Chemistry Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow,...
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Chemistry Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis P.S. In Biology we talk mainly about Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of molecules containing Carbon.
Chemistry Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis
Chemistry Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy
and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to
maintain dynamic homeostasis P.S. In Biology we talk mainly about
Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of molecules containing
Carbon.
Slide 3
Chemistry Joke of the Day a Poem. Susan was in chemistry. Susan
is no more, for what she thought was H 2 O was really H 2 SO
4.
Slide 4
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with
the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. a.
Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new
molecules Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it
is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids.
Carbon is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all
organisms.. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where
it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids. Phosphorus moves
from the environment to organisms where it is used in nucleic acids
and certain lipids.
Slide 5
Living systems depend on properties of water that result from
its polarity and hydrogen bonding. Cohesion Adhesion High specific
heat capacity Universal solvent to support reactions Heat of
vaporization Heat of fusion (exo vs.endo) Waters thermal
conductivity.
Slide 6
Review of Chemistry Review of Chem Review of Water
Slide 7
Essential knowledge 4.a.1: the subcomponents of biological
molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that
molecule. a. Structure and function of polymers are derived from
the way their monomers are assembled. Lipids are nonpolar; however
phospholipids exhibit structural properties, with polar regions
that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with
nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the
structure and function of lipids.. Carbohydrates are composed of
sugar monomers whose structures and bonding with each other by
dehydration synthesis determine the properties and functions of the
molecules. Cellulose vs. Starch. Why does one dissolve? Lipids
Trans fats
Slide 8
Is this a carbohydrate or a lipid? How can your tell?
Slide 9
Is this a carbohydrate or a lipid? How can you tell?
Slide 10
What is the difference between Linear vs. branched
polysaccharides? starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage
What does branching do? slow release fast release
Slide 11
Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla cant digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source,
like fruit to diet
Slide 12
How do animals break down cellulose? How can herbivores digest
cellulose so well? Mutualism BACTERIA live in their digestive
systems & help digest cellulose- rich (grass) meals Ruminants
Coprophage I eat WHAT! Tell me about the rabbits, again,
George!
Slide 13
a. Structure and function of polymers are derived from the way
their monomers are assembled. In nucleic acids, biological
information is encoded in sequences of nucleotide monomers. Each
nucleotide has structural components: a five-carbon sugar
(deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate and a nitrogen base
(A,T,C,G,U). DNA and RNA differ in function and differ slightly in
structure, and these structural differences account for the
differing functions. In proteins, the specific order of amino acids
in a polypeptide (primary structure) interacts with the environment
to determine the overall shape of the protein, which also involves
secondary tertiary and quaternary structure and, thus, its
function. The R group of an amino acid can be categorized by
chemical properties (Hydrophobic/philic, ionic), and the
interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of
that region of the protein.
Slide 14
What are the three parts of Nucleotides? nitrogen base (C-N
ring) pentose sugar (5C) ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA phosphate
(PO 4 ) group Are nucleic acids charged molecules ? Nitrogen base
Im the A,T,C,G or U part!
Slide 15
How are Proteins structured? monomer = amino acids 20 different
amino acids polymer = polypeptide protein can be one or more
polypeptide chains folded & bonded together large & complex
molecules complex 3-D shape RuBisCO cant do photosynthesis without
it! hemoglobin H2OH2O Because everybody needs a Chaperonin!
Slide 16
Sickle cell anaemia Im hydrophilic! But Im hydrophobic! Just 1
out of 146 amino acids!
Slide 17
Isomers Molecules with same molecular formula but different
structures (shapes) different chemical properties different
biological functions 6 carbons
Slide 18
Form affects function Structural differences create important
functional significance amino acid alanine L-alanine used in
proteins but not D-alanine medicines L-version active but not
D-version sometimes with tragic results stereoisomers
Slide 19
Form affects function Thalidomide prescribed to pregnant women
in 50s & 60s reduced morning sickness, but stereoisomer caused
severe birth defects
Slide 20
b. Directionality influences structure and function of the
polymer. Nucleic acids have ends, defined by the 3 and 5 carbons of
the sugar in the nucleotide, that determine the direction in which
complementary nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis and the
direction in which transcription occurs (from 5 to 3) Proteins have
an amino (NH2) end and a carboxyl (COOH) end, and consist of a
linear sequence of amino acids connected by the formation of
peptide bonds by dehydration synthesis between the amino and
carboxyl groups of adjacent monomers. The nature of the bonding
between carbohydrate subunits determines their relative orientation
in the carbohydrate, which then determines the secondary structure
of the carbohydrate.
Slide 21
Learning Objectives: LO 4.1: The student is able to explain the
connection between the sequence and the subcomponents of a
biological polymer and its properties. LO 4.2: The student is able
to refine representations and models to explain how the
subcomponents of a biological polymer and their sequence determine
the properties of that polymer
Slide 22
2007-2008 Chemistry of Carbon Building Blocks of Life A Review
for You!
Slide 23
Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2
O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
~3% salts Na, Cl, K
Slide 24
Chemistry of Life Organic chemistry is the study of carbon
compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks bonding properties
4 stable covalent bonds HH C H H
Slide 25
Diversity of molecules Substitute other atoms or groups around
the carbon ethane vs. ethanol H replaced by an hydroxyl group (OH)
nonpolar vs. polar gas vs. liquid biological effects! ethane (C 2 H
6 ) ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH)
Slide 26
Functional groups Parts of organic molecules that are involved
in chemical reactions give organic molecules distinctive properties
hydroxyl amino carbonyl sulfhydryl carboxyl phosphate Affect
reactivity makes hydrocarbons hydrophilic increase solubility in
water
Slide 27
Viva la difference! Basic structure of male & female
hormones is identical identical carbon skeleton attachment of
different functional groups interact with different targets in the
body different effects
Slide 28
Hydroxyl OH organic compounds with OH = alcohols names
typically end in -ol ethanol
Slide 29
Carbonyl C=O O double bonded to C if C=O at end molecule =
aldehyde if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone
Slide 30
Carboxyl COOH C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH
group compounds with COOH = acids fatty acids amino acids
Slide 31
Amino -NH 2 N attached to 2 H compounds with NH 2 = amines
amino acids NH 2 acts as base ammonia picks up H + from
solution
Slide 32
Sulfhydryl SH S bonded to H compounds with SH = thiols SH
groups stabilize the structure of proteins
Slide 33
Phosphate PO 4 P bound to 4 O connects to C through an O lots
of O = lots of negative charge highly reactive transfers energy
between organic molecules ATP, GTP, etc.
Slide 34
2007-2008 Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life
Slide 35
Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form
larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules:
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids And a minor one:
ATP
Slide 36
H2OH2O HO H HH Polymers Long molecules built by linking
repeating building blocks in a chain monomers building blocks
repeated small units covalent bonds Dehydration Synthesis
http://sciencestage.com/v/621/chemis try-experiment- science-
dehydration- sugar.html http://sciencestage.com/v/621/chemis
try-experiment- science- dehydration- sugar.html Dehydration
Synthesis http://sciencestage.com/v/621/chemis try-experiment-
science- dehydration- sugar.html
http://sciencestage.com/v/621/chemis try-experiment- science-
dehydration- sugar.html
Slide 37
H2OH2O HO H HH How to build a polymer Synthesis joins monomers
by taking H 2 O out one monomer donates OH other monomer donates H
+ together these form H 2 O requires energy & enzymes enzyme
Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction You gotta be open to
bonding!
Slide 38
H2OH2O HOH H H How to break down a polymer Digestion use H 2 O
to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off
one monomer at a time H 2 O is split into H + and OH H + & OH
attach to ends requires enzymes releases energy Breaking up is hard
to do! Hydrolysis Digestion enzyme
Slide 39
2007-2008 Any Questions?? And now on to Acids and Bases
Slide 40
Ph Scale Fig 2.9, pg. 43 potential hydrogen Measured on grams
of Hydrogen (H+) pH of 1=.1g of H+, pH of 2=.01g of H+ Acid: form
hydronium ions (H+) pH of less than 7 ( 1 to 6.9) Base: form
hydroxide ions (OH-) pH of more than 7 (7.1 to 14) Acid + Base:
salt & water, the solution is neutral with a pH of 7. NaOH +
HCl = H 2 O + NaCl with a pH of 7
Slide 41
pH Scale
Slide 42
What is a Buffer? Chemical substances that neutralizes small
amounts of an acid or base added to a solution. Why are these
important to your body? Think Blood pH 7.45
Slide 43
What is a Buffer? three main buffers in the body:three main
buffers bicarbonate buffer system: in the blood and stomach to
neutralize acids protein buffer system: inter and extra cellular
buffering used with hemoglobin and blood phosphate buffer system:
used in the urinary system to remove H+ ions and make urine
acidic
Slide 44
Enzymes (most are Proteins) pg. 21 Barrons Catalysts: Lower
activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. See fig
2.22, pg.54 Nonspecific Inhibitors: Temperature, pH, radiation,
electricity: Terms: substrate, active site, product Can be
denatured Induced fit
Slide 45
Enzymes continued Characteristics: Globular proteins (tertiary
structure) Substrate specific Not destroyed /reused Named after
substrate with ase ending Catalyze in both directions Catalyze with
help Cofactor: inorganic Coenzyme: vitamin Control of Enzyme
Activity Competitive Inhibition: competes for the space with the
substrate Noncompetitive Inhibition/ Allosteric: secondary site
stops enzyme from functioning PFK too much ATP Cooperativity:
amplifies the response of an enzyme to its substrate. Hemoglobin,
more oxygen it has.