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Aviation and Sustainable Biofuel
China US Aviation
New Technology Workshop
Larry Kwok
Director of Strategy and Business Development
Boeing Research and Technology June 7th, 2012
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Addressing the Commercial Aviation Challenge
Environmentally Progressive Products
Improved Air Traffic Systems /
Operational Efficiency
Alternative Energy Sources
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
3% of
total
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Emissions by sector, 2000-2030
Millions tons CO2 equivalent/year
Power
Industrial
Agricultural
and waste
Buildings
Forestry
Other
transport
Air
2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000
2% of
total
Small but growing share of emissions
3
Source: IPCC
Global CO2 Emissions
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Baseline
Carbon Neutral Timeline
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
2050 2005
4
Carbon-Neutral Growth
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Baseline
Carbon Neutral Timeline
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
2050 2005
5
Fleet Renewal & Technology Development
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Airplanes Advanced Technologies to Improve Environmental
Efficiency Cleaner, Quieter and More Efficient
Advanced Wing Design
Enhanced Flight
Deck
Composite Primary Structure
Advanced Engines and Nacelles
Innovative Systems
Technologies
787 20%* More CO2 efficient
28% Below 2008 limits for NOx
60%* Smaller noise footprint
747-8 16%* more CO2 efficient
52% Below 2008 limits for NOx
30%* Smaller noise footprint
2011 Air inlet/exhaust
reduces drag
Engine improvements
2011 Wheel well
fairing reduces drag
2011 Wing control
surfaces refined to reduce
drag
2011 light fairing
reduces drag
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Baseline
Carbon Neutral Timeline
CO
2
Em
iss
ion
s
2050 2005
Use less fuel
Efficient airplanes
Operational efficiency
7
ATM Investments / Operational Improvement
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Air Transportation System Roadmap A
irsp
ace
Op
era
tio
ns
Key C
ap
ab
ilit
ies
ATM Automation Time-Based Arrivals
Conflict Detection Conflict Resolution Arr/Dep/Surf Data Integration
Time-based RNP/RNAV Arrivals
TRACON RPI
TRACON TBFM
Extended TBFM
Departure Tool 4D Trajectory
Negotiation Tool
4D Conflict Resolution
Surface Tool
Communication FANS-1
ACARS Broadband IP Polar SATCOM Future Subnetworks
Analog Voice FANS-2
ATN
Link 2000+
Oceanic RCP
FANS-3
Digital Voice
Continental RCP
Surveillance
Prim / Sec Radar
ACAS/ADS-B Integration
SURF IA ACAS 7.1 ADS-B In/CDTI
Extended Squitter
Delegated Separation
Self Separation
Air
pla
ne
Po
pu
lati
on
Growing Fleet of Highly
Capable Aircraft
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
39,530
33,500 new
19,410
31%
Operating 20 Years From Now
Growth (20,120)
Replacement (13,380)
Retained (6,030)
Navigation GLS Cat I GLS Cat III RNP AR Expanded Windfield
GNSS Backup System
Global Cat I from Space
Full Profile RTA
Advanced RTA RNP
AMM ORE Indication
Graphical Taxi
ORE Active EVS/SVS
ADS-C Adv ADS-C
BOEING is a trademark of Boeing Management Company. Copyright 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
R9.1 System Wide Information Management
Aero/Met Info
Shared Trajectory & Surveillance Info
Adv Inter-Facility Coord
AIDC OLDI RADNET ETMS
2
xLS
RNP
ILS
GLS
Low RNP Missed
Approach Paths
Low RNP
Departure Paths
RNP Path Options
ADS-B
Air to Ground
Constant Descent Paths
from Top of Descent
Manual ATC Intervention,
Control by Radar & Navaid
Pre-Defined Performance
Based Airspace
Dynamic Performance
Based Airspace
Spacing
ADS-B Out DO260B
Graphical WX
Multi Freq / Constellation GNSS
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Baseline
Renewable Fuel
Carbon Neutral Timeline
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
2050 2005
9
Changing the fuel
Lower lifecycle CO2
No infrastructure modifications
Biofuel
Renewable Fuel Aviation Biofuel
Use less fuel
Efficient airplanes
Operational efficiency
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Using Sustainable Biofuel Could Result in Net CO2 Reduction
Plant-Based Feedstocks Naturally Remove CO2 from the Atmosphere
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Fuel cost
11
$0
$1
$2
$3
$4
$/gal
2006 2004 2002 2000
+12%
2014 2012 2010 2008
Rising fuel prices1 Airline operating costs
Fuel
Ownership
Fees
Crew
Maintenance
37%
AROC
Other
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved. 12
Liquid Fuels as Only Realistic Near Term Option
Energy Requirements Energy Options2
Global
Infrastructure
Compatibility
High
Energy
Density
Road
Rail
Sea
Sky
Solar
High
Low
Low High
Global
Infrastructure
Compatibility
Energy
Density
(MJ/kg)
Liquid Fuels
CNG
Hybrid/
Battery
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
New industry and supply chain
Green and environmentally healthy
Hightech - Intellectual properties
GDP Growth - Regional economic growth with diverse industry and rural jobs
Social-economic Benefits
Agricultural and
Industrial Feedstock Biofuel processing Biofuel delivery
infrastructure Airline
use
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Technically viable In demand Sufficient supply
ASTM and Def Stan
standards approved
Airline support
In commercial use
Refinery capacity
developing
Price premium
Sustainable feedstock
developing
State of Aviation Biofuel Industry
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Criteria I - Works in Existing Infrastructure
Meets fuel performance
requirements
Requires NO change to
airplanes or engines
Requires NO change to
infrastructure
Can be mixed or
Jet-A fuel
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Chemical Properties
Same class of compounds (paraffin's)
ASTM approval (ASTM 7566 50% blend)
Blend to traditional petroleum based jet fuel
Energy Crop
Farming
Oil Extraction
& Processing
Hydroprocessing
Hydrocracking &
Separation
Hydrogen
Customer
Use
Extraction of
Crude Oil
Distillation
of Crude Oil
Hydrocracking &
Separation
Bio-SPK
Jet-A
Petroleum
Based-Jet Fuel
Bio-SPK
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved. 17
Technical Properties
Biofuel as good or better than traditional fossil
20%
0%
-60%
Biofuel
20%
20%
Fossil
100%
% Fossil
Jet-A
100%
80%
60%
40%
Lower GHG
Emissions1 Higher
Energy2 Stricter Standard
BTU/Kg
+2% +1%
100%
Biofuel
Jet-A
44.0
50-50
Blend
43.8
Fossil
Jet-A
43.3
Fossil3 Bio4
Min
% Aromatics Sulfur (SO2) Water Halogens Metals Nitrogen
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved. 18
Global jet fuel standards
Governing body1
ASTM Def Stan
Chinese GB
(SAC) Russia GOST
Standard D1655 91-91 GB 6537 10227
Key Fuels produced
Jet-A
Jet-A12 Jet-A13 No. 3
TS-1
RT
https://www.dstan.mod.uk/
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Aviation Biofuel Standard D7566
Annex 1
Fuel from Fischer
Tropf process
Annex X
Fuel from
XXX
D7566 Overview
Applies to conventional + synthetic
blends
Unique blending requirements
Fuel can be recertified as D1655
-
Annex 2
Fuel from
bio-derived SPK
Overview of
D7566
Annexes for
blend stocks
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
OEM Internal Review
ASTM fuel approval process
Fuel Specification
Properties
Fit-for-Purpose
Properties
Component or Rig
Tests
Engine Endurance
Test
FAA
Review
Reject or
Additional
Data as
Required
Reject or
Additional
Data as
Required
ASTM
Specification
Research
Report
OEM Approval
Incorporate into Fuel Specification with
FAA Consensus
Test Program OEM Internal Review Specification Change
ASTM
Review
& Ballot
http://www.honeywell.com/http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ashburninlinehockey.com/images/Airbus logo - swirl to side 2005.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ashburninlinehockey.com/Sponsors.htm&usg=__9p8yyWpUPtPP9yNTLvRCQZ4b_58=&h=295&w=1890&sz=69&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=f6oXCWEGCscCYM:&tbnh=23&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=airbus+logo&hl=en&sa=X&um=1
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Fuel Blending Summary
100% Biofuel
Tested to an
Annex in
D75661
Fossil Jet-
A/A1
Produced to
Def Stan 91-
91 or D16551
Jet-A/A1
Biofuel Blend
Recertified to D1655 or
designated as
Def Stan 91-91
1. ASTM D1655 and D7566 standards covers a wide variety of fuel properties and specify which tests should be conducted to verify these
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved. 22
Criteria II Sustainability (Feedstock)
Key Sustainability
Requirements1 Benefits
indirect impacts, such
as land and water use
Positive GHG impact
3rd party standards and
audits2
Assurance of
environmental benefit
Socio-economic
Credit opportunity3
Moral license
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved. 23
Sources for Aviation Biofuel
Oilseeds
Algae
Cellulosic
Waste
Sugars
Sources of Fuel Expected Availability
Time Today
Oilseeds
Cellulosic
Algae
Sugars
Waste
Market determined Regional dependent Technology breakthrough
Copyright 2010 Boeing. All rights reserved. 24
Broad Demand for Aviation Biofuel
Test Flights Commercial Flights (1,525 and counting1)
Demand for Regular
Use
-Bill Ayers
Alaska Airlines CEO on
biofuel