Child Psychology Chapter 2 Lecture

8/12/2019 Child Psychology Chapter 2 Lecture

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Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Exploring Marriages & Families

Karen Seccombe

EXPLORINGMarriages &Families

Chapter

Social Status: Sex,Gender, Race,Ethnicity, and SocialClass

2


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Karen Seccombe

The Link between PrivateExperiences and Social Structure

Social Stratification: The hierarchicalranking of categories of people withinsociety

Sociological Imagination: The recognitionthat our personal experiences are, inlarge part, shaped by forces within thelarger society


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Karen Seccombe

Table 2.1 Race-Based and Sex-Based Charges of Discrimination


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Sex, Gender, and Patriarchy

Sex: Biological differences between menand women, and their role inreproduction

Gender: Culturally and sociallyconstructed differences between malesand females found in the meanings,beliefs, and practices associated withfemininity and masculinity


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Sex and Gender Differences

Androgyny: Possessing both masculine andfeminine traits in near equal proportion

Gender Learning

Gender Socialization: Teaching the cultural norms

associated with being male or female Agents of Socialization: The primary groups

responsible for gender socialization


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Table 2.2 Agents of Socializationand How They Work


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Figure 2.1 Who Has More Education:Husbands or Wives?


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How Do Race, Ethnicity, and Class ShapeGender Socialization?

Genders Influence on Our Family andClose Relationships: Division ofHousehold Labor


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Figure 2.2 Percent Saying Each Characteristic IsVery Important for a Successful Marriage


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Male Privilege: Patriarchy

Female Genital Cutting

Does Patriarchy Exist in the UnitedStates?


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Table 2.3 Top Five SurgicalCosmetic Procedures in 2008


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Race and Ethnicity

The Population Is Growing More Diverse

Race: A Category describing people who

share real or perceived physical straitsthat society deems socially significant,such as skin color

Ethnicity: Shared cultural characteristics,such as language, place of origin, dress,food, religion, and other values


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Race and Ethnicity

Ethnic Group: A group of people whoshare specific cultural features

Minority Groups: A category ofpeople who have less power than thedominant group, and who are subjectto unequal treatment


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Figure 2.3 Resident Population by Race andHispanic Origin Status Projections:

2010 to 2050


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Race and Ethnicity

Prejudice and Discrimination: PervasiveProblems

Social Capital: Social networking connections,which can be a valuable source of information,such as a resource for job leads

Prejudice: A negative attitude about members of

selected racial and ethnic groups

Stereotypes: Oversimplified sets of beliefs abouta group of people


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Race and Ethnicity

Discrimination: Behaviors, actions, or practicesbased on racial or ethnic preferences that haveharmful impacts

Individual Discrimination: One person exhibiting anegative behavior towards another person

Institutional Discrimination: Social institutionssuch as the government, religion, and education

create policies and practices that aresystematically disadvantageous to certain groups


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Table 2.4 Educational AttainmentBy Race and Ethnicity


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Social Class

Approaches to Measuring Social Class

Social Class: A social position based

primarily on income and wealth, butoccupational prestige and educational levelmay be relevant as well

Socioeconomic Status (SES): Somecombination of education, occupation, andincome


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Social Class

The WorkingClass

The WorkingPoor

The Underclass

The Upper Class

The UpperMiddle Class

The MiddleClass


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Social Class

How Does Social Class Affect our Familyand Close Relationships?

Social Mobility and the Lack of It- Social Mobility: Movement from one social

class to another


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Table 2.5 The 2010 Poverty Guidelines for the 48Contiguous States and the District of Columbia


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Poverty

Poverty Guidelines: Guidelines establishedin 1964 as a way to measure the number ofpeople living in poverty: based on a thrifty

food budget, multiplied by three(sometimes called the poverty line)

Who Is Poor?


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Table 2.6 People and Families in Poverty bySelected Characteristics, 2009


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Figure 2.4 Pathways from Poverty toAdverse Child Outcomes


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Poverty

Consequences of Poverty (continued)

Fewer Resources for Learning

Housing Problems

Poor-Quality Neighborhoods

Th I t ti f S G d


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Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education IncExploring Marriages & Families

The Intersections of Sex, Gender,Race, Ethnicity, and Class

Race, class, and sex are interwoven,

and together they shape thenuances of our lives

Documents

Child Psychology Chapter 2 Lecture