Chemistry Form 4 Solihin Full 1

8/8/2019 Chemistry Form 4 Solihin Full 1

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CHEMISTRY

FORM 4

MANUFACTUREDSUBSTANCES IN

INDUSTRY

NAME:MUHAMMAD SOLIHIN BINMOHD SUHAIMI

FORM:4 SAINS AGAMA



OBJECTIVES

*Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid.*Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.

*Understand alloys.*Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer.*Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.*Evaluate the uses of composite materials.*Appreciate various synthetic industrial materials.

1.



INTRODUCTION



SULPHURIC ACID

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphateand potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily obsorbedby plant.2. Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte.3. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon.4. Chemical like paints,dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of

their component materials.

MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact process2. The process contain three stage

STAGE1: Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphur

i. Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dioxide SO2.

S(s) + O2(g) -> SO2(g)ii. sulphur dioxide is dried and purified.

STAGE2: Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide

i. The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed over vanadium(V)oxide V2O5 at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to producesulphur trioxide SO3.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) <--> 2SO3(g)ii. The optimum used are

a) Temperature:450-500°Cb) Pressure: 2-3 atmospheresc) Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxidiii. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversion is possible. Sulphurdioxide and oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to flow back again over thecatalyst in the converter.

2.



STAGE3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid

i. Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to formoleum H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4.

SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) -> H2S2O7(l)

H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) -> 2H2SO4(aq)ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directlyinto water.

SO3(g) + H2O(l) -> H2SO4(aq)

iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because thereaction is vary vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result, alarge cloud ofsulphuric acid fumes is produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.

THE CONTACT PROCESS

3.



‘POTONG’



OUTLINE OF CONTACT PROCESS

SULPHUR DIOXIDE & ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

1.Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a colourless andpoisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.

2.Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.3.Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic,H2SO3.In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to formsulphurous acidic.

SO2(g) + H2O(l) -> H2SO3(aq)

4.Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which fallsto the earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to formsulphur trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.

SO3(g) + H2O(l) -> H2SO4(aq)

4.





AMMONIA AND ITS

SALTSUSES OF AMMONIA

1.Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.2.It uses:

i.In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, ammonianitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.

ii.To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.iii.In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.iv.As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS

1.The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:i.It colourless and has a pungent odour.ii.It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.

iii.It less dense then water.

iv.It easily liquified (at about 35.5°C) when cool.2.The chemical properties of ammonia gas:

a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.

NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline.Thus,aqueous ammonia solution:

i.Turns red litmus paper blue.

ii.Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.

NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) -> NH4CI(aq)2NH3 + H2SO4(aq) -> (NH4)2SO4(a)

iii.Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.

Fe²+(aq) + 2OH(aq) -> Fe (OH)2(s) 6.



MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process.In this process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen andhydrogen gas in the volume ratio 1:3.

2. The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. Thehydrogen gas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysedreaction of natural gas, CH4, with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) -> CO(g) + 3H2(g)3.The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under

controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.i.Temperature: 450-500°C

ii.Pressure: 200-500 atmospheresiii.Catalyst used: Iron fillings

N2

(g) + 3H2

(g) 2NH3

(g)

4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn intoammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow backover the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condensesinto a liquid in the cooling chamber.

THE HABER PROCESS

7.



ALLOYS

ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS

1.The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal tohave a hight density.2.The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heatenergy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apartduring the melting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point.3.Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration.This make metal good conduct of heat.

4.The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure are able toconduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.5.Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in aregular layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easilyover one another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.

METALS ARE DUCTILE 8.



WHAT ARE ALLOYS

1.Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance

tocorrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.

2.To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element(usuallymetal) is added to form another an alloy.

3.An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific

proportion. For example:

a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)

b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)

4.The purposes of making alloys include the following:

a) Increase the strengthi. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to iron,

an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes.

ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and magnesium are

added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call duralumin is produced.

b) Improving the resistance to corrosion

i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon, 18% of

chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties make stainless steel suitable for

making surgical instrument and cutlery.

ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which is known as

brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.

c) Enhancing the appearance

i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has a more

beautiful white silvery appearance.

ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an attractive

silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making coins.

9.



ALLOY COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES

High carbon steel 99% Iron1% carbon

Strong,hard andhigh wearresistance

Making of cuttingtools,hammers andchisels

Stainless stell 80.6%0.4% carbon

18% chromium1% nickel

Do not rust andtarnish,strong and

durable

Making of surgikalinstrument,knivesforks and spoons

Brass 70% copper30% zinc

Hard, do notrust,brightappearance

Making of ornaments,electricalwiring and plug.

Bronze 90% copper10% tin

Hard, do notcorrode easily and

durable

For castingbells,medals, swordsand statues

Pewter 90% tin2.5% copper

0.5% antimony

Ductile andmalleable, white

silvery appearance

Making ofornaments,souvenirsand mugs

Duralumin 95% aluminium4% copper

1%magnesium

Light, strong anddurable

Making part ofaircrafts and

racing cars

Cupronickel 75%copper25%nickel

Attractive, silveryappearance, hard

and tough

Making of silvercoins

COMPOSITION,PROPERTIES AND USES OF ALLOYS

10.



THE FORMATION OF ALLOY



SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

WHAT ARE POLYMER

1.Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joinedtogetherrepeatedly are called polymer.

2.The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are callermonomer.

3.The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain

polymer is called polymerisation.

4.Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer arefound in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose,protein and rubber.

5.Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additionalpolymerisation.

6.Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.

11.



Synthetic polymer Monomer Uses

Polythene Ethane Plastic bag,shoppingbag,plastic containers andinsulation for electric wiring

Polypropene Propene Piping,bottlecrates,carpets,car batteriesand ropes.

Polyvinyl chloride,PVC Chloroethene Artificial leather,waterpipes and records

Perspex Methylmethacrylate Safetyglass,reflectors,traffic signsand lens

Terylene Hexane-1,6-diol Benzene1,4-dicarboxylic acid

Clothing,sails and ropes

Nylon Hexane-1,6-diamine Hexane-1,6-dioic acid

Ropes,clothing and carpet

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE

1.Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials:a.They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.b.They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped.c.They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator.d.They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting andchemical attacks.

2.There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer:

a.Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer materialcatches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution.

b.Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they causelitter problem and pollute the environment.

c.Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomesthe breeding ground for mosquitoes.

d.There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of non-recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.

12.



GLASS AND CERAMICS

WHAT ARE GLASS

1.Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Manyproducts are made from glass because of its specials properties.

2.Glass is:a. Transparent, hard but brittle.b. A heat and electric insulator.c. Resistant to corrosion.

d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.e. Easy to maintain.

Type of glass Composition Properties Uses

Fused glass SiO2: 100% •Transparent•High melting point•Good heat insulator

•Lens•Telescope mirrors•Laboratoryapparatus

Soda-lime glass SiO2: 75%Na2O:15%CaO: 9%Other:1%

•Low melting point,easily molded intodesired shape and size•Low resistant tochemical attacks•Brittle

•Drinking glass, bottles•Electric bulbs•Window glass.

Borosilicate glass SiO2: 78%B2O3: 12%Na2O: 5%CaO: 3%

Al2O3:2%

•Resistant chemicalattack and durable•High melting point•Good insulator to heat

•Cooking utensils•Laboratory glasswaresuch as conical flaksand boiling tube

Lead crystal glass(flint glass)

SiO2: 70%Pbo/PbO2:20%

Na2O: 10%

•High refractive index•High density•Attractive glitteringappearance

•Lenses and prisms•Decorative glasswareand art object•Imation jewellery

13.



CERAMICS

1.Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin to a very hightemperature.

2.Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful materials in our

everyday life. That:a.Are hard, strong but brittleb.Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperaturec. Are heat and electric instrumentd.Are resistant to corrosion and weare. Are chemically not reactivef. Do not readily deform under stress

3.Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses asa. Construction materialsi. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement, sinks, and toilet bowls.

ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to heat.b. Decorative itemsi.To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish easily and are durable.ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.c. Electrical insulatori. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters,fridges andelectrical plug.

Materials Melting point/°C Density/G cm-3 Elasticmodulus/GPa

Hardness/ mohs

Oxide ceramicAlumina,AL2O3

Beryllia, BeOZirconia, ZiO

205425742710

3.973.015.68

380370210

98

8

Non-oxideceramics

Boroncarbide,B4C3Silicon nitride,

Si3, n4

23502830

1900

2.503.16

3.17

280400

310

99

9

MetalsAluminium

Steel

6601515

2.707.86

70205

35





COMPOSITE MATERIALS

WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1.A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed bytwo or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer.

2.Some common composite materials are:a. Reinforces concreteb. Superconductorc. Fibre optic

d. Fibre glasse. Photochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE

1.Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain.It is more important construction materials.

2.The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.

SUPERCONDUCTOR

1.Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% ofthe electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.

2.Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity ata particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.

3.One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate amagnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (atabout 552 km/h).

4.Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and fastersupercomputer.Superconductor also play an important role in high speed dataprocessing in internet communication

15.



FIBRE OPTIC

1.Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave.

2.Fibre optic is used in

a.Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables.b.Domestic cable television networkc.Closed circuit television security system.

3.Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument whichenable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.

FIBRE GLASS

1.Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a

refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.2.Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire andwater but is brittle.

3.When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glassreinforces plastic is formed.

4.Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic.It is a.Extremely strongb. Light weigh

c. Resistant to fire and waterd. Can be molded, shaped and twisted

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

1.When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and asmall amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide,photochromic glass is formed.

2.The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to strong

sunlight or ultraviolet.

3.Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.

16.



CONCLUSION

17.



REFERENCES

BIL. SOURCE. PUBLISHER .

1. TEXT BOOK CHEMISTRY FORM4 ABADI ILMU SDNBHD

2. MIND MAPS CHEMIST PNI SDN BHD3. INTERNET SCRIBD.COM



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Chemistry Form 4 Solihin Full 1