-
. ..
- " "
020100.62 , , ()
240100.62 , , ()
020201.65 , , ()
-
.., ..
-
1.2. , -
2012
-
2
. .., ..
- . : , 2012. 71 .
- , , . 3- , () , , - . , .
- , 020100 240100 , 020201 , .
-
3
.... 4
1. . 9
1.1. ..... 9
1.2. .... 16
2. 44
1. .. 44
2 3. . 52
2. 54
3. () ... 57
3. ... 63
. 70
-
4
. - : ,
. 1. - .
(, , ..);
; , , .. (. 1). . .
, , . , . . , . .
: , , , . . , , .
: , , , , , . .
-
5
.
. , . , .
: () () . . , , ( ).
. .
, , .
, , . . , , , , , .
, , . , , . .
.
-
6
.
, .
. .
( ) ( ). . , , . - .
, ().
, (. 2). .
. 2. .
-
7
, . .
. 3. - .
() , , , .. (. 3). , . - . . . .
() , . , , , .
, , .
, (. 4). - . . ( ) (. 4). . , .
(. 5). , , ( , ) ,
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-
8
. 4. : , . , , , , , .
. 5. () (). , , , , , . . - . . .
, - .
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-
9
1.
.
1.1.
, , . , , , , , . :
= f(C0, x, r), (1)
; 0 ; x ; r . (1), , .
, . A A + B R + S :
, (2)
CA ; ; x, y, z x, y, z ; D ;
( );
;
( ) , ( );
( ).
-
10
(2), ( ) (-), (-) ().
- (. 2), , , . , , . , (. 6). , , (. 6).
- (2):
,
0=
=
=
zC
yC
xC AAA ,
0=
-
-
-z
Cy
Cx
C Az
Ay
Ax www 02
2
2
2
2
2
=
+
+
zC
yC
xC
D AAA ,
: AA r =
-t , (3)
. ,
AAA dxCdC 0,-= (3), :
A
AA r
dxCd 0,=t
=Ax
A
AA r
dx0
0,t (4)
(4) , .
-
. 6. .
-
- , (4), (, , , ..) :
= + (5) :
at
24
r
VV = (6)
V ; . () :
mt24
= (7)
(. 3), . . , (. 6).
(2):
l ( ), , x l, :
,lC
xC AA
x
-=
- ww
.
0=
-=
-z
Cy
C Az
Ay ww
,
, 022
2
2
2
2
=
+
+
zC
yC
xCD AAA .
:
AAA r
lCC
-
-=
wt
(8) , . .
(8)
-
13
: 0=t
AC
AA rdlC
=
-w
(9) : CA = CA,0(1 xA) l = , :
=Ax
A
AA r
dxC
00,t (10)
(10) (4), -. - , , ( , ).
(. 4),
. . , . 6.
, CA (. 6) , xA, (2) . :
BA = BA A .., (11) BA , ; BA , ; A .. , .
BA = 0 A . . = BA . , A .. = rAVr BA = V(CA,0 CA) = VCA,0xA (V
), : rAAA VrVxC =0,
.
1 : A+BR+S
(9)
(12)
-
14
:
4.8102
3
,
A,0 = B,0 = 7102 /3,
1.4102 /3, Vp = 0.2 3.
. : : 1. : xA=
0,
0,
A
AA
CCC - =
07.0014.007.0 - = 0.8
2. : rA=kC, C () . , , : A = B = A,0(1xA); : rA=k 2 0,A
(1xA)
2. 3. :
( )
xx
kCxkCdx
Cr
dxC
A
A
A
x
AA
AA
x
A
AA
AA
33.03600
12.08,0
07.048.01
11
1 0,0 22 0,0,
00,
_=
=
-=
-== t
4. :
= CR,
(3 ); CR ( 3
)
:
=
V 33 61.0
33.02.0
==t
; 3A,0R 056.08.007.0C xA ===
:
=
CR 9.335661.0
3
==
: = 33.9 .
2. 1 . : 1. -
-
15
( )
xkCx
xkCxC
rxC
AA
A
AA
AA
A
AA 65.13600
12.007.0048.0
8.01)1( 220,
220,
0,0, =-
=-
=
=t
2. : = V p 312.0
65.12.0==
t
3. - :
C R 8.65612.0 3
3
===u
: 8.6=
: -, , , , - (. 1 2).
3. : + 2R
, , . :
k1 = 2.3102 k2 = 0.41102 3/,
0.008 3/, CA,0() = 0.12 /3, 0.006 3/, CB,0() = 0.15
/3, xB = 0.30. .
. 30% . : (-). :
3
BA
A) ( A,0A,0 / 0.0686006.0008.0
008.012.0=
+
=+
=
uuuC
C ;
3
BA
B) ( B,0B,0 / .06430006.0008.0
006.015.0=
+
=+
=
uuuC
.
, - :
CB = CB,0 CB,0xB = 0.0643(1 0.3) = 0.0450 /3; CA = CA,0 CB,0xB =
0.0686 0.06430.3 = 0.0493 /3; CR = 2CB,0B = 20.06430.3 = 0.0386
/3.
:
-
16
rB = r r = k1CACB k2C 2R rB = 2.31020.04930.045 0.421020.03862 =
5.1105 0.626105 = = 4.474105 /3.
- :
43110474.4
3.00643.0 5B
BB,0 =
==-r
xC;
V = (A + B) = 0.014431 = 6.1 3 ( ). . 1. ; :
( ) 22 0,20,
0,20,1
221 1 BBB
B
ABBRBAB xCkxC
CxCkCkCCkr -
--=-=
( )BBB xCC -= 10,
-=-= B
B
ABBBAA xC
CCxCCC
0,
0,0,0,0,
BBR xCC 0,= 2.
( )
-
--
===BB x
BBB
AB
B
B
x
B
BB
p
xkk
xCC
x
dxCkr
dxC
V
0 2
1
2
0,
0,0,100,
_
1
1u
t
3. Vp = 3.94 3. : V(-) = 6.1 3; V() = 3.94 3. : ( ) , -. 3 ,
-.
1.2. -
, . , , , .
-
17
, ( ) ( ), , . . , () () () , (. 7). :
(, ) + b() ( ) (I)
(, ) + b() ( ) (II)
(, ) + b() ( ) (III)
,
, ( II III). , , I.
, , . .
. 7. : 1 ; 2 ; 3 , , ; 4 .
-
18
. 8. : 1 ; 2 ; C ; R .
. 9. , , : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; C ; R .
, () , . .
, , .
, . . , (. 8)
(
) , . .
-
19
, . . , "". , , (. 9). , , . , , , , . , , , , . . , .
: 1. . 2. () . 3. . 4. . 5. ( ) .
. , , , .
, u , :
-
20
CF
k
KFu D++
=D=111
1 C
'bb
(13)
K ; (1/ ); ' (1/' ); k ; F , ; , ( , ).
(. 13) , K , ', k. , , , , . . K < min(, ', k). () .
, , , , .
, . , Ro , R, , R = 0.
.
. 10 , . , , , , , .
, , :
-
21
. 10. : ; ; . 1 , , ; 2 (); 3 ; ; R .
-
22
ABA C
bddn
Fddn
Fu b
tt=-=-=
11
n n ; b , 1 .
F , F = 4R 20
AB C
bddn
Ru b
tp=-= 2
041 (14)
n = BV; B ; V . :
bdnA = dnB= BdV = Bd(4/3R3) = 4BR2dR (15) (15) (14), :
dRRRCb
dA
B 220b
rt -=
0 R R0 R,
-= 3
0
30 1
3 RR
CbR
A
B
br
t
R3/R03
(0
3,
3, 0
B R
B R
V RV R
= ) , , :
BB
B
BRB
BRB
RB
RB xnn
VV
VV
RR
-==
== 100,
,
0,
,30
3
rr
(16)
B . (16)
BA
B xCbRb
rt
30= (17)
B = 1 ( ) (17) n:
A
Bn Cb
Rb
rt
30= (18)
, B : = nxB (19)
. n.
-
23
( R0 (18) n) , . ( ).
. (. 10).
dRdC
Dbddn
Rddn
Ru ABA =-=-=
tptp 22 41
41 (20)
D .
(20) :
+
-=
3
0
2
0
20 231
6 RR
RR
bDCR
A
Brt (21)
(21) , R0 R, .
(16)
( ) ( )[ ]BBA
B xxbDC
R-+--= 12131
63
220rt (22)
xB = 1 (22) n:
A
Bn bDC
R6
20rt = . (23)
,
( ) ( )[ ]BBn xx -+--= 12131 32tt (24) (21) (23) , , , , . , ( ,
) (A).
-
24
( ). , , A. ( ) (. 10). .
ABA kC
bddn
Rddn
Ru =-=-=
tptp 22 41
41 (25)
( )[ ]310
0 111 BnA
B xRR
bkCR
--=
-= t
rt (26)
A
Bn bkC
R0rt = (27)
n . R0 , (18) (23) , k. k , . k , , , .
(17), (22) (26),
, . . , :
2
0
1
-=
RRxB .
, ,
( )( )210 11 BA
B xbkC
R--=
rt .
lxB
11-= ,
l , :
BA
B xbkC
lrt = .
-
25
( )f xt = .
,
, . , , . : 1.
. 2. . 3.
. ,
. , , . , (2627) , .
, , . . , , . 4. , 8%- . 3 , 2.2 /3, 900, 20 /. : , . , .
(27):
A
Bn bkC
R0rt =
33
/ 183.0 / 12
/ 2.2==Br ,
-
26
373 / 1031.81173
273 22400 0.08 -==A
, b = 1 C + O2 CO2. :
55 3300/108.31/c 0.21
0.003/ 0.18337-
3
==
=nt
: 55 .
(17), (22) (26) , . . , ,
,
(.. ), ( ) .
, , (14), (20), (25) , , , ( .. , .. , . ):
= .. + .. + . :
= .. + .. + . . , , , :
( ) ( )[ ] ( )[ ]
--+-+--+= 31
3200 11112131
63 BBBB
A
B xk
xxD
RxbC
Rb
rt (28)
, xB ( u) , .
=
nB fx t
t ,
, . 5 (19), (24) (26), .
-
27
. 11. / n : 1 ; 2 ; 3 .
, (18), (23) (27). , , (R1 R2), (1 2).
2/1 :
22.1
1
2
1
2
1
2
=
RR
n
n
tt
tt
(29)
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
=
RR
n
n
tt
tt
(30)
1
2
1
2
1
2
RR
n
n =tt
tt . (31)
, . , , , : "" .
-
28
. 12. u : I ; II ; III . . 12
. . , . , ( ). ( ).
5. :
A() + B() = P() + S().
: = 0.01 /3, = 20 /3, 1 , 2 30%, 5 75%.
, . : , . , , (18, 23, 27) , .
1. = 0.3 0.75 (27), , :
( )( )
9.173.011
23.03
1 =--
==xnt
-
29
( )( )
5.1375.011
575.03
1 =--
==xnt
2. = 0.3 0.75 (23), , :
( = 0.3) = 56.9 ( = 0.75) = 16.1
3. = 0.3 0.75 (18), , :
( = 0.3) = 6.7 ( = 0.75) = 6.7
4. , . : .
( )
1.
: ,
; ; .
, . . 13 ( ) . , .
: ( , ), ( ), ( ), ( ).
-
30
1.
-
-
- -
.
-
.
,
,
.
-
(
) 100%
-
,
;
-
;
,
, -
-
,
-
;
-
-
,
.
.
,
-
31
;
.
-
.
,
,
,
-
,
-
-
,
. -
-
;
.
.
,
-
-
;
-
32
. 13. ( ) : () , ; () , ; () , ; () ( , ); () ( , ).
-
33
. , .
, , (19, 24, 26), , , , .
,
, . . .
: F , F(Ri)
, Ri, Rm , .
, , , :
(32)
. 14.
. 14. . F(Ri) Ri, R .
( )=
==
mi
i
RR
RiRFF
0
-
34
. x(Ri) Ri . x , , n :
=
in
i R ,
R
:
( )( )( )FRFRxx i
RR
Ri
mi
i
-=- =
=0
_11 , 0 1. (33)
, . , , . , , . > 1. (33) (34), , , R( = ) (
_1 x- ).
( )( )( )
( )FRF
Rxx iR
Ri
m
n
-=- =tt
11_
(34)
R( = ) , .
( ( )iRx_
1- ) .
6. :
. :
: 30% 50 , 40% 100 , 30% 200 ,
300, 600 1200 ,
-
35
480 c.
. :
1. , .
2. 50 = 480 , . , (34), :
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )F
FxF
Fxx 200 2001100 10011_
-+-=- ,
(100) 0.4FF
= (200) 0.3FF
= .
3. . , .
R1 : R2 : R3 = 50 : 100 : 200 = 1: 2: 4 ()1 : ()2 : ()3 = 300 :
600 : 1200 = 1 : 2 : 4
(. (31)) , .
4. , :
( )( ) ( )
3
11
-=-
ini R
Rxtt
5. (34), :
( ) ( ) 068.03.0120048014.0
60048011
33_
=
-+
-=
- x
93.2%.
: %2.93_=x .
. . , . .
, : ,
-
36
, .
.
(19, 24 26). , , , ,
_x .
. F() f() .
()
, i i + i, f(i)i. i .
, :
( ) ( )0,
1A
iAi C
Cx tt =- ,
, , :
,
,
N
+
+
=
ttt
ttt
ii
i i
N . , :
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ttttttt
tt
dfxfxCC
x iiA
Ai
i
-=D-==-
D 11lim1 0000,
__
(35)
,
, , _x ,
-
37
, . , , , i > 100%. , (35) :
( ) ( ) ttt
dfxxn
-=- 110
_
(36)
. : , () ().
: () f()
t-
:
( ) ____
exp1
tt
t
tt
tt-
=
-=
ef (37)
, , :
( ) tt
tt
t
dexxn
_0
__
11
-
-=- (38)
() (19, 24, 26).
, (19) (38) :
ttt
t tt
t
dexn
n
_0
__
11
-
-=-
(39)
:
--=
-_
1_
_t
t
tt ex
n (40)
:
....!4
1!3
1211
3
_
2
__
_
-
+
-=-
t
t
t
t
t
t nnnx (41)
-
38
, (26) (38) :
ttt
t tt
t
dexn
n
_
3
0
__
11
-
-=- . (42)
, :
-
+
-
=
_
1663
3_2___
t
t
tt
tt
tt
n
exnnn
(43)
,
ntt_
:
....120
1201
411
3
_
2
__
_
-
+
-=-
t
t
t
t
t
t nnnx (44)
, , (24) (38), , :
...00149.0462041
42019
511
4
_
3
_
2
__
_
+
-
+
-=-
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t nnnnx (45)
, , .
7. : . :
, 20
, 60
,
~ R1.5. , FeS2 .
-
39
: , . , ~ R, , ~ R2. , , , . , .
. , :
078.0...6020
1201
6020
201
6020
41...
1201
201
411
323
_
2
__
_
=-
+
-
=-
+
-=-
t
t
t
t
t
t nnnx
, :
062.0...6020
462041
6020
42019
6020
511
32_
=-
+
-
=- x
,
7.8% 6.2% , _x = 0.07, . . 7%.
: 7%. ,
, (33, 34) (38).
. 15. , , :
( ) ( )i iF R W RF W
= (46)
W ; W(Ri) , Ri.
Ri :
( ) __
===FWRitt
(47)
Ri
( )iRx_
. (36) :
-
40
. 15. . . .
( ) ( )( )( )
tt
t
tt
deRxRxin R
ii _0
__
11
-
-=-
(48)
, :
=
i
ni R
,
R
n . :
( ) ( )
-=-
=
=
FRF
Rxx iR
Ri
m
0
_11
(49)
(48) (49) (39), (44) (45) , :
:
-
41
( ) ( ) ( )
+
-=-
=
FRFR
x iR
inRnm i ...!3
1211
2
__t
t
t
t (50)
( ) ( ) ( )
+
-=-
=
FRFR
x iR
inRnm i ...201
411
2
__t
t
t
t
(51)
( ) ( ) ( )
+
-=-
=
FRFR
x iR
inRnm i ...42019
511
2
__t
t
t
t
(52)
(Ri) Ri.
8. :
, .
:
( 6): 30% 50 , 40% 100 , 30% 200 ,
( 6) 300, 600 1200 ,
1 /, ,
10 , ,
, ,
, ,
.
. :
1. . 2. (. 6) ,
.
-
42
3. :
600 10
1 10_
====FWt
4. F(R = 50 ) = 0.3F = 0.3 / = 0.005 /
F(R = 100 ) = 0.4F = 0.4 / = 0.0067 / F(R = 200 ) = 0.3F = 0.3 /
= 0.005 /
5. (39):
222.013.0...
6001200
201
6001200
41
14.0...
600600
201
600600
41
13.0...
600300
201
600300
411
200
2
100
2
50
2
=
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
=-
=
==
=
R
RR
x
, 77.8%. : 77.8%.
9. :
: A() + B() = R() + S(). .
: 1 /,
,0,
,0 1 ,
90%. , .. . :
1. . , ,0 :
10,==
A
Bn kC
Rrt
-
43
A
n C1~t .
BA xx_
= .
, , :
, = , = (1 ),0 = 0.1,0. , , (0.1,0),
101.01~ =
An C
t
2. (51):
...1020110
419.01
2
__ +
-
=-
tt,
_t = 23 .
3. : W =
_t F0 = 23 1 / = 23
: W = 23 .
-
44
2. 1
:
1. , , , , , . 2. : -, , - ; .
:
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH C2H5OH + CH3COONa :
+ R + S , ( = ), :
r = k = k 2, (53) ; k , : k = k0 exp (E/RT), (54) k0 = 2107 3/,
E = 4715 /, T .
k, r ,0 (4), , .
, , : 24/( + ) = m . (55)
V, .. , 1 3 . V = CRMRm, /3, (56) CR , /3, MR , /, m . / : V =
/V, 3. (57)
-
45
, , ( Alpha A-24) pH- FiveEasyTM FE20 Kit LE409 , 0.1 , 0.1
. 16 , , , pH- .
. 16. : 1 pH-, 2 c pH- FiveEasyTM FE20, 3 , 4 Kit LE409, 5 , 6 ,
7 , 8 , 9 Alpha A-24, 10 , 11 .
-
46
8 5, . 8 6 7 , 4 pH-. 4 3. 9 8 .
pH- FiveEasyTM FE20 Kit LE409. pH- 2.
2 . pH-
/ 3
; (),
/
() ;
;
pH mV;
Alpha A-24 , , .
-
47
. 17. Alpha 3.
3. Alpha.
/
Enter ; , ; , .
, . : . : (1 ) , .
: 4 Enter.
; .
.
. , .
17. Alpha: 1 , 2 4- , 3 ( ), 4 ( ), 5 ( ), 6 , (Enter). 1
2
3 4 5
6
-
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.
( = 2025), (200250 ), (0.100.15 ), (3040 .).
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4 5.
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, 0 30 60 120 300 600 1200 1800 , , /3
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, 4, -, :
= W 10, (58) W , W = 1014 /3.
( ), , :
XB = (,0 )/ ,0 (59)
/3 : = ,0 (1 ) . = ,0 ,0 ....... R = R,0 + ,0 ... S = S,0 + ,0 ,
, , R, S (/3) , , 4; ,0 , ,0 , R,0 , S,0 .
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r = k = k2, , 4; k (54). 5. r
, 0 30 60 120 300 600 1200 1800 , , /3 r , /(3)
(. 4 5),
100 / , (. 5557). . , 1 .
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V = CRMRm', CR , /3; MR /; m' , , :
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- , ( 5) r = rR, 1 3 :
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- (/) = - (/)360024/1000, /. -
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2 (II)
FeS + O2 FeS + SO + Q4 () SO + 1/2O2 SO2+Q3
3 (II) FeO + 1/6O2 l/3Fe3O4 + Q5 l/3Fe3O4 + 1/12O2 l/2Fe2O3 + Q6
:
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: 3FeS2 + 8O2 Fe3O4 + 6SO2 + Q'
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FeS2 (II) (), (, ) , FeS. , FeS . FeS. , , , , (700) .
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sG CG = ()
G0 , ; CSH , .%.
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1. , 5 3 , , 0.9. k = 0.04 -1. ,0 = 2 /. 30 ( ). 0.8.
2. , ,
n 0.1V- , 2 R , 0.6 3/. 80%, 24 /3 2.8 3/.
3. + R + S
0.12 3; k1 = 0.118 3/; k2 = 0.05 3/. , 2.8 /3 , 1.6 /3 . , , 75%
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. - 30%. -, (,0/,0) , : 1.810-3 3/, 2.710-3 3/. - 5.2 3 .
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2CH3COOH , . 20 /. k = 0.38 -1. 0.9. .
8. + , 0.1 .
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11. : A() + B() = P(). : 1.58 (50 .%); 3.175 (25 .%); 6.35 (25
.%). , , , , ,
-
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. : , , , , , 1 . , 3.175 87.5%, 6.35 58%.
(, ), : ) 98%, ) 95%.
12. 6.35
300 87.5%. . .
, 3.175 1.588 .
13.
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, 3.175 9.525
, 549 587.5
, 50 %, . 15 20
, 98%, 549, 1.588 . , . . .
14. 13,
(R = 100 ) = 600 . 15.
. ZnS 40 % 20 60% 80 0.591 /. 1100 . :
-
66
(10 ) = 150 (40 ) = 600 . , ZnS. 16. R = 1
8% 900 1 . , , , .
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17. 0.11
900. . :
, . 3 10 30 50
_x
0.84 0.94 0.985 0.999
, .
18.
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/3, d = 0.1 , 0.03 3/.
, 600.
19. 5.7 , :
CaC2 + N2 CaCN2 + C. ; 200 . :
) , , ;
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-
67
) , , , 0.8, L = 0.5d, = 2.29 /3, = 0.45.
20.
. , . , . :
FeS + 3/2O2 FeO + SO2 .
, = 15 , = 400 0.22 . 36 / 99.5% . , 2.5 /3; 0.45 0.3 .
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. A() + B() = () + S() . , :
) 1 4 ., 1.5 6 ;
) 1 200 , 1.5 450 ;
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:
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( ), 4 / 98% , 0.3 .
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10 /. , 1 . ZnS 70%.
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29. A() + B() = () + S(), 12 20 . 75% .
, 2 ?
30. .
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, : ) , ) , ) .
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() + S() 400 90%. .
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6 95%. 0.8 /, 0.3 /. 0.2 /.
, .
33.
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1. . ., . ., . . . . : , 2005. 528 . 2. .., .. / . .. .: , 1977.
400 . 3. . . .: , 1969. 624 . 4. . . .: , 1967. 416 . 5. .. . .: ,
1968. 191 . 6. ., . . . .: , 1967. 264 . 7. . . .: , 1963. 238 . 8.
. ., . . . . : , 1971. 198 . 9. . . . . : , 1983. 340 . 10. ., . /
.; . .., ... .:, 1971. 447 . 11. . . . .: , 2007. 656 . 12.
Levenspiel O. Chemical reaction engineering. 3 rd edition. New
York: John Wiley & Sons. 1998. 684 p.
-
71
-
. ..
11. . . . .: , 2007. 656 .
