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Cherry Breeding and Genetics at East Malling Research:
a brief history
Feli Fernández
Talk overview
• EMR timeline
• EMR now
• Cherry breeding at EMR
– Rootstocks– Rootstocks
– Scions
• Past underpinning research
• Future research
• 1913-1920 – Wye College Fruit Experiment Station
• 1920-1987 – East Malling Research Station
• 1987-1990 – AFRC Institute of Horticultural Research (EMRS + 3 other org)
• 1990-2004 – HRI (AFRC IHR + 3 ADAS Experimental
EMR timeline
• 1990-2004 – HRI (AFRC IHR + 3 ADAS Experimental Horticultural Stations)
• 2004-present – East Malling Research
2013 centenary
‘Fruits and Roots: a celebration and forward look’ – 16-17th April
http://www.emr.ac.uk/PDF/fruits_and_roots_cfp.pdf
East Malling Research
EMR is part of the East Malling Group headed by the East Malling Trust
Charity and company limited by guarantee
>100 ha of land for commercial farming and experimentation>100 ha of land for commercial farming and experimentation
GHs and controlled environment facilities
~ 45 permanent science staff, ~30 admin & farm support staff,
6 PhD students and 5-10 summer students
Pest and pathogen ecology and sustainable crop management
Chemical ecology Modelling Interactions among pests, Biodiversity
Research Programmes
Chemical ecology of pests and predators
Modelling population dynamics
among pests, pathogens plants
and control agents
Biodiversityand ecosystem
services
Resource efficiency for crop production
Environmental Below ground biotic
Resource use
Research Programmes
Environmentalinteractions
Below ground biotic
interactions
Resource use efficiency
Research Programmes
Genetics and Crop Improvement
Rootstock Commercial Strawberry
Molecular Rootstock genetics
Commercial breeding
programmes
Strawberry Improvement
Moleculargenetics
of berry crops
Talk overview
• EMR timeline
• EMR now
• Cherry breeding at EMR
– Rootstocks– Rootstocks
– Scions
• Past underpinning research
• Future research
Breeding new cherries
Identify suitable parents (germplasm)
Crossing parents
Raise seedling progenies
Screen and select
(Trialling and release)
Crop Name Cross made Parents Released
Apple M.1 to 16* n/a * Selected and characterised 1913-1914
Apple M.17 to 24* n/a * Selected and characterised 1924
Apple M.25 1917 onwards Northern Spy x M.2 1952
Apple MM.104 1917 onwards M.2 x Northern Spy 1952
Apple MM.106 1917 onwards Northern Spy x M.1 1952
Apple MM.109 1917 onwards M.2 x Northern Spy 1952
Apple MM.111 1917 onwards Northern Spy x Merton 793 1952
Apple M.26 1929 M.16 x M.9 1959
Apple M27 1934 M.13 x M.9 1975
Cherry rootstock development
Apple M27 1934 M.13 x M.9 1975
Apple M.116 1969 MM.106 x M.27 2001
Cherry F12/1* n/a * Selected and characterised 1924
Cherry Colt 1958 Prunus avium F299/2 x P. pseudocerasus 1977
Cherry Cob 1958 Prunus avium F299/2 x P. pseudocerasus 1980
Cherry Charger 1957 Prunus avium F1/3 open pollinated 1986
Plum Myrobalam B* n/a * Selected and characterised 1920
Plum Damas C* n/a * Selected and characterised 1920
Plum St Julien A* n/a * Selected and characterised 1920
Plum Pixy 1949 St. Julien d’Orleans open-pollinated 1977
Quince (pear) EM A to C* n/a * Selected and characterised 1920
Quince (pear) EMH 1969 C51 open pollinated 2001
• publicly-funded UK programme run at John Innes institute from 1921
• main objectives high yields and reliable cropping
Cherry scion breeding
• strong focus on self-compatible genotypes
• ‘Merton series’, ‘Colney’, JI selections
• 1980’s consolidation of research institutes
• JI cherry germplasm and breeding programme move to EM
• extension of genetic resources
Cherry scion breeding
• extension of genetic resources
• underpinning research
– elucidation of mechanism of SI
– pest and disease resistance
Recent background
Defra-funded stone fruit breeding & development programme (2003-08):
• Extending the season: late-ripening cherries
• Reliable cropping & good fruit quality
• Sustainable production: natural pest resistance (canker and black-fly)
• (Molecular markers development)• (Molecular markers development)
Maximizing potential of the pipeline (2008-09)
HDC-funded cherry variety trials (ongoing):
• Evaluation of material arising from EMR’s breeding programme and overseas cultivars
• Technology transfer
Penny
Zoë
Cherry Breeding Group
Partnership with UNIVEG and AIGN
2010 - 20202010 - 2020
Breeding objectives
season extension (both early and late)
fruit quality:sizefirmnessflavour
resistance to crackingresistance to cracking
reliable cropping
novelty types
pest and disease resistance
self-compatibility
Advanced selections
Talk overview
• EMR timeline
• EMR now
• Cherry breeding at EMR
– Rootstocks– Rootstocks
– Scions
• Past underpinning research
• Future research
Underpinning research
Identification of sources of resistance to canker and black-fly and introgression into P. avium
Development of molecular tools for marker assisted breeding:assisted breeding:
linked markers for selection
S-allele determination
fingerprinting for maintaining the integrity of genetic resources & IP protection
Testing for resistance to black-fly
Tobutt et al unpublished
Underpinning research
Identification of sources of resistance to canker and black-fly and introgressioninto P. avium
Development of molecular tools for Development of molecular tools for marker assisted breeding:
linked markers for selection
S-allele determination
fingerprinting for maintaining the integrity of genetic resources & IP protection
East Malling microsatellite cherry map
nUDP96-018*0.0CPPCT16**0.9nUCD-CH36C**11.4nCPSCT008***18.4nCPPCT24C***22.7EMPA001**30.6nEMPA005***32.7nCPPCT27***nUCD-CH31***33.8
nCPDCT019**nBPPCT35A**34.9
PceGA5941.5aPceGA5041.8EMPA00246.3nUDP96-00548.4nM09a58.1M04c69.3EMPA016*72.4npchgms3*73.1nCPPCT34**79.8nMA062a**82.5nCPPCT26**88.9
G1
nEMPA0170.0nUCD-CH164.8nEMPA0227.3nEMPA00711.1nBPPCT15*15.6nCPPCT1223.1nCPPCT24A24.7MA069a36.2nEMPA01039.5BPPCT441.4aCPSCT03843.3nPMS49**49.4MA005c49.7nUCD-CH10***51.3aEMPA01351.5nBPPCT13A***54.3nM01a***57.4UDP98-411***64.7MA007a***67.9pchgms1***68.4UCD-CH11***70.5nBPPCT24***73.0
G2
nBPPCT220.0
[nCPPCT18]12.9
nMA066a20.3UDP97-40321.8PMS3025.6UCD-CH2626.9BPPCT3932.9nEMPaS1238.4
nCPSCT03249.6nMA039a52.9
aBPPCT35B*64.9EMPaS05nACO66.1
UDP96-008*68.5aUCD-CH1976.7aEMPaS0278.1
G3
nUCD-CH130.0BPPCT101.3EMPA0151.7
nEMPaS1317.6UDP98-02419.8nUCD-CH1721.4nPMS322.0BPPCT523.3PMS4024.9UCD-CH18EMPaS06UCD-CH15
25.9
BPPCT4036.7nM12a47.6nEMPaS1050.9aUDP97-40254.9nCPPCT24B60.9
nCPPCT1476.3BPPCT13B78.5PS02A0283.1
G4
nEMPA020A0.0(BPPCT26)7.3nBPPCT418.5nCPPCT3612.1nUDP97-40114.4nEMPA00615.5PceGA25A*19.1nBPPCT1720.6EMPaS11*27.9BPPCT37**30.8nMD204a*36.2nCPPCT13*nPceGA25B*37.4
aEMPA00940.1BPPCT38**43.7EMPaS14*45.9CPDCT022*BPPCT14*49.0
nBPPCT32***49.7CPPCT25***54.6
G5
CPSCT0020.0EMPA0294.7nUDP98-4166.8nUCD-CH36A12.2
EMPaS01*28.0nUDP96-001***30.5nBPPCT8***38.8nM19a***44.8nCPPCT29***47.7EMPA004***48.7CPSCT029***50.8nUCD-CH36B***56.0CPPCT23***59.3nEMPA019***61.7aMA027a67.5UDP98-021***72.4nUDP98-412***76.9MA040a***79.1PGLM***81.3aM05a84.7S***86.1nCPPCT30***86.5AMPA121***86.6nCPPCT21***91.9
G6
(AMPA107)0.0aEMPA0271.1
(nCPSCT004)12.9
CPPCT2224.5CPSCT02626.8M21a37.2nCPSCT03338.2CPPCT3347.2MA020a51.6nPMS2nUCD-CH3954.2
UCD-CH1454.8nPS08E0857.5
PS05C03*74.6nCPPCT7*78.4nCPPCT17***83.9
G7
EMPA026*0.0
nCPDCT03414.4M07a18.4MD201a19.1nCPPCT35nUDP96-01919.8
nBPPCT12*29.0CPPCT6*31.0aMA019a31.7nEMPA018**33.5nM06a*36.8nUDP98-409***49.8
nBPPCT33***nM11c***65.7
G8
nCPPCT26**88.9aPMS6795.3DFR*98.9nEKO***102.0nEMPA020B***104.2nCPPCT19***112.0nBPPCT11***113.6EMPA003***115.1nEMPA011***116.2nEMPA008***119.3nM15a***124.3nBPPCT28***124.4UDP98-022***125.2
nBPPCT24***73.0aEMPA01273.3UCD-CH12***74.3EMPaS04***78.5nUCD-CH21***83.6aPceGA3486.8
nCPCDT02789.1PS02A0283.1
Clarke et al 2008
Agronomic genes located on cherry map
albino
yellow skin
albino
burrknot
incompatibility
Tobutt and Clarke unpublished
Isoenzyme linkage mapping:
Bošković et al 1997 (Euphytica)
Bošković & Tobutt 199 (Acta Hort)
SSR development and linkage maps:
Scientific outputs
SSR development and linkage maps:
Clarke and Tobutt 2003 (Molecular Ecology Notes)
Vaughan & Russell 2004 (Molecular Ecology Notes)
Clarke et al 2008 (TGG)
Self(in)compatibility
Bošković & Tobutt 1996 (Euphytica)
Bošković & Tobutt 2001 (TAG)
Sonneveld et al 2003 (TAG)
Tobutt et al 2004 (TAG)
Sonneveld et al 2004 (The Plant Cell)
Selected scientific outputs
Sonneveld et al 2004 (The Plant Cell)
Sonneveld et al 2006 (Plant Breeding)
Vaughan et al 2006 (TAG)
Marchese et al 2007 (J Exp Bot)
Vaughan et al 2008 (TGG)
Marchese et al 2009 (TGG)
Cultivar S EMPA05 EMPA06 EMPA11 EMPA04 EMPA15 EMPA02 EMPA8 EMPA14
Circassian B S1S2 240 244 202 218 73 106 182 182 221 241 143 147 95 107 196 196
Knight's Early Black A S1S2 240 244 202 218 73 106 182 182 22 1 241 143 147 95 107 196 196
Lester S1S2 240 244 202 218 73 106 182 182 221 241 143 147 95 107 196 196
Carnation C S1S2 240 244 202 218 73 106 182 182 221 241 143 147 9 5 107 196 196
Identification of duplicates (SSR)
Black Eagle B S1S2 242 244 202 226 73 102 182 190 240 254 135 14 3 95 107 196 198
Roundel S1S2 242 244 202 226 73 102 182 190 219 250 135 143 95 107 196 198
Roundel A S1S2 242 244 202 226 73 102 182 190 219 250 135 143 95 1 07 196 198
Ronald's Heart S1S2 242 244 202 226 73 102 182 190 219 250 135 1 43 95 107 196 198
Elton Orchard B&C S1S2 242 244 202 226 73 102 182 190 219 250 1 35 143 95 107 196 198
Elton Orchard F&G S1S2 242 244 202 226 73 102 182 190 219 250 1 35 143 95 107 196 198
Bedford Prolific A S1S2 242 244 202 226 73 102 182 190 219 250 135 143 95 107 196 198
Black Downton S1S2 242 244 202 226 73 102 182 190 219 250 135 14 3 95 107 196 198
Talk overview
• EMR timeline
• EMR now
• Cherry breeding at EMR
– Rootstocks– Rootstocks
– Scions
• Underpinning research
– self(in)compatibility
– SSR development and linkage mapping
• Future research
Optimise ECPGR recommended set of SSRs for genotyping
Integrating RosBreed markers for fruit size
Future (and current)
Deployment of SSR and SI genotyping for characterisation of advanced selections
Future (and current)
Colney x (Sweet September x Lapins)
Emma Skipper’s posterEmma Skipper’s poster
Ken Tobutt
Radovan Bošković
Karen Russell
Tineke Sonneveld
Simon Vaughan
Dan Sargent
Laima Antanaviciute
Emma Skipper
Esther Salas
students & visiting workers
Acknowledgements
Simon Vaughan
Annalisa Marchese
students & visiting workers
Tim Robbins (University of Nottingham
Tiziano Caruso (Universita degli study di Palermo)