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CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

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Page 1: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

CHEMISTRY

Page 2: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces

Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one

Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 3: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Decomposition Reactions

To keep it simple:

AB A + B

Releases energy (from a covalent bond )

Hydrolysis—Decomposition reaction with water

E.g., food digestion

Catabolism—Sum of all the body’s decomposition reactions

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 4: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Synthesis Reactions

It’s simply this:

A + B AB

Usually requires energy

Forms new bonds

Dehydration synthesis

Removal of H•OH between molecules…so it makes water…

Anabolism—Sum of the body’s synthesis reactions

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 5: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Exchange Reaction

In chemical notation:

AB + CD AC + BD

Decomposition and synthesis

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 6: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Reversible Reactions

A + B AB

Equilibrium—Condition when the forward and

reverse reactions occur at the same rate

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 7: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

An exergonic reaction is one in which the bond being broken has more energy than the one formed

so that extra energy is released, usually as heat (occurs during catabolism of food molecules).

An endergonic reaction is just the opposite and thus requires that energy be added, usually from a molecule called ATP, to form a bond, as in bonding

amino acid molecules together to form proteins.

ENERGY TRANSFER IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Page 8: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Key NoteWhen energy is

exchanged, heat is produced. Heat raises local

temperatures, but cells cannot capture it or use it to

perform work.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 9: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

InorganicSmaller molecules such as

water and oxygen that lack carbon and hydrogen

OrganicLarger molecules such as

sugars, proteins, and fats composed largely of carbon and

hydrogen

INORGANIC VERSUS ORGANIC

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 10: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Water and its properties

• Most important body chemical

• Excellent solvent

• High heat capacity

• Essential chemical reactant

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 11: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Inorganic Acids and Bases

Acid—Releases hydrogen ions (H+) into solution

E.g., HCl H+ + Cl-

Base—Removes hydrogen ions from solution

E.g., NaOH + H+ Na+ + H•0H

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 12: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

pHA measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Neutral solution—pH = 7

Acidic solution—pH below 7

Basic solution—pH above 7

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 13: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Figure 2-9

Page 14: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Buffers

Maintain pH within normal limits (pH 7.35 to pH 7.45)

Release hydrogen ions if body fluid is too basic

Absorb hydrogen ions if body fluid is too acidic

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 15: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Organic Compounds

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and usually oxygen

Important classes of organic compounds include:

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 16: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Organic Chemical Building Blocks

SUMMARY OF BODY CHEMISTRY

Page 17: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Carbohydrates provide most of the energy needed for life and include sugars, starches,

glycogen, and cellulose.Some carbohydrates are converted to other

substances which are used to build structures and to generate ATP.

Other carbohydrates function as food reserves.Carbohydrates are divided into three major

groups based on their size: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

CARBOHYDRATES

Page 18: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

LIPIDS

Triglycerides are the most plentiful lipids in the body and provide protection, insulation, and energy (both

immediate and stored).Phospholipids are important membrane components.

Steroids include

Sex hormones

Bile salts

Some vitamins

Cholesterol

Page 19: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Nucleic acids are huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and

phosphorus.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) forms the genetic

code inside each cell and thereby regulates most of the activities that take place in our cells

throughout a lifetime.Ribonucleic acid (RNA) relays instructions from

the genes in the cell’s nucleus to guide each cell’s assembly of amino acids into proteins by the

ribosomes.The basic units of nucleic acids are nucleotides,

composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

DNA AND RNA

Page 20: CHEMISTRY. Decomposition—breaks molecules into smaller pieces Synthesis—build smaller pieces into larger one Exchange—shuffles pieces between molecules

Temporary molecular storage of energy as it is being transferred from exergonic catabolic

reactions to cellular activities

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)


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