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Child Poverty in Egypt
Contents•Definitions and Measurements of Child Poverty
•Income Poverty Trends :The Growth-Inequality-Poverty Triangle
•How income poverty affects children: children in poor households
•Child Poverty Situation: Global Criteria
Poverty AlleviationPoverty Alleviation
Poverty reduction has become an important goal Poverty reduction has become an important goal of national and international development action.of national and international development action.
According to the Global Human Development According to the Global Human Development
Report for 2000, poverty limits human freedom Report for 2000, poverty limits human freedom and deprives a person of dignity.and deprives a person of dignity.
Poverty reduction is the first MDG goal , the Poverty reduction is the first MDG goal , the
other goals are related closely to poverty.other goals are related closely to poverty.
Poverty Reduction StrategyPoverty Reduction Strategy
In designing poverty reduction strategy, four main In designing poverty reduction strategy, four main stages should be followed. stages should be followed.
First; identification of the poor; First; identification of the poor; Second; assessment of main characteristics of the Second; assessment of main characteristics of the
poor in terms of their location, their socio-poor in terms of their location, their socio-economic and demographic characteristics;economic and demographic characteristics;
Third, assess factors that generates poverty; Third, assess factors that generates poverty; identify linkages between economic and social identify linkages between economic and social policy policy and and child outcomeschild outcomes..
Finally poverty reduction strategies can be designed.Finally poverty reduction strategies can be designed.
Why Child Poverty is Different than Why Child Poverty is Different than Adult PovertyAdult Poverty
Child Poverty differs from adult poverty in that it has Child Poverty differs from adult poverty in that it has different causes and effects, and the impact of poverty different causes and effects, and the impact of poverty during childhood has permanent effects.during childhood has permanent effects.
Children are particularly dependent on their care takers, Children are particularly dependent on their care takers, and thus, the situation of the mother, the father, the and thus, the situation of the mother, the father, the family, and, in general, the immediate environment have family, and, in general, the immediate environment have direct and strong impact on children’s wellbeing.direct and strong impact on children’s wellbeing.
The focus is on child poverty but it is clear that children The focus is on child poverty but it is clear that children
are not isolated actors, and policies addressed to realize are not isolated actors, and policies addressed to realize children’s rights should be related to policies oriented children’s rights should be related to policies oriented towards the women, families, and the community.towards the women, families, and the community.
How can we define Child PovertyHow can we define Child Poverty
Children experience poverty as an Children experience poverty as an environment that is damaging to their environment that is damaging to their mental, physical, emotional and spiritual mental, physical, emotional and spiritual development. development.
Expanding the definition of child poverty Expanding the definition of child poverty beyond traditional conceptualizations, beyond traditional conceptualizations, such as low household income or low such as low household income or low levels of consumption, is particularly levels of consumption, is particularly important, UNICEF, 2005important, UNICEF, 2005..
How to Measure Child PovertyHow to Measure Child Poverty Two approaches to measuring child povertyTwo approaches to measuring child poverty . . The firstThe first approachapproach is the monetary is the monetary
approach, which uses an income-based approach, which uses an income-based poverty line to identify poverty. poverty line to identify poverty.
The second approachThe second approach is the deprivation is the deprivation approach, which establishes a set of basic approach, which establishes a set of basic services and capabilities and then services and capabilities and then measures the number of children who do measures the number of children who do not have access to the basket of services not have access to the basket of services and capabilities.and capabilities.
Interrelation between non-Interrelation between non-monetary and monetary monetary and monetary
child povertychild poverty
Monetary Factors
Non-Monetary Factors
Factors underlying Deprivation, Poverty and Disparity
•Lack of monetary resources can cause deprivation, poverty and disparity
•But this is not always true. Income non-poor families may experience various deprivation, and income-poor families may be saved from some deprivation.
Debates about the methods of poverty measurement are common;
•Views differ on •Measurement of individual welfare •Units of measurement•Setting of poverty lines
Identification of the income poverty
Identification of income poverty, Identification of income poverty, contcont..
**What is the standard of living indicator to measure What is the standard of living indicator to measure welfare? Total expenditure or income.welfare? Total expenditure or income.
*How to distinguish between the poor and non-*How to distinguish between the poor and non-poor? Draw a poverty linepoor? Draw a poverty line
*How can poverty levels be expressed in one *How can poverty levels be expressed in one indicator? Headcount (% of the poor), poverty indicator? Headcount (% of the poor), poverty gap (the gap between income of the poor and gap (the gap between income of the poor and poverty line).poverty line).
Methodology for Constructing Methodology for Constructing Absolute Poverty LinesAbsolute Poverty Lines
•Draw Poverty line Absolute poverty line will classify two persons at the same real consumption level as poor or non-poor, irrespective of the time or place •The cost of basic needs methodology to Construct absolute poverty lines is usually used.
Poverty Lines Used in International Poverty Lines Used in International ComparisonsComparisons
1$ and 2$ 1$ and 2$ Advantage: Easy to compare between Advantage: Easy to compare between
countriescountries They suffer from problems: They suffer from problems:
They ignore differences in They ignore differences in consumption patterns and consumption patterns and pricesprices across regions across regions
May not account for the differing “basic needs” May not account for the differing “basic needs” requirements of requirements of different household membersdifferent household members
• For example, young versus old, male versus femaleFor example, young versus old, male versus female Usually ignore “Usually ignore “economies of scaleeconomies of scale” within households” within households
• Non-food items can be shared among household members.Non-food items can be shared among household members.• Estimates of PPP is based on baskets that do not reflect the Estimates of PPP is based on baskets that do not reflect the
consumption pattern of the poorconsumption pattern of the poor
Second ApproachSecond ApproachChild poverty as severe deprivationChild poverty as severe deprivation
The measures of child poverty are based The measures of child poverty are based on internationally agreed definitions on internationally agreed definitions based on child rights.based on child rights.
The measures are: adequate nutrition, The measures are: adequate nutrition, safe drinking water, decent sanitation safe drinking water, decent sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and facilities, health, shelter, education, and informationinformation
ThresholdsThresholds Severe nutrition deprivationSevere nutrition deprivation:: children whose heights and children whose heights and
weights for their age were more than -3 standard weights for their age were more than -3 standard deviations below the median of the international reference deviations below the median of the international reference population i.e. severe anthropometric failure.population i.e. severe anthropometric failure.
Severe water deprivationSevere water deprivation - children who only had access - children who only had access to surface water (e.g. rivers) for drinking or who lived in to surface water (e.g. rivers) for drinking or who lived in households where the nearest source of water was more households where the nearest source of water was more than 15 minutes away (e.g. indicators of severe than 15 minutes away (e.g. indicators of severe deprivation of water quality or quantity).deprivation of water quality or quantity).
Severe deprivation of sanitation facilitiesSevere deprivation of sanitation facilities – children – children who had no access to a toilet of any kind in the vicinity of who had no access to a toilet of any kind in the vicinity of their dwelling, e.g. no private or communal toilets or their dwelling, e.g. no private or communal toilets or latrines.latrines.
Thresholds, Thresholds, ContCont..
Severe health deprivationSevere health deprivation – children who had not been – children who had not been immunised against any diseases or young children who had immunised against any diseases or young children who had a recent illness involving diarrhoea and had not received any a recent illness involving diarrhoea and had not received any medical advice or treatment.medical advice or treatment.
Severe shelter deprivationSevere shelter deprivation – children in dwellings with more – children in dwellings with more than five people per room (severe overcrowding) or with no than five people per room (severe overcrowding) or with no flooring material (e.g. a mud floor).flooring material (e.g. a mud floor).
Severe education deprivationSevere education deprivation – children aged between 7 and – children aged between 7 and 18 who had never been to school and were not currently 18 who had never been to school and were not currently attending school (e.g. no professional education of any kind).attending school (e.g. no professional education of any kind).
Severe information deprivationSevere information deprivation – children aged between 3 – children aged between 3 and 18 with no access to, radio, television, telephone or and 18 with no access to, radio, television, telephone or newspapers at home.newspapers at home.
Sources of DataSources of Data
Poverty statistics rely on data from Poverty statistics rely on data from Household Income, Expenditure and Household Income, Expenditure and
Consumption Surveys; HIECS Consumption Surveys; HIECS Censuses; Censuses; Health and Demographic Surveys.Health and Demographic Surveys. Labor Market Surveys/LFSS.Labor Market Surveys/LFSS.
Surveys are nationally representative;Surveys are nationally representative;
Between 1995/96 and 2004/05, Between 1995/96 and 2004/05, overall Income poverty has remained overall Income poverty has remained unchanged, yet with worsening trend unchanged, yet with worsening trend
in Rural Upper Egyptin Rural Upper EgyptOverall poverty is Overall poverty is back to the same back to the same level of 1995/96. level of 1995/96. Almost 14 million Almost 14 million individualsindividuals (up from (up from 11.5 million in 1995/96 11.5 million in 1995/96 and 10.7 million in and 10.7 million in 1999/2000)1999/2000) could not could not obtain their basic obtain their basic food and non-food food and non-food needs.needs.Poverty increased in Poverty increased in all regions between all regions between 2000 and 2005, but 2000 and 2005, but only Upper Egypt only Upper Egypt deteriorated between deteriorated between 1995 and 2005.1995 and 2005.
13.1
5.78.3 9.0
21.5
16.7
10.8
18.6
29.3
39.1
19.419.6
%
Metropolitan Lower Egypt Urban Lower Egypt Rural Upper Egypt Urban Upper Egypt Rural All Egypt
1995/ 96 1999/ 00 2004/ 05
Distribution of poor is uneven Distribution of poor is uneven across regionsacross regions
2004/05
5.4% 5.6%
26.2%
11.3%
50.6%
Metropolitan Lower Egypt UrbanLower Egypt Rural Upper Egypt UrbanUpper Egypt Rural
1999/20005.4% 4.2%
22.1%
13.0%
54.4%
Metropolitan Lower Egypt UrbanLower Egypt Rural Upper Egypt UrbanUpper Egypt Rural
The Poverty-Growth-Inequality The Poverty-Growth-Inequality TriangleTriangle
Absolute poverty andpoverty reduction
Aggregateincome level andgrowth
Distribution anddistributionalchanges
CCase of Egypt: Growth ase of Egypt: Growth Incidence Incidence
Growth and DistributionGrowth and Distribution
Period 95-00 showed Period 95-00 showed growth in expenditures growth in expenditures with increased with increased inequality; inequality;
Declining povertyDeclining poverty Period 00-05 showed Period 00-05 showed
decline in mean decline in mean expenditure and expenditure and increased inequality; increased inequality; increasing poverty.increasing poverty.
Growth Growth effect effect
on on povertypoverty
Ineq-Ineq-ualityuality effect effect
on on povertypoverty
OverallOverall effect effect
on on povertypoverty
1995-20001995-2000--++--
2000-20052000-2005++++++
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
Poverty Risk by age , 2005 (percent)Poverty Risk by age , 2005 (percent)
0
5
10
15
20
25
P0 P1 P2
18+ <18 Total
Children have higher probability to live in poor households
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?Poverty Measurements by Household StructurePoverty Measurements by Household Structure
UrbanRural
Male Female Male Female
Married with no children8.484.5420.7313.51
Married with 1-3 children9.314.5723.8410.59
Married with more than three children23.666.9844.7921.36
Widowed with no children4.445.818.0913.92
Widowed with 1-3 children11.6314.6934.7331.23
Widowed with more than three children03132.857.68
Never married6.625.4227.0617.36
Others2.3712.6622.5821.56
All Households10.19927.5620.55
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
Enrolment RateEnrolment Rate
0102030405060708090
100
Boys Girls Male headedhouseholds
Female headed
households
All Children
Non Poor Poor Total
BoysGirls
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18age
Enrolment Rate for Children Aged Enrolment Rate for Children Aged 6-156-15
Enrolment Rate by age and GenderEnrolment Rate by age and Gender
Enrollment rates drop sharply at Enrollment rates drop sharply at secondary stage.secondary stage.
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?Net Enrolment Rate by School Type and Poverty Status for Net Enrolment Rate by School Type and Poverty Status for
different Levels of Education, 2004-05different Levels of Education, 2004-05..
Net Enrollment Rate
Girls 'Net Enrollment Rate
Net Enrollment in Public Schools
Net Enrollment Rate
Girls 'Net Enrollment Rate
Net Enrollment in Public Schools
Urban Areas
Non Poor96.6896.4783.5865.6665.2859.58
Poor90.2788.3488.3956.8656.6555.59
Total95.9495.5384.1364.4364.0759.03
Rural Areas
Non Poor95.3094.4994.4066.0766.2865.31
Poor87.9883.4387.0254.5049.7553.80
Total93.0391.0792.1262.0760.5061.33
Secondary Schools
Urban AreasRural Areas
Non Poor67.8867.2862.2960.5858.2859.65
Poor47.3647.2444.9744.7340.4444.37
Total64.7664.4159.6655.1252.3254.39
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
illiilliteracy among poor childrenteracy among poor children
Illiteracy among children(12-15yeaars)•There are strong relation between
poverty and education attainment of children.
• Large gender, urban/rural gaps for both poor and non poor, do exist.
High degree of female disadvantage in enrollment for poor girls, where poverty interacts with gender to produce large gaps in educational enrollment among the poor. This is the main factor producing poverty.
0
5
10
15
20
25
Boys-Urban
Girls-Urban
AllUrban
Boys-Rural
Girls-Rural
AllRural
Non Poor Poor All
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?Working children, 2005Working children, 2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Boys Girls All Children
Non Poor Poor Total
Percentage of working children 6-14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Boys Girls All Children
Non Poor Poor Total
Percentage of working children 15-17
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?Fertility Rate and Under Five Mortality Rate by Poverty Status, Fertility Rate and Under Five Mortality Rate by Poverty Status,
2004-052004-05..
Fertility RateUnder Five Mortality
Urban
Non Poor3.0511.45
Poor4.8319.91
Total3.3112.76
Rural
Non Poor3.4519.1
Poor4.7227.86
Total3.8521.8
All Egypt
Non Poor3.3116.84
Poor4.7426.7
Total3.6919.5
Income Poverty and Income Poverty and water water deprivationdeprivation
من +18 18Allأقل
Non poor7.048.547.62
Poor19.9223.7921.68
All9.3411.9210.37
• 23% of poor children are water deprived .
• 16.9% of children are poor in terms of income poverty and water deprivation
Poor Children and Poor Children and Shelter Shelter DeprivationDeprivation
من +18 االجمالي18اقل
0.190.390.27 فقراء
فقراء 1.031.701.33 غير
0.340.680.47 جمله
Distribution of Children by quintiles Distribution of Children by quintiles of of Wealth index
Wealth indexAge 18+
Age less than 18Total
Poorest1822.319.8
Poorer19.220.919.9
Middle19.820.119.9
Richer21.118.920.2
Richest21.817.720.1
Total100100100
Child Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaChild Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaWater; LocationWater; Location
water * children of age less than 18 * Type of place of residenceCrosstabulation
% within children of age less than 18
99.3% 98.9% 99.2%
.7% 1.1% .8%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
94.4% 93.8% 94.1%
5.6% 6.2% 5.9%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
not deprived
deprived
water
Total
not deprived
deprived
water
Total
Type of placeof residenceUrban
Rural
Age 18+Age lessthan 18
children of age lessthan 18
Total
Child Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaChild Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaWater; Wealth IndexWater; Wealth Index
water * children of age less than 18 * Wealth index Crosstabulation
% within children of age less than 18
86.6% 86.0% 86.3%
13.4% 14.0% 13.7%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
97.1% 96.8% 96.9%
2.9% 3.2% 3.1%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
98.6% 98.4% 98.5%
1.4% 1.6% 1.5%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
99.4% 99.3% 99.4%
.6% .7% .6%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
99.8% 99.8% 99.8%
.2% .2% .2%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
not deprived
deprived
water
Total
not deprived
deprived
water
Total
not deprived
deprived
water
Total
not deprived
deprived
water
Total
not deprived
deprived
water
Total
Wealth indexPoorest
Poorer
Middle
Richer
Richest
Age 18+Age lessthan 18
children of age lessthan 18
Total
Child Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaChild Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaShelter; LocationShelter; Location
shelter * children of age less than 18 * Type of place of residenceCrosstabulation
% within children of age less than 18
97.3% 96.1% 96.8%
2.7% 3.9% 3.2%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
78.7% 76.3% 77.7%
21.3% 23.7% 22.3%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
not deprived
deprived
shelter
Total
not deprived
deprived
shelter
Total
Type of placeof residenceUrban
Rural
Age 18+Age lessthan 18
children of age lessthan 18
Total
Child Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaChild Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaShelter; Wealth IndexShelter; Wealth Index
shelter * children of age less than 18 * Wealth index Crosstabulation
% within children of age less than 18
52.6% 50.4% 51.6%
47.4% 49.6% 48.4%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
80.3% 79.1% 79.8%
19.7% 20.9% 20.2%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
96.7% 96.7% 96.7%
3.3% 3.3% 3.3%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
99.7% 99.6% 99.7%
.3% .4% .3%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
99.9% 99.8% 99.9%
.1% .2% .1%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
not deprived
deprived
shelter
Total
not deprived
deprived
shelter
Total
not deprived
deprived
shelter
Total
not deprived
deprived
shelter
Total
not deprived
deprived
shelter
Total
Wealth indexPoorest
Poorer
Middle
Richer
Richest
Age 18+Age lessthan 18
children of age lessthan 18
Total
Child Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaChild Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaEducation; LocationEducation; Location
education * children of age 7-18 * Type of place of residence Crosstabulation
% within children of age 7-18
98.0% 97.5% 97.9%
2.0% 2.5% 2.1%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
95.2% 92.5% 94.4%
4.8% 7.5% 5.6%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
not deprived
deprived
education
Total
not deprived
deprived
education
Total
Type of placeof residenceUrban
Rural
Otherwise Age 7-18
children of age 7-18
Total
Child Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaChild Poverty: Deprivation CriteriaEducation; Wealth IndexEducation; Wealth Index
education * children of age 7-18 * Wealth index Crosstabulation
% within children of age 7-18
92.2% 84.7% 89.9%
7.8% 15.3% 10.1%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
95.0% 94.1% 94.7%
5.0% 5.9% 5.3%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
96.9% 97.7% 97.1%
3.1% 2.3% 2.9%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
98.2% 98.7% 98.4%
1.8% 1.3% 1.6%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
99.0% 99.5% 99.1%
1.0% .5% .9%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
not deprived
deprived
education
Total
not deprived
deprived
education
Total
not deprived
deprived
education
Total
not deprived
deprived
education
Total
not deprived
deprived
education
Total
Wealth indexPoorest
Poorer
Middle
Richer
Richest
Otherwise Age 7-18
children of age 7-18
Total
Statistical Analysis is expected to answer questions like
How has poverty been changing in recent years?
What does this imply for the supports and services available to children, women and their families, including to those with limited resources and/or special disadvantages?
To what degree do national and sub-national dimensions (such as region or
residence), household and community dimensions (e.g. household structure, income/wealth, gender, age, or education of the household members), and individual characteristics (such as gender and age of the child) correlate with and/or explain child poverty and/or poor results?
What deprivations in what part of the country, and among which groups of households or children, boys or girls, are the most frequent and/or persistent?
How have the perceived changes and patterns in child poverty and disparity relate to changes in income inequality and disparity/inadequacy in financing the social sectors?
What other factors might be at work behind deterioration or improvement in outcomes?
