhq;fs; vz;zpaJ elf;ftpy;iynad;why; nghWikapd;wpj; jtpg;ghh;fs;. Nfhgg;gLthh;fs;. Mdhy; te;j Nfhgk;> NtfkhfNt jzpe;JtpLk;. ve;jf; fhhpaKk; mth;fSf;F mrhjhuzkha; ,Uf;fhJ. mth;fs; vjpYk; rpwg;ghdth;fs;. jq;fs; Nky; gykhd KO ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. jq;fs; rhjidfis vz;zp kfpo;tjpy; Fuq;Fthrpfis kpQ;r ahuhYk; KbahJ. Fuq;Fthrpfs; gz tpraq;fspy; ke;jputhjpfs; vd;W $l nrhy;yyhk;. mth;fs; epidj;jhy; ahiu Ntz;LkhdhYk; Vkhw;wf; $bath;fs;. Vkhw;wj;ij Vkhw;wf; $bath;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfis Vkhw;w epidj;jhy; khl;bf; nfhs;tijj; jtpu NtW top ,Uf;fhJ. Fuq;FthrpfSf;F gzk; mj;jpatrpakhd xd;W. mijg; ngUk;ghYk; mth;fs; jl;Lg;ghby;yhky; itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ,y;iynad;why; mijg; ngWk; fhhpaq;fspy; jPtpukha; <Lgl;bUg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jhq;fs; mjph;\;lrhypfs; vd;gij mwpe;jth;fs;. Njitg;gLk; NghJ vijAk; khw;Wk; jpwk; jq;fsplk; ,Ug;gij mwpe;jth;fs;;. Fuq;Fthrpfs; ve;j fhhpaj;jpYk; jq;fis Ko;fbj;Jf; nfhz;L jpz;lhl khl;lhh;fs;. vjph;g;GfSk; f\;lq;fSk; te;j NghJ> me;jf; fhhpaj;jpypUe;J ntspNa tur; rkak; ghh;j;J> rhJh;akha; ntspNa te;J tpLthh;fs;. Neuk; fhyk; ghh;j;J fhhpaq;fisr; nra;tjpy; ty;yth;fs;. ve;j tpjj;jpYk; ey;y re;jh;g;gj;ijf; fz;L nfhs;sf; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; kw;nwhU re;jh;g;gj;jpw;fhf fhj;jpUf;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. jpl;lkpd;wp vijAk; nra;aj; Jzpa khl;lhh;fs;. jpl;lkpLjypy; ty;yth;fs;.

65

,aw;ifapNyNa kfpo;Tld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gazk; nry;tijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mijAk; trjpAld; Kjy; tFg;gpy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; nra;a vz;Zthh;fs;. jq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; Rthurpakhd tpraq;fis vjph; Nehf;fp fhj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfs; jhq;fs; tpUk;gpaij f\;lkpy;yhky; ngwj;jf;fth;fs; vd;gjhy; jhq;fs; rhjpj;jtw;iw gw;wp mj;jidf; fz;L nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; ntF tpiutpy; Mh;tj;ij ,of;ff; $bath;fs;. mjdhy; nra;aj; njhlq;fpa fhhpaq;fis tpiutpy; Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynad;why; ghjpapNyNa Mh;tkw;W tpl;Ltplf; $bath;fs;. vJNk ];jpukhdjy;y vd;gij ed;F czh;e;jth;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fs; gzpia njhlh;e;J nrk;ikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lgth;fs;. rpy rkak; jq;fs; nraiyf; fz;L mre;J Nghff; $bath;fs;. Fuq;FthrpfSf;F nra;jpfisj; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ tpUg;gkhd nghOJNghf;F. mryhdth;fs;. rhJhpakhdth;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfs; vg;NghJk; Kd; epw;gth;fs;. mth;fs; vz;zk; ey;yjha; ,Ue;j NghJk;> rpy Neuq;fspy; mth;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fSk; Ngr;Rf;fSk; kw;wth; kdijg; Gz;gLj;Jtjha; mikaf; $Lk;. mwpTk;> Mw;wYk;> Mf;fG+h;tKk; gpwtpapNyNa cs;s NghJk;> gy rkaq;fspy; me;jj; jd;ikfis ntspNa fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. mJ ntspNa njhpAk; NghJ> kw;wth;fs; Fok;gp tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; jhd; vd;w mfe;ij kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mJ mth;fSf;F gy rkaq;fspy; ey;yijr; nra;af; $baJk; cz;L. Fuq;Fthrpfs; fpuhk tho;f;ifia tpl efu tho;f;ifiaNa mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Neuj;ij tPzbf;f khl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fs; kdpjh;fisf; $h;e;J ftdpg;gjpy; Neuk; fopg;gij nghOJNghf;fhff; nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; fhhpak; nra;aj;Jzpe;J tpl;lhy;> fUkNk fz;zhd fbd ciog;ghspaha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nghpa fhhpaq;fisr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;Ak; jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;. mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; jpwikAk; Rakhd mryhd fhhpaq;fs; nra;Ak; jd;ikAk; Fuq;Fthrpfis mjph;\;lrhypfshf;Fk;. mth;fs; ve;jj; njhopypy; <Lgl;lhYk; mjpy; gpufhrpg;ghh;fs;. kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpAld; xU KiwNaDk; Kad;W ghh;j;J tpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W midj;Jf; fhhpaj;ijAk; nra;Jg; ghh;f;fj; Jbg;ghh;fs;.

66

mth;fSf;F E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Nahridfs; Njhd;wpa tz;zk; ,Uf;Fk;. mtw;wpy; gytw;iw nra;J fhl;Lk; jpwKk; ngw;wth;fs;. ve;j Ntiyia vLj;Jr; nra;jhYk; mijj; jpwk;gl nra;a KbAk;. khWk; #oYf;F Vw;g jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;sf; $bath;fs;. Ntfkha; Ntiyiar; nra;thh;fs;. Mdhy; nra;Ak; Ntiyf;F ,uz;L klq;F $ypia vjph;g;ghh;g;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; tq;fp kw;Wk; fzf;fply; Jiwapy; rpwg;ghh;fs;. gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;T fhz;gtuha;> tpQ;Qhdpaha;> Ma;thsuha;> fz;Lgpbg;ghsuha; mth;fs; gpugykhtJ kpfTk; vspJ. NkYk;> nghwpahsh;> gq;Fr; re;ij tpahghhp> jpiu ,af;Feh;> eif tpahghhp> tpw;gidahsh;> tpahghhp Mfpa njhopy;fspy; rpwf;f mjpf tha;g;Gf;fs; cz;L. cwTcwTcwTcwT mth;fs; ahiuAk; vspjpy; ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; vr;rhpf;ifAld; jq;fs; $l;lhspfisj; Njh;e;njLj;J mth;fSld; kl;LNk gof tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ez;gh;fsplk; tpRthrKk; gf;jpAk; cila Fuq;Fthrpfs; vspjpy; fhjy; tag;glj; jf;fth;fs;. Mdhy; kpf tpiutpNyNa jhq;fs; tpUk;gpajpd; NkYs;s gw;iw Mh;tkpd;ikahy; tpl;Ltpl;L kw;nwhd;iw ehl ty;yth;fs;. mNjg; Nghd;W jq;fs; Ntiyia ehl;lj;Jld; Muk;gpj;j NghJk;> rpy fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF tpUk;ghky; tpl;Lr; nry;yf; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; mLj;jth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis nrtp kLj;Jf; Nfl;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. ,Ue;jNghJk; mth;fSld; ,Ue;jhy; mth;fis Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhs;sNt KbahJ. Fuq;Fthrpfs; fhjypy; rw;Nw vr;rhpf;ifAld; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. vt;tsTjhd; ntspg;gilahd kdk; cilath;fshd NghJk;> rkaj;jpy; jq;fsJ ey;y cwthf vz;z Kbahj NghJ> mth;fs; Nky; Mh;tkw;W> gphpa rw;Wk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfs; cwT tpraq;fspy; tpiutpy; gzpaf; $bath;fs; fpilahJ. vjpYk; tpiutpy; Mh;tk; ,of;ff; $bath;fs; vd;w fhuzj;jhy;> cwTfs; gykhdjha; ,Uf;fhJ. vy;yhtw;iwAk; kPwp ahNuDk; mjpfkhf ek;gp jd; Jizaha; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy;> me;j cwit jq;fs; tho;ehs; KOf;f njhlu KOikaha; nray;gLthh;fs;. cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; czT tptfhuj;jpy; mtru fjpapy; cz;gijNa tpUk;Gth;. mth;fsplj;jpy; Neuk; vLj;J KO czit cz;z mj;jid Mh;tk; ,Uf;fhJ. cz;gjpy; Neuj;ij tpuakhf;FtJ mth;fSf;Fg; gpbf;fhJ.

67

NehAw;w NghJ Xa;T vLg;gJ Neu tpuak; vd;W czh;e;j fhuzj;jhy;> mth;fs; Neha;tha;g; gLtJ kpfTk; mG+h;tk;. RWRWg;ghd tho;f;if KiwfSk;> nray;ghLfSk; mth;fis vg;NghJk; MNuhf;fpakha; itj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTk;. mth;fs; Neha;tha;gLtJ ngUk;ghYk; gjw;wk; fhuzkha; ,Uf;FNknahopa NtW nghpa fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fhJ. Fuq;F tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; Fuq;F tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; Fuq;F tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; Fuq;F tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;fs; lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpug; gpurhj;> Nf. Mh;. ehuhazd;> eifr;Rit ebfh; fiythzh;> ,e;jpag; gpujkh;fs; uh[Pt; fhe;jp> lhf;lh; kd;Nkhfd; rpq;> ,ir ty;Yeh; nrk;khq;Fb rPdpthr Iah;> tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh; t.C.rp> gwit epGzh; ryPk; myp> fpNuf;f kd;dd; [_ypa]; rPrh;> ebif vyprngj; ilyh;> gy;fiy mwpQh; ypahdhh;Nlh lh tpd;rp

mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 3> 4> 5> 7> 16> 23> 34> 45> 54. xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : buhfd;> vyp xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : Gyp> ghk;G> gd;wp %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; Fuq;Fthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G Fuq;FneUg;G Fuq;FneUg;G Fuq;FneUg;G Fuq;F

(gpg;uthp 12>1956 - [dthp 30>1957) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; MSik> caph;g;G> Mf;fg;G+h;tk;> vjph;g;Gfshy; Cf;fk; nfhz;L nray;gLjy; Mfpa Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. Mw;wYk;;> ek;gpf;ifAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. Fwpf;Nfhis KbT nra;tjpy; cs;s rhkh;j;jpak; mij miltjpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. ve;jr; #oypYk; jhNd cah;e;jtuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ,Ue;j NghJk; mtUld; goFtij kw;wth;fs; tpUk;Gth;.

ku Fuq;F ku Fuq;F ku Fuq;F ku Fuq;F

([dthp 25>1944 - gpg;uthp 13>1945) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; kw;wth;fsplk; Ngrpg; gofpj; njhlh;G nfhs;tjpy; if Njh;e;jth;fs;. mjdhy; gyUld; fye;J Ngrpf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. fbd ciog;ghspfs;. fhhpaq;fs; vg;gb elf;fpd;wd vd;gijg; Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; ty;yth;fs;. vr;rhpf;ifAilath;fs;. tha; Ngr;R mjpfk; ,Uf;Fk;. Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; rhJh;ak; ,Uf;Fk;. mikjpaw;wth;fs;.

68

G+kp Fuq;F G+kp Fuq;F G+kp Fuq;F G+kp Fuq;F

(gpg;uthp 02>1908 - [dthp 21>1909 [dthp 30> 1968 - gpg;uthp 16> 1969) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; ew;FzKk;> KiwNahL nray;fisr; nra;Ak; jd;ikAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. r%f Mh;tyh;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. tho;f;ifia rhpahd tifapy; tho tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs;. Ntiyf;Fk; cwTfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. ek;gj; jFe;jth;fs;. vy;yh NtiyapYk; jq;fs; E}W rjtPj Kaw;rpia fhl;Lthh;fs;. gpwh; jq;fsplk; kjpg;GlDk; khpahijAlDk; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;g;ghh;fs;. rw;Nw fLfLf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.

cNyhf Fuq;F cNyhf Fuq;F cNyhf Fuq;F cNyhf Fuq;F

(gpg;uthp 20>1920 - gpg;uthp 07>1921 gpg;uthp 16>1980 - gpg;uthp 04> 1981) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if kpff; nfhz;l Fwpf;NfhSilath;fs;. mjdhy; vg;NghJk; ntw;wp ngWk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; tpUk;gj;jf;fth;fshfTk;> md;ghdth;fshfTk; vz;zg;gl;lhYk; mth;fs; jdpikia tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fs; njhopy; Kiw ez;gh;fsplKk;> v[khdh;fsplKk; tpRthrk; cilath;fs;. md;G> Neh;j;jp> cWjp Nghd;w Fzq;fSf;F rhd;wha; tpsq;Fthh;fs;.

ePh; Fuq;F ePh; Fuq;F ePh; Fuq;F ePh; Fuq;F

(gpg;uthp 06>1932 - [dthp 25>1933 gpg;uthp 04>1992 - [dthp 22>1993) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> $b Ntiy nra;tjpy; tpUg;gk;> gl;Lk; glhkYk; ele;J nfhs;tJ mj;jifath;fspd; Fzq;fs;. mjpf czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; $Wtijf; Nfl;L mbf;fb kdr; rq;flk; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. jq;fs; czh;Tfis ntspf; fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. mjdhy; mij kiwf;f eifr;Rit czh;Tld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsplk;; ngUk;ghYk; Fwpf;NfhspypUe;J kpf vspjpy; eOTk; jd;ik ,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs; xNu Ntiyapy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhy;> epr;rak; ntw;wp fpl;Lk;.

ePq;fs; Fuq;F tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

69

Fuq;F tUlg; gyd;fsFuq;F tUlg; gyd;fsFuq;F tUlg; gyd;fsFuq;F tUlg; gyd;fs;: vJthdhYk; vy;yhKk; epr;rak; elf;ff;$ba tUlk;. gy mjprakhd fhhpaq;fs; elf;Fk; rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; mjpfk; cila tUlk;. rhj;jpakpy;yhj tpraq;fSk; ele;J ntw;wp juf;$ba tUlk;. vl;Lj; jpf;fpYk; ntw;wp ntw;wp vd;w Ngr;Nr ,Uf;Fk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy;> ahh; vd;d nra;jhh;fs; vd;gNj njhpahky; NghFk;. mjph;\;l tUlk;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy; ahUk; ,y;iy vd;w gjpiy Vw;Wf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;.

70

11110000 xspT kiwtw;w Nrty;xspT kiwtw;w Nrty;xspT kiwtw;w Nrty;xspT kiwtw;w Nrty; (1909 1921 1933 1945 1957 1969 1981 1993 2005 2017 2029 2041 2053)

Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; khiy 5:00 Kjy; 7:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir Nkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;;> nrg;lk;gh;; khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; cNyhfk;; apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F Kjypad Kjy; xd;gJ ,lq;fspy; te;jd. ML> Fuq;F ,uz;bd; cjtpAld; NrtYk;; fiuia te;jile;jJ. flTsh;fs; mtw;iw tho;j;jp tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; gj;jhtJr; rpd;dkha; Nrtiyj; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. ,e;jf; fij Nrty; Vd; gj;jhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; fij. fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Nrty; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

[dthp 22>1909 - gpg;uthp 09>1910 gpg;uthp 08>1921 - [dthp 27>1922 [dthp 26>1933 - gpg;uthp 13>1934 gpg;uthp 13>1945 - gpg;uthp 01>1946 [dthp 31>1957 - gpg;uthp 17>1958 gpg;uthp 17>1969 - gpg;uthp 05>1970 gpg;uthp 05>1981 - [dthp 24>1982 [dthp 23>1993 - gpg;uthp 09>1994 gpg;uthp 09>2005 - [dthp 28> 2006

,dp Nrty;thrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. Nrty;thrpfs; gz;ghsh;fs;. rkNahrpj Gj;jpAs;sth;fs;. midj;ijAk; ftdpf;Fk; jd;ik kpf;fth;fs;. gFj;jwpAk; czh;Tilath;fs;. Neh; Nehf;Filath;fs;. fhhpaq;fisf; Fw;wkw G+h;zkha; nra;gth;fs;. JWJWg;GlDk;> gakw;wth;fshfTk;> Ngr;rhsh;fshfTk;> jk;gl;lk; mbj;Jf; nfhs;gtuhfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. fz;zpak;> ek;gpf;if Nghd;w Fzq;fisg; gpwtpf; Fzkha; nfhz;l Nrty; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs;> goFtjw;Ffe;jth;fshfTk;> ngUk;ghYk; ey;y cil mzpgth;fshfTk;> rpwe;jth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ehzKk;> gzpTk; nfhz;l Nrty;thrpfs;> jq;fs;

71

Njhw;wj;jpd; Nky; mf;fiw nfhz;lth;fs;. ehfhpfkhd cilfis mzpa tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Nrty;thrpfis Fiwj;J kjpg;gplhjPh;fs;. mth;fs; elg;gnjy;yhk; ed;ikf;Nf vd;W vz;Zgth;fs;. gakwpahjth;fs;. cyfNk jtW vd;W nrhd;dhYk;> jq;fs; topia khw;wpf; nfhs;s vz;z khl;lhh;fs;. vz;zpa> ek;g Kbahj> fw;gid fhZk; jpl;lq;fisr; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; mij elj;jpAk; fhl;b tpLthh;fs;. mth;fsJ gy jpwg;gl;l tpNehjkhd topfSk; Kaw;rpfSk; mth;fis nghpjha; rhjpf;f itf;Fk;. $h;e;j mwpTk;> Muha;e;JzUk; gz;Gk; mth;fis Mo;e;j rpe;jidahsh;fsha; fhl;Lk;. mth;fs; Njhw;gJ kpf mhpJ. Nrty;thrpfs; eilKiwahsh;fsha; ,Ue;j NghJk;> nghpa fdTfs; fhz;gth;fsha; ,Ug;gh;. mth;fs; ,aw;ifapNtNa jPuk; kpf;fth;fs;. jhq;fs; tpUk;gpaij vg;gbg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;jth;fs;. nghpa ,yl;rpaj;ij milAk; ghijapy; jlq;fy; Vw;gl;lhy;> mij vz;zp tUe;jKk; ftiyAk; nfhs;thh;fs;. MdhYk; mth;fs; Njhy;tpapypUe;J ntF tpiutpy; kPz;LtpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; ePz;l fhyk; mikjpaha; ,Ug;gJ kpf mhpJ. vg;NghJk; jq;fis VjhtJ gzpfspy; <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;L nray;gl;l tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ,th;fs; ,U tifg;gLth;. xU tif tprdg;gLgth;fs;. kw;nwhU tif ed;F gofj;jf;fth;fs;. rPd N[hjplj;jpy; Nrty;thrpfs; rw;Nw tpNehjg; ghq;F nfhz;lth;fsha; fUjg;gLfpwhh;fs;. fdTyfpy; mjpfk; rQ;rhpg;ghh;fs;. tz;z tz;z cilfis mzpe;J gpwiuf; ftUk; tifapy; tpsq;Fth;. jq;fisg; gw;wp fh;tk; ,Uf;Fk;. nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fisr; rhpaha;> jpwk;gl> thpirg;gLj;jpr; nra;th;. vy;yh fhhpaq;fspYk; EZf;fkhd tpraq;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J ftdk; nrYj;Jk; fz;fs; nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs;. nrk;ikthjpfs;. kdpjj; jtWfSf;F ,lk; nfhLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. rpy Neuq;fspy; mth;fNs jtW nra;fpwhh;fs; vd;W gpwh; vz;zpdhYk;> mJ VjhtJ xU tifapy; rhpaha; ,Uf;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;. f\;lkhd fhhpaq;fisr; rthyha; Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;. jq;fisg; gw;wp nrk;ikaha; NgrTk; vOjTk; $bath;fs;. thf;Fthjq;fisj; Jtf;fp itg;gijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ve;jg; nghUisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;whYk;> mth;fs; mjpy; Njh;e;j Qhdk; ngw;wth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsplk; rthy; tpl;lhy;> ePskhd rz;ilf;Fj; jahuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fsJ cly; cuk; gpukpf;fj; jf;fJ. jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis vj;jid tpiy nfhLj;Jk; nty;y itj;J tpLthh;fs;.

72

mth;fs; cUthf;fTk;> ,Uf;Fk; #oYf;F Vw;gj; jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;sTk; tpUk;ghjth;fs;. Mdhy; ftdpj;J> tpUJfis toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zth;. tpthjj;jpw;Fk; rz;ilapLtjw;Fk; Mtyha;f; fhj;jpUg;gh;. Kul;Lj;jdkhdth;fs;. gz tpraq;fspy; kpfTk; rpwe;j tifapy; nray;gLthh;fs;. tuTf;Fs; nryTfis itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Rafl;Lg;ghL ,th;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. fQ;rj;jdk; ,Uf;fhJ. mjpf jahs FzKk;> gpwUf;F nfhLj;JjTk; FzKk; mth;fsplj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. jhq;fs; Nrfhpj;j nry;tj;ijr; rhpahd Kiwapy; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zpr; nray;gLthh;fs;. mijNa kw;wth;fSf;Fk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;thh;fs;. Nrty;thrpfis jd;dk;gpf;if> Mlk;guk;> Cf;fk; Mfpa Fzq;fSf;F milahskha;r; nrhy;yyhk;. tpRthrKk;> ek;gfKk; kpf;f kdpjh;fs;. xspT kiwtw;w fUj;Jf;fisj; njhptpg;gjpy; vg;NghJk; gpd;thq;f khl;lhh;fs;. fPo;jukhd Fzky;y mJ. cz;ikahdth;fs; vd;w fhuzj;jhNyNa mj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lth;fs;. gpwhplKk; mijNa vjph;ghh;f;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. fhhpaj;ijr; nrt;tNd nra;J Kbg;gjpy; mf;fiwAk; jpwikAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. rhjpf;ff; fpsk;gp tpl;lhy;> nra;J Kbf;f topapy; rpf;Ftdtw;iwnay;yhk; jpUg;gpg; Nghlhky; tpl khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; RWRWg;ghd Mty;kpFe;j kdj;ij Mokha; MuhAk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; xU NghJk; mirtw;W ,Uf;fNt khl;lhh;fs;. Nrty;thrpfs; rpy tpraq;fSf;F Neuk; vLf;fNtr; nra;Ak; vd;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j cyfj;jpd; ,af;fq;fisj; jq;fs; fhy ml;ltizf;Fs; GFj;j KbahJ vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; kpfTk; mw;Gjkhd tpraq;fisAk; rhjpf;f ty;yth;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fs; kpfTk; EZf;fkhd tpraq;fis vg;NghJk; Nfhl;iltpl;L tpLthh;fs;. r%fj;jpd; Nky; mf;fiw cs;sth;fs;. goFjw;F ,dpikahdth;fs;. $l;lj;jpy; ftdpf;fj;jf;f ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zgth;fs;. mjdhy; jd;idg; gw;wpAk;> jhd; rhjpj;jtw;iwg; gw;wpAk; ngUik NgRk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. mth;fspd; njhlh;e;j ,e;jg; Nghf;F rpy Neuq;fspy; njhy;iyahff; $l mike;J tpLk;. Nrty;thrpfs; jq;fs; Nky; vt;tsTf;nft;tsT fh;tkha; ,Uf;fpwhh;fNsh> mNjasT jq;fs; tPl;bd; NkYk; FLk;gj;jhh; NkYk; fh;tk; nfhz;lth;fs;. nra;Ak; gzpfisr; nrt;tNdr; nra;thh;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fspd; tPLfs; kpfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; Neh;j;jpahfTk; fhzg;gLk;. jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikaw;wth;fs;. ,ij ntspf;fhl;lhky; ,Uf;f jq;fisj; jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; NghuhLk; jd;ikAk; cs;sth;fsha;f; fhl;bf; nfhs;th;.

73

mth;fs; vy;Nyhh; ftdj;ijAk; jq;fs; gf;fk; <h;f;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. kw;wth;fspd; czh;TfSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;gJ kpff; FiwT. mjdhy; mth;fs; Gfohuk; #l;Ltijf; Nfl;f nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; Fwpf;NfhSilath;fs;. thdsT cau vz;Zthh;fs;. Njh;njLj;j Jiwapd; Nky; jPtpukhd gw;W nfhz;L> Ntiyiar; nra;J> gy Gjpa Aj;jpfisg; GFj;jp nty;th;. ,sikapNyNa tho;f;ifia tho Muk;gpj;J> jq;fs; ,s tajpNyNa ntw;wpg; gbapy; Nkd;NkYk; nry;th;. Ra tpahghuj;jpy; rpwg;gh;. Kf;fpakhd fhhpaq;fis mth;fisg; Nghy; rhptur; nra;a ahuhYk; KbahJ. MizapLk; NghJ rhpahd Miziaf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njitf;Nfw;g Ntiyia khw;wpr; nra;a cld;gl khl;lhh;fs;. nra;aTk; tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; ve;jj; Jiwapy; ,Ue;jhYk; ntw;wp ngWk; jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;. tpsk;guk;> Nfspf;if> cztfk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Ntiyfspy; rpwf;f tha;g;Gfs; cz;L. gz tpraq;fspy; rpwe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; kdpjf; Fiwfis vd;Wk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. mDkjpf;fTk; khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kdk; mwptpay; hPjpapy; Ntiy nra;J eilKiwAld; xj;jf; fhhpaq;fisr; nra;aj; Jbf;Fk;. Nrty;thrpfs; Cf;fk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. fbd ciog;ghspfs;. ,f;Fzq;fs; mth;fis ntw;wpfukhd epiyf;F cah;j;jf; $bait. mth;fs; ey;y ebfh;fshfTk;> eldf; fiyQh;fishfTk;> ,irf; fiyQh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gy; kUj;Jth;> MAl;fhg;ghsh;> cjtpahsh;> E}yfh; Nghd;w njhopy;fspYk; <Lglyhk;. ,uhZtj;jpy; Nrh;e;jhy; kpfTk; rpwg;ghd gzpiar; nra;aj; jf;fth;fs;. cwTcwTcwTcwT ez;gh;fSk; cwtpdh;fSk; VjhtJ rpf;fypy; khl;bf; nfhz;lhy;> mth;fs; cjtp NfhUk; Kd;Ng rpf;fiyj; jPh;f;f Kad;W> ntw;wpAk; ngWthh;fs;. me;jf; Fzk; rpf;fypy; khl;bath;fSf;F gpbf;fhj NghJk;> jPh;T fhZk; rkaj;jpy; kfpo;th;. Neuk; gw;wp mjpfk; vr;rhpf;if Fzk; cilath;fs;. mth;fSld; goFk; NghJ> Neuk; fhyk; ghh;j;J> jpl;lkpl;Lr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpwUf;F cjTk; jd;ikapy; ek;gfkhdthh;fs;. Nrty;thrpfspd; xspTkiwtw;w cz;ikahd Fzk;> gy ,lq;fspy; rhpg;glhJ. czh;Tg;G+h;tkhd kdpjh;fs; mth;fshy; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLth;. mjdhy; mth;fs; kpfTk; jplkhd kdk;

74

nfhz;lth;fSld; goFtJ ey;yJ. mth;fspd; jplkhd kdj;jpw;Fs; kpfTk; md;ghd ,jak; ,Ug;gij mth;fshy; kl;LNk Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. rpy rkak; jq;fs; vz;zNk rhp vd;W mth;fs; elf;Fk; NghJ> gpwUf;F gpbf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; gy rkaq;fspy; mth;fs; vz;zk; rhpahdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. Nrty;thrpfs; jq;fs; ez;gh;fisAk; jq;fs; md;gpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fisAk; kfpo;Tld; itj;Jf; nfhs;s gytw;iwr; nra;aj; JzptJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mjpy; ntw;wp ngwhtpl;lhy;> kpfTk; tUj;jKWth;. mth;fsJ cz;ikahd md;Gk;> MjuTk;> Neubf; fz;fhzpg;Gk; mth;fsplk; ez;gh;fSk; cwtpdh;fSk; mth;fs; ghy; md;Gk; kjpg;Gk; khpahijAk; nfhs;s itf;Fk;. Nrty;thrpfs; NeUf;F Neh; NgRk; jd;ik mth;fisr; rpwe;j uh[Pathjpaha; fUj tplhJ. jq;fs; kdj;jpy; gl;lij gl;nld;W vLj;Jf; $Wk; NghJ> gpwuJ czh;Tfis Nahrpf;fhky; nra;tJ gy rkaq;fspy; gpur;rpidfspy; khl;b tpLk;. gpwiu Vd; tUj;jg;gl itf;f Ntz;Lk;? Nrty;thrpfs; vg;NghJk; rhpahfNt nra;thh;fs; vd;W kw;wth;fs; vz;z Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb vz;zpdhy; kdj;jhq;fy;fs; tpyfp tpLk;. kw;wth;fis kfpo;tpf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs; Vw;ghL nra;Ak; tpohf;fs; Nfspf;iffs; epr;rakha;; nghpajhfTk;> ePz;l ehl;fs; epidtpy; epw;gitahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; Nrty;thrpfs; ngUk;ghYk; RWRWg;ghdth;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fis vg;NghJk; ,af;fpa tz;zk; ,Ug;gjhy;> cly; eyk; ed;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. VjhtJ Neha;tha;gl;lhYk;> Ntfkha; mjpypUe;J kPz;L tpLthh;fs;. vg;NghNjDk; mjpfkha; Neha;tha;gl;lhy;> mOj;jj;JlDk; Nrhfj;JlDk; fhzg;gLthh;fs;. Nrty;Nrty;Nrty;Nrty; tUlj;ija gptUlj;ija gptUlj;ija gptUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;ugyq;fs;ugyq;fs;ugyq;fs; njhopyjpgh;fs; KNf\; mk;ghdp> mrPk; gpNuk;[p> Rdpy; kpl;ly;> jPu[;yhy; `puhee;j; mk;ghdp> jkpof Kjy;th;fs; NguwpQh; mz;zh> gf;jtr;ryk;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; kNfe;jpu rpq; Njhdp> rdj; n[a#h;ah> Atuh[; rpq;> rJuq;f tpisahl;L tPuh; tp];tehjd; Mde;j;> khz;lhpd; rPdpth];> mikr;rh; g. rpjk;guk;> Mq;fpyg; vOj;jhsh; ul;ahh;l; fpg;ypq;> ebfh; gPl;lh; c];jpdht;> n[h;kdpapy; gpwe;J u\;ag; Nguurpahd fhj;jhpd; jp fpNul;

mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 1>5>6>12.15>16>24>51 xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : vUJ> ghk;G> buhfd; xj;Jg;xj;Jg;xj;Jg;xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;FfsNghfhj tpyq;FfsNghfhj tpyq;FfsNghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : Kay;> eha;

75

%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; Nrty;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G neUg;G neUg;G neUg;G NrtNrtNrtNrty;y;y;y;

([dthp 31>1957 - gpg;uthp 17>1958) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;ghspfs;. Rje;jpukhdth;fs;. rhpaha;r; nra;gth;fs;. epjhdkw;wth;fs;. r%fj;jpd; Kd; jq;fsJ gpk;gj;ij rhp nra;J nfhs;tjpNyNa ngUk;ghyhd Neuj;ijf; fopg;gh;. mth;fs; r%f njhz;lh;fs;. jiyrpwe;j jiyth;fs;. mjpf xspTkiwT mw;wth;fs;. ,e;j mth;fsJ Fzk; gyiuAk; tUj;jf;FbaJ.

ku Nrty;ku Nrty;ku Nrty;ku Nrty;

(gpg;uthp 13>1945 - gpg;uthp 01>1946 gpg;uthp 09>2005 - [dthp 28> 2006) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; cz;ikahdth;fs;. rpe;jidthjpfs;. mlf;fkhdth;fs;. Raeykw;wth;fs;. FOitr; rhh;e;J ,Uf;f tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy;> ez;gh;fSk; njhpe;jth;fSk; mjpfk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. vg;NghJNk kdpjh;fsplj;jpy; nfl;l Fzq;fisj; jtph;j;J ey;y Fzq;fis kl;LNk fz;L goFth;. tho;f;ifapYk; ey;ydtw;iwNa Nehf;Fth;. mth;fsplk; Fiw vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;Lnkd;why;> Muk;gpj;jf; fhhpaj;ij Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntfk; ,y;yhjJ kl;LNk. ,J ngUk;ghYk; jq;fs; rf;jpf;F vl;lhj gzpfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; fhuzkha; ,Uf;Fk;.

G+kp Nrty; G+kp Nrty; G+kp Nrty; G+kp Nrty;

([dthp 22>1909 - gpg;uthp 09>1910 gpg;uthp 17>1969 - gpg;uthp 05>1970) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; mwpQh;fs;. gz;ghdth;fs;. xOq;fha;f; fhhpaq;fisr; nra;gth;fs;. tpraq;fis Muha;e;J nray;gLgth;fs;. gy fhhpaq;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;af; $bath;fs;. ntw;wpahy; Cf;fk; nfhz;L> nray;gLth;. cahpa fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L> kw;wth;fSk; mjd; top elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;g;ghh;fs;. me;j vjph;ghh;g;G rpy rkaq;fspy; kw;wth;fis Jd;GWj;j ty;yjha; mike;JtpLk; vd;gjhy; kpjkha; ele;J nfhs;tJ eyk; gaf;Fk;.

76

cNyhf Nrty;cNyhf Nrty;cNyhf Nrty;cNyhf Nrty;

(gpg;uthp 08>1921 - [dthp 27>1922 gpg;uthp 05>1981 - [dthp 24>1982) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;ghsp. eilKiwthjp. mfk;ghtk;> jw;ngUik kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. me;jj; jw;ngUikiag; nghpjha; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ez;gh;fis vg;NghJk; Njba tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsJ ez;gh;fSlDk; cwtpdh;fSlDk; cs;s cwTfis J}ug;gLj;Jk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; MuhAk; jd;ik kpf;fth;fs;. fw;gid mjpfk;. re;jh;gq;fis gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;gth;fs;.

ePh; Nrty; ePh; Nrty; ePh; Nrty; ePh; Nrty;

([dthp 26>1933 - gpg;uthp 13>1934 [dthp 23>1993 - gpg;uthp 09>1994) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; jpwik kpf;fth;fs;. fy;tpahsh;fs;. eilKiwthrpfs;. Gj;jp rhJh;aj;jhy; Cf;fk; nfhs;gth;fs;. cw;rhfkhdth;fs;. Nrty;thrpfisr; rhe;jg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik ePUf;F cz;L. mth;fs; $l;lj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;j];jh;fsha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;T mjpfk; ,y;yhjth;fs;. Ngr;Rj; jpwik nrk;ikg;gLj;jg; gl;ljha; ,Uf;Fk;. vg;NghJk; RWRWg;G> tpraq;fis $h;e;J ftdpf;Fk; jd;ikfs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhhpaj;ijf; ftdkha;r; nra;tjpy; ey;y gyd; fpilf;Fk;.

ePq;fs; Nrty; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. Nrty; tUlg; gyd;fsNrty; tUlg; gyd;fsNrty; tUlg; gyd;fsNrty; tUlg; gyd;fs;: rf;jp kpFe;j tUlk;. thjk; tpjz;lhthjk; epiwaNt ,Uf;Fk;. vr;rhpf;ifaha; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba tUlKk; $l. ahUk; ahUilaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nfl;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mjdhy; ngUj;j Ntw;Wikfs; Vw;gl;L rz;ilr; rr;ruTfs; mjpfkhFk;. ,Ue;jhYk; ahUk; ngUj;j f\;lq;fis mDgtpf;f khl;lhh;fs;.

77

11 11 11 11 Njhoik eha;Njhoik eha;Njhoik eha;Njhoik eha;

(1910 1922 1934 1946 1958 1970 1982 1994 2006 2018 2030 2042 2054)

Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; ,uT 7:00 Kjy; 9:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir Nkw;F> tlNkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;> mf;Nlhgh;; khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; cNyhfk; apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; ahq; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty; Kjypad Kjy; gj;J ,lq;fspy; te;jd. eha; ePr;ry; mbg;gjpy; rpwe;jJ vd;whYk;> gjpndhd;whtjha; te;jJ. Vd; jhkjk; vd;W flTsh;fs; Nfl;ljw;F> ePz;l Neuk; ePr;ry; mbj;j gpd;dh; rw;Nw Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> Fsph;e;j ePhpy; Rfkha; xU Fspay; Nghl;L tpl;L tu Neuk; Mfptpl;lJ vd;wjhk; eha;. flTsh;fs; tho;j;jp tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; gjpndhd;whtJr; rpd;dkha; ehiaj; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs;. ,e;jf; fij eha; Vd; gjpndhd;whtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; fij. fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; eha; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 10>1910 - [dthp 29>1911 [dthp 28>1922 - gpg;uthp 15>1923 gpg;uthp 14>1934 - gpg;uthp 03>1935 gpg;uthp 02>1946 - [dthp 21>1947 gpg;uthp 18>1958 - gpg;uthp 07>1959 gpg;uthp 06>1970 - [dthp 26>1971 [dthp 25>1982 - gpg;uthp 12>1983 gpg;uthp 10>1994 - [dthp 30>1995 [dthp 29>2006 - gpg;uthp 17>2007

,dp eha;thrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. Njhoik kpf;fth;fs;. cz;ikahdth;fs;. Neh;ikahdth;fs;. Nehpilahd Nghf;Filath;fs;. tpRthrk;> ek;gfj; jd;ik> cz;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fis eha;thrpfspd; Fzq;fsha;r; nrhy;yyhk;. mth;fs; kdpjhgpkhdk; kpf;fth;fs;. cyf kf;fSld; f\;lg;glj; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; tpisahl;L jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. eifr;Rit czh;T kpf;fth;fs;. mth;fs; tpiutpy; czh;r;rp trg;glf; $bath;fs;.

78

Gj;jprhypfs;. rkd;ghLilath;fs;. fglkw;wth;fs;. je;jpurhypfsha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. ngha; nrhy;tijj; jtwhf vz;Zgth;fs;. czh;Tfspy; my;yhl;lk; nfhz;lth;fs;. eha;thrpfs; jq;fisg; nghpath;fsha;f; fhl;bf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. gyh; $Lk; ,lq;fpspy; gy rkaq;fspy; ehzj;Jld; ele;J nfhs;th;. mth;fs; gpwh; nrhy;tij ey;y ftdj;Jld; Nfl;gtuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gpwtpapNyNa tPuh;fsha; ,Uf;Fk; eha;thrpfs; mUfpy; ,Ug;gth;fsplk; Fiyg;gNjhL thh;j;ijahy; fbf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ flikfis mth;fstpw;F nra;ahjth;fis tpkh;rpg;ghh;fs;. vjph;kiwahf rpy eha;thrpfs; kpfTk; mikjpahfTk; ,Uf;ff;$bath;fs;. ,isa eha;thrpfs; jtWfisAk; ePjpaw;wr; nray;fisf; fz;L nfhjpj;jhYk;> Kjph;e;j eha;thrpfs; taJ Mf Mf ngUk;ghYk; mtw;iwg; nghpJ gLj;jhky; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhky; ,Ue;J tpLthh;fs;. ,Ue;jhYk; r%fj;jpy; elf;Fk; jtwhd tpraq;fisr; rhb> vjph;j;J> ghJfhg;G mspf;Fk; mbg;gil Fzk; kl;Lk; mth;fsplk; vg;NghJk; ,Uf;Fk;. mbkl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gth;fSf;Fk;> ePjp Nfl;L NghuhLgth;fSf;Fk; Jizahfg; Ngr eha;thrpfs; vd;Wk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. Kd;dpd;W gzpahw;Wthh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fisAk;> jq;fs; md;gpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fisAk; kpfTk; ghJf;fhg;Gld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ePjpf;Fk; Neh;ikf;Fk; jPtpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;ljhy;> mth;fs; Jauj;jpy; cs;sth;fis xt;nthU KiwAk; fhg;ghw;wj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jj;J gpj;njd;W rpy rkaq;fspy; cswpdhYk;> jtiw Neh; nra;Ak; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; Nky; kw;wth;fs; fhl;Lk; mf;fiw> rKjhaj;jpy; elj;jg;gLk; tpohf;fs; mth;fisf; ftuhJ. $h;ikahd fz;fshy;> kdpjh;fisr; rhpaha; vil Nghl;L mth;fsJ cj;Njrq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwikg; gilj;jth;fs;. kdpj ,aw;ifiag; gw;wp njs;sj; njsptha; njhpe;J itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; Fzq;fis vil NghLtjpy; rkh;j;jh;fs;. eha;thrpfs; xUtiug; gFj;J mwpe;J nfhz;L tpl;lhy;> gpwF mth;fsJ kdij khw;wNt KbahJ. mth;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; fUg;G nts;isapy; ghh;j;J czh;thh;fs;. ePq;fs; xU ez;gh;> ,y;yhtpl;lhy; vjphp. ntl;L xd;W Jz;L ,uz;L vd;w kdg;ghd;ikapdh;. rhpahd Neuj;jpy;> eha;thrpfs; ePz;l Neuk; fbd ciog;igr; nra;aj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F Xa;ntLf;fTk; cw;whh; cwtpdNuhL md;G nfhz;lth;fNshL kfpo;r;rpAld; mDgtpf;fTk; ed;whfNtj; njhpAk;.

79

mth;fis tUj;jpdhy; gjpYf;F tQ;rk; jPh;f;f> jpwikAld; mtkhdg;gLj;jhky; tpl khl;lhh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; nra;jij> kwe;J> mNj Ntfj;jpy; kd;dpf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. ngUk;ghyhd eha;thrpfSf;F ey;y trjpahd tho;f;if jhdhfNt mike;JtpLk;. vy;yh trjpfSk; tPLk; mikAk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; jq;fs; nghUl;fisj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mjw;F ngU kjpg;Gk; nfhLg;gh;. tPLk; FLk;gKk; Kjyplk; ngWk;. eha;thrpfs; mjpy; rpwe;jtw;iwg; ngWk; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F gzk;> nrhj;J> ntw;wp Mfpait ,uz;lhk; gl;rNk. tpRthrk;> Neh;ik> ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,th;fs; ey;y jplkhd nfhs;ifAld; ,Ug;gh;. xj;Jg; NghFk; jd;ik> ,uf;fk;> tpRthrk; Mfpa Fzq;fspd; cUtkha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. eha;thrpfs; mbf;fb md;ghd thh;j;ijfisf; $wp> Njitahd cjtpfukhd mwpTiufisf; $wp> NgRtijf; nrtpkLj;J> mtrpak; Vw;gLk; NghJ> Njhs; nfhLj;JjTthh;fs;. rpy rkak; mLj;jth; tho;f;ifapy; mjpfkhf gq;Nfw;W> %f;if Eioj;Jf; nfhs;tJk; cz;L. mLj;jth;fs; kfpo;r;rpaha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjpAld; nray;gLthh;fs;;. tPl;il ed;F eph;tfpg;ghh;fs;. xOf;fhd tPL mth;fSf;F Kf;fpakhdJ. Rj;jkhd tPL> Ntiyapy; cjtp Mfpait mth;fisr; RWRWg;ghfTk;> nghWg;ghfTk; nray;glr; nra;Ak;. gzj;ijr; rhkh;j;jpakhfr; nryT nra;thh;fs;. tUq;fhyj; Njitf;Fr; Nrkpf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. eha;thrpfs; rpy rkak; Nfhgf;fhuh;fshfTk;> FWfpa kdk; nfhz;lth;fshfTk; gpbthjf;fhuh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. me;jr; rkaj;jpy; mth;fs; gpur;rpidfisr; rhp nra;a jdpj;Jr; nray;gl Kay;th;. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; tpyq;Ffspy; kpfTk; gpugykhd eha; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fis vy;NyhUf;Fk; gpbf;Fk;. flikapypUe;J tpyf vz;z khl;lhh;fs;. Ntiyfspy; jq;fs; gq;ifr; rhptur; nra;th;. fhuzq;fisr; nrtpkLg;gh;. cjtpf;F miog;gth;fisj; jl;bf; fopf;f khl;lhh;fs;. jq;fsJ gpur;rpidfis js;sp tpl;L> gpwUf;F cjt vd;Wk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. nghwhik Fzk; mw;wth;fs;. ahiuAk; Neubahf vjph; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapLjiy tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. cldb gjpy;fs; mth;fsplj;jpy; vg;NghJk; ,Uf;Fk;. eha;thrpfs; nry;te;juhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir mw;wth;fs;. tho;f;if trjpfisg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; vz;z khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fsJ jpwikAk; cld; gpwe;j Fzq;fSk; mth;fisr; rKjhag; gzpapy; rpwg;ghdth;fshf;Fk;. mth;fs; Mrphpah;> kUj;Jth;>

80

nrtpypaha; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; rpwg;gha;r; nray;gLthh;fs;. tpahghuj;jpy; rpwg;gth;fs;. eha;thrpfs; jplkhd kdpjh;fs;. vg;NghJk; Gjpa tpraq;fspy; Njh;e;j Qhdk; ngw tpUk;Gth;. Muk;gpj;j Ntiyia Kbj;Jf; fhl;Lth;. mjdhy; Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd;dNu> me;j Ntiyiag; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;j gpd;dNu Muk;gpg;gh;. mth;fsJ jplkhd kdk;> mth;fis mwpTiuahsh;fshfTk;> kNdhjj;Jt kUj;Jth;fshfTk; rpwg;gha;r; nray;gl cjTk;;. mth;fs; ve;jf; fbdkhd #oiyAk; vjph; nfhs;s ty;yth;fs;. ek;fgkhdth;fs;. ,ufrpaq;fis fhg;ghw;wj; njhpe;jth;fs;. jpwik tha;e;j murpay; Fzq;fs; nfhz;ljhy;> jq;fs; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfis kiwf;fj; njhpe;jth;fs;. murpay;thjpfshf ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. cld; gzp Ghpgth;fs; eha;thrpfis cjtpf;F vg;NghJk; miof;fyhk;. Gjpjha; fw;gjw;Fk;> Ntiy gSitf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; mth;fis KOtJkha; ek;gyhk;. kjpg;G kpf;f Ntiyfhuh;fs;. fhtyhsp> tpQ;Qhdp> mwpTiuahsh;> tPl;il myq;fhpg;gth;> tphpTiuahsh;> klhjpgjp> nrtpyp> cjtpahsh;> ePjpgjp> GNuhfpjh; Mfpa njhopy;fspy; <Lglj; jFe;jth;fs;. cwTcwTcwTcwT ey;y ez;gh;fsha; Mf;fpf; nfhs;sj; jf;fth;fs;. mth;fs; kw;wth;fsplk; mbf;fb Cf;fKk;> ek;gpf;ifAk; jUk; thh;j;ijfisf; $wp vg;NghJk; Njitg;gLgth;fSf;F cjtp nra;af; fhj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; Gfo; ngw;w kdpjh;fSf;F ey;y ez;gh;fsha; NjhoilAilath;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. jd; md;gpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fsplk; Nfhgg;gLk; gb ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba re;jh;gj;jpYk; md;gpd; fhuzkha; epahak; fw;gpj;J ,dpjhfNt elg;ghh;fs;. ez;gh;fis ngw ghLgLthh;fs;. el;gpw;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;gh;. eha;thrpfs; ez;gh;fs; tpraj;jpy; kpfTk; kpjthjpfs;. cq;fis ez;guha; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kd;G gy tpj re;jpg;GfSk; Ngr;R thh;j;ijfSk; nra;j gpd;dNu nky;y el;ig tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;th;. cq;fis mwpe;J nfhz;L ez;guha; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ltpl;lhy;> ePq;fs; mth;fsJ cs;sj;jpy; ePq;fh ,lj;ijg; ngw;W tpLtPh;fs;. cq;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; NghJ epr;rak; te;J epw;ghh;fs;. cjtp nra;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ tho;f;ifia gpuj;jpNafkhdjha; Mf;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gth;. mth;fsJ FLk;g tpraq;fspy; %f;if Eioj;jhy;> ,ufrpakha; nray; gl Muk;gpj;J tpLthh;fs;. mth;fsJ ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fsha; Mfptpl;lhy;> kdk; jpwe;J fhl;lj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;.

81

eha;thrpfs; ek;gfkhdth;fsha; ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fs; kw;wth;fis ek;GtJ kpff; fbdk;. xUtiu jd; ez;guha; Vw;f> gy fhyk; gpbf;Fk;. ek;gpf;if nfhs;shj tiu mth;fs; goFk; NghJ rw;Nw fbdkhdth;fsha;j; Njhd;Wk;. fhjy; vd;W te;jhYk;> fbdkhd Neuk; jhd;. ftiy> gj;jpukw;w jd;ik> tpah$yk; mth;fisf; fz;L gae;Njhlr; nra;Ak;. eha;thrpfs; czh;Tg; G+h;tkhdth;fs;. Fiw fhz;gth;fs;. cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; eha;thrpfs; Xa;T vLf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; tpNtfj;Jld; elf;fTk; fw;gJ ey;yJ. eha;thrpfs; MNuhf;fpakhdth;fs;. cly; epiy rhpapy;yhjij mth;fs; Nrhfj;Jld;> tUj;jKld; ,Ug;gijf; nfhz;Nl fzpj;J tplyhk;. Nehia vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhb kPz;L tu eha;thrpfs; Kay;th;. eha; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;eha; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;eha; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;eha; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; r%f Nrtfp md;id njurh> ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;fs; gpujpgh ghby;> Mh;. ntq;fl;uhkd;> Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w ,e;jpa ngsjpftpayhsh; Rg;ukzpak; re;jpuNrfh;> Nrhdpah fhe;jp> ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gpujkh; tpd;];ld; rh;r;rpy;> mnkhpf;f mjpgh; gpy; fpspd;ld;> ghlfp nkNlhdh> tpQ;Qhdp ngQ;rkpd; gpuhq;fpspd;> mnkhpf;fj; njhopyjpgh; Nlhdhy;l; [hd; buk;g;> ,e;jpaj; njhopyjpgh; ehuhaz%h;j;jp> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; fgpy; Njt;> khh;td; rhk;rd; mj;jgl;L mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 1> 4> 5> 9> 10> 14> 19> 28> 30> 41> 45> 54 xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : Fjpiu> Gyp> Kay;. xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : buhfd;> ML> vUJ> Nrty; %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; eha;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G eha;neUg;G eha;neUg;G eha;neUg;G eha;

(gpg;uthp 02>1946 - [dthp 21>1947 [dthp 29> 2006 - gpg;uthp 17>2007) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Mf;Nuhrkhdth;fs;. kaf;ff; $bath;fs;. kd typikahy; Cf;fk; ngWgth;fs;. cz;ikahdj; jiyth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; mth;fSld; ,Ug;gjpy; kfpo;r;rpia mDgtpg;ghh;fs;.

82

trPfukhd> jd;dk;gpf;ifapd; cUtkha; ,Ug;gth;fs;. Xbf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;.

ku eha; ku eha; ku eha; ku eha;

(gpg;uthp 14>1934 - gpg;uthp 03>1935 gpg;uthp 10>1994 - [dthp 30>1995) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; jhuhs kdk; nfhz;lth;fs;. jplKk;> ghrKk; kpf;fth;fs;. ,th;fs; jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsh;gjd; fhuzkha;> $l;lj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpg;ijNa tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Muk;gj;jpy; mikjpaha;f; fhzg;gl;l NghJk;> fhyg; Nghf;fpy; kpfr;; rpwe;j ez;gh;fsha; MFk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. tise;J nfhLf;fTk; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;sTk; md;ghd tpRthrpfshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.

G+kp eha; G+kp eha; G+kp eha; G+kp eha;

(gpg;uthp 18>1958 - gpg;uthp 07>1959) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; eilKiwthjpfs;. vr;rhpf;ifAld; nray; gLthh;fs;. Gjpuhdth;fs;. Kd; [hf;fpuijthrpfs;. ek;gfk;> rhUk; jd;ik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; jiyrpwe;j jiyth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsJ Neh;ik> cz;ikapd; ghy; nfhz;l nfhs;if midtUf;Fk; MjuT mspf;Fk; Fzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. jq;fspd; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;gNjhL> gpwiuAk; jd;dk;gpf;ifNahL nray;gl Cf;Ftpg;ghh;fs;.

cNyhf eha; cNyhf eha; cNyhf eha; cNyhf eha;

(gpg;uthp 10>1910 - [dthp 29>1911 gpg;uthp 06>1970 - [dthp 26>1971) Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs;Fzq;fs; jhuhs kdg;ghd;ik> ePjp> jplk;> fUiz cilath;fs;. gzpapYk;> cwTfspYk; G+uz gq;F tfpg;ghh;fs;. jq;fs; NkYk; gpwh; NkYk; vjph;ghh;g;Gfs; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;.

ePh; eha; ePh; eha; ePh; eha; ePh; eha;

([dthp 28>1922 - gpg;uthp 15>1923 [dthp 25>1982 - gpg;uthp 12>1983) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; jj;Jtthjpfs;. cs;Szh;T kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. Rje;jpukha; ,Uf;f> nray;gl vz;z khl;lhh;fs;. ,th;fs; $l;lj;jhUld; NrUk; NghJ mjpfj; jd;dk;gpf;if nfhz;L nray;gLthh;fs;. $l;lj;jpd; jiytuha; ,Ug;gij tplTk; mq;fk; tfpg;gijNa mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs;

83

tpRthrk;> ghrk;> tise;J nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. Nfspf;if Ngh;topaha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mDgtpf;f mDgtpf;f Cf;fk; kpff; nfhz;L ciog;ghh;fs;.

ePq;fs; eha; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. eha; tUlg; gyd;fs;eha; tUlg; gyd;fs;eha; tUlg; gyd;fs;eha; tUlg; gyd;fs; : eha; tUlk; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs kjpg;gpl itf;Fk; tUlkha; mikAk;. njhe;juTfs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. eha; vg;NghJk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;ljhy;> ,e;j tUlj;jpy; Neh;ikNa Kf;fpa tpjpaha; mikAk;. fw;gidf;nfl;lhj tpraq;fSk; eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gLk;. gy vjph;ghuhj khw;wq;fs; tUk;. fz;zpak;> jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;L> midtuhYk; Mjhpf;fg;gLk;.

84

12 12 12 12 MuhAk; gd;wpMuhAk; gd;wpMuhAk; gd;wpMuhAk; gd;wp

(1911 1923 1935 1947 1959 1971 1983 1995 2007 2019 2031 2043 2055)

Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; Neuk; khiy 9:00 Kjy; 11:00 tiu chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir chpa jpir tlf;F> tlNkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;> etk;gh; khjk; epiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfkepiyahd %yfk; ePh; apd;apd;apd;apd;----ahqahqahqahq; apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty;> eha; Kjypad Kjy; gjpndhU ,lq;fspy; te;jd. eha; fiuiar; Nrh;e;jJk;> Nghl;bia Kbf;f vz;zpa NghJ gd;wp %r;rpiuf;f tUtijf; flTsh;fs; ghh;j;jdh;. gd;wp topapy; vd;d nra;jJ vd;W Nfl;l NghJ> Nghl;bapd; NghJ grpapd; fhuzkha; czT cz;ljhYk;> cz;l fisg;G ePq;f rpwpJ J}q;fp vOe;j te;j fhuzj;jhYk; jhkjk; Vw;gl;ljha; $wpajhk;. gpd;dh; flTsh;fs; gd;wpia tho;j;jp tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; gd;dpuz;lhtJr; rpd;dkha;j; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs;. ,e;jf; fij gd;wp Vd; gd;dpuz;lhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; fij. fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; gd;wp tUlj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

[dthp 30>1911 - gpg;uthp 17>1912 gpg;uthp 16>1923 - gpg;uthp 04>1924 gpg;uthp 04>1935 - [dthp 23>1936 [dthp 22>1947 - gpg;uthp 09>1948 gpg;uthp 08>1959 - [dthp 27>1960 [dthp 27>1971 - gpg;uthp 14>1972 gpg;uthp 13>1983 - gpg;uthp 01>1984 [dthp 31>1995 - gpg;uthp 18>1996 gpg;uthp 18>2007 - gpg;uthp 06>2008

,dp gd;wpthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;g;Nghk;. nrk;ikthjpfs;. Gj;jprhypfs;. tPuh;fs;. nghWikrhypfs;. ey;y Mrhdha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mjph;\;lrhypfs;. Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. mwpitj; Njb miythh;fs;. gbg;gij Nerpg;ghh;fs;. mwpTj; jhfk; kpf;fth;fs;. mjpfkha; Ngr khl;lhh;fs;. re;jh;gk; tha;f;Fk; NghJ> gpbj;j tpraq;fisg; gw;wp> xj;j tpUg;gk; cs;sth;fSld; kzpf;fzf;fpy; thjplTk; NgrTk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;.

85

mwpthh;e;j Mh;tk;> Neh;ik> nghWik Mfpa Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs; gd;wpthrpfs;. tpRthrj;jpy; ek;gpf;if itf;fyhk;. tho;ehs; ez;gh;fsha;f; nfhs;sj; jf;fth;fs;. goq;fhyj;jpa murh;fs; Nghd;W gd;wpthrpfs; tPuj;jpw;Fk;> cs;sj; J}a;ikf;Fk; ngah; Nghdth;fs;. gpwUf;F cjTtjw;fhf jq;fisNa gyp nfhLf;fTk; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jpifg;G+l;Lgth;fsha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fis ek;GtJ kpfTk; vspJ. mikjpahd czh;Tfis ntspf;fhl;Lth;. ek;gfkhd gof;f tof;fq;fis nfhz;lth;fs;. jplkhd khh;f;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s tukspf;fg;gl;lth;fs;. kpFe;j nghWikAld; fhhpaj;ij Kbf;Fk; tiu Ntiyia epjhdkha;r; nra;a mth;fshy; KbAk;. kpfTk; mikjpahdth;fs;. mikjpia vd;Wk; ehLgth;fs;. mijg; ngwj; Njitahdtw;iw vg;NghJk; nra;j nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsJ me;jf; Fzj;jpdhy; kw;wth;fs; mth;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L> vspjhf rpf;fy;fspy; khl;b tpl Kay;thh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; jq;fisg; Nghd;Nw vy;NyhiuAk; tpRthrpfshfTk;> ghJfhtyh;fshfTk; vz;Zthh;fs; vd;gjhy; rpf;fy;fspy; rpf;fpf; nfhs;tJ rhjhuzkha; elf;Fk;. mth;fspd; kpFe;j mikjpAk;> fglkw;w jd;ik kl;LNk> mth;fsJ Fiwaha;f; $lf; nfhs;syhk;. Neh;ikAk; ek;gfKk; Fzq;fsha;f; nfhz;ljhy;> Vkhw;w epidg;gth;fspd; #Jfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ mth;fSf;Ff; fbdkhd fhhpakha; ,Uf;Fk;. ed;ikNa elf;Fk; vd;W jplkha; ek;Ggth;fs;. rz;ilfis tpUk;ghjth;fs;. mth;fsJ Nfhgk; Ntfkha;j; jzpe;J tpLk;. mwpTiufis Vw;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. rkak; fpilf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk;> jq;fsJ ew;Fzq;fisg; gpwh; mwpAkhW ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. gpwUf;F cjTtijNa jq;fs; tho;f;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;lth;fs;. vt;tsT f\;lkhd #o;epiy Vw;gl;l NghJk;> vLj;jf; fhhpaj;ij> Kaw;rpia tpl;Lr; nry;y tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. vy;yhk; ed;ikf;Nf vd;W KbT nra;J nfhz;L Nkd;NkYk; Kaw;rpiaj; njhluj; Jzpthh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; goFtjw;F Vw;w> ek;gfkhd> jPtpuf; nfhs;if cilath;fs;. cl;gif nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. tpthjq;fis ntWg;gth;fs;. Kidfisr; Nrh;f;f Kay;thh;fs;. tho;f;ifapy; Mokhd ePz;l el;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; vy;yh tpjkhd r%ff; $l;lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W kfpo;r;rpAld; mDgtpg;ghh;fs;. $l;lq;fis vjph; Nehf;fpf; fhj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; vg;NghJk; jq;fs; nray;fspd; Nky; ftdk; nrYj;JtJ eyk;. mDgtpf;Fk; Nghf;fpd; fhuzkha;> kw;w Ntiyfisr; nra;ahky; tpl mjpf tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLk;.

86

fofj;jpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; ,Ug;gh;. epjp Nrh;g;gjpy; Njh;e;jth;fs;. mth;fs; r%fg; gzpr; nra;tjpYk; jUkk; nra;tjpYk; jdp topiaf; filgpbg;ghh;fs;. gpur;rpidfisf; fhJ nfhLj;Jf; Nfl;gh;. gpur;rpidfspy; GFe;J jPh;T fhz Ntz;Lnkd;why; ve;j mr;rKk; ftiyAkpd;wp Eiothh;fs;. gue;j kdk; gilj;jth;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; xU KbTf;F te;J tpl;lhy;> mjd; gpwF mth;fis epWj;j KbahJ. me;j KbTf;F tUk; Kd;dh; ey;yJ nfl;lJ midj;ijANk Muha;tJ mth;fsJ ,uj;jj;jpy; Cwpa gz;G. gpur;rpidfisj; jtph;f;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; ntFtha; Ma;e;J ghh;j;J re;jh;gq;fisj; jtw tpLk; tha;g;GfSk; cz;L. Mdhy; mjw;Ff; ftiyg;gl khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; mw;Gjq;fis ek;Gthh;fs;. mth;fsJ tho;f;ifapy; mw;Gjq;fs; elg;gJk; cz;L. tpjp mth;fSf;F ed;ikNa tpistpf;Fk;. Nfl;fhkNyNa mth;fSf;F kw;wth;fs; Njitg;gLk; NghJ cjtp nra;a Kd; tUthh;fs;. jd;dyk; fUjhjth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; mij ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;. vy;NyhiuAk; ek;Gthh;fs;. Nfl;gjidj;ijAk; ek;Gthh;fs;. gpwUf;F cjtp nra;J ,d;GWth;. vspjpy; Vkhwf; $bath;fsha; ,Ue;jhYk;> mth;fs; cz;ikapy; Gj;jprhypfs;. jq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s mwpe;jth;fs;. mth;fis kd tUe;jr; nra;jhy;> me;j typia fhyj;jpw;Fk; kwf;f khl;lhh;fs;. md;ghdth;fsplk; ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;y tUe;Jthh;fs;. mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw mth;fspd; tho;f;ifg; ghij mikj;Jf; nfhLj;J tpLk;. rPdh;fs; gd;wpthrpfis Vuhskha; vy;yhKk; fpilf;Fk; uhrp cs;sth;fsha;f; fUJfpwhh;fs;. gz tpraq;fspy; gd;wpthrpfs; Nrkpj;J itg;gij tplTk; nryT nra;tjpy; kfpo;r;rp fhz;gh;. mth;fs; ngah; ngw;w gpugykhd nghUl;fis thq;fpg; gad;gLj;jNt vz;Zth;. fQ;rj;jdk; fhl;LtJ kpff; FiwNt. ed;dlj;ijAk;> ,uridAk; cs;sth;fs;. gpur;rpidfisr; rPf;fpuk; jhz;lf; $bath;fs;. gpwh; KOtJkha; jtW nra;fpwhh;fs; vd;W njhpe;j NghJk;> mth;fs; fUj;Jf;fisAk; ftdpj;Jf; Nfl;ghh;fs;. vg;NghJk; kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;jr; #o;epiyapYk;> gpd;dpd;W gzpahw;Wthh;fs;. mthplk; Nfl;Lg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;w xUth; nrhd;dhy;> ez;gh; “mtiu vspjpy; rk;kjpf;f itj;J tplyhk;” vd;W nrhy;Yk; tifapy; gpwh; mth;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;. njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy; ve;jj; Jiwapy; ,Ue;jhYk;> ek;gfk; kpf;fj; Jizaha; mth;fisf; nfhs;syhk;. mth;fs; r%f eyg; gzpahsuhfTk;>

87

murpay;thjpahfTk;> Nfspf;if epfo;r;rp elj;JgtuhfTk; gpufhrpg;ghh;fs;. jq;fsplkpUf;Fk; mghpkpjkhd rf;jpia vg;NghJk; Ntiyapy; <LgLj;j Kad;w tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. topfisj; Njbg; ghh;j;j tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; fbd ciog;ghspfs;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,of;f Neh;e;jhYk;> Nrhh;e;J Nghfhky;> mjpypUe;J kPz;L Gjpa tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;Fk; rf;jp ngw;wth;fs;. ey;y tUkhdk; ngWk; topia mth;fs; mwpe;jpUg;ghh;fs;. Ntiyapy; cjtp nra;tij tpUk;Gth;. mth;fis nghpJk; ek;gyhk;. mth;fsJ gilf;Fk; Mw;wiy ntspf;fhl;Lk; re;jh;gq;fis ed;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp ,d;GWth;. tpraq;fis MAk; mwpT mjpfk;. Nkyjpfhhpfs; mijg; nghpJk; ghuhl;Lk; epiyapy; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nghWg;Gfis Vw;gjw;F mQ;r khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F nghOJNghf;fhsh;> cztf epGzh;> kUj;Jth;> tpyq;F kUj;Jth;> tPl;il myq;fhpg;gth; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; cfe;jit. tpUe;Njhk;gy; mth;fs; $lg; gpwe;j gz;G. mjdhy; mjw;Nfw;w Ntiyfspy; ey;y vjph;fhyk; ,Uf;Fk;. cwTcwTcwTcwT vg;NghJk; gpwUf;F cjTtijNa Fwpf;Nfhsha;f; nfhz;ljhy;> ve;j tifapNyDk; cjt Kay;thh;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fSf;fhf gpwhplk; cjtp Nfl;gJ mhpJ. ,J mth;fisj; jsur; nra;jhYk;> mijg; gw;wp rpwpJk; ftiyg;gl khl;lhh;fs;. ,e;j ghuhl;lj;jf;f Fzk;> gy rkaq;fspy; gpwuhy; vspjpy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. mjd; fhuzkha; cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fs; mth;fisr; Rw;wp vg;NghJk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;;. gd;wpthrpfs; tho;f;ifia ,d;gkha;f; fopg;gh;. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mth;fs; gpwUld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,d;GWtJk;> kw;wth;fs; urpf;fj; jf;f tifapy; nghOJNghf itg;gJk; jhd;. gpwUf;F cjtp nra;tjpy; mjpf ,d;gk; ngWtjd; fhuzkha;> Mj;khh;j;jkha; cjtpfisr; nra;th;. rkaj;jpy; mjpfkha;f; $lr; nra;thh;fs;. Neh;ikaha; kw;wth;fsplk; ele;J nfhz;L> mijNa gpwhplkpUe;Jk; vjph; ghh;g;ghh;fs;. fhjy; tptfhuq;fspy; vr;rhpf;ifaha; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> gd;wpthrpfs; rpf;fypy; khl;bf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;Gfs; Vw;glyhk;. Mjhpg;gJ> nfhLjTtJ Nghd;w Fzq;fs; fhuzkha; gd;wpthrpfis Njhoik nfhs;tJ rpwe;jJ. md;ghdth;fs;. ntspNa nry;tij tplTk; tPl;by; ,Ug;gijNa mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ,Ug;gijf; nfhz;L ,d;GWth;. tPL> FLk;gk; ,uz;by; ,d;gk; fhz;gh;. rhpahd

88

$l;lhspfisg; ngw;W tpl;lhy;> ePz;l neLq;fhyk; me;j cwT njhlUk;. cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk;cly; eyk; ,d;gj;ijNa vd;Wk; Njbf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> mstpw;F mjpfkhfNt mDgtpg;ghh;fs;. mjpf czT> Fbg; gof;fk;> Gif gpbj;jy; cly;eyf; Fiwit Vw;gLj;Jk;. RWRWg;gha; ,y;yhj gd;wpthrpfs;> mth;fsJ elj;ijapd; fhuzkha; mjpf vil NghLk; tha;g;G mjpfk;. goFtjw;F tpUg;gk; nfhz;l fhuzj;jhy;> jdpikapy; ftiy nfhs;th;. ey;y MNuhf;fpahkhd tho;f;if Kiw mth;fSf;F ey;y gyidj; jUk;. gd;wp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;gd;wp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;gd;wp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;gd;wp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; fzpj Nkij rPdpthr ,uhkhD[k;> ghlfh;fs; gp.Rrpyh> b. vk;. nrse;juuh[d;> jkpof Kjy;th; [hdfp uhkre;jpud;> njhopyjpgh; mdpy; mk;ghdp> ebfh; m[Pj;> taypd; tpj;thd; Fd;df;Fb itj;jpaehjd;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh; fpU\;zk;khr;rhhp =fhe;j;> vOj;jhsh;fs; R[hjh ,uq;fuh[d;> vh;nd];l; n`k;kpq;Nt> ebfh; Mh;dhy;l; Rthh;nrdpfh;> ,af;Feh; My;gpul; `pl;r;fhf;> mnkhpf;f njhiyfhl;rp epfo;r;rp mikg;ghsh; Nltpl; nyl;lh;Nkd;; mjph;mjph;mjph;mjph;\\\\;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; ;l vz;fs; 1> 3> 4> 5> 8>16> 18> 34> 41> 48 xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : Kay;> ML xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffsxj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : ghk;G> Fuq;F> gd;wp %yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs;%yff; Fzq;fs; gd;wpthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha;r; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G gd;wpneUg;G gd;wpneUg;G gd;wpneUg;G gd;wp

([dthp 22>1947 - gpg;uthp 09>1948 gpg;uthp 18>2007 - gpg;uthp 06>2008) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Mokhdth;fs;. gpbthjf;fhuh;fs;. md;gpdhy; Cf;fk; nfhz;L ciog;gh;. czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. rpyh; nghWg;gw;wth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nra;Ak; nray;fs; midj;jpYk;> [_tiy njhpAk;. ve;jr; nraiyAk; gakpd;wpr; nra;aj; Jzpthh;fs;. VjhtJ gzpapy; KOikaha; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; ey;y jiyth;fshfTk;> v[khdh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Ntiy> fhjy;> Fwpf;Nfhs; vJthdhYk; gakpd;wp KOr; rf;jpiaAk; gad;gLj;jpr; nray;gLth;.

89

ku gd;wp ku gd;wp ku gd;wp ku gd;wp

(gpg;uthp 04>1935 - [dthp 23>1936 [dthp 31>1995 - gpg;uthp 18>1996) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; ,sfpa kdk; gilj;jth;fs;. kpFe;j cjtp nra;gth;fs;. jpl;lkpl;Lr; nray;gLthh;fs;. Fwpf;Nfhspdhy; Cf;fk; ngWth;. JWJWg;ghdth;fs;. kw;wth;fSld; ,ize;J gzp nra;a top ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;L ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Njitapy;iy vd;W nrhd;d NghJk;> gpwUf;F cjtp nra;thh;fs;. gue;j kdk;> cWjp ,th;fspd; gpwtpf; Fzq;fs;. rpyh; Vkhw;Wf;fhuh;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.

G+kp gd;wp G+kp gd;wp G+kp gd;wp G+kp gd;wp

(gpg;uthp 08>1959 - [dthp 27>1960) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; mikjpahdth;fs;. RWRWg;ghdth;fs;. rkd;ghLilath;fs;. tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;G cilath;fs;. vg;NghJk; kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. tPL> FLk;gk; mth;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; tpraq;fs;. jpl;lkpy;yhky; ve;j xU NtiyiaAk; njhlq;f khl;lhh;fs;. jiytuha; ,Ug;gij tplTk; top elj;jg;gLk; kdpjuhfNt ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;.

cNyhfg; gd;wp cNyhfg; gd;wp cNyhfg; gd;wp cNyhfg; gd;wp

([dthp 30>1911 - gpg;uthp 17>1912 [dthp 27>1971 - gpg;uthp 14>1972) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; mjpfhuj;ijf; fhl;Lgth;fs;. nghWikAilath;fs;. ngUkpjk; nfhs;gth;fs;. ntspg;gilahdth;fs;. cw;rhfkhdth;fs;. kpFe;j jplfhj;jpukhd cUtk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fsJ tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh epfo;TfspYk; mth;fsJ gyj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. fbdkhd ciog;ghspfs;. jhq;fs; ngw;w midj;ijAk; tpUk;Gth;. mjpfkha; NgRk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. vy;NyhiuAk; xNuabaha; ek;gp tpLthh;fs;.

ePh; gd;wp ePh; gd;wp ePh; gd;wp ePh; gd;wp

(gpg;uthp 16>1923 - gpg;uthp 04>1924 gpg;uthp 13>1983 - gpg;uthp 01>1984) Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; Fzq;fs; trPfhpg;gth;fs;. Mo;e;j mwpTilath;fs;. ek;gpf;ifapdhy; Cf;fk; ngWth;. ve;jj; jtWk; $w Kbahj mstpw;F ek;gfkhdth;fs;. gpwh; mth;fis vspjpy; kaf;fp tpLthh;fs;. Mdhy; ,th;fs; jq;fSf;F Ntz;baijg; ngw

90

gpwiu kaf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. mth;fs; kpFe;j rKjha Nehf;Filath;fs;. Neuj;ij tPzhf;fhky; mDgtpf;f vz;Zthh;fs;.

ePq;fs; gd;wp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. gd;wp tUlg; gyd;fsgd;wp tUlg; gyd;fsgd;wp tUlg; gyd;fsgd;wp tUlg; gyd;fs; : fUiz epiwe;j tUlk;. ey;yit elf;Fk;. Vuhskha; vy;yhNk fpilf;Fk; tUlk;. njhopy; rpwf;Fk;. tho;f;ifia KOikaha; thoyhk;. vjph;ghuhj tpraq;fs; elg;gJ kpff; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;. nry;tr; nropg;G kpf;f tUlk;. gz tptfhuq;fspy; vr;rhpf;if Njit. kpFe;j tPuKk;> xw;WikAk; gd;wpf;fhd Fwpfs; vd;gjhy; xw;Wik Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;Fk; tUlkha; ,Uf;Fk;. KbT : ,e;jj; njhliu gbj;J te;j thrfh;fs; midtUf;Fk; vd; kdkhh;e;j ed;wpfs;. ,jpy; tUq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mjpfk; $wg;glhtpl;lhYk;> rPd N[hjplj;jpd; xU mq;fkhd me;j tpyq;Ff; Fwp gw;wpa nra;jpfs; gpwhplk; goFk; NghJ mth;fspd; Fzeyd;fis czu cjTk;. ey;ydtw;iw Vw;W my;ydtw;iw tpLj;J tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wp ngw vd; cskhh;e;j tho;j;Jf;fs;.

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Chinese Astrology in Tamil