China: 5,000 Years of History in One Presentation

Mr. Ornstein

Willow Canyon High School

Go Go Wildcats Go!

Yellow River Valley

China Is One of the 4 Cradles of Civilization

Chinese Civilization is Around 5,000 Years Old

Starts in Yellow River Valley

Dynastic Rule

Until 1911 China Was Ruled by DynastiesDynasty- Family of Related RulersEmperor

Mandate of Heaven

Right to Rule China

Similar to Divine Right

Ruling Dynasties Gained or Lost the Mandate of Heaven

Goal of Rulers Was to Keep Order and Prevent Chaos

Dynastic Cycle

New Dynasty-Takes Power/Improves Conditions

New Dynasty Gets Old- Corrupt, War, Taxes

Natural Disasters Blamed on Old Dynasty

Old Dynasty Takes Power

Chinese Philosophies

Confucianism- Keeping Order

Buddhism-Popular Because it Promised a Good Afterlife to the Poor Chinese Peasants

Qin Shi Huangdi

Leader of Qin Dynasty

Unified China

Other Chinese Dynasties

Han Dynasty-Very Similar to Roman Empire

Tang and Song-Golden Age of China

The Great Wall of China

Built to Keep Manchurians and Mongols Out of China

Fails on Both Account

Isolated China???

China Was More Isolated Than Other Early Civilizations

Chinese Culture Was More Ethnocentric

Geographic Isolation: Mountains, Deserts, Ocean

Ethnocentrism

China views itself as the center of the Universe.

Belief its culture is superior.

Belief that non-Chinese are “barbarian”

Exceptions to Chinese Isolation

Silk Road-Trade Between Europe, India, Middle East, Asia

Contact with Japan, Korea, Central Asia

Marco Polo

Increased Interaction Between Europe and Asia

Visits During Mongol Rule

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol Rule

Increased Contact Between China and Other Lands

Zheng He

Ming Dynasty Admiral

Chinese Navy Was Most Powerful at time

Sailed to Africa

Possibly Reaches Americas, Australia

Chinese Isolation

Ming Dynasty Abruptly Calls Back Zheng He and Destroys Chinese Navy

China Reverts to Isolation

China Does not Want Relations or Trade with Europe

Qing or Manchu Dynasty

Last Dynasty to Rule China

Non-Chinese

Rule during time of European Imperialism

Decline of the Qing Dynasty

European Imperialism

Opium Wars

Spheres of Influence

Boxer Rebellion

Republic of China

Sun Yatsen

Overthrows Qing Dynasty

Attempts to Establish a Democracy in China

Warlord Period

Warlords/Military Generals Overthrow Sun Yatsen and Divide China

Chaotic Period

Nationalist Party/KMT

Sun Yatsen Forms the Nationalist Party to Combat the Warlords and Attempt to Reunify China

Chiang Kai Shek

Takes over Nationalists after Sun Yatsen Dies.

Defeats Many Warlords

Nearly Unified China

Chinese Communist Party

July 1921 Founded

Mao Zedong Slowly Emerges as Leader

Chinese Civil War

Nationalists lead by Chiang Kai-Shek vs. Communists Led by Mao

Unity

For A Short Period of Time the CCP and KMT Worked Together to Defeat the Warlords and Unify China.

Soviet Union Urged Cooperation

Answer:

Who was leader of the Chinese Nationalists?

Who was leader of the Chinese Communists?

The Chinese Civil War

1927-1949

Temporarily Stops Between 1937-1945 During WWII and Japanese Invasion of China

Non-Communist Nationalists vs. Chinese Communists

Chiang Kai-Shek vs. Mao Zedong

Supporters

Nationalists- Had Support of the Rich, Middle Class, Merchants, Bankers, Manufactures

Communists-Appealed to the Peasants and Women

The Nationalists

More Money

Better Equipment

Support from the US and at times Stalin

Stalin and the Chinese Civil War

Stalin and Mao Do Not Get Along.Stalin at times Supported the KMTSoviets Want to Keep Chinese Civil War Going.Soviets Want a Divided and Weak China on its Border

The Split

April 1927 Chiang Kai-Shek turns on Communists Allies and Begins Arrests and ExecutionsStart of Chinese Civil War

Nationalist Success

Chiang Kai-Shek Was Initially Successful at Defeating the Communists in the Early Part of the Civil War

The Long March

Starts Oct. 1934

Communists Retreat North

80,000 Start, 7,000 Finish

Mao Emerges as Leader

Strengthens the Resolve of CCP

Bad Timing for Chiang Kai-Shek

As Chiang Kai-Shek Was About to Destroy the CCP, Japan Invaded China Beginning World War II.Chiang Kai-Shek is More Concerned with Defeating Chinese Communists than Fighting Foreign Invasion from Japan.Failure to Fight off Japan costs him popular support.

CCP and Japan

Chinese Peasants Felt the Communists Were Doing More to Fight the Japanese than the Nationalists.

Japanese Occupation of Japan was Brutal

Xian Incident: Dec. 1936

Chiang Kai-Shek’s Own Generals Kidnap Him and Force Him to Make Truce with CCP and Fight Japan.KMT and CCP Join Forces to Fight Japanese Invasion.CCP Seen as More Active

End of WWII

World War II Ends and Communists and Nationalists Resume the Chinese Civil War

Fighting Japan Drained the Nationalists of Many Resources

Many Peasants Joined the Communists

Marshall Mission

1945-1946

Truman Sends Marshall to Negotiate Compromise Between KMT and CCP

1.5 Million Nationalists Troops Demobilize

Communists Do Not and Use Time to Train and Increase Their Army

Hostilities Resume in Spring 1946

Problems for Nationalists

Hurt by Marshall Mission

Corruption

Inflation

Little Support from Peasants

Undemocratic

Advantages for the Communists

Strong and Charismatic Leadership

Tight After Long March

Massive Peasant Support/Promise Land Reform

Women Support/Promised Equality

Communist Victory

Mao Zedong and the Communists Win Control of China in 1949

Establish the Peoples Republic of China

Chiang Kai-shek Retreats

Chiang Kai-shek retreats to the Island of Taiwan and Establishes a Non-Communist Government.

Republic of China

2 China’s???

Chiang Kai-shek Promised to Return to China. Felt he was legitimate ruler.

Peoples Republic of China sees Taiwan as part of China and is currently a “break away” state.

Who won or lost China?

Did Communists win control?

Did Chiang Kai-shek lose it?

What is the fault of President Truman and his administration?

Truman and China

3 Billion in Aid to Chiang Kai Shek

Many in Congress were Strong Supporters of Chiang Kai-shek

Problems with Marshall Mission?

Compromised State Department?

Chiang’s Loss???

Well Supplied and Plenty of MoneyVery CorruptPoor LeaderFailure to win Support of PeasantPoor Generalship

Mao’s Victory???

Tight Leadership after Long March

Peasant Support from resistance to Japan and promise of land reform

Better/more ruthless leadership?

McCarthyism and China

“Loss of China” helps start wave fear in the United States that Communist Sympathizers infiltrated our government.

Summary???

How did the Chinese Communists Become Popular in China?

How did WWII affect the Chinese Civil War?

Who lost China?

Mao’s China

Communist Totalitarian DictatorshipCult of PersonalityComplete Control Over Peoples LivesMost Original Supporters are Killed or JailedRules Until 1976

The Great Leap Forward

1958-1962

Mao’s Plan to Rapidly Industrialize China

Great Leap Forward

Mao Wants to Make China as Industrialized as England and USAll People Were to Help the Industrialization Process“Pig Iron”People Forced to Contribute All Metal in HomesLack of Farming During this time

The Great Leap Forward/Great Famine

Fails to Industrialize ChinaLeads to Massive Famine20-40 Million Die

People Begin to be Critical of Mao

Failure of Great Leap Forward Lead Some People to Become Critical of Mao

Mao will Launch “Cultural Revolution” to strike at Critics.

Cultural Revolution

1966-1976

Supposed to Purge China of all People who were anti-Revolutionary

Mao uses to get rid of all opposition to his rule

Red Guard

Groups of Students Brainwashed by MaoAttack, Humiliate, Embarrass, and Kill “Enemies” of Mao During Cultural Revolution. Attack Elements of Old Chinese Culture

Mao Dies

Cultural Revolution Does Not End Until Mao Dies in 1976.

China begins True Modernization After Mao’s Death