Child Abusing

8/18/2019 Child Abusing

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1. Introductory Chapter Mahatma Gandhi is reputed to have said ‘a nation’s greatness is measured by how it treats its

weakest members’. In a similar line, a former Vice !resident of the united states, "ubert

"umphrey, stated that ‘the moral test of a government is how it treats those who are at the

dawn of life, the children# those who are in the twilight of the life, the aged# and those who

are in the shadows of life, the risk and the needy and the handicapped’

$he founders of the new nation of %angladesh certainly shared these sentiments and the

nations &onstitution re'uires that the state provide the basic necessities of life to all. (ven

%angladesh was one of the first countries in the world to pass a &hildren’s )ct to provide the protection and support of &hildren’s. %ut the recent cases of child abuse and death became an

alarming concern for the society and state. $he brutal killing and abuse of children’s is not

setting a bad e*ample to the society. )lso most of cases are being unreported because of the

social stigma and victimi+ation issues.

2. Objective of the ResearchMost of the times the authorities and the families fail to recogni+e the seriousness of abuse of

children by parents, other family members, teachers, strangers, police and others with a duty

of care. Most abuse goes unreported, but even so, the litany of cases of rape, se*ual abuse,

killing, child marriage, molestation, child labour, torture, trafficking and physical

mistreatment of children in the daily press makes harrowing reading. &hildren are

undoubtedly the most neglected members of society and only ust have any voice, even

within the home. )s a result, they are constantly becoming easy victims of all types of abuse.

&hild abuse plays countless effect on &hild’s mind and health. -ow a day’s children are not

safe both in home and outside. $here are several laws and institutions that are very much

energetic to mark awareness among the people.

ur main ob ective of this study is to identify the reasons why most of the cases are being

unreported. $his study also try to identify the risk of abuse by the hand of close family

members and sometimes by the own family members. /ocial status plays a vital role behind

any abuse and killing. 0rom numerous reasons poverty is significantly associated with child


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4. iterature Revie!)ny global approach to child abuse must take into account the differing standards and

e*pectations for parenting behaviour in the range of cultures around the world. &ulture is a

society’s common fund of beliefs and behaviours, and its concepts of how people should

conduct them. In other words, culture helps define the generally accepted principles of child

rearing and care of children. 2ifferent cultures have different rules about what are acceptable

parenting practices. It appears that there is general agreement across many cultures that child

abuse should not be allowed and virtual unanimity in this respect where very harsh

disciplinary practices and se*ual abuse are concerned. $he International /ociety for the

!revention of &hild )buse and -eglect recently compared definitions of abuse from 34countries and found some commonality in what was considered abusive. In 5666, the 7"

&onsultation on &hild )buse !revention drafted the following definition8

‘‘&hild abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and9or emotional ill

treatment, se*ual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other

e*ploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival,

development or dignity in the conte*t of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power.’’

/ome e*perts consider as abused those children who have been inadvertently harmed

through the actions of a parent, while others re'uire that harm to the child be intended for the

act to be defined as abusive. /ome of the literature on child abuse e*plicitly includes violence

against children in institutional or school settings. Information on the numbers of children

who die each year as a result of abuse comes primarily from death registries or mortality data.

)ccording to the 7orld "ealth rgani+ation, there were an estimated 3: ;;; deaths

attributed to homicide among children under 53 years of age in year old age group more than double those of 3=5> year olds. $he risk of fatal abuse

for children varies according to the income level of a country and region of the world. 0or

children under 3 years of age living in high income countries, the rate of homicide is


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per 5;; ;;; for boys and 5


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". #hat are the protections the Chi$dren %ct& 2'13guaranteed

)rticle 54C>D of the Constitution of Bangladesh encourages to make special provisions in

favor of women and children. !reviously the main instrument to entertain the

children9 uvenile related issues was Children Act, 56:> and Children Rules , 56:@.

%angladesh is a signatory party to the United ations Con!ention on the Rights of the Child

CU CRC D3. $o cope up with the international standards there was a severe need to improve

our old laws as the laws was made before the U CRC . )s a result in the year of


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formed where a child affairs police officer will be present. Media have to preserve the

privacy of the uveniles and media cannot publish article, news, photos or any other

information that go against a uvenile who is under trial. &hapter L talks about alternative

care. $he concept of restorative ustice has been introduced by the new law which provides

for compensation to the child who is a victim of crimes. )ccording to section ?4 of the )ct,

the court may order any person found guilty of an offence committed against a child victim to

pay compensation to the child on an application by the child or the child’s parents or, in their

absence, foster care or the guardian or members of his e*tended family, !robation fficer or,

the lawyer or public prosecutor in order to restore the child to his or her previous position.

)lso, the court may suo motu order such compensation to be paid by the convict. $he court

may order the compensation to be paid at once or by instalment through the court, and may

direct that the money be used for the welfare of the child. If any person having custody,

charge or care of any child assaults, abuses, neglects, forsakes, abandons unprotected, uses

for personal service or e*poses in an obscene way and thereby causes unnecessary suffering

or in ury by which the child’s sight or hearing is damaged or in ury to any limb or organ or

causing mental derailment, then he will be deemed to have committed an offence under this

)ct for which he shall be punishable with imprisonment for up to five years or fine of up to

one lac Cone hundred thousandD taka or both C/ection :;D.


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(. )heoretica$ *ra+e!or, )buse can be in many forms and types. Including physical abuse, se*ual abuse, emotional

abuse, neglect and others. !hysical abuse of a child is defined as those acts of commission by

a caregiver that cause actual physical harm or have the potential for harm. /e*ual abuse is

defined as those acts where a caregiver uses a child for se*ual gratification. (motional abuse

includes the failure of a caregiver to provide an appropriate and supportive environment, and

includes acts that have an adverse effect on the emotional health and development of a child.

/uch acts include restricting a child’s movements, denigration, ridicule, threats and

intimidation, discrimination, re ection and other nonphysical forms of hostile treatment.

-eglect refers to the failure of a parent to provide for the development of the child = wherethe parent is in a position to do so = in one or more of the following areas8 health, education,

emotional development, nutrition, shelter and safe living conditions. -eglect is thus

distinguished from circumstances of poverty in that neglect can occur only in cases where

reasonable resources are available to the family or caregiver. /tudies from %angladesh,

&olombia, Italy, Henya, /weden, $hailand and the nited Hingdom have also found that low

education and a lack of income to meet the family’s needs increase the potential of physical

violence towards children, though e*ceptions to this pattern have been noted elsewhere. In astudy of !alestinian families, lack of money for the child’s needs was one of the primary

reasons given by parents for psychologically abusing their children. 6

Many child deaths, however, are not routinely investigated and post mortem e*aminations are

not carried out, which makes it difficult to establish the precise number of fatalities from

child abuse in any given country. (ven in wealthy countries there are problems in properly

recogni+ing cases of infanticide and measuring their incidence. /ignificant levels of

misclassification in the cause of death as reported on death certificates have been found, for

e*ample, in several states of the nited /tates of )merica. 2eaths attributed to other causes

for instance, sudden infant death syndrome or accidents = have often been shown on

reinvestigation to be homicides. 2espite the apparent widespread misclassification, there is

general agreement that fatalities from child abuse are far more fre'uent than official records

suggest in every country where studies of infant deaths have been undertaken. )mong the

9 /ee above n.5.


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-. rob$e+ State+ent$he rate of children being killed in the country had increased by @5 percent in than that

of the previous year, according to a statistics of %angladesh /hishu )dhikar 0orum C%/)0D

and it s not looking good at all for this year either. In this paper we are going to find out the

reason behind it as well as the solutions to solve this issue.

/. Research 0uestion/.1. ri+ary 0uestion

7hat are the main causes of child abusing in %angladeshN

/.2. Secondary 0uestion

7hat is to be done to prevent child abusing in %angladeshN

. Research ypothesis5. &hild abuse is rampant in families of lower income group


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e*ploit. $hey can be easily trafficked and se*ually abused. !overty here also plays a fatal

role.

0inally, &hild abuse is predominantly carried out by closer9known person as it’s easy and safe

to e*ploit children comparatively to the adults. ) simple threat gravely affects child mind and

this can forced them to silence about the matter of e*ploitation. &hild abuse may be one of

many types of problems facing a family. It is always important to view all the factors

influencing family, especially other types of abuse or neglect that may be occurring in the

family Csuch as intimate partner violence or elder abuseD.


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11. ethodo$ogy

$his study is a mi* of e*ploratory, descriptive and analytical research methods. /econdary

data analysis was used as e*ploratory research method. )mong the descriptive research

methods, structured 'uestionnaire survey was administered in gathering information. $he

survey took place on children from different levels considering parents’ economic stand. $o

ensure representativeness, data were collected in different area of 2haka city. !otential

sampling elements were randomly approached and responses were collected from those

sampling units. /everal sampling frames based on se* and income level were used. $here

were four different sampling frames based on income level C $k 3;;; 53;;; as low, $H

53;;5 @;;;; as mid and $k @;;;;O as highD of the respondents and two different sampling

frames based on gender. $he sample si+e for survey was 53;, which was sufficiently large for

this sort of surveys. ne of our key assumption is children are not abused by their parents.

11.1. 5ata Co$$ection11.1.1. ri+ary 5ata

$his study has been conducted based on both primary and secondary data. /econdary sources

are reports and ournals on child abusing. 1eports are taken from newspapers and differentwebsites. !rimary source was survey on children. 0or the understanding of children at first

the child abusing concept was told to them. $he 'uestionnaire was close ended.

11.1.2. Secondary 5ata

Bournals, newspapers, some websites, statistics of %angladesh /hishu )dhikar 0orum C%/)0D

and %ureau of /tatistics reports also have been used as secondary source.

11.2. %na$ysis )oo$s 6sed

Puantitative analysis was done using statistical and mathematical tools such as /tatistical

!ackage for /ocial /cience C/!//D and M/ (*cel. $he surveyors were briefed ade'uately

before conducting the surveys. Puality control of field workers was done to see if the field

procedures were being properly implemented. $he filled 'uestionnaires were e*amined to

make sure all appropriate 'uestions were completed, unsatisfactory or incomplete answers

were not accepted, and the writing was legible.


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7e ran chi s'uare test for finding out the association between different variables. ur

independent variables are gender and income group. 7e assumed two tailed test for

significance analysis and our p value is 3 or ;.;3. 7e used pearson chi s'uare test results

for our analysis where assumption is not violated. In other case we used likelihood ratio

values. If the significance value is less than 3 then the association is significant. therwise

the variables are independent. In case of association we used !hi and cramer’s V value to

observe the intensity.

11.3. Scope and i+itation

$he scope of the report is limited to 2haka metro only. Getting a larger number of

respondents for this sort of survey was rather difficult. %esides all the areas of 2haka metro

was not e'ually surveyed. $he collected data is fully imaginary.


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13. Research *indings

>: respondents of the survey reported that they face the e*perience of child abusing at

least once in their lifetime.

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Abusing Experienceo es

)mong the victims of child abusing 3< are boys and the rest are girls.

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Abused Childreno ! l


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23/

78/

Reporting parents es o

13.1. 7ender and abusing

)ccording to the statistical analysis, there is no significant association between gender andabusing. In other word, gender and abusing are independent.

Chi-Square Tests

Value df AsymptoticSignificance

(2-sided)

Exact Sig (2-sided)

Exact Sig (!-sided)

"earson Chi-Square # $%$a ! &'2

Continuity Correction 2 % ! & %

*i+elihood ,atio # ! &'!

.isher/s Exact Test &' &$$

*inear- y-*inear

Association

# $0! ! &'2

1 of Valid Cases ! &a & cells (& & ) ha3e expected count less than The minimum expected count is 2 $&

Computed only for a 2x2 ta le


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13.4. 7ender and abusing fre8uency

)ccording to the statistical analysis, there is no significant association between gender andabusing fre'uency. In other word, gender and abusing fre'uency are independent.

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymptotic

Significance

(2-sided)

Exact Sig (2-

sided)

Exact Sig (!-

sided)

"earson Chi-Square #$0a ! '

Continuity Correction !2# ! 02

*i+elihood ,atio #$0 ! '

.isher/s Exact Test '# #'#

*inear- y-*inear

Association

#$2 ! %

1 of Valid Cases 0!

a & cells (& & ) ha3e expected count less than The minimum expected count is !' 0'

Computed only for a 2x2 ta le

13.". Inco+e group and abusing

)ccording to the statistical analysis, there is significant association between income groupand abusing. In other word, gender and abusing are not independent. $he intensity of thisassociation is moderate to strong as phi and cramer’s v values.

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymptotic

Significance

(2-sided)

"earson Chi-Square !0 $## a # &&!

*i+elihood ,atio 2& $!# # &&&

*inear- y-*inear

Association

!& &$ ! &&!

1 of Valid Cases ! &

a & cells (& & ) ha3e expected count less than The minimum

expected count is 2

Symmetric 4easures

Value Approximate

Significance

1ominal y 1ominal "hi #$! &&!

Cramer/s

V

#$! &&!


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1 of Valid Cases ! &

13.(. Inco+e group and abuser

)ccording to the statistical analysis, there is no significant association between income group

and abuser. In other word, gender and abuser are independent.

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymptotic

Significance

(2-sided)

"earson Chi-Square %$$a ' $#&

*i+elihood ,atio ' $&! ' # &

*inear- y-*inear

Association

'$2 ! $2#

1 of Valid Cases 0!

a ' cells ( & & ) ha3e expected count less than The minimum

expected count is &0

13.-. Inco+e group and reporting to parents

)ccording to the statistical analysis, there is no significant association between income groupand reporting to parents. In other word, gender and abuser are independent.

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymptotic

Significance

(2-sided)

"earson Chi-Square # '%! a # 2%0

*i+elihood ,atio # '$$ # #

*inear- y-*inear

Association

! %'# ! !'!

1 of Valid Cases 0!a $ cells ( & & ) ha3e expected count less than The minimum

expected count is 2#


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13./. Inco+e group and fre8uencies of abusing

)ccording to the statistical analysis, there is no significant association between income groupand abusing fre'uency. In other word, gender and abusing fre'uency are independent.

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymptotic

Significance

(2-sided)

"earson Chi-Square ! 2 ! a # 0#$

*i+elihood ,atio ! '' # '$$

*inear- y-*inear

Association

'$ ! $22

1 of Valid Cases 0!

a 2 cells (2 & ) ha3e expected count less than The minimum

expected count is $%


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14. Reco++endation

$he study suggests the following issues to be taken care of8

$he study shows relation between income group and abusing. (specially the lower income group peoples’ children and street children are more vulnerable. /o special careshould be given to these segments.

In most of the cases children do not share or report abusing incidents to their parents. /o parents must be cautious on this issue. $here must a good relation and sharing between parents and children.

&hildren mostly abused by their relatives or known persons. /o children as well asguardians must put special emphasis on this issue.

!arents must have enough knowledge and concern regarding child abusing issues. $heymust know which things are included in child abusing and should be proactive in their children’s welfare.

&hildren must know what child abusing is. $he knowledge and consciousness in thisissue will help to prevent these incidents.

/trong act and its implementation is crucial. $he implementation of act will work as

preventive measure.


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1". Conc$usion


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1(. %ppendi9

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-ameRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

)geRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

AocationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Male 0emale

Income group "igh Mid Aow /treet children

)busing incident -o Qes

If abusing incident is yes, then

)busing history /ingle time /everal times

)bused by 1elatives &lose9 Hnown person nknown person

1eport to parents regarding abusing Cif abusing is yesD Qes -o

Documents

Child Abusing