Chias Leaflet

8/14/2019 Chias Leaflet

1/19

For the naturalist and the traveller, the American Andes are one of the richest pa

of the world from a faunistic, geological and botanical point of view not forgettthe multiplicity of habitats and the history of the peoples who have colonized theFollowing in the footsteps of Aim Bonpland and Alexandre von Humboldt, to mentibut them, many naturalists have prospected the Andes and numerous works have bedevoted to them, extolling their richness and beauty. In their turn, F. Chalumeau, by professa writer, and B. Brochier, a pharmacist and biologist, both with a passion for entomolohave devoted some thirteen years to studying a difficult and predominantly Andesubfamily of Coleoptera, consisting of thirty-three representatives in South America, tin Australia, and a fossil one in Europe.

The purpose of this book is ambitious. First of all it is to provide a practical tool the determination of all the surveyed species within an accurate taxonomical framewoIn order to do this, the authors visited South America many times, with the aim of collectspecimens, and making ecological and faunistic observations. Apart from having had tassistance of well-known specialists, they have consulted the collections of the mimportant national museums (with their precious types) and those of many private individuFinally, with the faunistic framework created, one of the most important aspects of t

work was tackled: the biogeography of the group from a worldwide perspective.

The reader will no doubt appreciate the complexity of the subject-matter, githe scale of the studied area! Establishing distribution maps may be a relatively easy ta

but it is far more difficult to answer questions such as the following: how does one trthe populations across the Andes, and explain the causes of subsequent vicarianin the Chiasognathinae? What conclusions can be drawn? In other words: what are the factlinked to the presence (today or in the past) of the taxa including the exotic specii.e. those in Australia, and the one found in Europe? Where did all these fauna originaand how did they survive and multiply? So, apart from examining tectonic factand the geography of the areas covered, and using a floristic approach (and one concern

with other biota), the authors have been obliged to look at the main stages in the histoof the earths crust, continental drift, and subsequent developments. The result is a wo

whose language is sometimes complex, but always clear and concise, which is enhanby plentiful illustrations created by talented professional artists.

This book, a classic taxonomic study and an ecological approach to biogeograpis intended for professional and amateur entomologists alike, as well as bio-geographebut also for all those who are passionate about Nature and wish to discover more abothis exceptional region known as the American Andes. They will find here a rich souof information and escapist pleasure.

T A X O N O M Y . E T H O L O G Y

B I O G E O G R A P H Y

C H I A S O G N A T H I N A E

O F T H E A N D E S


2/19

34

? spielbergi

queenslandicus

grantii

beneshi

latreillei

jousselinii

2 carnesGroupe 1

Inf.1A.

Chiasognathinus

Chiasognathinus

Bomansodus

Chiasognathus

Australognathus

Protognathinus

Sphaenognathinus

Chiasornithodus

Int.1B.

Sup. impubis

peruvianus

gaujoni

monguilloni

? kolbei

mandibularis

Fig. 12A: Mandibular groups and subgroups (1A and 1B).

Summary(Fig. 12 A - B, pages 34 - 35).

The Sphaenognathus form a homogenous group within the two subgroups: mandibular subgroup A, with series 4 o

the genus; mandibular subgroup B, with the series 1 to 3 of the genus. Nowadays and from a morphological perspective

considering the structure of the male mandibles, it would seem that the genus Sphaenognathus represents the most evolve

stage of the subfamily. However, species with two mandibular carinae (genera Protognathinus, Chiasognathus, Bomansodu

Chiasognathinus and its subgenera), forming a heterogeneous group, would seem to be less evolved.

In the females, the shape of the mandibles is more homogeneous; each of them showing, from a dorsal view

the appearance of a half-circle. With the jaws closed, the mouthparts look like an almost circular plateau. One observe

a lower carina which is coarsely toothed, an upper carina which is raised and forming the half-circle of the mandible, alon

with a smaller inner carina and an explanate outer one. As in the males, individual variations are considerable.


3/19

curviceps

lindenii

metallescens

metallifer

oberon

pubescens

rotundatus

taschenbergi

feisthamelii

3 carnesGroupe 2

inf. peine

bauche2A.

srie 4

srie 3

Sphaenognathus

srie 2

srie 1

inf. nette2B.

Fig. 12B: Mandibular groups ansubgroups (2A, 2B

and series ofSphaenognathus othe determination keys (1, 2, 3, 4)

giganteus

garleppi

higginsi

bordoni

bellicosus

armatus

nobilis

prionoides

spinifer

furumii

alticollis

signatus


4/19

86

Barranquilla

Monteria

Medelln

Cucut

Bogot

Mit

Puerto Careo

Buenaventura

Pasto

Tumaco

Atra

to

Cau

ca

Patia

Yari

Vaups

Caquet

Putumayo

Napo

Amazone

R.Negro

Guaviare

O

rnoque

Arauca

Magdale

na

200

km

0

74

4

Steppe climate, xerophilous vegetation and rainfalls at midday.

Moist climate in the temperate and cold areas. Temperature depends of the altitude (from 18 C to 20 C).

Moist climate in the cold areas, low pramo (2,500-3,000m) and cloudy forests.

High tropical mountain climate. Pramos. Altitude above 3,100 m. Temperature under 10 C. No vegetation.

Very moist climate of equatorial forest, with rainfalls along the year.

Moist climate along the year but with short rainfalls times.

Pasture climate periodically moist with rainfalls at midday.

Desert climate, xerophilous vegetation and rainfalls at midday.

Map 13: Colombia - climatic areas.


5/19

200

km

0

less than 500 mm

from 500 to 1,000 mm

from 1,000 to 2,000 mm

from 2,000 to 3,000 mm

from 3,000 to 4,000 mm

more than 5,000 mm

alto Pramo area

74

4

Barranquilla

Monteria

Medelln

Cucut

Bogot

Mit

Puerto Careo

Buenaventura

PastoTumaco

Atra

to

Cau

ca

Patia

Yari

Vaups

Caquet

Putumayo

Napo Amazo

ne

R.Negro

Guaviare

Orn

oque

Arauca

Magdale

na

Map 14: Colombia - rain flow rates


6/19

110

Fig. 40 - 42: Chile, Chilo Island. Northern valdivian forest (Chilote).Species living there: grantii.


7/19

Fig. 43 - 46: Chile, Cautn region. Villarica volcano, 1,450 mMoist valdivian forest. Species living there: granti


8/19

116

2.3.2.5. The N. dombeyiand N. betuloides evergreen forests.

They spread from the Valdivian rain-forest to Tierra del Fuego, occupying the western slopes of the Cordillera anthe southern half of Chilo island. In the northern continental part and in the southern half of Chilo, the coige forest idominant. These forests reach as far as the 48th parallel, that is to say, far beyond the limits of the Chiasognathus* population

The climate is cool, with an average annual temperature of 8.2 C and a reduced thermal amplitude. Precipitation decreasefrom north to south; it ranges from more than 4,000 mm to 1,000-2,000 mm in Tierra del Fuego. First mixed with species fromthe Valdivian forest which are still present, the coige forest quickly becomes predominant, giving way, at around 1,000-1,20metres altitude, to the lenga forest. Beyond the 48th parallel, theguindo forest (N. betuloides) then appears.

2.3.3. Geonemy of the Chiasognathinae.

The data that we have gathered show that the Chiasognathus have only been observed hitherto between 36 sout(Longav) and 45.3 south (Coyhaique), both in Chile and Argentina. With the Andean cordillera separating southern Americinto two unequal parts, with a distinct geonemy of species, we shall study their distribution in Chile, then in Argentina.

A - Chile.

Fig. 52: Chile, Cautn region.Villarica volcano. Moist valdivian forest.Species living there: grantii, impubis. Species likely present: jousselinii, latreillei.

*The extreme distribution limit ofgrantii is situated near 45.3 (Coyhaique).


9/19

Fig. 53: Chile, eastern Temuco region, 1,600 m, with view on the Lonquimay volcanoSpecies likely present: grantii, latreillei, jousselinii, impubi

Chile has been divided into three structural units of southern orientation: coastal range in the west; the Central Valleyand the Andes range, in the east. Natural regions occur in regular succession according to the latitudes and longitudinal zoningChiasognathus and Bomansodus are present only in the Valdivian zone.

About 1,000 km long (from north to south, between 36 and 48 south), this zone includes the following thirteen administrative regions: Linares, uble, Concepcin, Arauco, Bo Bo, Malleco, Cautn, Valdivia, Osorno, Lanquihue, Chilo, Palenand Aysn. The town of Longav (36 S., Linares) is probably the northern limit of the range of the Chiasognathinae, with onl

the jousselinii(topotype ofschoenemanni), while Coyhaique (45 S., Aysn) seems to be the southern limit of the expansion othe subfamily, with grantii. Between those two extremes, areas inhabited by chiasognaths are much more numerous betweeBo Bo and Llanquihue. Chiasognathus latreillei, jousselinii, grantii, beneshi and Bomansodus impubis are present in the samlocalities grantiiis the only species on Chilo.

The listed sites are as follows: Linares (Estero de Leiva, Longav), uble (Chilln, Las Trancas), Concepcin (Concepcin)Arauco (Contulmo, Lago Lanalhue, Caramavida, Renaico), Bo Bo (Termas Pemehue), Malleco (Angol, Curacautn, MalalcahuelloLago Jess Mara, Las Races, Lonquimay, Nahuelbuta, La Fusta, Victoria), Cautn (Lago Caburga, Volcan Villarica, CautnCunco, Cherquenco), Valdivia(Valdivia, Antilhue, Ro Bueno, Las Trancas, Ro Correntoso), Osorno (Puerto Octay, PuyehueAntillaca), Llanquihue (Frutillar, Llanquihue, Lago Llanquihue, Lago Chapo, Correntoso, Hornohuinco, Ro Blanco), Chilo(Chilo island), Palena (Chaitn, Ro Michimahuida, Mocopull, Puerto Crdenas, Lago Yelcho), Aysn (Aysn, CoyhaiquePuente Zaranda, Ro Simpson, Ro Cisne Medio, Manihuales).


10/19

Sphaenognathus oberon Kriesche, 1922,


11/19

Sphaenognathus oberon Kriesche, 1922,


12/19

170

Chiasognathus gaujoniOberthr, 1885. Bull. Soc. Ent. France: 198.Chiasognathinus (Chiasognathinus) (Oberthr) Chalumeau & Brochier, 1995.

Derivatio nominis. As a tribute to the Abb Gaujon, the first collector of this species.

Bibliography: Nonfried , 1891: 278; Felsche, 1898: 6 ; Heyne & Taschenberg, 1908: 48, p l. 6 , f ig . 8 ; Van Roon, 1910: 4Kriesche, 1919: 94; Campos, 1921: 50; Didier, 1937: 11; Blackwelder, 1944: 195; Didier & Sguy, 1952: Srie A, 28, pl 2, fig 1-8Didier & Sguy, 1953: Srie A, 27: 63 & 71; Benesh, 1960: 150; De Lisle, 1967: 522; Numhauser, 1981: 17; Lacroix, 1984: 7Chalumeau & Brochier, 1995: 20; Krajcik, 2001: 82.

Synonymies: [= leoniLacroix, 1983 (Chalumeau & Brochier, 1995)].

Typical series: Many male specimens.Male lectotype. With the labels: quateur Loja Abb Gaujon (black bordered); Chiasognathus GaujoniR. Oberthr, type Bull. soEnt. France 1885. p. CXCVIII(black bordered); TYPE (red); MUSUM PARIS200.D.; SYNTYPUS (red) det. L. Bartolozzi 1988LECTOTYPE (red) Chiasognathinus (Oberthr) Ds. F. Chalumeau & B. Brochier 92; Sbg CHIASOGNATHINUS Didier &Sguy. At the MNHN, Paris. Species described from Ecuador.

Surveyed localities: Ecuador, region of Loja.

Number of specimens examined: 60 M + 3 F.Collections: ANSP (2 M); BMNH (8 M, 1 F); CARN (7 M, 1 F); CAS (3 M); CBOM (6 M, 1 F); CBRO (2 M); FMNH(8 M); IREC (2 M); IRSN (1 M ); MNHUB (6 M); MZ (2 M); SMTD (9 M); UZM (4 M).

Diagnosis: Lenght: M: 32-41 mm - F: 28-33 mm.

Male: Mandibles black, plunging, imbricate at their apex with, on the upper side, a strong tooth directed towards insidat their base and directed towards the rear end. Under side of the mandible with an acuminate manubrium. Elytra greenisto mauve. Pronotum with violet metallic glints, covered with a yellow ochre pubescence. Legs bicoloure.

Female: Same general aspect than the male. Mandibles semi-circular, the upper carina not reaching the base; it finishes at the level othe median tooth of the lower carina.

Synonymies

Sphenognathus leoni Lacroix, 1983. Bull. Sci. Nat, 40, p. 7, pl. 2. Chiasognathinus (Chiasognathinus) leoni(Lacroix) (Chalumeau & Brochier).

Derivatio nominis. As a tribute to Mr Carrre.

Bibliography: Chalumeau & Brochier, 1995: 20; Krajcik, 2001: 82.

CHIASOGNATHINUS GAUJONI (Ober thr , 1885 )( F i g . N 9 2 - 9 8 )


13/19

Fig. 92 - Chiasognathinus gaujoniEcuador, Loja

Fig. 94 - Chiasognathinus gaujoni


Fig. 95 - Chiasognathinus gaujoni


14/19

172

Typical series: one specimen.Male holotype. Body length: 30 mm; elytra width: 12 mm; Mandibles length: 5,5 mm coll. Lacroix. Described from: Per, TingMara. X.1969. Allotype not designated. Female unknown.

Note: Described by Lacroix from a single specimen, we thought this species was synonym ofgaujoni. Indeed, the differences (baseon the slender aspect and the coloration of this specimen) are not significant. The examination of a very large series shows, as iall Chiasognathinae, important differences as much in the size as in the colour. Ingaujoni, we have observed specimens with elytr

either bronze green or reddish brown, and the pronotum with green or violet iridescence.

Frequency: Pretty common, but localized.





15/19

Chiasognathinus gaujoni -x2.8, -x3.1


16/19

184

Sphenognathus monguilloniLacroix & Bomans, 1972. Bull. Ann. Soc. R. Belg. Ent., 108, page 47, fig. 6.Chiasognathinus (Sphaenognathinus) monguilloni(Lacroix & Bomans) (Chalumeau & Brochier, 1995).

Derivatio nominis. As a tribute to Mr Monguillon.

Bibliography: Chalumeau & Brochier, 1995: 20; Krajcik, 2001: 82.

Typical series: seven specimensMale holotype. Body length: 30 mm, elytra width: 14,4 mm, mandibles length: 7 mm. With the labels : Sphenognathumonguillonii HOLOTYPE Lacroix J.P. LACROIX det.1971; legue de lauteur MNHN Paris J.P. LACROIX det. 1973 (orangcolour bordered); PERou Mt Carpich 2800 m Tingo Maria Monguillon 1970.; TYPE (red); Figur Jla + ( stamped signature) Athe MNHN, Paris. With 6 male paratypes: coll. Monguillon, Bomans, Lacroix. Allotype not designated. Species describefrom Peru, surroundings of Tingo Mara, Mt Carpish, 2.800 m.

Surveyed localities: Peru: regions of Hunuco (Mts Carpish, Tingo Mara), San Martn (Uchiza Hullagas), Cajamarc(Cajamarca).

Number of specimens examined: 93 M + 28 F.Collections: BMNH (1 M, 1 F); CALA (4 M); CARN (4 M); CBOM (4 M, 3 F); CBOR (4 M); CBRO (38 M, 14 F); CM(1 M, 1 F); FMNH (7 M, 2 F); IREC (26 M, 7 F); IRSN (1 M); IZA (3 M);

Diagnosis: Lenght: M: 33-58 mm - F: 32-43 mm.

Male: Mandibles elongate, slender and plunging; with, at the base of the upper carina, a strong horizontal tooth directetowards inside; on the under side, presence of an acuminate manubrium. Elytra greenish. Lacinia strongly fleshy at its apex.

Female: Black. Base of the nasus sinuous. Mandibles broadened and flat on the upper side, with an arc-shaped half-carina moror less raised.

Frequency: Common.

CHI A S O G NATHI NUS MO NG UI L L O NI ( L ac ro i x & B o m an s , 1972( F i g . N 1 1 4 - 1 2 2 )


17/19


18/19

186

Fi g. 1 21 - Chiasognathinus monguilloniPeru, Carpish Hunaco

Fig. 122 - Chiasognathinus monguilloniPeru, Carpish Hunaco

Fi g. 1 19 - Chiasognathinus monguilloniPeru, Carpish Hunaco




19/19

Sphaenognathus monguilloni -x2.25, -x2.9

Documents

Chias Leaflet