chemistryproject on alloy extraction class 12

8/9/2019 chemistryproject on alloy extraction class 12

1/17

CheM IstRY

ProJeCt

Submitted By:

TARUN

MALHOTRAClass :XII- C3


2/17

StudyOf

onstituentsOf

Aoys


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A!"no#ed$e%e

ntI wish to express my deepgratitude and sincere thanks to thePrincipal, Dr MBarsaley, !reen"eldsPublic school #or her encouragement and#or all the #acilities that she pro$ided #orthis pro%ect work I sincerely appreciatethis magnanimity by taking me into her#old #or which I shall remain indebted toher I extend my hearty thanks toMrs&lka 'yagi, Chemistry teacher ,whoguided me to the success#ul completion

o# this pro%ect I take this opportunity toexpress my deep sense o# gratitude #orher in$aluable guidance, constantencouragement , immense moti$ation ,which has sustained my e(orts at all thestages o# this

pro%ect work)I can*t #orgot to o(er my sincere thanksto parents and also to my classmateswho helprd me to carry out this pro%ectwork success#ul and #or their $aluable

ad$ice and support , which I recei$ed#rom them time to time)


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-& Certi'!(te &- !uided By :+ Mrs) A"( Ty($i

Class :+ II - C. /ear :+ 0122+ 0120 3oll 4o :+ 5555555555555555 School :+ *reen'eds Pu+i!S!hoo

Certi"ed to be the bona "de work doneby+

Master 55555555555555 o# class II+C. intheChemistry 6ab during the year 0122+0120Date :+55555555

Submitted #or Centr( ,o(rd ofSe!ond(rydu!(tion)7xamination held in Chemistry lab at!reen"elds

Public School


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-& INDEX&-

2++ Introduction0++ Some Common &lloys

.++ Preparation o# alloys

8++ &nalysis o# an alloy

9++ 7xperiment 2 to analye a sample o# brass ;ualitati$e

ses o# &lloy

?++ Bibliography))


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&n Aoyis a homogenous mixture o# two or more metals or a non+metal

&n alloy o# mercury with another metal is called amalgam

Aoysare usually harder than their components but $ery o#ten lessductile and less malleable 'hus the hardness o# gold is increased byaddition o# copper to it 'he melting point o# an alloy is always lowerthan the melting points o# the constituent metals @ther properties

such as reacti$ity towards atmospheric oxygen and moisture,mechanical strength, ductility, colour etc also under goes a changewhen an alloy is made #rom its constituents Ametals 'his change o#properties is $ery use#ul and makes an alloy bene"cial

Some o# the alloys along with their composition is gi$en below

.) ,r(ss :+It consists copper+91+1E

Finc : 01+81Eand small amounts o# tin, lead and iron

/) ,ron0e: It consists copper


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A%($(%

&ny alloy o# mercury is called an(%($(%)Most metals are

soluble in mercury, but some Asuch as ironare not &malgams arecommonly used in dental "llings because they ha$e been relati$elycheap, easy to use, and durable In addition, until recently, theyha$e been regarded as sa#e 'hey are made by mixing mercurywith sil$er ,copper ,tin , and other metals 'he mercury content o#dental "llings has recently stirred contro$ersy, based on the

potentially harm#ul e(ects o# mercury

Mer!ury (%($(%sha$e also been used in the process o# mining

gold and sil$er, because o# the ease with which mercury

amalgamates with them In addition , thallium amalgam is used asthe li;uid material in thermometers, because it #reees at +9?HC,whereas pure mercury #reees at +.?HC

,r(ss

& decorati$e brass paperweight Ale#t, along with inc and copper

samples

,r(ssis the term used #or alloys o# copper and inc in a solid

solution It has a yellow color, somewhat similar to gold It was

produced in prehistoric times, long be#ore inc was disco$ered, bymelting copper with calamine, a inc ore

'he amount o# inc in brass $aries #rom 9 to 89 percent, creating

a range o# brasses, each with uni;ue properties By comparison,

brone is principally an alloy o# copper and tin

SOM COMMON ALLOYS &-


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Despite this distinction, some types o# brasses are called brones

Brass is relati$ely resistant to tarnishing and is o#ten used #ordecorati$e purposes Its malleability and acoustic properties ha$emade it the metal o# choice #or musical instruments such as the

trombone, tuba, trumpet, and euphonium &lthough saxophones&nd harmonicas are made out o# brass, the saxophone is awoodwind instrument, and the harmonica, a #ree reed aero phoneIn organ pipes designed as reed pipes, brass strips are used asthe reed

&luminum makes brass stronger and more corrosion+resistant It

#orms a transparent, sel#+healing, protecti$e layer o# aluminumoxide A&l0@. on the sur#ace 'in has a similar e(ect and "nds itsuse especially in seawater applications Ana$al brassesCombinations o# iron, aluminum, silicon, and manganese makebrassresistant to wear and tear

,ron0e,ron0ere#ers to a broad range o# copper alloys, usually with tin

as the main additi$e, but sometimes with other element s such as

phosphorus,manganese,aluminum, or silicon 'ypically, brone is

about


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In early use, the natural impurity arsenic sometimes created asuperior naturalalloy, called arsenical brone

'hough not as strong as steel, brone is superior to iron in nearlye$ery application Brone de$elops a patina Aa green coating on

the exposed sur#ace, but it does not oxidie beyond the sur#aceIt is considerably less brittle than iron and has a lower castingtemperature Se$eral brone alloys resist corrosion Aespecially byseawater and metal #atigue better than steelJ they also conduct

Keat and electricity better than most steels

Brone has myriad uses in industry It is widely used today #or

springs, bearings, bushings, and similar "ttings, and is particularly

common in the bearings o# small electric motors It is also widelyused #or cast metal sculpture and is the most popular metal #ortop+;uality bells and cymbals

Commercial brone, otherwise known as brass, is 1 percent

copper and 21 percent inc It contains no tin


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Pre(r(tion of Aoys

&lloys are prepared #rom the techni;ues o# #usion, compression or

simultaneous electro + deposition !enerally the components aremixed together in proper properties in a #use clay crucible, meltedand stirred with a piece o# charcoal to a$oid oxidation 'he moltenmixture is now allowed to cool Lhen an alloy is obtained eg brassis prepared by abo$e melted

An(ysis of (n (oy

'he complete analysis o# an alloy in$ol$es two steps

.) 4u(it(ti5e An(ysis &'his in$ol$es identi"cation o# the components o# the alloys

/) 4u(ntit(ti5e An(ysis &'his in$ol$es determination o# the components o# the alloy Itin$ol$es the separation o# the components #rom the alloy;uantitati$ely #ollowed by determination o# percentage o# eachcomponent $olumetrically or gra$imetrically

In this pro%ect we will carry out ;ualitati$e analysis only

O+6e!ti5es of Pro6e!t &In this pro%ect, our aim is to know the $arious metals present in thegi$en sample o# alloy


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7eri%ent -To analyze a sample of brass


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Re8uire%ents & China dish, test+tube #unnel, "lter paper and common laboratoryreagents

Theory &

Brass is an alloy o# copper and inc with the #ollowing

Co%osition &Cu G


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7eri%ent -To analyze a sample of bronze


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3e;uirements : China dish, test+tube #unnel, "lter paper and

common laboratory reagentsTheory &

Brone is an alloy o# copper and tin with the #ollowing

Co%osition &

Cu G ??+na(ected

Black ppt

'he soluble black ppt is tested #or Cu0 ions and the solution istested #or Sn0 ions as in elementary ;ualitati$e analysis

To analyze a sample of bronze qualitat


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Pro!edure &

2 'ake about 2g o# small pieces o# brone in a china dish and addto it 9+21 ml o# dil K4@.

0 Keat the contents slowly to dissol$e copper and tin completelyand then boil the contents to a paste to remo$e excess o# K4@. &ll

this is carried out in cup board. Dissol$e this dry mass in distilled water containing KCl A2:2 toget a clear solution

8 'rans#er the solution in a test tube and pass K0S in excess ie tillthe precipitation is complete Nilter and re%ect the "ltrate

9 'ake the black ppt in a test tube and add to it 0+. ml o# yellowammonium sulphide and heat Nilter the contents Black residue is

tested #or Cu0 ions and "ltrate is tested #or Sn0ions


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i; To %odify !he%i!( re(!ti5ity &-

Lhen sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reacti$e to be usedbut its allay with mercury, called sodium amalgam can be sa#elyused as reducing agent

ii; To in!re(se h(rdness &-Kardness o# gold is increased by adding copper to it &lso inc isadded to copper to make copper hard in #orm o# brass

iii; To in!re(se tensie stren$th &-4ickeloy, an alloy o# 4ickel A2E, Copper A8E and aluminium A9Ehas high tensile strength

i5; To o#er the %etin$ oint &-

Solder metal which is an alloy o# SnA.1E and PbA=1E has $eryless meting point as compared to melting points o# Sn and Pb

5; To %odify the !oour &-&luminium brone an alloy o# Cu and &l has beauti#ul golden colour

5i; To resist !orrosion&-Iron gets rusted and corroded Its corrosion takes place with timebut stainless steel, an alloy o# iron and carbon get not rusted thecomposition o# stainless steel is :

Iron + ?E

Carbon + 0E

SS O< ALLOYS &-


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,i+io$r(hy &-

II class Chemistry 4C73' Books iCBS7com

II class Chemistry Practical BookPhotos #rom !oogle imagesMore In#ormation #rom Likipedia

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chemistryproject on alloy extraction class 12