278Chemistry

Absorption 122Actinoid contraction 231Actinoids 209, 230Activated complex 112Activators 132Activation energy 113Adsorption 122Adsorption isotherm 125Allotropic forms 175, 187Ambidentate ligand 240Amorphous solids 2Anisotropic 3Anomalous behaviour of oxygen 182Antiferromagnetism 28Aqua regia 199Arrhenius equation 111, 113Atomic radii 166, 181, 193, 203Average rate 95Avogadro constant 20Azeotrope 46, 47Batteries 86Binary solutions 33, 41, 44Biochemical catalysis 131Black phosphorus 176Blast furnace 154, 156, 157Blister copper 157Body-centred unit 7, 11Bohr magneton 27, 221Bonding in metal carbonyls 254Bravais lattices 7Bredig's arc 137Brown ring test 175Brownian movement 140Calcination 150, 154Cast iron 156, 162Catalyst 114, 128Cell potential 66Chelate 240Chemical kinetics 93Chemisorption 123Chiral 245Chromatographic methods 160Cis - isomer 244, 245Classification of colloids 134Close-packed structures 12Coagulation 142Colligative properties 47, 56

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INDEX

Terms Page No.

Collision frequency 115Collision theory of chemical reactions 115Column chromatography 161Concentration of ores 149, 150Concentration of solutions 34Conductivity 73, 79Conductors 24Coordination compounds 237Coordination entity 240, 242Coordination isomerism 246Coordination number 12Coordination polyhedron 241Coordination theory 239Copper matte 151, 156Corrosion 89Cryoscopic constant 51Crystal defects 22Crystal field splitting 251, 252Crystal field theory 247, 250Crystal lattice 7Crystalline solids 2, 3, 4Dalton's law 41Daniell cell 64Denticity 240Dependence on rate of concentration 98Depressants 149Dialyser 138Dialysis 138Diamagnetism 28, 220Didentate 240Diode 27Dislocation defect 23Dispersed phase 134, 135Dispersion medium 134, 135Dissociation constant 256Distillation 159Ebullioscopic constant 49Electrical conductance 74Electro dialysis 138Electrochemical cells 64Electrochemistry 63Electrode potential 66, 218, 220Electrolytes 79Electrolytic cell 83Electrolytic refining 159Electromotive force 66Electron hole 26

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279 Index

Electron vacancy 26Electronegativity 167, 181, 193Electronic configuration 210Electronic defect 26Electroosmosis 142Elements 147Ellingham diagram 152Eluant 161Empirical formula 238Emulsions 135, 143Enantiomers 245End-centred unit 8Enthalpy 124Enzyme catalysis 131, 132Equilibrium constant 71f.- block elements 227Face centred unit 7, 11Facial isomer 245Faraday's law 83Ferrimagnetism 28Ferromagnetism 28, 221First order reaction 104, 109Froth floatation 149Fractional distillation 169Frenkel defect 22, 23Frequency factor 111Freundlich isotherm 125Fuel cells 88Galvanic cell 64, 65, 89Gangue 147, 148Gels 135Geometric isomerism 244Giant molecules 5Gibbs energy 65, 72, 117Haber's process 128Half-life 108Hall heroult process 158Halogens 192Henry's law 40Heterogeneous catalysis 128, 129Heteroleptic complex 241Holme's signals 176Homogeneous catalysis 128Homoleptic complex 241, 254Hybridisation 248Hydrate isomerism 249Hydration enthalpy 217Hydraulic washing 148Hydro metallurgy 158

Hydrogen bonded molecular solids 4Ideal solution 45Impurity defect 23Inhibitors 132Inner transition metals 209, 227Instability constant 256Instantaneous rate of a reaction 96, 97Insulators 25Inter molecular forces 2Interstitial compounds 223Interstitial defect 22Intrinsic semiconductors 25Ionic conductance 75Ionic radii 166, 181, 193Ionic solids 5Ionisation enthalpy 166, 181, 193, 203Ionisation isomerism 246Isomerism 244Isotonic solution 54Kinetic energy 113Kohlrausch law 81, 82Kraft temperature 136Lanthanide contraction 213, 228Lanthanoids 209, 227Le Chateliers principle 38Leaching 150Lewis acids 240Ligand field theory 247Ligands 222, 240Line defects 22Linkage isomerism 248Liquation 161Long range order 2Lyophilic colloids 137Lyophobic colloids 137Magnetic separation 151Meridional isomer 247Metal carbonyls 256Metal excess defect 23Metallic solids 5Metallurgy 149, 153Micelles 138Minerals 149Mischmetall 232Molal elevation constant 49Molality 37Molar conductivity 79Molarity 36, 53Mole fraction 35, 48

Terms Page No. Terms Page No.

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280Chemistry

Molecular orbital theory 249Molecularity of a reaction 104Mond process 162Monoclinic sulphur 189Mononuclear coordination compounds 244Nernst equation 70Noble gases 204Non-ideal solution 45Non-polar molecular solids 4Octahedral voids 15, 17Optical isomerism 245Order of a reaction 100Ores 148Osmotic pressure 53Ostwald's process 129Oxidation number 241Oxidation state 194Oxides of nitrogen 172Oxoacids of halogens 199Oxoacids of phosphorus 178, 179Oxoacids of sulphur 189Ozone 185Packing efficiency 18Paper chromatography 161Paramagnetism 27, 220p-block elements 165Peptization 138Physisorption 123Pig iron 156Point defects 22Polar molecular solids 4Polydentate 240Primary battery 86Primary valence 237Pseudo first order reaction 110Pseudo solids 3Purification of metal 147Pyrometallurgy 151, 157Raoult's law 41, 44Rate law 98, 99Reaction rate constant 99Redox couples 65Red phosphorus 175Reverberatory furnace 151, 156Reverse osmosis 55Rhombic sulphur 187Roasting 151, 154

Schottky defect 22, 23Secondary battery 87Secondary valence 237, 238Semi conductors 25Semipermeable membrane 53Shape-selective catalysis 130Short range order 2Smoke screens 176Solid state 2Sols 135Solubility 37Solvate isomerism 247Stereo isomerism 244Stoichiometric defect 22Strong field ligands 251Structural isomerism 244Super cooled liquids 3Surface chemistry 121Temperature dependence of rate 111Tetrahedral permanganate 226Tetrahedral voids 14, 16Thermodynamics 154Trans isomer 244Transition metals 209, 212Tyndall cone 139Tyndall effect 139Ultrafiltration 139Unidentate 240Unit cells 7, 10Units of rate constant 101Units of rate of a reaction 95Vacancy defect 22Valence bond theory 247, 250Van arkel method 160Vapour phase refining 160Vapour pressure 42, 44Voltaic cell 64Weak field ligands 251Werner's theory 237, 239Wheatstone bridge 73, 75White phosphorus 175Wrought iron 156, 162Zeolites 130, 131Zero order Reaction 103, 109Zeta potential 141Zone refining 159, 160

Terms Page No. Terms Page No.

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First EditionJanuary 2007 Pausa 1928

ReprintedNovember 2007 Kartika 1929

December 2008 Pausa 1930

January 2010 Magha 1931

January 2011 Magha 1932

January 2012 Magha 1933

January 2013 Magha 1934

November 2013 Kartika 1935

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ISBN 81-7450-648-9

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FOREWORD

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005 recommends that children’s

life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks

a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our

system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi

and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement

this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance

of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures

will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of

education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986).

The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and

teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to

pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space,

time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the

information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as

the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and

sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we

perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed

body of knowledge.

These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of

functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in

implementing the annual calender so that the required number of teaching days

are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation

will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children’s life at

school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus

designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring

and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child

psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance

this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for

contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring

hands-on experience.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)

appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development committee

responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group

in science and mathematics, Professor J.V. Narlikar and the Chief Advisor for

this book, Professor B. L. Khandelwal for guiding the work of this committee.

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vi

Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful

to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions

and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their

resources, material and personnel. As an organisation committed to systemic

reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT

welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further

revision and refinement.

Director

New Delhi National Council of Educational

20 November 2006 Research and Training

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vii

PREFACE

Chemistry has made a profound impact on the society. It is intimately linked

to the well-being of human kind. The rate of advancements in chemistry is so

high that curriculum developers continuously look for strategies to cope with

these advancements. Also, the students have to be inspired to be the future

leaders who would make fundamental contributions. The present textbook is

a sincere effort in this direction.

The structure of the textbook, presented in two parts, comprises of sixteen

Units. Although the titles of various Units indicate a sort of

compartmentalisation into physical, inorganic and organic chemistry, readers

will find that these sub-disciplines have been intermingled, at least to a certain

extent, to have a unified approach to the subject. The approach of presentation

of the subject matter discourages students from rote memorisation. The subject

has in fact, been organised around the laws and principles of chemistry. As

students master these laws and principles, they will soon get to the point

where they can predict much of what will come.

Efforts have been directed towards making the subject stimulating and

exciting by references to the historical developments and its usefulness to our

lives, wherever appropriate. The text is well illustrated with examples from

surrounding environment to facilitate grasping of the qualitative and

quantitative aspects of the concept easily. Physical data are given in SI units

throughout the book to make comparison of various properties easier. IUPAC

system of nomenclature has been followed along with the common system.

Structural formulae of chemical compounds showing functional/coordinating

groups in different colours are drawn using electronic system. Each Unit has

a good number of examples, as illustrations, with their solutions and some

intext questions, the answers of some of which are given at the end of the Unit.

The end of Unit exercises are designed to apply important principles and

provoke thinking process to solve them. Answers of some of these exercises

are given at the end of the book.

A variety of materials, e.g., biographical sketches of some scientists,

additional information related to a particular topic, etc., is given in boxes with

a deep yellow coloured bar. This boxed material with a 'deep yellow bar' is to

bring additional life to the topic. However, it is non-evaluative. The structures

of some of the more complex compounds incorporated in the book are for

understanding their chemistry. As their reproduction would lead to

memorisation, it is also a non-evaluative portion of the text.

The information part has been significantly reduced and, wherever possible,

it has been substantiated with facts. However, it is necessary for students to

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NCERT Chemistry Part – I Textbook forClass XII

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