Chemometrics, Health Risk Assessment and Probable Sources

Chemometrics Health Risk Assessment andProbable Sources of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbonsin Atmospheric Rainwater in Rivers State NigeriaDaniel Omokpariola

Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityJohn Nduka ( johnnduka2000yahoocouk )

Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityHenrietta Kelle

National Open University of NigeriaMaryAnn Mgbemena

Michael Okpara University of AgricultureEmily Iduseri

National Open University of Nigeria

Research Article

Keywords Atmospheric rainwater TPHs Chemometrics and risk assessment Carbon preference indexAverage carbon length Nigeria

Posted Date October 27th 2021

DOI httpsdoiorg1021203rs3rs-967523v1

License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 40 International License Read Full License

1

Chemometrics health risk assessment and probable sources of total petroleum hydrocarbons 1

in atmospheric rainwater in Rivers State Nigeria 2

3

By 4

Daniel Omeodisemi 1Omokpariola John Kanayochukwu 1Nduka Henrietta Ijeoma 2Kelle 5

MaryAnn Nkoli 3Mgbemena Emily Osa 2Iduseri 6

1Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Unit Pure and Industrial Chemistry Department Nnamdi 7

Azikiwe University PMB 5025 Awka Nigeria 8

2Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science National Open University Abuja 9

Nigeria 10

11 2Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science National Open University Abuja Nigeria 12

3Department of Chemistry Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Abia State Nigeria 13

Email address johnnduka2000yahoocouk +234 (0) 7039541583 14

15

Abstract16

17

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs)-(aliphatic and aromatic) were analysed for in atmospheric 18

rainwater between April- June July ndash August SeptemberndashOctober depicting early mid late rain of 19

2019 Sampling at Rumuodomaya Rumuodome and Ogale in Rivers State using basins fastened to a 20

table 2 M above ground and 120 M from high features Rainwater was analysed after treatment using 21

Agilent GC-FID Results show cumulative TPHs at RR were 566551mgL 395201mgL and 22

72283mgL Ogale 91217mgL 594923mgL and 219825mgL Aliphatic hydrocarbons C5 ndash C8 23

were lt 1 low contamination other carbon aggregates (C9 ndash C16 C17ndash C35 and C36 ndash C40) indicate 24

high contamination Chemometric assessment showed high contamination TPHs aggregates at 25

Rumuodomaya Rumuodome were- C8 ndash C11 (1034 and 1005) early rain C18 ndash C25 and C26 ndash 26

C33 has Carbon preference index of 1287 and 1630 (mid-rain) C26 ndash C33 has CPI of 1288 (late-27

rain) Ogale area C26ndashC33 has CPI of 1732 (early-rain) mid-rain C8 ndash C11 (2768) and C12ndashC17 28

(5368) Pristanephytane ratio indicated biogenic and pyrogenic sources Average carbon length of 29

TPHs for odd n-alkanes were C9 ndash C11 (9446) and C35 ndash C39 (38980) C9 ndash C11(10238) C35 ndash 30

C39 (36510) C9 ndash C11 (10240) and C35 ndash C39 (36934) Average daily intake depicted possible 31

health issues for children and adults as hazard index gt 1 for aromatics32

33

34

35

Keywords Atmospheric rainwater TPHs Chemometrics and risk assessment Carbon 36

preference index Average carbon length Nigeria 37

38

39

40

2

1 Introduction 1

Rivers State Nigeria has been a petroleum exploration and exploitation hotspot for over 50 years 2

covering a land mass of about 10575 square kilometres [1] There is continuous wet and dry season 3

through the year resulting from the impact of the Atlantic Ocean and Sahara Desert continental air 4

masses Annual rainfall ranges from 1900 ndash 2850 mm temperature varies from 226 ndash 340 ordmC relative 5

humidity between 65 ndash 80 [1] Different local and international oil companies situated onshore and 6

offshore with downstream petroleum depots and filling stations surround major oil-producing 7

communities and connect several pipelines and flow stations These activities may likely result in the 8

release of environmental contaminants such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs) aliphatic 9

hydrocarbons heavy metals organometallic compounds aerosols ashes particulates H2S COX 10

NOX SOX soot smoke etc into the atmosphere as activities of petroleum companies are intense in 11

Nigeriarsquos crude oil and gas-bearing region reputed to house several billions of crude oil and trillions 12

of cubic feet of natural gas [2] Out of several environmental contaminants that may be released total 13

petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) stand out and are chemical compounds produced by phytogenic 14

(plants animal and microbes) petrogenic (crude oil gas and coal) and pyrogenic (natural and 15

anthropogenic) combustion of carbonaceous component [3] 16

They are made from carbon and hydrogen compounds that range from C5 ndash C40 with aromatic (cyclic 17

ring) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons BTEX (benzene toluene ethylbenzene and xylene) 18

asphaltenes prophrins NSO (nitrogen sulphur oxygen) compounds etc and aliphatic saturates 19

(straight-chain branched-chain and cyclic alkanes) such as paraffins isoprenoids naphthenes etc 20

[4] Suitable environmental conditions can activate the formation of toxic polychlorinated-n-alkanes21

of formula CnH2n+2-2X2 (X is chlorine of halogen group) [5] C10 ndash C13 carbon chain has the most 22

probable environmental emission [6] as a result of photolysis hydrolysis oxidation and 23

biodegradation (degradation processes) transform chemical compounds upon entry into its 24

environmental recipient They are released across environmental matrices (lithosphere hydrosphere 25

and atmosphere) by human activities such as petroleum exploration and drilling process industrial 26

effluents accidental spills automobile releases petroleum transport and depot storage which causes 27

tremendous contamination over the cumulative period [7 8 9] Pyrogenic petrogenic and 28

phytogenic emission into the atmosphere leads to high deposition of particulates on different surfaces 29

Rainfall washes these particulates and gases out from the atmosphere Several assessments have 30

shown that TPH influences inorganic parameters of water such as pH temperature dissolved oxygen 31

total solids and turbidity already reported [7 10] A higher amount of these petroleum chemicals 32

reacts physiochemically and biologically across environmental matrices leading to the production of 33

persistent organic pollutants (POPs) micro particulates and sediments triggering a high risk of 34

bioaccumulation in humans that may result in mental genetic immune endocrine-disruption 35

respiratory teratogenic and carcinogenic effects [11 12] Previous studies have focused on TPHs in 36

soil and sediment aquatic species and marine sources [13 14 15] while polyaromatic hydrocarbon 37

(PAHs) in soils and surface water of the region has received voluminous literature [16 17] and 38

consistently proved the negative impact to flora and faunas of the study area by organic emissions 39

from various activities previously enumerated above however we are not aware of any literature 40

evidence of TPH via atmospheric rainwater deposition in Nigeria this forms the basis of our research 41

The reason for this work is to i) to estimate the TPHs in atmospheric rainwater in crude oil and gas 42

region of Nigeria ii) source identification iii) evaluation of carbon preference index and average 43

carbon length and iv) non-carcinogenic risk assessment of TPH 44

45

46

3

2 Materials and Methods 1

21 Sample collection and preparation 2

Rainwater samples were collected from ambient (open-air) in Ogale (OE) Eleme local government 3

area (4786414ordmN 7139266ordmE) and Rumuodomaya Rumuodome (RR) Obio-Akpor local 4

government area (4856923ordmN 7014726ordmE) in Rivers State Nigeria between the months of April ndash 5

May (early rain) June ndash August (mid rain) and September ndash November (late rain) in 2019 using pre-6

cleaned amber glass bottles Sampling was at different locations of Rumuodomaya Rumuodome 7

(RR) and Ogale (OE) in Rivers State Nigeria using basins fastened to a Table 2 M above ground 8

and 120 M from high rise features atmospheric rainwater after collection was filtered into amber 9

glass bottles before analysis The samples were labelled packaged in a black cellophane bag which 10

was taken to the laboratory for analysis 11

22 Extraction of petroleum hydrocarbon from rainwater samples 12

The extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from rainwater samples was carried out using the United 13

States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) methodology 8015D Precisely 200 mL of 14

rainwater samples was measured out into a pre-cleaned separating funnel and mixed with 50 mL of 15

dichloromethane The mixture in the separating funnel was mechanically shaken for five minutes and 16

allowed to separate into organic and aqueous phases thereafter the organic phase was collected into 17

a beaker and repeated trice with 10 mL dichloromethane (DCM) continuously The corresponding 18

organic fractions were mixed into a beaker and subsequently concentrated using a rotary concentrator 19

[4 18] 20

23 Gas Chromatography Analysis 21

The petroleum hydrocarbons were quantified using Agilent GC-FID 7820A (gas chromatography 22

equipped with a flame ionization detector) The GC-FID column infused with HP-5 fused silica 23

capillary having dimension (30m 032mm 025m film thickness) with helium gas as carrier gas 24

at 175 mLmin flow rate Appropriate calibration was conducted using hydrocarbon standard mixture 25

with integrated limit from C8H18 to C40H82 with five calibration-level prepared (10 ndash 150 mgL) and 26

injected into the gas chromatogram to obtain calibration curve of 099978 correspondingly The 27

concentrated sample extract was injected in splitless mode using DCM as standard to remove 28

background interference to chromatogram area as the temperature followed a stepwise process 29

initial temperature (50degC) holds for 2 min steady increase from 10degC to 100degC holds for 2 min then 30

ramp at 5degC to 250degC and hold for 3 min the final ramp from 5degC to 320degC and hold for 10 min [18] 31

The final chromatogram results were analyzed with the Agilent software (chemstation) 32

24 Chemometric Assessment 33

241 Contamination Factor and Pollution Load Index 34

The contamination factor CF is calculated to reveal the extent of aggregate TPHs contamination in 35

rainwater while pollution load index entails the comparative means to assess the cumulative level of 36

TPHs for both aliphatic and aromatic forms using reference values 37

CF =Cs

Crfrasl (1)38

Where Cs = concentration of aggregate TPHs (mgL) 39

Cr = reference standards using TPHCWG [19] 40

4

Mathematically it is expressed as CF le lower contamination 1 lt moderate 3 lt Considerable 6 ge 1

CF high contamination [20] The reference standards are shown in Table 1 2

3

The Pollution Load Index (PLI) is given as 4

PLI = (CF1 times CF2 times ⋯ times CFn)1n (2)5

Where CF1 = contamination factor of each TPH aggregate assessed 6

n = number of components assessed 7

242 Principal component assessment 8

Principal component assessment (PCA) is a statistical tool used to identify various matrices to derive 9

salient information about components PCA is a data reduction technique used to find the linear 10

combinations of variables (TPHs) leading to the formation of factors [21] gives un-rotated and 11

rotated varimax as rotated varimax is commonly utilized because it facilitates the best interpretation 12

from sets of variables The rotation is simply a process that allows a new axis to be chosen while 13

maintaining individual components [22] They are graded as strong (gt075) moderate (075 ndash 050) 14

and weak (050 ndash 030) as done by Liu et al [23] PCA was determined using Microsoft Excel with 15

XL-STAT add-ins 2019 16

25 Petroleum hydrocarbon identification using molecular makers 17

251 Carbon preference index 18

Carbon preference index (CPI) is the total of odd n-alkanes divided by the sum total of even n-alkanes 19

for a range of C8 ndash C40 to estimate the relative source identification of either natural or artificial 20

contribution to petroleum hydrocarbon 21 CPI = (sum of odd n minus alkanes) (sum of even n minus alkanes) (3)22

CPI is used as a forensic indicator for petroleum source identification of TPHs CPI values greater 23

than 1 shows the natural contribution from biological phytoplankton plants while CPI less than 1 24

shows the anthropogenic (artificial) source from ubiquitous contribution [24 25] TPHs were 25

aggregated into five forms to conduct CPI evaluation C8 ndash C11 C12 ndash C17 C18 ndash C25 C26 ndash C33 and 26

C34 ndash C40 27

252 Average carbon length (ACL) 28

Average carbon length is a guide used to evaluate odd n-alkanes dominance per molecule in 29

environmental samples to form link to petrogenic plant source as a forensic tool to assess hydrocarbon 30

contamination [26] ACL was aggregated into five categories used in CPI assessment and calculated 31

using equation 4 below 32

For C9 minus C11 ACL = 9(nC9) + 11(nC11)

C9 + C11 (4)33

The formula as shown above was conducted for other aggregates respectively ACL values are 34

usually constant in unpolluted rainwater samples but fluctuate as values deplete in polluted rainwater 35

[27] ACL was assessed for even n-alkanes in the environment to assess the anthropogenic impact in 36

the environment 37

38

5

253 Long-chain hydrocarbonshort-chain hydrocarbons (LHCSHC) 1

Long-chain hydrocarbons are n-alkanes above n- alkanes at C26 usually from vascular plant-based 2

anthropogenic sources while short-chain hydrocarbons are n-alkanes below n-alkanes at C26 from 3

phytoplankton or algae-based sources [28] 4

LHCSHCfrasl = (sum gt nC26 sum lt nC26frasl ) (5)5

They are assessed using odd and even n-alkanes For odd n-alkanes LHCSHC between 0 ndash 100 6

shows phytoplankton lt 400 shows a mixture of phytoplankton and terrestrial plants gt 400 indicates 7

terrestrial plant inputs For even n-alkanes LHCSHC between 0 ndash 100 shows inputs from anaerobic 8

microbial biogenic sources lt 400 shows a mixture between anaerobic and anthropogenic petroleum 9

releases gt 400 shows that anthropogenic petroleum releases 10

254 Low molecular weight high molecular weight (LH) 11

It is the ratio of low molecular weight n-alkanes below C20 while above C20 gives the high 12

molecular weight used to determine the n-alkanes LH values close to unity (1) show natural input 13

from marine and terrestrial biological sources while above 1 indicates inputs from petroleum sources 14

[29] 15

255 C31C19 ratio 16

It is used as source identification and differentiation for TPHs in rainwater C31 is assumed to be 17

from terrestrial biogenic hydrocarbons while C19 proposes marine inputs The ratio below 04 18

reveals marine sources while above 04 is from terrestrial biogenic or non-marine sources [30] 19

256 PristanePhytane ratio20

It is the ratio of the abundance of pristane to phytane for redox conditions in the aquatic environment 21

based on the assumption that pristane is from oxygenated (aerobic) source degradation of planktons 22

while phytane is from reduction (anaerobic) source degradation of planktons by microbes As such 23

Pristanephytane ratio below unity (1) indicates oxic condition (pyrogenic source) while greater than 24

1 indicates anoxic (biogenic source) [31] 25

26 Human health risk assessment 26

Human health risk assessment (HHRA) is a tool used to estimate if common and potential 27

contaminants released into the environment will adversely affect the health of humans over a long 28

period from diverse exposure paths (inhalation injection dermal) According to Bharadwaj and 29

Machibroda [32] HHRA may not prove that diseases are connected to an exposure pathway or a 30

particular chemical agent as humans are exposed to numerous chemical agents According to USEPA 31

[33] it is based on characterization risk assessment hazard identification receptor characterization 32

exposure assessment and risk characterization 33

In this study non-carcinogenic HHRA were evaluated for adults and children for TPHs exposure via 34

dermal and ingestion using USEPA models as shown in Equation 6 and 7 [8 33] 35

ADIdermal = Cw times SAF times SA times DAF times ED

BW times AT times GIABS times THQ(6)36

ADIingestion = Cw times IRw times ED

BW times AT times THQ (7)37

Where ADI is the Average daily intake (mgkgminus1dayminus1) 38

6

Cw is the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in water (mgL) 1

SAF is skin adherence factor (012mgcmminus2 for adults and 02mgcmminus2 children) 2

SA is exposed skin area (2373cm2day for adults and 3527cm2day for children)3

DAF is dermal absorption factor (unitless) (01 for adults and children)4

ED is exposure duration (25 years for adults and 6 years for children) 5

BW is body weight (80kg for adults and 15kg for children) 6 AT is the average time for non minus carcinogen = ED times 365 days7

GIABS is a gastrointestinal absorption factor (unitless) (10 for adults and children) 8

THQ is target noncancer hazard quotient (10 for adults and children)9

IRw is ingestion rate (2L dayminus1 for adults and 1L dayminus1 for children) 10

11

The chronic daily intake obtained from eq (6) and eq (7) were used to obtain the hazard index for 12

non-carcinogenic TPHs as shown below 13

HI = HQdermal + HQingestion = [(CDIdermalRfDfrasl )]+ [(CDIingestion

RfDfrasl )] (8)14

Where Hazard Index (HI) is the total of Hazard quotient (HQ) from dermal and ingestion as the 15

acceptable limit is 10 [34] 16

Hazard quotient is the probability that an adverse health effect is imminent (unitless) 17

The reference dose (RfD) is shown in Table 2 18

19

3 Results 20

Table 3 shows the mean concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (C8 ndash C40) assessed in 21

RumuodomayaRumuodome Obio-Akpor LGA (RR) and Ogale Eleme LGA (OE) The total of 22

early rain mid rain and late rain for RR are 566551mgL 395201mgL and 72283mgL while 23

OE were 91217mgL 594923mgL and 219825mgL respectively 24

Table 4 shows contamination factor (CF) conducted with pollution load index (PLI) The cumulative 25

CF were 9953 195016 and 36751 for RR while OE were 41265 555908 and 216713 for 26

aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons Aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons assessed at RR were 30496 27

1374307 and 225666 for early rain mid rain and late rain while that of OE were 274683 158089 28

and 793505 accordingly 29

Table 5 shows principal component analysis conducted for TPHs mean concentration across the two 30

locations Factor analysis gave two factors for rotated varimax RR had cumulative variance at 31

2950 the rotated varimax for C8 ndash C40 ranged from -0995 to 0998 OE had cumulative variance 32

at 7789 with rotated varimax for C8 ndash C40 ranged from -0667 to 0995 33

Table 6 shows the carbon preference index (CPI) conducted for five TPH aggregates (C8 ndash C11 C12 ndash 34

C17 C18 ndash C25 C26 ndash C33 C34 ndash C40) RR ranged from 0083 to 1630 for early mid and late rain 35

regiments while OE ranged from 0105 to 5368 respectively 36

7

Table 7 shows the average carbon length (ACL) conducted for five TPH aggregates (C8 ndash C11 C12 ndash 1

C17 C18 ndash C25 C26 ndash C33 C34 ndash C40) The ACL values for RR ranged from 8596 to 3966 for odd and 2

even n-alkanes derivatives while OE ranged from 9086 to 39985 respectively 3

Table 8 shows Long Chain Hydrocarbons Short Chain Hydrocarbons (LHCSHC) assessed for C8 ndash 4

C40 The odd n-alkanes values RR for early mid and late rains were 22268 0722 and 065 while 5

OE were 0752 0832 and 402 For even n-alkanes values RR were 22033 1015 and 1111 6

while OE were 1034 3589 and 4881 7

Table 9 shows average daily intake (ADI) of aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) 8

for adults across early rain mid rain and late rain respectively For aliphatic PHs RR ADI (ingestion) 9

ranged from 420E-05 mgkgday to 562E-02 mgkgday ADI (dermal) ranged from 408E-05 10

mgkgday to 547E-02 mgkgday OE ADI (ingestion) varies from 211E-05 mgkgday to 282E-11

02 mgkgday ADI (dermal) varies from 206E-05 mgkgday to 274E-02 mgkgday For aromatic 12

PHs RR ADI (ingestion) ranged from 240E-04 mgkgday to 562E-02 mgkgday ADI (dermal) 13

varies from 234E-04 mgkgday to 547E-02 mgkgday OE ADI (ingestion) varies from 419E-04 14

mgkgday to 282E-02 mgkgday ADI (dermal) ranged from 4088E-04 mgkgday to 274E-02 15

mgkgday 16

Table 10 shows the average daily intake (ADI) of aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons 17

(PHs) for children across three rain sampling regiments (early rain mid rain and late rain) The 18

minimum and maximum aliphatic PHs evaluated in RR and OE are ADI (ingestion) 385E-06 19

mgkgday and 102E-02 mgkgday while for ADI (dermal) 272E-04 mgkgday and 723E-20

01mgkgday For aromatic PHs the minimum and maximum ranges are ADI (ingestion) 439E-05 21

mgkgday and 102E-02 mgkgday while ADI (dermal) 309E-03 mgkgday and 723E-01 22

mgkgday 23

Table 11 shows the hazard quotient (HQ) of aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) 24

calculated using the reference dose (RfD) as shown in Table 2 for adults across three rain sampling 25

regiments Aliphatic PHs evaluated for RR and OE HQ (ingested) varies from 702E-02E-05 to 26

130 HQ (dermal) varies from 412E-06 to 120E-01 Aromatic PHs evaluated for RR and OE HQ 27

(ingested) varies from 556E-03 to 289 HQ (dermal) varies from 149E-03 to 182 28


calculated using reference dose (RfD) as shown in Table 2 children across three rain-sampling 30

regiments Aliphatic PHs evaluated for RR and OE HQ (ingested) ranged from 128E-05 to 237E-31

01 HQ (dermal) ranged from 544E-05 to 167 Aromatic PHs were HQ (ingested) varies from 101E-32

3 to 528E-01 HQ (dermal) varies from 197 to 2409 33

Fig 1 shows the percentage of TPHs in ambient rainwater samples in RR and OE sampling 34

regiments For RR early rain C40 had over 9066 cumulative TPHs concentration in tandem with 35

C39 having 761 while C8 ndash C38 shared 173 accordingly For RR mid rain C40 had the highest 36

TPHs concentration of 1658 as C13 and C25 were above 5 while C14 Phytane C27 were 37

within 412 ndash 447 as other TPHs aggregates ranged from 017 ndash 390 RR late rain displayed 38

that C40 was 22662 as compared to other TPHs (C8 ndash C39) aggregates ranging from 020 ndash 548 39

OE produced the highest percentage TPHs of C40 (2038) C40 (3742) and C36 (2166) for the 40

three rain sampling regiments (early rain mid rain and late rain) while the least percentage was 41

present in C19 (055) C16 (005) and C37 (002) accordingly 42

43

Fig 2 displays results of hazard index (HI) evaluated from HI (ingested and dermal) for aliphatic 44

petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) in adults and children The cumulative sum of all HI (C6 ndash C8 C9 ndash 45

8

C18 C19 ndash C32 and C33 ndash C40) assessed across the three rain-sampling regiments are Adults RR 1

(0038 1441 and 0266) OE (03561 0665 and 0136) Children RR (0081 2012 and 0365) 2

OE (0472 1016 and 0247) 3

Fig 3 shows the results of hazard index (HI) calculated from HI (ingested and dermal) for aromatic 4

petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) in adults and children The cumulative sum of all HI (C6 ndash C16 C17 5

ndash C32 C33 ndash C40) across early rain mid rain and late rain are Adults RR (2054 3661 and 0768) 6

OE (1031 2646 and 1024) Children RR (24226 7779 and 1852) OE (2468 20424 7925) 7

4 Discussion 8

41 Level of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in ambient atmospheric rainwater 9

Rivers State of Nigeria over the years has been embroiled in numerous cases of crude oil drillings 10

spills and illicit pipeline bunkering crude oil its fractional derivatives and gas pipeline vandalization 11

massive gas flares hydrocarbon installation fire outbreaks refinery operations these activities are 12

known to release toxic gaseous hydrocarbons into the atmosphere [35] related emissions from 13

associated-petroleum industries include automobiles coastal marine transportation homes and 14

manufacturing industries utilizing diesel generators burn-pits also account for total petroleum 15

hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration in the atmosphere [36 37 38] All the aforementioned releases in 16

the atmosphere undergo chemical interactions several induced or natural chemical processes such as 17

volatilization photo-oxidation and biodegradation which combine with air moisture before 18

atmospheric rainfall deposition impacting soil and water quality [39 40] The surface water of the 19

present study area is known to be laden with conjugated and straight-chain hydrocarbon [17 41] 20

Results showed that ambient rainwater at Rumuodomaya Rumuodome (RR) and Ogale (OE) had 21

elevated levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons in their combined forms (aliphatic and aromatic 22

petroleum hydrocarbons) from early rain to late rain (Table 3) Using USEPA [42] and TPHCWG 23

[19] petroleum hydrocarbons categories there was the presence of both light and heavy carbon chains 24

(C8 ndash C40) C19 ndash C40 indicates the presence of fuel oils other carbon groups are due to 25

anthropogenic activities The highest TPH concentrations was predominant for C40 across all 26

locations and sampling regiments and shows that higher molecular weight hydrocarbons were 27

present Specific range from Table 3 as carbon chain length shows TPHs value of 00046 of C21 - 28

TPHs (566551) of C40 (early rain) 00683 of C8 ndash TPHs of 65533 of C40 (mid rain) and 00142 of 29

C34 ndash 16351 (late rain) at Rumuodomaya Rumuodome (RR) while at Ogale (OE) it ranged from 30

00500 of C19 ndash 18601 of C40 (early rain) 00342 of C8 ndash 22237 (mid rain) and 00050 of C37 ndash 31

1511 (late rain) Similar studies by Ali et al [10] showed the presence of TPHs of River water in 32

significant levels in three-sampling stations as they got lower concentration in October 2018 while 33

January 2019 had a higher concentration in Al-Gharraf Iraq which was attributed to emission from 34

sewage releases into rivers and municipal wastes from cities and farmland but the levels obtained 35

were lower in comparison to the TPHs values presented here According to Kennedy et al [3] 36

rainfall reveals the overall and regional atmospheric quality inclusive of all forms of emissions to the 37

atmosphere as similar assessment by Griffiths and Timperley [43] noted the presence of visible oil 38

sheens on vehicle screens with particulate matter 39

40

42 Chemometric assessment 41

421 Contamination factor and pollution load index 42

Contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) were conducted on aliphatic and aromatic 43

hydrocarbons within THGCWG [19] standards as shown in Table 4 aliphatic hydrocarbons via both 44

9

locations C5 ndash C8 were lt 1 implying low contamination while other carbon aggregates (C9 ndash C16 1

C17 ndash C35 and C36 ndash C40) indicates high contamination except for early and late rain of C17 ndash C35 2

and C36 ndash C40 at Rumuodomaya Rumuodome (RR) while early and late rain of C36 ndash C40 at Ogale 3

(OE) respectively Considering aromatic hydrocarbons C5 ndash C8 at the RR location were below one 4

(1) while that of OE early rain was considered contaminated other carbon aggregates were highly 5

present Using PLI assignment aliphatic hydrocarbons at RR early rain were within safe background 6

level except for mid and late rain that were above one (1) indicating high pollution of atmospheric 7

rainwater at Ogale (OE) rainwater was highly polluted for all three rain periods but aromatic 8

hydrocarbons at both RR and OE were high and polluted as they were above one (1) [44] The 9

contamination of water by TPH is associated with increases in particulate matter with fine particle 10

size high temperature reduced dissolved oxygen low salinity and anaerobic reactions [45] In 11

addition TPHs at higher carbon ranges are known to form oily films that prevent limited sunlight 12

penetration thus influencing poor water quality leading to taste and odour issues over some time 13

422 Principal component analysis 14

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were subjected to principal component analysis using rotated 15

varimax as seen in Table 5 Rumuodomaya Rumuodome (RR) had two factors with 2950 16

cumulative variance while Ogale (OE) had 7789 cumulative variance There were positive and 17

negative TPHs components across the two factors assigned Using Liu et al [23] at RR Factor 1 18

had moderate and strong grades except for C37 and C40 which had weak grades while Factor 2 had 19

moderate and strong grades at OE Factor 1 had predominant weak and strong grades across all TPHs 20

components assessed except C31 while Factor 2 had strong moderate and weak except for C16 ndash 21

C27 and C37 ndash C40 that were very weak (lt 030) As we can infer across both locations (RR and 22

OE) positive components are due to the presence of the TPH components from varying sources 23

either petrogenic or phytogenic petroleum sources The negative components can be due to 24

atmospheric reactions with pyrogenic petroleum sources (combustion of carbonaceous substances) 25

marine sea sprays and climatic conditions [46] 26

43 Petroleum hydrocarbon source identification 27


Carbon preference index (CPI) shown in Table 6 indicated that values above one (1) were due to 29

natural sources (terrestrial vascular floras) as compared to CPI below one (1) more in number that 30

was due to anthropogenic and petroleum activities from the combustion of crude oil gas flares 31

refinery and petrochemical plant emission of organics from industries as a major economic activity 32

within the area The TPHs aggregates at Rumuodomaya Rumuodome (RR) were highest at C8 ndash 33

C11 (1034 and 1005) early rain C18 ndash C25 and C26 ndash C33 have CPI of 1287 and 1630 (mid-rain) 34

C26 ndash C33 has a CPI of 1288 (late-rain) but at Ogale sampling area C26 ndash C33 has the highest CPI 35

value of 1732 (early-rain) the mid-rain highest value is for C8 ndash C11 (2768) and C12 ndashC17 (5368) 36

while late-rain exhibited a CPI value of 1490 1592 1193 and 1728 (C8 ndash C11 C12 ndash C17 C18 ndash 37

C25 and C26 ndash C39) all these were greater than CPI value of one (1) but accounted for only 40 38

while values less than one (1) represent 60 hence CPI were dominated by anthropogenic origin of 39

petroleum processing [13 47] 40

41


Average carbon length (ACL) values as evaluated (Table 7) fluctuated for early rain as compared to 43

mid rain and late rain and varied slightly for odd n-alkanes showing there was a little anthropogenic 44

10

contribution to the odd carbon aggregates as compared to early rain respectively [48] ACL of TPHs 1

aggregates shows that for odd n-alkanes minimum and maximum values were C9 ndash C11 (9446) and 2

C35 ndash C39 (38980) C9 ndash C11(10238) and C35 ndash C39 (36510) C9 ndash C11 (10240) and C35 ndash C39 3

(36934) for early mid and late rain respectively Considering even n-alkanes the same trend of C8 4

ndash C10 (9086) and C34 ndash C40 (39985) C8 ndash C10 (9912) and C34 ndash C40 (39985) C8 ndash C11 (9553) 5

and C34 ndash C40 (39688) at Rumuodomaya Rumuodome (RR) but for Ogale (OE) area the ACL of 6

TPHs aggregates of odd n-alkanes were C9- C11 and C35 ndash C39 (9631 and 36647 9323 and 37210 7

9362 and 35115) for early mid and late rain Looking at even n-alkanes C8 ndash C10 and C34 ndash C40 8

(8596 and 39365 9740 and 39660 9240 and 36727) for early mid and late rain again for n-9

alkanes similar variation as seen in odd n- alkanes were attributed to slight anthropogenic input [49] 10

The results of odd ACL vs CPI plots for early rain mid rain and late rain reveal that regression (R2) 11

for Rumuodomaya Rumuodome (RR) were 04264 00067 00048 while OE were 00103 05062 12

03358 indicating an increase in ACL as CPI values fluctuate The regression for even-n-alkanes 13

ACLCPI for RR were 04882 00389 00266 OE were 00242 05976 04357 signifying similar 14

trends for odd-n-alkanes This confirms that CPI assessments were influenced by both natural and 15

anthropogenic sources 16

433 Petroleum source diagnostics 17

Petroleum hydrocarbon source diagnostic ratio assessed depicted in Table 8 Average carbon length 18

(ACL) (odd n-alkanes) has the highest value of 37854 (early rain) and 28248 (late rain) for 19

Rumuodomaya Rumuodome (RR) and Ogale (OE) sampling sites ACL (even n-alkanes) has 20

39854 and 33565 for early and mid-rain of both study areas The two locationrsquos long-chain 21

hydrocarbons short-chain hydrocarbon ratio (LHC)SHC) of odd n-alkanes and LHCSHC of even 22

n-alkanes the highest values were as follows 22268 22033 (early rain) and 4019 4881 (late rain) 23

C31C19 showed that all three rainfall events evaluated were above 04 thus shows the impact of 24

land sources as an array of emissions from crude oil processing industrial flue gases power plants 25

automobile and heavy-duty vehicles flare gases [50] In addition elevated temperature in the soil 26

releases volatile organic compounds while decreases in temperature usually at night activate 27

microbial decomposition of organic matter leads to the production of petroleum hydrocarbons 28

influences the TPH concentration in the atmosphere Low molecularhigh molecular (LH) weight n-29

alkanes evaluated showed that the LH ratio was below one (1) suggesting impact from phytogenic 30

and pyrogenic sources Long-chain hydrocarbonsshort-chain hydrocarbons (LHCSHC) assessed for 31

odd and even n-alkanes reveals that at RR early rain and OE late rain were above one (1) indicating 32

terrestrial floral sources while below 1 is due to phytoplankton sources LHCSHC (even n-alkanes) 33

were all above one (1) thus confirming all were from petroleum sources Cumulative CPI assessed 34

were below one (1) from a pyrogenic source Cumulative average carbon length (ACL) (odd and even 35

n- alkanes) showed fluctuating values confirming impact from anthropogenic sources The plot of 36

cumulative odd ACL against cumulative CPI via the influence of the three rain regimens showed that 37

regression R2 were 09454 and 00607 at RR and OE while even ACL versus CPI plot gave 38

regression R2 = 09594 and 0291 respectively Therefore we can infer that petroleum hydrocarbon 39

in atmospheric rainwater of the study area was predominantly from anthropogenic sources The ratio 40

of pristanephytane exceeded one (1) for RR early rain and late rain in relation to OE mid rain 41

indicating biogenic (aerobic) sources as anaerobic indices are possible for values less than one (1) 42

for RR mid rain and OE early and late rains [51] In addition different assessment has shown that 43

pristanephytane less than 08 implies saline to the hypersaline condition due to extreme evaporation 44

and carbonaceous deposition whereas pristanephytane above 3 is due to oxygenated to non-45

oxygenated degradation of planktons from anaerobic organisms [52] Pristane and phytane are bi-46

products of chlorophyll in the aquatic environment pristane are produced from the breakdown of 47

zooplankton and phytoplankton (algae) in an oxygenated aquatic environment to form lipids whereas 48

11

phytanes are from anaerobic degradation of aquatic planktons by microbial organisms 1

(cyanobacteria) [53] 2

44 Risk assessment 3

The average daily intake (ADI) of aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons aggregates was 4

assessed for ambient atmospheric rainwater from RumuodomayaRumuodome (RR) and Ogale 5

(OE) Two exposure pathways were calculated using ingestion (oral) and dermal (skin contact) to 6

assess the average daily intake (ADI) of rainwater for adults and children as depicted in Tables 9 and 7

10 but from Table 9 aliphatic PHs of C33 ndash C40 were exposed to adult through dermal and ingestion 8

by 547times10-02 and 562times10-02 via consumption of early rain from RumuodomayaRumuodome the 9

same for aromatic PHs of C33 ndash C40 (547 times 10-2 and 562 times 10-2) At Ogale the same adults are 10

more at risk of aliphatic PHs of C19 ndash C32 and C33 ndash C40 (207 times 10-2 202 times 10-2 282 times 10-2 and 11

274 times 10-2) through ingestion of or dermal contact with mid-rain while they are highly exposed to 12

C17 ndash C32 and C33 ndash C40 by 250 times 10-2 204 times 10-2 282 times 10-2 and 274 times 10-2 on contact with 13

mid-rain through ingestion and dermal pathway and to C17 - C32 (the same exposure route) risk 14

value of 121 times 10-2 and 118 times 10-2 (late rain) Non-carcinogenic risk assessment for adults and 15

children evaluated having obtained hazard quotient (HQ) for exposed pathways as shown in Tables 16

11 and 12 Preliminary assessment of ADI and subsequent evaluation of HQ shows that children had 17

elevated values compared to adults Hazard index (HI) as shown in Fig 1 for aliphatic petroleum 18

hydrocarbons reveals that at RR mid rain for adults and children were above one (1) thus there is 19

an inherent health risk At OE mid rain for children was above one (1) as compared to adults The 20

hazard index for aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons shown in Fig 2 shows that all locations including 21

the rain period were above one (1) Risk-based mapping using carbon ranges were proposed by 22

MADEP [54 55] and TPHCWG [56] to assess the health-based risk over a period for all age grade 23

sex orientation diet family traits lifestyle and current state of health to derive salient points for 24

regulatory consideration and action plan models The analysed HI values reveals that ingestion of 25

TPHs contaminated rainwater by both adult and children leads to bioaccumulation resulting in 26

disruption of biochemical and physiological activities in the human body causing negative health 27

outcomes usually after a short period [11] 28

In the atmosphere where free chloride ions exist in the presence of ultra-violet radiation and high-29

temperature conditions permit (Table 13) combines with aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons (aerosols) 30

to form toxic polychlorinated ndash n ndashalkanes (PCAs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) These 31

subsequently dissolved in rainwater impacting water quality as when ingested over a period of time 32

can cause detrimental health issues such as liver and kidney dysfunctions dermatitis dizziness and 33

severe headaches [17] In addition PAHs photochemical reactions form diones nitro-PAHs dinitro-34

PAHs and other PAHs components known to cause carcinogenic and mutagenic effects and resulting 35

in human health crises such as bone suppression and decreased blood cell production with 36

reproductive complications [57] 37

TPHs ingestion via atmospheric rainwater has been associated with headaches fatigue nausea 38

diarrhoea and irritation of gastrointestinal tracts over a long period [58] Renal disorder digestive 39

disruption and interstitial oedema are also negative health outcomes associated with consumption of 40

contaminated rainwater [59] Dermal contact with contaminated rainwater sources can cause skin 41

inflammation and rashes dermatitis blisters eye irritation and degreasing burns where been reported 42

by persons during bathing periods in amazon Ecuador [60] In children the presence of dandruff and 43

psoriasis has been attributed to TPHs [61] Petroleum hydrocarbon represents all aliphatic and 44

aromatic petroleum formulations Aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbon is known to cause neurological 45

disorders cancer of the mouth stomach and uterine due to the presence of oil pollution [60] 46

12

Aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in the form of benzene toluene polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1

cause haematological immunological neurological gastrointestinal disorders inclusive of possible 2

death associated with these contaminants Having assessed these possible health effects children are 3

most at risk as reports by Steven [60] give worrisome reports that need adequate attention to mitigates 4

these issues in the long run 5

6

Conclusion 7

The present study assessed total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in rainwater sampled via three 8

regiments (early rain mid rain and late rain) at Rumuodomaya Rumuodome and Ogale in Rivers 9

State Nigeria The TPH concentration at Rumuodomaya Rumuodome decreased from early rain to 10

late rain while Ogale had a high concentration at mid rain least for late rain that reveals the rainwater 11

were relatively contaminated and unsafe for human consumption from crude oil and gas processing 12

releases into the atmosphere and subsequently as rainwater Chemometric assessment using total 13

petroleum hydrocarbon criteria working group standards showed that both aliphatic and aromatic 14

petroleum was relatively high TPHs source identification showed that carbon preference index and 15

average carbon length gave correlation which implies that contaminations were due to anthropogenic 16

sources probably hydrocarbon been the major economic activity in the area A risk assessment 17

conducted showed that hazard index was above one (1) for aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons 18

compared to aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbon that had varying levels The pollution levels show that 19

children were more at risk from continuous oral and dermal exposure to TPHs in rainwater 20

Government agencies with assistance from oil and gas stakeholders can set up a monitoring stations 21

for air soil and water contamination sources to assist in the development of a cost-effective approach 22

and remediation action plan to avert possible health issues in the future 23

24

Acknowledgement25

The authors wish to thank BGI Laboratories Rumukwurushi Rivers State Nigeria for their technical 26

assistance during the research process 27

Data Information28

We have no special data information to declare every data pertaining to the work is as presented in 29

the results 30

Financial Assistance 31

We did not receive any financial assistance for this research work 32

Declaration of Competing Interest 33

The authors declared no conflict of interest 34

Availability of Data and Materials 35

All the data generated in the work are included as tables and figures 36

Code Availability 37

Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1

Consent to Participate 2

Not Applicable 3

Consent for Publication 4

All the authors agreed to submit the manuscript to Scientific Report for consideration and possible 5

publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10

Conflict of Interest 11

The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding this article 12

13

14

15

16

References 17

18

1 NBS Annual Abstract of Statistics National Bureau of Statistics httpswwwnigerianstatgovng 19

(2010) 20

2 Reijers T J A Petters S W Nwajide C S The Niger Delta Basin In Selected Chapters on 21

Sedimentary Geology and Stratigraphy in Nigeria SPDC Nigeria 103 117 (1996) 22

3 Kennedy P Allen G and Wilson N The management of hydrocarbons in stormwater runoff a 23

literature review Prepared by Golder Associates (NZ) Limited for Auckland Council 24

Auckland Council technical report TR 2016010 ISBN 978-0-9941350-9-4 (2016) 25

4 Bolade OP Adeniyi KO Williams AB Benson NU Remediation and Optimization of 26

petroleum hydrocarbons degradation in contaminated water using alkaline persulphate Journal 27

of Environmental Chemical Engineering 105801 1-7 28

httpsdoiorg101016jjece2021105801 (2021) 29

5 Tony GT Fisk AT Westmore JB Muir DCG Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of 30

polychlorinated n-alkanes Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 158 53 ndash 128 (1998) 31

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Commercial Chemicals Branch Peterborough (1993) 33

34

14

7 Ogoko EC Kelle HI Anions Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in 1

Soils of Aba Dumpsites British Journal of Applied Science amp Technology 14(1) 1-8 2

httpdoiorg109734BJAST201622084 (2016) 3

8 HIDOH Collection and Use of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Data for the Risk-Based Evaluation 4

of Petroleum Releases Example Case Studies (draft January 2018) R Brewer M Nagaiah and 5

R Keller authors Hawaiacutei Department of Health Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response 6

Office Honolulu Hawaii (2018) 7

9 ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Toxic substances portal ndash Total 8

petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) Toxicological profile for total petroleum hydrocarbons https 9

wwwatsdrcdcgovToxProfilesTPaspid=424amptid=75bookmark10 [Accessed 12 Feb 10

2021] (2018) 11

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and after rainfall in Al-Gharraf River in Thi-Qar province ndash Iraq IOP Conf Series Journal of 13

Physics 1279 1-13 httpdoiorg1010881742-659612791012029 (2019) 14

11 Kuppusamy S Maddela NR Megharaj M Venkateswarlu K Impact of Total Petroleum 15

Hydrocarbons on human health In Total Petroleum Hydrocarbobs Springer Cham 16

ISBN978-3-030-24035-6 httpsdoiorg101007978-3-030-24035-6_6 (2020) 17

12 Faustorilla MV Chen Z Dharmarajan R Naidu R Determination of Total Petroleum 18

Hydrocarbons in Australian Groundwater Through the Improvised Gas Chromatographyndash19

Flame Ionization Detection Technique Journal of Chromatographic Science 55(8) 775ndash783 20

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13 Omokpariola JO Omokpariola DO and Omokpariola ECO Risk Assessment of Polycyclic 22

Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Oilfield Produced Water and 23

Sea Water at Gulf of Guinea Oilfield Nigeria Advanced Journal of Chemistry-Section B 3(1) 24

68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25

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httpsdoiorg10101016jheliyon2020e03234 (2020) 28

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hydrocarbons polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk assessment of heavy metals in some 30

selected finfishes at Forcados Terminal Delta State Nigeria Environmental 31

Nanotechnolological Monitoring Management 9 128ndash135 32

httpsdoiorg101016jenmm201711002 (2018) 33

16 Anyakora C A Coker H Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 34

selected water bodies in Niger Delta African J Biot 5 (21) 2024 ndash 2031 35

17 Nduka JKC Orisakwe OE Water quality issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria Polyaromatic 36

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Health 2 65ndash74 httpdoi101007s12403-010-0024-5 (2010a) 38

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40

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USA 3

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McDermott Keith Ian Quintyne Regina Kiernan Mary O Mahony and Ina Kelly Based on an 5

original document written by Tessa Greally (Date 6th December 2019) (2019) 6

20 Enyoh CE Verla AW Egejuru NJ pH Variations and Chemometric Assessment of Borehole 7

Water in Orji Owerri Imo State Nigeria J Environ Anal Chem 5(238) 1-9 8

httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9

21 Ravindra K Sokhi R Van-Grieken R Atmospheric polyaromatic hydrocarbons source 10

attribution emission and regulation Atmospheric Environment 422895-2921 11

httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200712010 (2008) 12

22 Yang F Zhai YB Chen L Li CT Zeng GM The seasonal changes and spatial trends of 13

particle-associated polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in the summer and autmn in Changsha 14

City Atmos Res 96122-130 httpdxdoiorg101016jatmosres200912004 (2010) 15

23 Liu CW Lin KH Kuo YM Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater 16

quality in a black foot disease area in Taiwan Science Total Environment 313 77-89 17

httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18

24 Mudge SM Methods in Environmental Forensics CRC Press 43-112 ISBN13-978 0 8493 19

5007 8 (2009) 20

25 Murphy BL Morrison RD Introduction to Environmental Forensics Elsevier Academic Press 21

Publication 311-454 ISBN 13 978-0-12-369522-2 (2007) 22

26 Wang M Zhang W Hou J Is average chain length of plant lipids a potential proxy for 23

vegetation environment and climate changes Biogeosciences Discussions 12 5477ndash550124

httpdxdoiorg 105194bgd-12-5477-2015 (2015)25

27 Jeng WL Higher plant n-alkane average chain length as an indicator of petrogenic hydrocarbon 26

contamination in marine sediments Marine Chemistry 102(3-4)242ndash251 27

httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200605001 (2006) 28

28 Adeniji AO Okoh O Okoh AI Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fingerprints of Water and Sediment 29

Samples of Buffalo River Estuary in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa Journal of 30

Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2017 1-13 httpsdoiorg10115520172629365 (2017) 31

29 Fagbote O E Olanipekun E O Characterization and sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons of the 32

sediments of River Oluwa at Agbabu Bitumen deposit area Western Nigeriardquo Journal of 33

Scientific Research and Reports 2(1)228ndash 248 httpsdoiorg109734JSRR20133063 34

(2013) 35

30 Ahmed O E Mahmoud S A Mousa A E M Aliphatic and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons 36

pollution at the drainage basin of Suez Oil Refinery Company Current Science International 37

(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38

31 Jamaluddin J Fuqi C Syamsuddin E and Umar EP Interpretation of paleodepositional 39

environment using biomarkers and carbon isotope (δ13C) in Talang Akar Formation South 40

Sumatra Basin Indonesia IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 279 41

(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16

32 Bharadwaj L Machibroda R Human Health Risk Assessment Approach for Urban Park 1

Development Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 59213-221 httpdioorg10247810004-1254-59-2

2008-1882 (2008) 3

33 USEPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for Complex Mixtures of Aliphatic and 4

Aromatic Hydrocarbons US Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Health Risk 5

Technical Support Centre National Centre for Environmental Assessment Office of Research 6

and Development Washington DC USA (2009) 7

34 Pinedo J Ibaacutentildeez R Irabien Aacute A comparison of models for assessing human risks of petroleum 8

hydrocarbons in polluted soils Environmental Modelling amp Software 55 61-69 9

httpdxdoiorg101016jenvsoft201401022 (2014) 10

35 Kalagbor IA Dibofori-Orji AN Ekpete OA Exposure to Heavy Metals in Soot Samples and 11

Cancer Risk Assessment in Port Harcourt Nigeria Journal of Health and Pollution 9 (24) 12

191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13

36 Nduka JK Amuka JO Onwuka JC Udowelle NA Orisakwe OE Human health risk 14

assessment of lead manganese and copper from scrapped car paint dust from automobile 15

workshops in Nigeria Environmental Science Pollution Research 3 (20) 20341ndash20349 16

httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17

37 Nduka JK Kelle HI Amuka JO Health risk assessment of cadmium chromium and nickel 18

from car paint dust from automobile at auto-panel workshops in Nigeria Toxicology Report 19

6 449ndash456 httpsdoiorg101016jtoxrep201905007 (2019) 20

38 Bona C Rezende I Santos G Souza L Effect of soil contaminated by diesel oil on the 21

germination of seeds and the growth of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) 22

seedlings Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 54 1379ndash1387 (2011) 23

39 Nduka JK Orisakwe OE Precipitation Chemistry and Occurrence of Acid Rain over the Oil-24

Producing Niger Delta Region of Nigeria The Scientific World JOURNAL 10 528ndash534 25

http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26

40 Nduka JKC Orisakwe OE Ezenweke LO Ezenwa TE Chendo MN Ezeabasili NG 27

Acid Rain Phenomenon in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Economic Biodiversity and Public 28

Health Concern The Scientific World JOURNAL8 811ndash818 http101100tsw200847 29

(2008) 30

41 Orisakwe OE Nduka JK Assessment of pollution profiles of some surface water in Niger 31

Delta Lambert Academic Publishers Saarbrucken Germany ISBN978-3-8383-8123-7 32

2011) 33

42 USEPA Regional Screening Levels US Environmental Protection Agency Superfund May 34

2016 (2016) 35

43 Griffiths G Timperley M Auckland City stormwater - A summary of NIWA and other relevant 36

studies NIWA Client Report AKL2005-007 Prepared for Auckland City Council and Metro 37

Water Limited Auckland NIWA (2005) 38

44 Liu WH Zhao JZ Ouyang ZY Soderlund L Liu GH Impacts of sewage irrigation on 39

heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing China Environment International 40

31805 -812 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvint200505042 (2005) 41

17

45 Van Dam RA Camilleri C Turley C Preliminary assessment of petroleum hydrocarbons in 1

water and sediment at Yellow Water Kakadu National Park Wetland Protection and 2

Management Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS) Locked 3

Bag 2 Jabiru NT 0886 Internal Report 283 (1998) 4

46 Omokpariola DO Nduka JK Omokpariola PL Omokpariola ECO Ionic composition of 5

rainwater from different sampling surfaces across selected locations in Rivers Nigeria World 6

Scientific News 150 (132-147) httpwwwworldscientificnewscom (2020) 7

47 De-Abreu-Mota M A de Moura Barboza C A Bacuteıcego M C Martins C C Sedimentary 8

biomarkers along a contamination gradient in a human-impacted sub-estuary in Southern 9

Brazil a multi-parameter approach based on spatial and seasonal variability 10

Chemosphere103156ndash163 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311052 (2014) 11

48 Al-Baldawi I A Abdullah S R S Anuar N Suja F Mushrifah I Phytodegradation of total 12

petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in diesel-contaminated water using Scirpus grossus Ecological 13

Engineering 74463ndash473 httpsdoiorg101016jecoleng201411007 (2015) 14

49 Mohd-Ali SA Tair R Yang SZ Mohd-Ali M Petroleum hydrocarbon in surface sediment 15

from coastal area of Putatanand Papar Sabah Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 17(2) 16

286ndash290 (2013) 17

50 Zhang Z Yan X Gao F Thai P Wang H Chen D Zhou L Gong D Li Q Morawska 18

L Wang B Emission and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in various 19

processes of a petroleum refinery in the Pearl River Delta China Environmental Pollution 20

238452ndash461 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201803054 (2018) 21

51 Al-Hejujem MM Al-saad HT Hussain NA Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) n-alkanes 22

and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments of Shatt Al-Arab River ndash part 23

2 Global Journal of Biology Agriculture and Health Sciences 4(1) 95-100 (2015) 24

52 Mc Kirdy KD and Powell T G Relationship between Ratio of Pristane to Phytane Crude Oil 25

Composition and Geological Environment in Australia Nature Physical Science 243 (124) 26

37ndash39 httpdoiorg101038physci243037a0 ISSN 2058-1106 (1973) 27

53 Silva RA Grossi V and Alvarez HM Biodegradation of phytane (261014-28

tetramethylhexadecane) and accumulation of related isoprenoid wax esters by Mycobacterium 29

ratisbonense strain SD4 under nitrogen-starved conditions FEMS Microbiology Letters 30

272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31

54 MADEP Updated Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fraction Toxicity Values for the VPHEPHEPH 32

Methodology Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Waste Site 33

Clean-up Boston MA USA (2003) 34

55 MADEP MCP Numerical Standards Development Spreadsheets Massachusetts Department of 35

Environmental Protection Bureau of Waste Site Clean-up (Updated June 2014) (2014) 36

56 TPHCWG Human health risk-based evaluation of petroleum release sites implementing the 37

working group approach Amherst MA Amherst Scientific Publishers (Total Petroleum 38

Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group Series Vol 5) (1999) 39

57 WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality 2017 Fourth edition incorporating the first 40

addendum Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization 41

18

httpappswhointirisbitstream10665 25463719789241549950-engpdfua=1 [Assessed 1

Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2

58 Orta-Martinez M Rosell-Mele A Cartro-Sabate M OrsquoCallaghan-Gordo C Moraleda-3

Cibrian N Mayor P First evidences of Amazonian wildlife feeding on petroleum-4

contaminated soils a new exposure route to petrogenic compounds Environmental Resources 5

160514ndash517 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201710009 (2018) 6

59 Fowzia A Fakhruddin ANM A Review on Environmental Contamination of Petroleum 7

Hydrocarbons and its Biodegradation International Journal of Environmental Science National 8

Research 11(3) 555811 http1019080IJESNR201811555811 (2018) 9

60 Steven D Amazon Watch Blog ndash Chevronrsquos ldquoAmazon Chernobylrdquo in Ecuador the real irrefutable 10

truths about the companyrsquos toxic dumping and fraud httpschevroninecuadororgnews-and-11

multimedia20150527-chevrons-amazon-chernobyl-in-ecuador-the-real-irrefutable-truths 12

[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13

61 Olof L Jonas P Oil contamination in Ogoni land Niger Delta American Biology 42685ndash14

701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19

Table 1 Reference standards for petroleum hydrocarbons

Aliphatic Reference values (mgL)

C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10

Aromatic Reference values (mgL)

C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019

Table 2 Reference dose of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs)

Aliphatic Dermal Source Ingestion Source

Low Carbon range (C5 ndash C8) 5 TPHCWG 2019 004 CEPA 2009

Medium Carbon range (C9 ndash C18) 01 TPHCWG 2019 001 USEPA 2016

High Carbon range (C19 ndash C32) 2 TPHCWG 2019 3 USEPA 2016

High Carbon range (C33 ndash C40) 20 TPHCWG 2019 30 PPRTV

Aromatic Dermal Source Ingestion Source

Low Carbon range (C6 ndash C16) 02 TPHCWG 2019 0004 USEPA 2016

Medium carbon range (C17 ndash C32) 004 TPHCWG 2019 004 USEPA 2016

High carbon range (C33 ndash C40) 003 TPHCWG 2019 04 HEAST

TPHCWG Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group PPRTV Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Value HEAST Health Effect Assessment Summary Table

20

Table 3 Mean concentration of TPHs determined in rainwater samples

RumuodomayaRumuodome Obio-Akpor Local Government Area (LGA)

Ogale Eleme Local Government Area

TPHS Early Rain Mid Rain Late Rain Early Rain Mid Rain Late Rain

C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

Table 4 Contamination Factor and Pollution Load Index of Petroleum hydrocarbons aggregates

22

RumuodomayaRumuodome Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Early Rain Mid Rain Late Rain Early Rain Mid Rain Late Rain

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23

Table 5 Principal component analysis of mean concentration of TPHs in rainwater

Rumuodomaya Rumuodome Obio-Akpor Local Government Area (LGA)

Ogale Eleme Local Government Area (LGA)

Rotated Varimax Rotated Varimax

1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204

Cumulative Variance ()

8717 29499 33681 77885

Table 6 Carbon preference index (CPI) of TPHs aggregates


Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105

CPI Standard 1 1 1 1 1 1

Table 7 Average carbon length (ACL) for TPHs aggregates

25

Rumuodomaya Rumuodome Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Odd n- alkanes Early Rain Mid Rain Late Rain Early Rain Mid Rain Late Rain

C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727

Table 8 Petroleum hydrocarbons source diagnostic ratios


Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120

PristanePhytane 13953 05497 19262 03753 13259 02967

ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248

ACL (even n-alkanes) 39854 26591 27164 26129 33565 31733

LHCSHC (odd n-alkanes) 22268 0722 0650 0752 0832 4019

26

LHCSHC (even n-alkanes) 22033 1015 1111 1034 3589 4881

Table 9 Average daily intake of TPHs exposure in rainwater for adults

Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium

Early Rain Mid Rain Late Rain

Rumuodomaya Rumuodome

Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27

Table 10 Average daily intake of TPHs exposure in rainwater for children

Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01

Table 11 Hazard Quotient for adult non-risk assessment

Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30

Table 12 Hazard quotient for children non-risk assessment

Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31

Table 13 shows values of temperature and chloride ion in ambient rain water samples within the area

TYPE OF PARAMETER

OGALE ELEME LGA RUMUDOMAYA RUMUODOME OBIO-AKPOR LGA

Early Rain Mid Rain Late Rain Early Rain Mid Rain Late Ran

Temperature (ordmC) 2257 plusmn 026 2400 plusmn 090 2550 plusmn 010 2287 plusmn 104 2425 plusmn 035 2555 plusmn 005

Clndash (mgL) 477 plusmn 455 117 plusmn 071 071 plusmn 021 533 plusmn 460 201 plusmn 011 058 plusmn 038

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32

RR RumuodomayaRumuodome Obio-Akpor LGA OE Ogale Eleme LGA

Fig 1 Percentage composition of TPHs across sampling period

C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33

Fig 2 Hazard index of adults and children for aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons

-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

RumuodomayaRumuodome

Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34

Fig 3 Hazard index of adults and children for aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons

-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

1

Chemometrics health risk assessment and probable sources of total petroleum hydrocarbons 1

in atmospheric rainwater in Rivers State Nigeria 2

3

By 4

Daniel Omeodisemi 1Omokpariola John Kanayochukwu 1Nduka Henrietta Ijeoma 2Kelle 5

MaryAnn Nkoli 3Mgbemena Emily Osa 2Iduseri 6

1Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Unit Pure and Industrial Chemistry Department Nnamdi 7

Azikiwe University PMB 5025 Awka Nigeria 8

2Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science National Open University Abuja 9

Nigeria 10

11 2Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science National Open University Abuja Nigeria 12

3Department of Chemistry Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Abia State Nigeria 13

Email address johnnduka2000yahoocouk +234 (0) 7039541583 14

15

Abstract16

17

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs)-(aliphatic and aromatic) were analysed for in atmospheric 18

rainwater between April- June July ndash August SeptemberndashOctober depicting early mid late rain of 19

2019 Sampling at Rumuodomaya Rumuodome and Ogale in Rivers State using basins fastened to a 20

table 2 M above ground and 120 M from high features Rainwater was analysed after treatment using 21

Agilent GC-FID Results show cumulative TPHs at RR were 566551mgL 395201mgL and 22

72283mgL Ogale 91217mgL 594923mgL and 219825mgL Aliphatic hydrocarbons C5 ndash C8 23

were lt 1 low contamination other carbon aggregates (C9 ndash C16 C17ndash C35 and C36 ndash C40) indicate 24

high contamination Chemometric assessment showed high contamination TPHs aggregates at 25

Rumuodomaya Rumuodome were- C8 ndash C11 (1034 and 1005) early rain C18 ndash C25 and C26 ndash 26

C33 has Carbon preference index of 1287 and 1630 (mid-rain) C26 ndash C33 has CPI of 1288 (late-27

rain) Ogale area C26ndashC33 has CPI of 1732 (early-rain) mid-rain C8 ndash C11 (2768) and C12ndashC17 28

(5368) Pristanephytane ratio indicated biogenic and pyrogenic sources Average carbon length of 29

TPHs for odd n-alkanes were C9 ndash C11 (9446) and C35 ndash C39 (38980) C9 ndash C11(10238) C35 ndash 30

C39 (36510) C9 ndash C11 (10240) and C35 ndash C39 (36934) Average daily intake depicted possible 31

health issues for children and adults as hazard index gt 1 for aromatics32

33

34

35

Keywords Atmospheric rainwater TPHs Chemometrics and risk assessment Carbon 36

preference index Average carbon length Nigeria 37

38

39

40

2

1 Introduction 1












































45

46

3




















[4 18] 20


















CF =Cs

Crfrasl (1)38



4



3























C34 ndash C40 27







C9 + C11 (4)33




the environment 37

38

5















[29] 15

255 C31C19 ratio 16

























6










11




RfDfrasl )] (8)14





19

3 Results 20

















7
















mgkgday 16







mgkgday 23




















43



8



OE (0472 1016 and 0247) 3





4 Discussion 8
































40





9









































41




10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

2

1 Introduction 1












































45

46

3




















[4 18] 20


















CF =Cs

Crfrasl (1)38



4



3























C34 ndash C40 27







C9 + C11 (4)33




the environment 37

38

5















[29] 15

255 C31C19 ratio 16

























6










11




RfDfrasl )] (8)14





19

3 Results 20

















7
















mgkgday 16







mgkgday 23




















43



8



OE (0472 1016 and 0247) 3





4 Discussion 8
































40





9









































41




10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

3




















[4 18] 20


















CF =Cs

Crfrasl (1)38



4



3























C34 ndash C40 27







C9 + C11 (4)33




the environment 37

38

5















[29] 15

255 C31C19 ratio 16

























6










11




RfDfrasl )] (8)14





19

3 Results 20

















7
















mgkgday 16







mgkgday 23




















43



8



OE (0472 1016 and 0247) 3





4 Discussion 8
































40





9









































41




10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

4



3























C34 ndash C40 27







C9 + C11 (4)33




the environment 37

38

5















[29] 15

255 C31C19 ratio 16

























6










11




RfDfrasl )] (8)14





19

3 Results 20

















7
















mgkgday 16







mgkgday 23




















43



8



OE (0472 1016 and 0247) 3





4 Discussion 8
































40





9









































41




10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

5















[29] 15

255 C31C19 ratio 16

























6










11




RfDfrasl )] (8)14





19

3 Results 20

















7
















mgkgday 16







mgkgday 23




















43



8



OE (0472 1016 and 0247) 3





4 Discussion 8
































40





9









































41




10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

6










11




RfDfrasl )] (8)14





19

3 Results 20

















7
















mgkgday 16







mgkgday 23




















43



8



OE (0472 1016 and 0247) 3





4 Discussion 8
































40





9









































41




10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

7
















mgkgday 16







mgkgday 23




















43



8



OE (0472 1016 and 0247) 3





4 Discussion 8
































40





9









































41




10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

8



OE (0472 1016 and 0247) 3





4 Discussion 8
































40





9









































41




10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

9









































41




10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

10

















































11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

11















































12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

12






6

Conclusion 7

















24

Acknowledgement25



Data Information28


the results 30








Not Applicable 38

Ethics Approval 39

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

13

Not Applicable 1


Not Applicable 3



publication 6

7

Research Funding 8

None declared 9

10



13

14

15

16

References 17

18


(2010) 20














34

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

14











2021] (2018) 11














68-85 CC1022034ajcb2021121909 (2021) 25














39

40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

15



USA 3






httpdoi1041722380-23911000238 (2018) 9









httpsdoiorg101016S0048-9697(02)00683-6 (2003) 18


5007 8 (2009) 20















(2013) 35



(1)27ndash44 (2015) 38




(012024) 1-9httpdoiorg1010881755-13152791012024 (2019) 42

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

16



2008-1882 (2008) 3










191211 httpdoiorg1056962156-9614-924191211 (2019) 13




httpsdoiorg101007s11356-016-7219-7 (2016) 17









http101100tsw201061 (2010b) 26




(2008) 30



2011) 33


2016 (2016) 35







17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

17

















286ndash290 (2013) 17














272(2)220-228 httpsdoiorg101111j1574-6968200700770x (2017) 31











18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

18


Feb 2 2021] (2017) 2











[Accessed March 14 2021] (2015) 13


701 (2013) 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

19



C5 ndash C8 3

C9 ndash C16 0065

C17 ndash C35 1

C36 ndash C40 10


C5 ndash C8 013

C8 ndash C16 0025

C17 ndash C35 002

C36 ndash C40 02

TPHCWG 2019












20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

20





C8 00419 00683 01138 06713 00342 00211

C9 00948 09477 01848 07001 07284 00827

C10 00498 14817 03963 02850 02290 00344

C11 00272 15403 03017 03225 01403 00183

C12 00294 13199 03533 03214 02550 00179

C13 00121 22727 02963 01228 01380 00159

C14 00245 16737 01360 02343 00664 00506

C15 00098 08761 03332 03279 00571 00365

C16 00161 13738 02074 01304 00291 01412

C17 00090 04859 00463 01998 16863 02815

Pristane 00120 08945 02664 01118 24970 00775

C18 00208 10053 01172 04235 25371 04606

Phytane 00086 16272 01383 02979 18832 02612

C19 00122 13125 01710 00500 13617 05663

C20 00233 07409 02457 00513 22847 05956

C21 00046 09557 01274 01906 16645 01990

C22 00193 13712 02059 02061 10623 02579

C23 00280 12082 01362 01010 28227 06480

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

21

C24 00100 11233 02084 02274 19995 05236

C25 00290 19830 01881 03157 08231 07794

C26 00222 11604 01231 01463 22010 09508

C27 00050 17674 01348 02968 09965 11551

C28 00198 04857 01242 00924 15103 09357

C29 00122 06331 01461 02119 02411 07200

C30 00061 04414 00757 00746 11923 04986

C31 00093 12852 01376 00735 10964 24430

C32 00093 03896 00958 00866 14583 10476

C33 00131 03519 01211 01106 11497 16139

C34 00047 02803 00142 01100 07749 05486

C35 00187 05108 01129 02260 09056 06931

C36 00095 07341 00997 01129 06614 47606

C37 00057 0113 00950 01438 07364 00050

C38 03627 02630 00367 01541 04592 00113

C39 43094 02877 01026 01367 12048 00180

C40 513652 65533 16351 18601 222371 15107

TOTAL 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825


22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

22


Ogale Eleme LGA



C5-C8 00140 00228 00379 02238 00114 0007

C9-C16 40569 176706 339846 376062 2528154 6115385

C17-C35 02766 174918 25317 31941 27768 149183

C36-C40 56053 079511 01969 02408 252989 063056

Mean CF 24882 487540 91878 10316 1389771 5417819

CF 99527 195016 36751 412648 555908 2167128

PLI 05444 27350 08954 15949 21211 079755


C5-C8 03223 05254 08754 51638 02630 0162308

C9-C16 10548 459436 8836 97776 65732 159

C17-C35 13830 874590 126585 159705 13884 745915

C36-C40 28026 39756 98455 12038 126494 31528

Mean CF 76241 343577 564165 686707 395222 1983763

CF 30496 1374307 225666 274683 158089 7935053

PLI 10714 53824 176205 313884 417426 1569569

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

23





1 2 1 2

C8 -0667 -0745 04673 0884

C9 0781 -0624 -055 0835

C10 0688 -0726 -0323 0946

C11 0732 -0681 00939 0996

C12 0681 -0732 -0328 0945

C13 0769 -0639 -0611 0791

C14 0803 -0596 04134 0911

C15 0577 -0817 04264 0905

C16 0759 -0651 09977 -0068

C17 0797 -0604 -0998 -0069

Pristane 0651 -0759 -1000 -0007

C18 0786 -0618 -0999 -0035

Phytane 0796 -0605 -1000 8E-05

C19 0771 -0637 -0913 -0409

C20 0633 -0774 -0968 -0253

C21 0767 -0642 -1000 -0025

C22 0761 -0648 -0997 -0074

C23 0789 -0614 -0978 -0209

C24 0735 -0679 -0984 -0175

C25 0795 -0606 -0549 -0836

C26 0791 -0612 -0914 -0407

C27 0800 -0600 -0323 -0946

C28 0702 -0712 -0795 -0607

C29 0708 -0706 04725 -0881

C30 0747 -0665 -0919 -0394

C31 0784 -062 0098 -0995

C32 0699 -0715 -0717 -0697

C33 0625 -078 -0196 -0981

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

24

C34 0821 -0571 -0748 -0664

C35 0725 -0688 -0727 -0686

C36 0770 -0638 04215 -0907

C37 0103 -0995 -0987 0159

C38 0716 0698 -0956 0293

C39 0093 0996 -0997 0071

C40 0144 099 -1 -0005

Eigenvalue 1760 1740 20799 14201

Variance () 8717 20782 33681 41204


8717 29499 33681 77885



Ogale Eleme LGA


C8-C11 1034 0611 0362 0732 2768 1490

C12-C17 0441 0832 0970 0948 5368 1592

C18-C25 1005 1287 0801 0724 0846 1193

C26-C33 069 1630 1288 1732 0548 1728

C34-C40 0084 0116 0174 0226 0118 0105



25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

25


Ogale Eleme LGA


C9 - C11 9446 10238 10240 9631 9323 9362

C13 - C17 14799 14017 14260 15237 16646 16591

C19 - C25 23000 22415 22097 23076 21931 22496

C27 - C33 30540 29110 29908 28994 30377 30522

C35 - C39 38980 36510 36934 36647 37210 35115

Even n-alkanes

C8 - C10 9086 9912 9553 8596 97402 9240

C12 - C16 13620 14025 13581 1344 12711 15176

C18 - C24 20504 21232 21301 20523 2064 20919

C26 - C32 28087 28049 28689 28508 28600 28957

C34 - C40 39985 39340 39688 39365 39660 36727



Ogale Eleme LGA


TPHs 566551 395201 72283 91271 594323 219825

C31C19 0762 0979 0805 147 0805 4314

LH 0007 0690 0740 0787 0211 0120


ACL (odd n-alkanes) 37705 21148 21246 20845 25234 28248



26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

26



Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 420E-05 684E-05 114E-04

Dermal 409E-05 666E-05 111E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-04 130E-02 238E-03

Dermal 286E-04 127E-02 231E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 211E-04 149E-02 212E-03

Dermal 205E-04 145E-02 207E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 306E-04 118E-02 233E-03

Dermal 298E-04 113E-02 227E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 240E-04 796E-03 197E-03

Dermal 234E-04 775E-03 192E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 562E-02 911E-03 222E-03

Dermal 547E-02 887E-03 216E-03

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 672E-04 342E-05 211E-05

Dermal 655E-04 333E-05 206E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-03 588E-03 114E-03

Dermal 299E-03 572E-03 111E-03

C19-C32 Ingestion 213E-03 207E-02 113E-02

Dermal 207E-03 202E-02 110E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 312E-03 168E-03 419E-04

Dermal 304E-03 164E-03 408E-04

C17-C32 Ingestion 275E-03 250E-02 121E-02

Dermal 268E-03 204E-02 118E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 286E-03 282E-02 918E-03

Dermal 278E-03 274E-02 893E-03

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

27


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 765E-06 125E-05 208E-05

Dermal 540E-04 880E-04 147E-03

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-05 237E-03 433E-04

Dermal 378E-03 167E-01 306E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 384E-05 271E-03 387E-04

Dermal 271E-03 191E-01 273E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-03 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 558E-05 211E-03 424E-04

Dermal 394E-03 149E-01 299E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 439E-05 145E-03 360E-04

Dermal 309E-03 102E-01 254E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 102E-02 166E-02 405E-04

Dermal 723E-01 117E-01 286E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 123E-04 624E-06 385E-06

Dermal 865E-03 441E-04 272E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-04 107E-03 208E-04

Dermal 395E-02 756E-01 147E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 388E-04 378E-03 207E-03

Dermal 274E-02 267E-01 146E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 363E-01 118E-01

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 569E-04 306E-04 765E-05

Dermal 401E-02 216E-02 539E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 502E-04 455E-03 220E-03

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

28

Dermal 354E-02 321E-01 155E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 521E-04 514E-03 167E-03

Dermal 368E-02 362E-01 118E-01


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure pathway

Time of

Early Rain

Exposure

Mid Rain Late Rain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 105E-03 171E-03 285E-03

Dermal 817E-06 133E-05 222E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 294E-02 130E+00 238E-01

Dermal 286E-03 127E-01 231E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 702E-05 496E-03 708E-04

Dermal 103E-04 724E-03 103E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 187E-03 304E-04 740E-05

Dermal 273E-03 443E-04 108E-04

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

29

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 765E-02 289E+00 582E-01

Dermal 149E-03 563E-02 113E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 601E-03 199E-01 493E-02

Dermal 585E-03 194E-01 480E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 140E-01 228E-02 555E-03

Dermal 182E+00 296E-01 721E-02

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 168E-02 856E-04 528E-04

Dermal 131E-04 667E-06 412E-06

C9 - C18 Ingestion 307E-01 588E-01 114E-01

Dermal 299E-02 572E-02 111E-02

C19-C32 Ingestion 709E-04 692E-03 378E-03

Dermal 104E-03 101E-02 552E-03

C33-C40 Ingestion 953E-05 939E-04 306E-04

Dermal 139E-04 137E-03 447E-04

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 780E-01 420E-01 105E-01

Dermal 152E-02 818E-03 204E-03

C17-C32 Ingestion 688E-02 624E-01 302E-01

Dermal 670E-02 608E-01 294E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 715E-03 704E-02 229E-02

Dermal 928E-02 914E-01 299E-01

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

30


Location TPHs group

TPHs derivatives

Exposure medium



Obio-Akpor LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 191E-04 312E-04 520E-04

Dermal 108E-04 176E-04 293E-04

C9 - C18 Ingestion 536E-03 237E-01 433E-02

Dermal 378E-02 167E+00 306E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 128E-05 905E-04 129E-04

Dermal 135E-03 957E-02 137E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 341E-04 554E-05 135E-05

Dermal 361E-02 586E-03 143E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 140E-02 528E-01 106E-01

Dermal 197E-02 744E-01 150E-01

C17-C32 Ingestion 110E-03 363E-02 899E-03

Dermal 773E-02 256E+00 634E-01

C33-C40 Ingestion 256E-02 415E-03 101E-03

Dermal 241E+01 391E+00 952E-01

Ogale

Eleme LGA

Aliphatic PHs

C6-C8 Ingestion 307E-03 156E-04 963E-05

Dermal 173E-03 881E-05 544E-05

C9 - C18 Ingestion 560E-02 107E-01 208E-02

Dermal 395E-01 756E-01 147E-01

C19-C32 Ingestion 129E-04 126E-02 689E-04

Dermal 137E-02 133E-01 729E-02

C33-C40 Ingestion 174E-05 171E-04 558E-05

Dermal 184E-03 181E-02 590E-03

Aromatic PHs

C6-C16 Ingestion 142E-01 766E-02 191E-02

Dermal 201E-01 108E-01 270E-02

C17-C32 Ingestion 125E-02 114E-01 551E-02

Dermal 849E-01 803E+00 389E+00

C33-C40 Ingestion 130E-03 128E-02 418E-03

Dermal 123E+00 121E+01 393E+00

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

31


TYPE OF PARAMETER





C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0

C17

0

Pristane

0

C18

0

Phytane

0

C19

0

C20

0

C21

0

C22

0

C23

0

C24

0

C25

0

C26

0

C27

0

C28

0

C29

0

C30

0

C31

0

C32

0

C33

0

C34

0

C35

0

C36

0

C37

0

C38

1

C39

8

C40

91

RR Early Rain

C8

0

C9

2C10

4C11

4C12

3

C13

6

C14

4

C15

2C16

3C17

1Pristane

2

C18

3

Phytane

4

C19

3C20

2C21

2C22

3

C23

3

C24

3

C25

5

C26

3

C27

4

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

3

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

1

C36

2

C37

0

C38

1

C39

1

C40

17

RR Mid Rain

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

32



C8

2C9

3

C10

5

C11

4

C12

5

C13

4

C14

2C15

5C16

3C17

1

Pristane

4

C18

2

Phytane

2

C19

2C20

3C21

2C22

3

C23

2

C24

3

C25

3

C26

2

C27

2

C28

2

C29

2

C30

1

C31

2

C32

1

C33

2

C34

0

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

1

C40

23

RR Late Rain

C8

7 C9

8C10

3

C11

4

C12

4C13

1C14

3 C15

4C16

1C17

2 Pristane

1

C18

5Phytane

3

C19

1

C20

1C21

2

C22

2

C23

1

C24

2C25

3

C26

2C27

3

C28

1

C29

2

C30

1

C31

1

C32

1

C33

1

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

2

C38

2

C39

1

C40

20

OE Early Rain

C8

0

C9

1

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

0C17

3

Pristane

4

C18

4

Phytane

3

C19

2 C20

4

C21

3C22

2

C23

5

C24

3

C25

1

C26

4

C27

2C28

3C29

0C30

2C31

2

C32

2

C33

2

C34

1

C35

2

C36

1

C37

1

C38

1

C39

2

C40

38

OE Mid Rain

C8

0

C9

0

C10

0

C11

0

C12

0

C13

0

C14

0

C15

0

C16

1

C17

1

Pristane

0

C18

2

Phytane

1

C19

3C20

3C21

1C22

1C23

3C24

2C25

4

C26

4

C27

5C28

4

C29

3

C30

2C31

11

C32

5

C33

7

C34

2

C35

3

C36

22

C37

0

C38

0

C39

0

C40

7

OE Late Rain

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

33


-05

0

05

1

15

2

25

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C8 C9 - C18 C19-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

34


-505

1015202530

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain

EarlyRain

MidRain

LateRain


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale ElemeLGA


Obio-Akpor LGA

Ogale Eleme LGA

Adults Children

Haz

ard

Inde

x

C6-C16 C17-C32 C33-C40

Documents

Chemometrics, Health Risk Assessment and Probable Sources