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CHEMISTRY
Maybe I should be wearing goggles
Chemistry Pre-Test
1. What is matter?
2. Name the particles of the atom
3. List the CHARGES of each particle
4. How do we determine the Atomic Number of an element?
5. How do we determine the Atomic Mass of an element?
6. Name at least five (5) elements and their symbols
What is Matter?
• Anything that can be smelled, tasted, touched…
• Has mass and volume (takes up space)
• Matter exists in a state or phase
• Phases of matter include solid, liquid, gas, non-Newtonian, & plasma
Common Phases of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas
Non-Newtonian substances
sometimes behave like a solid and
sometimes like a liquid
Plasmas consist of freely moving charged particles, (electrons & ions)
It is perhaps the most common
phase of matter in the universe
Matter is made up of atoms… What’s an Atom?
• The word ATOM (átomos) was first used by the Greek philosopher Democritus
• Atom translates to “Indivisible”• It is the smallest particle characterizing an element• We can’t see the parts of atoms, even with modern
technology, so we have an Atomic Theory• A theory is a good, logical idea about something
but it hasn’t been proven to be true
Democritus460-370 BCE
Atomic TheoryIt’s thought that atoms are made of
these common particles:
• PROTON- has a positive Charge (P+)
• NEUTRON- has a neutral charge; has both positive and negative attributes (N=)
• ELECTRON- has a negative charge (e-)
Atomic Structure
Proton
Neutron
electron
Nucleus
Electron Clouds
Benfey’s Periodic Table 1960
Stowe Periodic Table 1988
Mayan Periodic Table 2001
Spiral Periodic Table 2005
Dufour Periodic Table
There is no single periodic table…
Most Common Periodic Table
• First organized using the known properties from other chemists like Stanislao Cannizzaro
• Dmitri Mendeleev created the most
commonly used table of elements in 1869
Mendeleev’s table 1869
Most Commonly Used Table
Period of elements
•Organized horizontally
•Indicates # of electron levels
Family of elements
•Organized vertically
•Indicates # of electrons in outer cloud
Nitrogen
2 75 N
14.0067
Atomic Number (# of P+)
# of e- in each electron cloud Atomic Mass (# of P+
& N=)
Elemental Name
Elemental Symbol (Often from Latin or Greek)
(1st letter is upper case, 2nd is lower case)
Q: How can I calculate the number of neutrons in an
element??
Elemental Names & Symbols
• Fe
• Iron; Latin Ferrum meaning “firm”
• Cu
• Copper; Greek for island of Cypress/ Cuprius
• Na
• Sodium; Natrium (Latin) meaning “soda”/ “salt”
• Ag
• Silver; from Latin Argentum meaning “bright”
More Elemental Names & Symbols
• Au
• Gold; (Latin) Aurum- Roman Goddess of dawn
• Hg
• Mercury; Greek Hydragyrium meaning ‘liquid silver’
• Pb
• Lead; Latin for Plumbum; origin of ‘plumber’
Element song?
http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
John DaltonSeptember 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844
• All matter is made of atoms
• Atoms of an element are identical
• Atoms are rearranged in reactions
Elements are individual atoms…
• When elements join together a compound forms
• Elements join forming molecules of a compound
• There several ways for molecules to form…
Covalent Bonding
•Atoms join together to form molecules of a compound through bonding
•Atoms “prefer” to have 8 e- in the outer cloud
•In order to become more stable, elements will share e-
•Water (H2O) is an example of covalent bonding
H H
O
Ionic Bonding
• Occurs with salts
• One element gives up an electron while another gains an electron
• In the case of Sodium Chloride, Na gives up an electron and Cl gains one
• This creates ions: the Na atom has a positive charge & the Cl atom has a negative charge
• Opposite charges attract and a compound is formed
Na Cl