Chile Bird Life

8/13/2019 Chile Bird Life

1/11

2009 BirdLife InternationalJuan de Dios Martnez Mera N35-76 y Av. PortugalCasilla 17-17-717

Quito, Ecuador.Tel: +593 2 2277059Fax: +593 2 2469838

[email protected]

BirdLife International is a UK-registered charity No. 1042125ISBN: 978-9942-9959-0-2

Recommended citation: DEVENISH, C., DAZFERNNDEZ, D. F., CLAY, R. P., DAVIDSON, I. & YPEZ ZABALA, I . EDS. (2009)Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites forbiodiversity conservation.Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16).

To cite this chapter: SOAZO, P. O., RODRGUEZJORQUERA, I., ARREY GARRIDO, P & JARAMILLO, A. (2009) Chile. Pp 125 134 in C. Devenish, D. F. Daz Fernndez, R. P.Clay, I. Davidson & I. Ypez Zabala Eds.Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation.Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLifeConservation Series No. 16).

The purpose of the information contained in this book is to support conservation initiatives in the Americas, for which it may be reproduced. Using this information for

commercial purposes is not permitted. If part or all of this information is used or included in any other publication, BirdLife International must be cited as copyright holder.Those who provided illustrations or photographs in this book have copyright over them and these are not permitted to be reproduced separately to the texts accompanying

them.

The presentation of material in this book and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BirdLifeInternational concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Membership of BirdLife Internationaldoes not imply any opinion or position with respect to sovereignty issues on the part of BirdLife International Partner organizations.

Graphic design: Alejandro Miranda Baldares ([email protected])Translations: Christian Devenish, tala Ypez Zabala & Amiro Prez-LerouxMaps: David F. Daz Fernndez, tala Ypez Zabala & Christian DevenishEdition of Spanish language country chapters: tala Ypez Zabala, Carlos Huertas Snchez & David F. Daz FernndezGraphic design volunteer (Spanish language country chapters): Adriana Valencia Tapia

This publication and all country/territory chapters in their native languages are available for download at www.birdlife.org/


2/11

AMERICAS


3/11

1141

11

Chile is a long narrow country on the southwestern edge of South America, lying between the Andes and the

Passage to the west and south, respectively. Chilean offshore islands include the Juan Fernndez archipelago, IslasDesventuradas (San Flix and San Ambrosio) and Isla Sala y Gmez. In all, Chile includes the mainland territory,offshore South American islands, a Polynesian island (Easter Island or Rapa Nui) as well as an Antarctic claim.

Chile is a democratic republic and unitary state with three separate branches of government: the executive, headedby the president of the republic; legislative, represented by the bicameral Congreso Nacionalwith a house ofrepresentatives and senate; and judicial, under the responsibility of the Courts of Justice. Chile is divided into15 regions, 53 provinces and 345 municipalities or comunas. Governance of these administrative divisions isdecentralized. Chile has a population of 16,100,100 inhabitants, of which 4.6% (692,192) consider themselvesto belong to one of eight ethnic groups: Mapuche, Aymara, Rapa Nui, Atacameo, Alacalufe, Colla, Quechua orYamana (INE, 2002).

country of many contrasts. It has a rugged geography, with the Andean cordillera acting as a backbone, runningthrough the country from north to south, reaching altitudes of over 6000 m. Parallel to the Andes, a coastalmountain range, the Cordillera de la Costa, rises to heights of up to 3000 m. Starting just north of Santiago, acentral depression lies between the Andes and the coastal mountain range, with grassland and wetland ecosystemsin the north, valleys in the central southern region, and breaking up into an intricate system of gulfs, channels,estuaries and islands south of Puerto Montt. The northern sector of the country, from Santiago to the Peruvianborder lacks the low intermontane valley, although a high desert plain exists between the coastal cliffs and theAndes. Several rivers originating in the Andes complete the geographic makeup of the country, the majority of

1


4/11

Ocean over the length of Chiles long and biodiversity-rich coastline.Many northern rivers provide the only vegetated habitats that connectthe ocean to the highlands, the landscape otherwise being absolutedesert. Chile is located in a geologically-unstable area, with frequentearthquakes and over 110 volcanoes, factors which continue to shapethe countrys landscape today.

Humboldt current, the Andes, the Cordillera de la Costa, the area ofhigh pressure around the tropics and the mid-latitude low. This makes

for dry, desert conditions in the north, harsh alpine conditions andglaciers in the Andes, some of which reach the coast in the south, aMediterranean climate in the center with marked seasons and a wet,cool and temperate climate in the south.

In terms of fauna, Chile is not as diverse as many neighboring SouthAmerican countries, approximately 1932 vertebrate species exist inChile, including 147 mammals, 456 birds, 94 reptiles, 56 amphibians

threatened (Campos et al. 1998).

The State System of Protected Areas (SNASPE, in Spanish) containsthe greatest area under legal protection in Chile and is managed by theNational Forestry Service (CONAF). Approximately 14,000,000 haare under the responsibility of this institution, representing 19% ofthe countrys area. The system is made up of 96 areas, divided intothree types: national parks (33), natural reserves (48) and naturalmonuments (15).

Other protection categories exist in Chile, such as those managed bythe Council for National Monuments. However, these areas can comeunder the responsibility of civil organizations when the sites in questionare private. The law regulating these type of protected areas prohibits

other which could threaten their natural state. A multiple use marineprotection category was established in 2005 as a management tool formarine and coastal areas, including functions such as maintenance,protection and restoration of natural and cultural resources.

Despite the considerable size of the protected area system, it mainlycovers the Andes leaving several habitat types poorly represented, forexample, the coast; the Mediterranean ecosystems in central Chile(where the greatest impacts on native vegetation have been concentrated);the Tarapac valleys (Estades 2004); and the Myrtaceae swamp forestsof the south (Hauenstein 2002) which provide habitat to birds of highconservation interest, such as endemic species or those with smallpopulation numbers. The government has recently established severalimportant ecosystems as priority sites for biodiversity conservation(CONAMA 2003). However, although these complement the lack ofrepresentation within protected areas, their denomination does notnecessarily ensure their effective conservation.

Since 1997, the National Committee for the Protection of Flora and

in setting up a private protected areas network in the country. Thenetwork aims to create capacity within members, draft and implementmanagement plans for reserves, establish legal protection for sites,obtain incentives to encourage the conservation of wilderness areasand promote exchange of experiences, information, training andaccess to technical and legal assistance. The network currently has100 members, made up of individuals, NGOs, universities and otherprivate sector organizations working on the conservation of privatewilderness areas. The network has a committee dealing with themanagement of private protected areas, a legal affairs committee anda committee responsible for identifying potential conservation areasand prospective buyers for these lands. The network is currentlymade up of 133 sites, covering 100,000 ha along the length of thecountry.

National legislation, directly or indirectly related to bird conservationin Chile, includes a law on hunting (1996), determining uses andconservation categories for wild fauna according to IUCN criteriaexcept for marine species. However, the list only has a total of 427species of birds for the country, 11 less than that by Marin (2004),in itself a more conservative listing for the wealth of Chilean birdsthan other publications (see Ornithological importance). The law

marine mammals, birds and reptiles for a 30 year period.

bird protection in Chile, including the Convention for the Protectionof Flora, Fauna and Natural Scenic Beauties of America, Conventionon International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Convention on MigratorySpecies and Convention on Biological Diversity, among others.However, these agreements have not had the desired effect, giventhat governmental organizations responsible for supervising these


5/11

Although several sources give a total number of bird species for Chile(e.g. Araya et al.1995, Jaramillo et al.2003, Martnez & Gonzlez2004, Marn 2004), the most conservative estimate is 438 species,excluding casual sightings. Of these, only 11 are endemic to the

country and six are near endemic (Marn 2004).

According to BirdLife International (2007), Chile has 33 threatened birdspecies2, of which, four are Critically Endangered (two of which occurexclusively in the Juan Fernndez archipelago), six are Endangered and23 are Vulnerable. There are also 28 Near Threatened species and three

further increase the number of threatened birds in Chile.

The IUCN global red list for birds, under the responsibility of BirdLifeInternational, is one of the most widely used in Chile at present.However, the National Environmental Commission (CONAMA) is

the multitude of red lists also in use in the country. The initiative comesas part of a general law on the environment (19.300; D. S. N 75/2005).

are under some degree of threat, one of which is considered extinct,Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis), 10 are Endangered and 32Vulnerable, although several of these species have relatively abundantpopulations outside of Chile. Nevertheless, this list has been employedin the country for many years due to a lack of detailed and up-to-dateinformation. Other, more recent documents, detailing threat categories

& Lpez-Callejas 1992) and a second strategy (Estades 2004),

bird species or groups for which threat status has been established inChile include raptors (Jaksic & Jimnez 1986, Jaksic et al. 2001),seabirds (Schlatter & Simeone 1999), Spheniscuspenguins (Luna etal. 2005), inland waterbirds (Victoriano et al.

workshops for Magellanic Woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus)and Burrowing Parakeet (Cyanoliseus patagonus).

Five Endemic Bird Areas with a total of 32 restricted-range birds fall

within Chile, two of which lie exclusively inside the country: JuanFernndez Islands (EBA 059) and Central Chile (EBA 060). The

slope (EBA 052), Chilean temperate forests (EBA 061) and SouthernPatagonia (EBA 062).

Central Chile (EBA 060) has the greatest number of country endemics:Moustached Turca (Pteroptochos megapodius), Chilean Mockingbird(Mimus thenca), White-throated Tapaculo (Scelorchilus albicollis)and Chilean Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria); whereas Chileantemperate forests (EBA 061) includes species such as Chilean Pigeon(Patagioenas araucana), Slender-billed Parakeet (Enicognathusleptorhynchus), Black-throated Huet-huet (Pteroptochos tarnii),Chucao Tapaculo (Scelorchilus rubecula (Eugralla paradoxa; shared with EBA 060).

The Juan Fernndez archipelago, made up of Robinson Crusoe,Alejandro Selkirk and Santa Clara islands, is of special interest due to

species and four subspecies of birds. The three endemic species are

Endangered Juan Fernandez Firecrown (Sephanoides fernandensis),Masafuera Rayadito (Aphrastura masafuerae) and the Near ThreatenedJuan Fernandez Tit-tyrant (Anairetes fernandezianus). It also providesimportant, and in some cases the only, breeding sites for seabirds

such as the Vulnerable endemics: De Filippis Petrel (Pterodroma), Stejnegers Petrel (Pterodroma longirostris) andJuan Fernandez Petrel (Pterodroma externa) as well as Pink-footedShearwater ( ) and White-bellied Storm-petrel(Fregetta grallaria).

2There are two changes according to the 2008 IUCN Red List, Bullers Albatross (Thalassarche bulleri) is downlisted to NT and Peruvian Pelican(Pelecanus thagus


6/11

et al.

(1996), with at least 70 biome-restricted species; Central Andes (CAN)

center of the country, Southern Andes (SAN) and Patagonia (PAT) inthe south.

Chile is especially important for migratory shorebirds and seabirds dueto the countrys long coastline, the system of large estuaries and the

the most productive marine areas in the world and a globally importantmarine habitat for both migratory and resident species. The Chilean

species such as Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica; on Chilo andBaha Lomas, Tierra del Fuego), Lesser Yellowlegs ( ),Red Knot (Calidris canutus), Sanderling (C. alba), Whimbrel (Numenius

phaeopus), Elegant Tern (Sterna elegans) and Franklins Gull (Laruspipixcan). Twenty-eight percent of the latter species global populationwas estimated to overwinter in Humedal Rocuant-Andalin (IBA 52) inFebruary 2008 (P. Ortiz, P. Arrey pers. comm.). Threatened migratoryspecies include Antipodean Albatross (Diomedea antipodensis),Northern Royal Albatross (Diomedea sanfordi) and Chatham Albatross(Thalassarche eremita). The Chilean coast also has the most numerouscolonies of the Near Threatened Red-legged Cormorant (Phalacrocoraxgaimardi) on the planet. The importance of Chile as a breeding area for


7/11

temperate and subantarctic seabirds is only recently becoming clear.Recent counts at Isla Guafo determined the Sooty Shearwater (griseus) colony there to be the largest seabird colony on earth with 4million birds (Reyes-Arriagada et al.2007). Chile also has 1.35 millionpairs (80% of the world population) of Blue Petrel (Halobaena caerulea)nesting in one island group (Lawton et al.2006), as well as the secondlargest colonies of the Endangered Black-browed Albatross (Thalassarchemelanophrys) and the Vulnerable Grey-headed Albatross (T. chrysostoma),accounting for over 20% of the world population (Robertson et al.2007).These are all very recent counts, the importance of Chile to seabirds ismuch greater than previously understood and much work remains. Forexample, although most of the countrys colonies of Storm-petrels are notyet known, they too will surely be of global importance.

Other ornithologically important regions include the highland plateaus,

Puna Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) and Pampa del Tamarugal,the main breeding site for the Vulnerable Tamarugo Conebill(Conirostrum tamarugense).

Due to increasing interest in birding and bird research in Chile, it isprobable that several species will change their taxonomic status e.g.Bicoloured Hawk (Accipiter bicolor chilensis) or threat category e.g.

Warbling Doradito ( ) if the Chilean formis recognized as a separate species (Jaramillo 2003).

Threats to avian habitats in Chile are directly related to varioustypes of economic production. Over the last three decades, Chile hasexperienced an important period of economic growth, based mainlyon export of raw products in the following areas: mining, aquaculture,

about dramatic changes to landscapes and has put yet more pressureon scarce natural resources. Threats to birds are especially related tocoastal wetlands and marshlands. Legislation does not exist to protectthese ecosystems, and as a result they have been severely degradedover the last decade.

birds as habitat alteration (affecting 57,5% of species), agriculture,mining and forestry (56,2%), hunting (47.5%), changes in the foodchain (43.8%) and pollution (18.7%), although for almost half of the

of Chilean seabirds, Schlatter and Simeone (1999) recognized the

animals, collection of guano and hunting for use as bait.

by members of the Unin de Ornitlogos de Chile (formerly

were principally on the coast and islands, mainly covering marine

identifying a further set of areas based on an extensive list preparedby lvaro Jaramillo in 2008. This list was discussed, supplemented

from the Ministry of Agriculture, CONAMA and the National

process is still underway in Chile, given that not all areas of the

concluded in 2009 when workshops in these underrepresented areashave been held. Therefore, sites are presented as proposed IBAs in

been successfully concluded with the participation of the widerornithological community.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

3

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

3

3 Temporary IBA codes have been used in Table 2 and Figure 1.


8/11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X


9/11

To date, 114 IBAs have been proposed in Chile (Table 2, Figure 1).

Of these, 37 are fully protected, two are partially protected and 75lack any form of legal protection. The IBAs proposed in Chile have

the IBA criteria). A total of 81 sites have been proposed for criteriaA1, triggered by 45 species in this criterion (threatened and Near

Threatened species). For A2 (restricted-range species), 42 sites have

restricted species), triggered by 68 species restricted to four biomes.Finally, under the A4 criteria (congregatory birds), 74 sites have beenproposed, with 67 congregatory species for A4i and A4ii.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

3

1

1

3

1

1

1

2

2

1

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

numerous opportunities, many of which are also in process of construction.

Chile will be obtained on the conclusion of this process. Achievements of IBA

of birds among local communities as well as providing more information on

of the southern coast, nesting sites, territory sizes, habitat use, the effects ofintensive farming and introduced species, among many others.

The IBA Program will also provide an opportunity to strengthen species

conservation within proposed IBAs that already have some kind ofconservation designation, for example, sites within SNASPE, Ramsarsites, priority sites for biodiversity conservation, privates reserves andhunting-free reserves (see Conservation and protected area system). Also,birding and nature tourism will be strengthened in proposed sites such as


10/11

Humedal de Batuco (37), Humedal-Marisma Rocuant Andalin (52), aswell as other sites near large urban centers, which have the potential to

act as breeding grounds for many future ornithologists, conservationistsand birders. A further challenge will be to mitigate threats present inmany of the afore-mentioned sites, some of which could even lead to theirproximate disappearance if action is not taken (e.g. Box 2).

The IBA program in Chile also has the potential to play a fundamentalrole in actions such as

implementing biodiversity conservation strategiesrestoring wetlands which have become deteriorated as a result of a

culture which ignores their value encouraging multi-sector working groups (including public institutions,

private companies, local communities)

Next steps in the IBA program in Chile will include further validation ofsites with the wider ornithological community at regional workshops,

planning, implementation of conservation actions and site monitoring,among others.

Data sources

Information from regional workshops (Santiago, Concepcin I & II, 2008),lvaro Jaramillo (unpublished report) and eBird Chile.

Contact information

Ignacio Rodrguez Jorquera ([email protected])National IBA CoordinatorCODEFFErnesto Reyes 035, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.Tel. +56 2 7772534

Patricio Ortiz Soazo ([email protected])

IBA Program Coordination TeamCODEFF Filial ConcepcinAnibal Pinto 215, OF2B, Concepcin, ChileTel. +56 41 2239163/ 2270156www.codeff.cl


11/11

We would like to thank all those who participated in the initial stage of the processby providing support and valuable information, as well as helpful comments on thischapter, especially, Ana Araya, Luz Alegra, Ignacio Azcar, Cristbal Briceo,lvaro Berrios, Cecilia Bonilla, Cristian Cornejo, Juan Contreras, Carolina Carmona,Fernando Daz, Lus Espinosa, Martn Espinosa, Cristian Estades, Astrid Guerra,Yamil Husein, Rodrigo Hananias, Ana Hinojosa, Jim A. Johnson, Rodrigo Lpez,Claudia Mora, Loreto Matthews, Miguel A. Mancilla, Edison Maldonado, Ricardo

Orellana, Marta Riquelme, Jurguen Rottmann, Jorge Ruz, Roberto Schlatter, FabriceSchmitt, Claudia Silva, Frank Trebilcock, Franklin Troncoso, Pilar Valenzuela, AnaMara Venegas, Andreas Von Meyer and Bernardo Zentilli. Thanks also to JamesLowen for kindly providing additional photographs.

ARAYA, B., BERNAL, M., SCHLATTER, R. & SALLABERRY, M. (1995)Lista patrn de las aveschilenas. Tercera Edicin.Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria.

ARNOLD, F. (1998) Sustitucin de Bosque Nativo en Chile Destruccin de un ValiosoPatrimonio Natural. Santiago, Chile: Comit Nacional Pro Defensa de la Flora yFauna.

BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2007) 2007 IUCN Red List for birds. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/

CAMPOS, H., DAZAROLA, G., DYER, B., FUENTES, L., GAVILN, J., HUAQUN, L., MARTNEZ, G.,MELNDEZ, R., PEQUEO, G., PONCE, F., RUIZ, V., SIELFELD, W., SOTO, D., VEGA, R. &VILA, I. (1998) Categoras de conservacin de peces nativos de aguas continentales deChile.Boletn del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile)47:101-122.

CONAMA - COMISIN NACIONAL DE MEDIO AMBIENTE (2003) Estrategia Nacional deBiodiversidad.Santiago, Chile: CONAMA.

CONAMA - COMISINNACIONAL DEMEDIOAMBIENTE(2005) D.S. N 75 /2005.Reglamento .. Santiago, Chile: CONAMA. www.

CONAMA - COMISIN NACIONAL DEL MEDIOAMBIENTE (2008) Biodiversidad de Chile,patrimonio y desafos. Santiago, Chile: CONAMA.

DEFENSORES DELBOSQUECHILENO(1998)La Tragedia del Bosque Chileno.Santiago, Chile:Ocho Libros Editores.

ESPINOZA, L. A. (2000) Censo Neotropical de Aves Acuticas 1999 (Seccin Chile).BoletnChileno de Ornitologa7: 39-47.

ESTADES, C. Ed. (2005) Estrategia nacional para la conservacin de aves. Santiago,Chile: Unin de Ornitlogos de Chile y Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios enBiodiversidad, Universidad de Chile.

FRERE, E., GANDINI, P., RUIZ, J. & VILINA, Y. (2004) Current status and breeding distributionof Red-legged Cormorant Phalacrocorax gaimardi along the Chilean coast. BirdConservation International 14: 113-121.

FIGUEROA, R. & LPEZ, R. (2007) Fauna y Flora Terrestre con Prioridad de Conservacin del . Talcahuano, Chile: ComitNacional Pro Defensa de la Fauna y Flora (CODEFF), Comisin Nacional del MedioAmbiente (CONAMA), Frankfurt Zoological Society Help for Threatened Wildlife.

GLADE, A. (1988) Libro rojo de los vertebrados terrestres chilenos. Santiago, Chile:Corporacin Nacional Forestal, Ministerio de Agricultura.

GOBIERNO DECHILE(2008) Santiago, Chile: Ministerio de RelacionesExteriores. http://www.chilesomostodos.gov.cl

HAUENSTEIN, E., GONZLEZ, M., PEA-CORTS, F. & MUOZ- PEDREROS, A. (2002)

Costa de Toltn (IX Regin, Chile). Gayana Bot. 59(2): 87-100INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadstica (2002) Censo Poblacional y Vivienda.Santiago,

Chile: INE.JAKSIC, F. M. & JIMNEZ, J. E. (1986) The conservation status of raptors in Chile.Birds of

Prey Bulletin3: 95-104.JAKSIC, F. M., PAVEZ, E. F., JIMNEZ, J. E. & TORRES- MURA, J. C. (2001) The conservation

status of raptors in the Metropolitan Region, Chile.Journal of Raptor Research35:151-158.

JARAMILLO, A. (2003)Birds of Chile.Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.LAWTON, K., ROBERTSON, G., KIRKWOOD, R., VALENCIA, J. SCHLATTER, R. & SMITH, D. (2006) An

estimate of population sizes of burrowing seabirds at the Diego Ramirez archipelago,Chile, using distance sampling and burrow-scoping. Polar Biology29 (3): 229-238.

LUNA, G., HENNICKE, J., WALLACE, R., SIMEONE, A., WOLFAARDT, A., WHITTINGTON, P.,ELLISS. & MCGOVERN, M. EDS. (2005) Spheniscuspenguin conservation workshop: IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. In C. EstadesEd.Estrategia nacional para la conservacin de aves.Santiago, Chile: Unin deOrnitlogos de Chile, Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Biodiversidad,Universidad de Chile.

MARIN, M. (2004)Lista comentada de las aves de Chile / Annotated checklist of the birds ofChile.Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.

MARTNEZ, D. & GONZLES, G. (2004)Las Aves de Chile: Nueva Gua de Campo.Santiago,Chile: Ediciones del Naturalista.

REPUBLICA DE CHILE 1996.

REPUBLICA DECHILE Diciembre de 1998.

REYES-ARRIAGADA, R., CAMPOS-ELLWANTER, P., SCHLATTER, R. P. & BAUDINI, C. (2007) SootyShearwater ( ) on Guafo I sland: the largest seabird colony in the world?

Biology and Conservation 16(4): 913-930.ROBERTSON, G., MORENO, C. A., LAWTON, K., ARATA, J., VALENCIA, J. & KIRKWOOD, R. 2007

An estimate of the population sizes of Black-browed (Thalassarche melanophrys) andGrey-headed (T. chrysostoma) Albatrosses breeding in the Diego Ramrez Archipelago,Chile.Emu107(3): 239244.

ROTTMANN, J. & LPEZ-CALLEJA, M. V. (1992)Estrategia Nacional de Conservacin de Aves.Santiago, Chile: UNORCH, SAG (Serie Tcnica Ao 1, No 1).

SAG (2003) Cartilla de caza. Quinta edicin.Santiago, Chile: Edicin Departamento deComunicaciones, Departamento de Proteccin de los Recursos Naturales Renovables.

SCHLATTER, R. P. & SIMEONE, A. (1999) Estado del conocimiento y conservacin de las avesen mares chilenos.Estudios Oceanolgicos18: 25-33.

STOTZ, D. F., FITZPATRICK, W., PARKERIII, T. A. & MOSKOVITS, D. K. (1996)Neotropical birds:

ecology and conservation.Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press.

VALENZUELA

, P., GALAZ

, J., GONZLEZ

, G., PALMA

, A., STUTZIN

, M., TALA

, C. & YAEZ

, J. Eds.(2005) El Estado y la Conservacin de la Vida Silvestre en Chile.Actas del I TallerGubernamental1-80.

VICTORIANO, P., GONZLEZ, L. A. & SCHLATTER, R. (2006) Estado de conocimiento de las avesde aguas continentales de Chile / Synopsis of the inland aquatic birds of Chile.Gayana70(1): 140-162.

Documents

Chile Bird Life