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Child Welfare in North Carolina: Ethnic and Racial Disproportionality and Disparity
by D. F. Duncan
UNC-CH School of Social WorkJune 10, 2009
Child Welfare in North Carolina: Ethnic and Racial Disproportionality and Disparity
The approach in this presentation is drawn from a similar presentation developed by Emily Putnam-Hornstein made by Barbara Needell from the Center for Social Services Research at the University of California at Berkeley
The data are drawn from the US Census Bureau and a set of longitudinal files maintained by researchers at UNC-CH School of Social Work
North Carolina:First Entries to Foster Care by Race
North Carolina:Foster Care Caseload by Race
North Carolina:Race and Path Through the Child Welfare System
Definitions
Overrepresentation: situations in which a number or quantity (such as children, in this case) is disproportionately high or low.1
1Chapin Hall Center for Children. (2008). “Racial and Ethnic Disparity and Disproportionality in Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice: A Compendium,” Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago.
Definitions Disproportionality: the state of being
disproportional. … disproportionality and over- and underrepresentation are used with regard to a reference population. If more than one group represents more than its share of the total, another group will necessarily account for less.1
Disparity: a comparison of one group (e.g, regarding disproportionality, services, outcomes) to another group.2
2Needell, Barbara. “Child Welfare in California: Ethnic/Racial Disproportionality and Disparity.”
North Carolina:Disparity Index for SFY 07-08
Black Disproportionality
39.49% 25.36% = 1.56
White Disproportionality
51.8% 68.96% = 0.75
Disparity Index
1.56 0.75 = 2.08
Issues with Census Data
Changes in the Number of Children in North Carolina Over Time
Composition of North Carolina’s Child Population by Race
Composition of North Carolina’s Child Population by Ethnicity
Issues With Census Data
The 2000 Census provided a count of each child by age, race, and ethnicity at the state and county level
The yearly estimates of population at the county level provide race and ethnicity but age is grouped 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15-19.
There are tradeoffs in using these yearly estimates
North Carolina: Investigations per 1,000 by Age and Race
North Carolina: Substantiations per 1,000 by Age and Race
North Carolina: Entries to Foster Care per 1,000 by Age and Race
North Carolina: Children in Foster Care per 1,000 by Age and Race
North Carolina: Investigations, Substantiations, Entries, and In Care Rates per 1,000 by Age
North Carolina: Referrals, Substantiations, Entries, and In Care Rates per 1,000 by Age
North Carolina: Children in Foster Care per 1,000 by Age and Race
Black (10.45/1,000)
White (5.04/1,000)
0 to 4 Years
5 to 9 Years
10 to 14 Years
15 and Older
15.24
9.24
10.19
7.45
7.44
4.51
4.89
3.19
Rates per 1,000 Black Children
Rates per 1,000White Children
Disparity Index
10.455.04 = 2.07
North Carolina: Disparity Indices for Race and Ethnicity
National Data: Racial and Ethnic Disparity Indices
North Carolina: Exits From Care For 84 Months From Entry For All Children (2000-2001 Entry Cohort)
92%
72%
51%36%
25%13% 8% 5% 3% 2%
5%
17%
28%
36%
40%
43%44% 44% 44% 44%
2% 8% 13% 15% 16% 17% 18% 18% 18% 18%
8%14% 17% 19% 20% 20%
6%9% 10% 11% 11% 11% 11% 12%
2% 3% 4% 4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
30 Days
180 Days
1 Year
1.5 Years
2 Years
3 Years
4 Years
5 Years
6 Years
7 Years
Still in Care Reunification Adopted Guardianship Emancipated Other
North Carolina: Exits From Care For 84 Months From Entry for White Children (2000-2001 Entry Cohort)
92%
70%
48%33%
23%12% 6% 4% 2% 1%
6%
19%
32%
39%
44%
46%47% 47% 47% 47%
2%8% 12% 15% 16% 16% 17% 17% 17% 17%
8%15% 18% 20% 20% 21%
6%8% 9% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
2% 3% 3% 4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
30 Days
180 Days
1 Year
1.5 Years
2 Years
3 Years
4 Years
5 Years
6 Years
7 Years
Still in Care Reunification Adopted Guardianship Emancipated Other
North Carolina: Exits From Care For 84 Months From Entry for Black Children
92%
75%
56%
40%28%
16% 10% 6% 4% 3%
5%
13%
23%
30%
35%
39%40%
40% 40% 40%
3% 9% 14% 17% 18% 19% 20% 20% 20% 21%
7%13%
17% 19% 19% 20%
6%9%
11% 11% 12% 12% 12% 12%
3% 4% 4% 5%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
30 Days
180 Days
1 Year
1.5 Years
2 Years
3 Years
4 Years
5 Years
6 Years
7 Years
Still in Care Reunification Adopted Guardianship Emancipated Other
North Carolina: Percentage Remaining in Care for White and Black Children (2000-2001 Entry Cohort)
North Carolina: Percentage Reunified for White and Black Children (2000-2001 Entry Cohort)
North Carolina: Percentage Exiting to Adoption for White and Black Children (2000-2001 Entry Cohort)
Disparity Indices for Counties
Disparity Indices for Counties
Disparity Indices for Counties
Disparity Indices for Counties
Disparity Indices for Counties
Disparity Indices for Counties
Disparity in the current caseload can be due to many factors
It can reflect past instead of current practices
It also is due to difficulties in finding permanency for children who are in care
Disparity Indices for Counties
Recent studies (Drake et al., 2009; Jonson-Reid et al., 2009) suggest that poverty is a confounding factor in examining disproportionality
In future analysis we will explore the role of poverty
Child Welfare in North Carolina: Ethnic and Racial Disproportionality and Disparity
D. F. [email protected]
919-962-7897C. Joy Stewart
http://ssw.unc.edu/cw
