Chemistry!!!• Matter takes up space and

has mass• All matter composed of

elements• Atom is smallest unit of an

element that still retains characteristics of that element

• Protons and neutrons make up the atomic mass

• Electrically neutral atom has same number of protons and electrons

….chemistry continued

• Nucleus is surrounded by shells (energy levels)

• Inner most shell (lowest energy)can accommodate 2 e-

• Each shell after that can hold up to 8e-

• Atom most stable when has 8e- on outer shell NITROGEN

….

• Unit of measure of number of atoms/elements in compound: mole

6.02x10^23Number of atoms, for

appropriate grams of 1 mole of that element

12 grams of Carbon 12 has 1 mole of carbon atoms

…

• Isotopes differ in number of neutrons, thus for any isotope, the atomic number stays the same, but the atomic mass differs

• Some isotopes exist as radioactive isotopes: where they emit rays or particles as they decay

• Important development for Medicine

PET SCAN• https://www.youtube.c

om/watch?v=GHLBcCv4rqk

Radioactive Tracer for other Disease• https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=noYyUeYAyus

Chemistry continued…

• Molecule- two or more atoms of an element chemically join

ex: O2 H2O• Compound- atoms of

different elements joinex: H2 O; NaCl

• Bonds that can be formed: Ionic (atoms gain or lose e-)

Na+Cl- Ionic Lattice

…

• Covalent bonds (atoms share e-)

• Ways to represent molecules/compounds:

Structural Formula(contains lines to reveal covalent bonds): H-O-HMolecular Formula(shows number of atoms making up molecule): H2O

…

• Double Bonds & Triple Bonds more than one pair of e- shared

Ex: N-N , CO2

• Polar Covalent BondPartial negative and positive

charge created because more electronegative atom withhold shared e-

• Nonpolar Covalent Bondatoms share e- equal amount of time

Water,Acids, and Bases

• Organic molecule= molecules of life; carbon-based (CHNOPS)

1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Protein 4.Nucleic Acids• Inorganic Molecule= does not contain carbon, but can

be incorporated into living thing to make organic molecule

• Water=IMPORTANT ____________MOLECULE!

Water…

• Polar molecule• Hydrogen Bonding can

occur (H-bonding) between slightly positive Hydrogen and slight negative atoms

• A Hydrogen Bond is a bond that takes place between two separate molecules

Important Properties of H2O

1. Water is a Solvent for polar and ionic compounds this will help facilitate rxns in/out our body

*water-loving= hydrophillic*water-fearing=hydrophobic2. Water is cohesive & adhesiveGreat for transport3. High Specific Heat Capacity and High heat of Vaporization (that’s why we don’t melt and freeze right away)

….

• ACID in aqueous solution release Hydrogen ions; have a H+ to donate; accept e- pair

• BASE in aqueous solution release Hydroxide ions; accept H+; donate e- pair

• pH= measure of hydrogen ion concentration• Scale from 0-14, 7Neutral Water• Water is neutral because it gives equal

number of H+ and -OH

pH in the Body- 7.4

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3¯

Acidosis- too much acid in the fluids of the body acid builds up or bicarbonate is lost metabolic or respiratory acidosisAlkalosis- too much base in the fluids of the body Not enough carbon dioxide or too much bicarbonate ion

Important Reactions

• Dehydration Reaction water results/water lost, and subunits bond

R--OH H--R H2O + RR• Hydrolysis Reaction water is “cut” or “lysed”

when macromolecule breaks down into its subunits

RR +H2O R-OH H-R

MACROMOLECULES

Macromolecule Category Monomer (Single Unit) Polymer (Many Monomers)

Nucleic Acids Nucleotide DNA, RNA

Proteins Amino Acid Polypeptide

Lipids Glycerol and Fatty Acids Fat

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates

-General formula CH2O-Simple sugar = has 3-7 carbons =monosaccharide

-open chain (acyclic) or closed chain(cyclic)- 2 monosaccharides disaccharide- Multiple monosaccharide polysaccharides

Carbs continued!

-Important for energy (ex: glucose in our body)-Important in plants for structure: polysaccharide Cellulose our bodies don’t digest this: fibermicrobes in our intestines can-Important for protection: Chitin in Crustaceans-Starch stored glucose in plants-Glycogen stored glucose in animals

Lipids

• Long-term energy storage molecules• Also found in cell membranes (phospholipids)• Steroids are a class of lipids, sex-hormones

(Estrogen and testosterone)• Lipids found in fats and oils

fatsanimal derivedoils plant derived

Lipids continued..

Steroids

Reactants & Products

Proteins

-Proteins=Macromolecule made of Amino Acid Subunits-help with chemical reactions-help provide structure-participate in hormonal communication and other physiological responses

- Amino Acid + Amino Acid= dipeptide- 3+ Amino Acids=

polypetide

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKwSIu_XxnY

Enzymes

-Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions-Enzymes lower Energy of Activation*

Energy of Activation= energy needed to start a reaction-many many many enzymes working simultaneously-can put molecules together, or help break down

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw

Nucleic Acids