- 1. Rest in Peace to Aaron Swartz beloved friend of theinternet,
defender for freedom of speech and information,May your struggle
not be in vain, the earth is 4.5 billionyears, mankind has been
around 160,000 yrs and theaverage span of an individual is just 70,
but the idea offree universal knowledge can never die.
2. Periodic Table of ElementsRepresentative elementsHe4.0035 6 7
8 9 10B C N O F Ne10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.1813 14 15 16 17
18Al Si P S Cl Ar26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95Ga Ge As Se Br
KrRb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I XeCs Ba La Hf Ta
W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn114Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs
MtHLi BeTransition elementsNa MgK Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
ZnActinides1Group1A2Group2A33B44B55B66B77B8 98B10
111B122B*Lanthanides111 11213 411 12219 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 3637 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
52 53 5455 56 57* 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 8687 88
89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110Ds Rg(272)11358 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
66 67 68 69 70 71Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu90 91 92
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm
Md No Lr1.0086.941 9.01222.99 24.3139.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94
52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96
79.90 83.8085.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (99) 101.1 102.9
106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3132.9 137.3
138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4
207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266)
(264) (265) (266) (271)140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3
158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0232.0 231.0 238.0 (237)
(244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259)
(262)Periodnumber123456713Group3A14Group4A15Group5A16Group6A17Group7A18Group8AAlkalimetalsNoblegasesAlkalineearthmetalsHalogensMetals
Metalloids Nonmetals115(285) (284) (289) (288)116118(292) (294)Cn
3. ATOMIC MASSES OF THE ELEMENTSName Symbol Atomic Number Atomic
MassaActinium Ac 89 (227)bAluminum Al 13 26.98Americium Am 95
(243)Antimony Sb 51 121.8Argon Ar 18 39.95Arsenic As 33
74.92Astatine At 85 (210)Barium Ba 56 137.3Berkelium Bk 97
(247)Beryllium Be 4 9.012Bismuth Bi 83 209.0Bohrium Bh 107
(264)Boron B 5 10.81Bromine Br 35 79.90Cadmium Cd 48 112.4Calcium
Ca 20 40.08Californium Cf 98 (251)Carbon C 6 12.01Cerium Ce 58
140.1Cesium Cs 55 132.9Chlorine Cl 17 35.45Chromium Cr 24
52.00Cobalt Co 27 58.93Copernicium Cn 112 (285)Copper Cu 29
63.55Curium Cm 96 (247)Darmstadtium Ds 110 (271)Dubnium Db 105
(262)Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5Einsteinium Es 99 (252)Erbium Er 68
167.3Europium Eu 63 152.0Fermium Fm 100 (257)Fluorine F 9
19.00Francium Fr 87 (223)Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3Gallium Ga 31
69.72Germanium Ge 32 72.64Gold Au 79 197.0Hafnium Hf 72
178.5Hassium Hs 108 (265)Helium He 2 4.003Holmium Ho 67
164.9Hydrogen H 1 1.008Indium In 49 114.8Iodine I 53 126.9Iridium
Ir 77 192.2Iron Fe 26 55.85Krypton Kr 36 83.80Lanthanum La 57
138.9Lawrencium Lr 103 (262)Lead Pb 82 207.2Lithium Li 3
6.941Lutetium Lu 71 175.0Magnesium Mg 12 24.31Manganese Mn 25
54.94Meitnerium Mt 109 (268)Mendelevium Md 101 (258)Mercury Hg 80
200.6Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic MassaMolybdenum Mo 42
95.94Neodymium Nd 60 144.2Neon Ne 10 20.18Neptunium Np 93
(237)Nickel Ni 28 58.69Niobium Nb 41 92.91Nitrogen N 7
14.01Nobelium No 102 (259)Osmium Os 76 190.2Oxygen O 8
16.00Palladium Pd 46 106.4Phosphorus P 15 30.97Platinum Pt 78
195.1Plutonium Pu 94 (244)Polonium Po 84 (209)Potassium K 19
39.10Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9Promethium Pm 61 (145)Protactinium Pa
91 231.0Radium Ra 88 (226)Radon Rn 86 (222)Rhenium Re 75
186.2Rhodium Rh 45 102.9Roentgenium Rg 111 (272)Rubidium Rb 37
85.47Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261)Samarium Sm 62
150.4Scandium Sc 21 44.96Seaborgium Sg 106 (266)Selenium Se 34
78.96Silicon Si 14 28.09Silver Ag 47 107.9Sodium Na 11
22.99Strontium Sr 38 87.62Sulfur S 16 32.07Tantalum Ta 73
180.9Technetium Tc 43 (99)Tellurium Te 52 127.6Terbium Tb 65
158.9Thallium Tl 81 204.4Thorium Th 90 232.0Thulium Tm 69 168.9Tin
Sn 50 118.7Titanium Ti 22 47.87Tungsten W 74 183.8Uranium U 92
238.0Vanadium V 23 50.94Xenon Xe 54 131.3Ytterbium Yb 70
173.0Yttrium Y 39 88.91Zinc Zn 30 65.41Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 113
(284) 114 (289) 115 (288) 116 (292) 118 (294)aValues for atomic
masses are given to four significant figures.bValues in parentheses
are the mass number of an important radioactive isotope. 4.
CHEMISTRY 5. K A R E N C. T I M B E R L A K ECHEMISTRYAn
Introduction to General, Organic,and Biological ChemistryELEVENTH
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afffiliates.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
DataTimberlake, Karen C.Chemistry : an introduction to general,
organic, and biological chemistry /Karen C. Timberlake.11th ed.p.
cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN
978-0-321-69345-7 (alk. paper)1. ChemistryTextbooks. I.
Title.QD31.3.T55 2012540dc222010029053ISBN-10:
0-321-69345-0ISBN-13: 978-0-321-69345-7Printed in the United
States10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1www.pearsonhighered.com 7. 1 Chemistry
and Measurements 12 Matter and Energy 453 Atoms and Elements 854
Compounds and Their Bonds 1255 Chemical Quantities and Reactions
1676 Gases 2137 Solutions 2458 Acids and Bases 2859 Nuclear
Radiation 31910 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes 35311
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 38512 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and
Sulfur 41013 Carbohydrates 45214 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines,
and Amides 48115 Lipids 51716 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
55717 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 60018 Metabolic Pathways
and Energy Production 633vBRIEF CONTENTS 8. vi1Chemistry
andMeasurements 11.1 Chemistry and Chemicals 3Chemistry Link to
History Early Chemists:The Alchemists 31.2 A Study Plan for
Learning Chemistry 51.3 Units of Measurement 8Explore Your World
Units Listed on Labels 101.4 Scientific Notation 111.5 Measured
Numbers and Significant Figures 141.6 Significant Figures in
Calculations 171.7 Prefixes and Equalities 211.8 Writing Conversion
Factors 25Explore Your World SI and Metric Equalitieson Product
Labels 27Chemistry Link to Health Toxicology andRisk-Benefit
Assessment 281.9 Problem Solving 29Career Focus Veterinary
Technician (VT) 311.10 Density 33Explore Your World Sink or Float?
33Chemistry Link to Health Bone Density 35Concept Map 38Chapter
Review 39Key Terms 40Understanding the Concepts 40Additional
Questions and Problems 42Challenge Questions 42Answers 432Matter
andEnergy 452.1 Classification of Matter 46Chemistry Link to Health
Breathing Mixturesfor Scuba 492.2 States and Properties of Matter
502.3 Energy 54Chemistry Link to the Environment Carbon Dioxideand
Global Warming 562.4 Temperature 57Career Focus Surgical
Technologist 59Chemistry Link to Health Variation in
BodyTemperature 612.5 Specific Heat 612.6 Energy and Nutrition
64Explore Your World Counting Calories 65Chemistry Link to Health
Losing and Gaining Weight 662.7 Changes of State 67Career Focus
Histologist 69Chemistry Link to Health Steam Burns 71Concept Map
75Chapter Review 76Key Terms 76Understanding the Concepts
77Additional Questions and Problems 79Challenge Questions 80Answers
81Combining Ideas from Chapters 1 and 2 833Atoms andElements 853.1
Elements and Symbols 86Chemistry Link to Health Toxicity of Mercury
88Chemistry Link to Industry Many Forms of Carbon 893.2 The
Periodic Table 89Chemistry Link to Health Elements Essentialto
Health 92Career Focus Materials Scientist 953.3 The Atom 96Explore
Your World Repulsion and Attraction 993.4 Atomic Number and Mass
Number 99Career Focus Optician 1013.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass
1023.6 Electron Energy Levels 106Chemistry Link to the Environment
Energy-SavingFluorescent Bulbs 107CONTENTS 9. CONTENTS viiChemistry
Link to Health Biological Reactionsto UV Light 1113.7 Trends in
Periodic Properties 111Concept Map 118Chapter Review 119Key Terms
120Understanding the Concepts 120Additional Questions and Problems
121Challenge Questions 122Answers 1234Compounds andTheir Bonds
1254.1 Octet Rule and Ions 126Chemistry Link to Industry Some Uses
forNoble Gases 127Chemistry Link to Health Some Important Ionsin
the Body 1304.2 Ionic Compounds 131Career Focus Physical Therapist
1324.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas 1344.4 Polyatomic Ions
1374.5 Covalent Compounds and Their Names 1414.6 Electronegativity
and Bond Polarity 1494.7 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules 1524.8
Attractive Forces in Compounds 158Concept Map 160Chapter Review
161Key Terms 162Understanding the Concepts 162Additional Questions
and Problems 163Challenge Questions 164Answers
1655ChemicalQuantitiesand Reactions 1675.1 The Mole 1685.2 Molar
Mass 172Explore Your World Calculating Molesin the Kitchen 1745.3
Chemical Reactions and Equations 1775.4 Types of Reactions
183Chemistry Link to Health Smog and Health Concerns 1885.5
OxidationReduction Reactions 189Explore Your World Oxidation of
Fruitsand Vegetables 191Chemistry Link to the Environment Fuel
Cells: CleanEnergy for the Future 1935.6 Mole Relationships in
Chemical Equations 1935.7 Mass Calculations for Reactions 1975.8
Energy in Chemical Reactions 199Chemistry Link to Health Hot Packs
and Cold Packs 200Concept Map 203Chapter Review 203Key Terms
204Understanding the Concepts 205Additional Questions and Problems
206Challenge Questions 208Answers 209Combining Ideas from Chapters
3 to 5 2116Gases 2136.1 Properties of Gases 214Explore Your World
Forming a Gas 2176.2 Gas Pressure 217Chemistry Link to Health
Measuring Blood Pressure 2196.3 Pressure and Volume (Boyles Law)
220Chemistry Link to Health PressureVolume Relationshipin Breathing
2236.4 Temperature and Volume (Charless Law) 224Chemistry Link to
the Environment GreenhouseGases 2276.5 Temperature and Pressure
(Gay-Lussacs Law) 228Career Focus Nurse Anesthetist 2296.6 The
Combined Gas Law 2316.7 Volume and Moles (Avogadros Law) 2336.8
Partial Pressures (Daltons Law) 236Chemistry Link to Health Blood
Gases 238Chemistry Link to Health Hyperbaric Chambers 239Concept
Map 240Chapter Review 241Key Terms 241Understanding the Concepts
242Additional Questions and Problems 243Challenge Questions
243Answers 244 10. viii CONTENTS7Solutions 2457.1 Solutions
246Chemistry Link to Health Water in the Body 248Explore Your World
Like Dissolves Like 2507.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
250Career Focus Orthopedic Physician Assistant 252Chemistry Link to
Health Electrolytesin Body Fluids 2547.3 Solubility 254Chemistry
Link to Health Gout and Kidney Stones:A Problem of Saturation in
Body Fluids 256Explore Your World Preparing Solutions 2577.4
Concentration of a Solution 2607.5 Dilution of Solutions 2667.6
Properties of Solutions 269Chemistry Link to Health Colloids and
Solutionsin the Body 270Explore Your World Everyday Osmosis
273Chemistry Link to Health Dialysis by the Kidneysand the
Artificial Kidney 276Concept Map 278Chapter Review 278Key Terms
279Understanding the Concepts 280Additional Questions and Problems
281Challenge Questions 282Answers 2828Acidsand Bases 2858.1 Acids
and Bases 2868.2 Strengths of Acids and Bases 2918.3 Ionization of
Water 2948.4 The pH Scale 297Chemistry Link to Health Stomach Acid,
HCl 300Chemistry Link to the Environment Acid Rain 303Explore Your
World Using Vegetables andFlowers as pH Indicators 3048.5 Reactions
of Acids and Bases 304Chemistry Link to Health Antacids 3078.6
Buffers 308Chemistry Link to Health Buffers in the Blood 310Concept
Map 311Chapter Review 312Key Terms 312Understanding the Concepts
313Additional Questions and Problems 314Challenge Questions
314Answers 315Combining Ideas from Chapters 6 to 8
3179NuclearRadiation 3199.1 Natural Radioactivity 320Chemistry Link
to Health Biological Effectsof Radiation 3229.2 Nuclear Equations
324Chemistry Link to the Environment Radon inOur Homes 326Chemistry
Link to Health Beta Emitters inMedicine 3289.3 Radiation
Measurement 331Chemistry Link to Health Radiation and Food 3339.4
Half-Life of a Radioisotope 335Explore Your World Modeling
Half-Lives 335Chemistry Link to the Environment Dating
AncientObjects 3389.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity
338Chemistry Link to Health Other ImagingMethods 340Chemistry Link
to Health Brachytherapy 342Chemistry Link to Health Radiation Doses
in Diagnosticand Therapeutic Procedures 3429.6 Nuclear Fission and
Fusion 343Chemistry Link to the Environment NuclearPower Plants
345Concept Map 346Chapter Review 347Key Terms 347Understanding the
Concepts 348Additional Questions and Problems 349Challenge
Questions 350Answers 350 11. CONTENTS ix10Introduction toOrganic
Chemistry:Alkanes 35310.1 Organic Compounds 35410.2 Alkanes
357Career Focus Geologist 36010.3 Alkanes with Substituents
362Chemistry Link to Health Common Uses ofHalogenated Alkanes
36710.4 Properties of Alkanes 368Chemistry Link to Health Toxicity
ofCarbon Monoxide 369Chemistry Link to Industry Crude Oil 37010.5
Functional Groups 371Chemistry Link to the Environment
FunctionalGroups in Familiar Compounds 376Concept Map 377Chapter
Review 378Summary of Naming 378Summary of Reactions 379Key Terms
379Understanding the Concepts 379Additional Questions and Problems
380Challenge Questions 382Answers 38311UnsaturatedHydrocarbons
38511.1 Alkenes and Alkynes 386Explore Your World Ripening Fruit
387Chemistry Link to the Environment Fragrant Alkenes 38911.2
CisTrans Isomers 390Explore Your World Modeling CisTrans Isomers
392Chemistry Link to the Environment Pheromones in
InsectCommunication 394Chemistry Link to Health CisTrans Isomersfor
Night Vision 39411.3 Addition Reactions 395Explore Your World
Unsaturation in Fats and Oils 395Chemistry Link to Health
Hydrogenation ofUnsaturated Fats 39611.4 Polymers of Alkenes
399Explore Your World Polymers and Recycling Plastics 39911.5
Aromatic Compounds 401Chemistry Link to Health Some CommonAromatic
Compounds 403Chemistry Link to Health Polycyclic
AromaticHydrocarbons (PAHs) 403Concept Map 404Chapter Review
404Summary of Naming 405Summary of Reactions 405Key Terms
405Understanding the Concepts 406Additional Questions and Problems
406Challenge Questions 408Answers 40812Organic Compoundswith
Oxygenand Sulfur 41012.1 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers
411Explore Your World Alcohols in Household Products 413Chemistry
Link to Health Some ImportantAlcohols and Phenols 413Chemistry Link
to Health Ethers as Anesthetics 41612.2 Properties of Alcohols and
Ethers 417Chemistry Link to Health Hand Sanitizers and Ethanol
41912.3 Reactions of Alcohols and Thiols 420Chemistry Link to
Health Methanol Poisoning 422Career Focus Pharmacist 423Chemistry
Link to Health Oxidation of Alcoholin the Body 42312.4 Aldehydes
and Ketones 425Chemistry Link to the Environment Vanilla
427Chemistry Link to Health Some ImportantAldehydes and Ketones
42912.5 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 43012.6 Chiral
Molecules 434Explore Your World Using Gumdrops andToothpicks to
Model Chiral Objects 436Chemistry Link to Health Enantiomers
inBiological Systems 440Concept Map 441Chapter Review 441Summary of
Naming 442Summary of Reactions 443Key Terms 443Understanding the
Concepts 444Additional Questions and Problems 445Challenge
Questions 447Answers 447Combining Ideas from Chapters 9 to 12 450
12. x CONTENTS13Carbohydrates 45213.1 Carbohydrates 45313.2 Fischer
Projections of Monosaccharides 456Chemistry Link to Health
Hyperglycemia andHypoglycemia 45813.3 Haworth Structures of
Monosaccharides 45913.4 Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides
463Chemistry Link to Health Testing for Glucose in Urine 46413.5
Disaccharides 465Explore Your World Sugar and Sweeteners 466Career
Focus Phlebotomist 467Chemistry Link to Health How Sweet IsMy
Sweetener? 469Chemistry Link to Health Blood Types andCarbohydrates
47013.6 Polysaccharides 471Explore Your World Polysaccharides
473Concept Map 474Chapter Review 474Summary of Carbohydrates
475Summary of Reactions 475Key Terms 476Understanding the Concepts
476Additional Questions and Problems 477Challenge Questions
478Answers 47814Carboxylic Acids,Esters, Amines,and Amides 48114.1
Carboxylic Acids 482Chemistry Link to Health Alpha HydroxyAcids
(AHAs) 48514.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids 48614.3 Esters
488Chemistry Link to Health Salicylic Acid and Aspirin 490Chemistry
Link to the Environment Plastics 491Chemistry Link to the
Environment Cleaning Actionof Soaps 49414.4 Amines 495Chemistry
Link to Health Amines in Health andMedicine 497Chemistry Link to
Health Synthesizing Drugs 50214.5 Amides 503Career Focus Clinical
Laboratory Technologist 504Chemistry Link to Health Amides in
Health andMedicine 506Concept Map 508Chapter Review 508Summary of
Naming 509Summary of Reactions 509Key Terms 511Understanding the
Concepts 511Additional Questions and Problems 512Challenge
Questions 513Answers 51415Lipids 51715.1 Lipids 518Explore Your
World Solubility of Fats and Oils 51915.2 Fatty Acids 520Chemistry
Link to Health Omega-3 Fatty Acidsin Fish Oils 52415.3 Waxes, Fats,
and Oils 52515.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
529Chemistry Link to Health Olestra: A Fat Substitute 530Chemistry
Link to Health Trans Fatty Acidsand Hydrogenation 531Explore Your
World Types of Fats 533Chemistry Link to the Environment
Biodieselas an Alternative Fuel 53315.5 Glycerophospholipids
535Career Focus Physical Therapist 53715.6 Steroids: Cholesterol,
Bile Salts,and Steroid Hormones 538Chemistry Link to Health
Anabolic Steroids 54315.7 Cell Membranes 544Concept Map 547Chapter
Review 548Summary of Reactions 548Key Terms 549Understanding the
Concepts 549Additional Questions and Problems 550Challenge
Questions 551Answers 551Combining Ideas from Chapters 13 to 15 555
13. CONTENTS xi16Amino Acids,Proteins,and Enzymes 55716.1 Proteins
and Amino Acids 558Chemistry Link to Health Essential Amino Acids
56316.2 Amino Acids as Acids and Bases 563Career Focus
Rehabilitation Specialist 56416.3 Formation of Peptides 56616.4
Levels of Protein Structure 568Chemistry Link to Health
Polypeptides in the Body 568Chemistry Link to Health Protein
Structure and Mad CowDisease 576Explore Your World Denaturation of
Milk Protein 577Chemistry Link to Health Sickle-Cell Anemia 57816.5
Enzymes 57916.6 Enzyme Action 580Chemistry Link to Health
Isoenzymes as DiagnosticTools 58316.7 Factors Affecting Enzyme
Activity 584Explore Your World Enzyme Activity 58516.8 Enzyme
Cofactors 589Concept Map 592Chapter Review 592Key Terms
593Understanding the Concepts 594Additional Questions and Problems
596Challenge Questions 597Answers 59717Nucleic Acidsand
ProteinSynthesis 60017.1 Components of Nucleic Acids 601Career
Focus Occupational Therapist 60417.2 Primary Structure of Nucleic
Acids 60517.3 DNA Double Helix 607Chemistry Link to Health DNA
Fingerprinting 61117.4 RNA and the Genetic Code 61117.5 Protein
Synthesis 616Chemistry Link to Health Many Antibiotics
InhibitProtein Synthesis 61917.6 Genetic Mutations 619Explore Your
World A Model for DNA Replicationand Mutation 62117.7 Viruses
623Chemistry Link to Health Cancer 626Concept Map 627Chapter Review
628Key Terms 628Understanding the Concepts 629Additional Questions
and Problems 629Challenge Questions 630Answers 63018Metabolic
Pathwaysand EnergyProduction 63318.1 Metabolism and ATP Energy
634Chemistry Link to Health ATP Energy and Ca2 Neededto Contract
Muscles 63818.2 Digestion of Foods 639Explore Your World
Carbohydrate Digestion 639Chemistry Link to Health Lactose
Intolerance 64018.3 Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways 64218.4
Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose 64618.5 The Citric Acid Cycle
65218.6 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
656Chemistry Link to Health Toxins: Inhibitors of ElectronTransport
658Chemistry Link to Health ATP Synthase and Heatingthe Body
66018.7 Oxidation of Fatty Acids 663Explore Your World Fat Storage
and Blubber 665Chemistry Link to Health Stored Fat and Obesity
666Chemistry Link to Health Ketone Bodies and Diabetes 66918.8
Degradation of Amino Acids 669Concept Map 674Chapter Review
675Summary of Key Reactions 676Key Terms 678Understanding the
Concepts 678Additional Questions and Problems 679Challenge
Questions 679Answers 680Combining Ideas from Chapters 16 to 18
682Credits C-1Glossary/Index I-1 14. APPLICATIONS AND
ACTIVITIESxiiExplore Your WorldUnits Listed on Labels 10SI and
Metric Equalities on Product Labels 27Sink or Float? 33Counting
Calories 65Repulsion and Attraction 99Calculating Moles in the
Kitchen 174Oxidation of Fruits and Vegetables 191Forming a Gas
217Like Dissolves Like 250Preparing Solutions 257Everyday Osmosis
273Using Vegetables and Flowers as pH Indicators 304Modeling
Half-Lives 335Ripening Fruit 387Modeling CisTrans Isomers
392Unsaturation in Fats and Oils 395Polymers and Recycling Plastics
399Alcohols in Household Products 413Using Gumdrops and Toothpicks
to Model Chiral Objects 436Sugar and Sweeteners 466Polysaccharides
473Solubility of Fats and Oils 519Types of Fats 533Denaturation of
Milk Protein 577Enzyme Activity 585A Model for DNA Replication and
Mutation 621Carbohydrate Digestion 639Fat Storage and Blubber
665Chemistry Link to HealthToxicology and Risk-Benefit Assessment
28Bone Density 35Breathing Mixtures for Scuba 49Variation in Body
Temperature 61Losing and Gaining Weight 66Steam Burns 71Toxicity of
Mercury 88Elements Essential to Health 92Biological Reactions to UV
Light 111Some Important Ions in the Body 130Smog and Health
Concerns 188Hot Packs and Cold Packs 200Measuring Blood Pressure
219PressureVolume Relationship in Breathing 223Blood Gases
238Hyperbaric Chambers 239Water in the Body 248Electrolytes in Body
Fluids 254Gout and Kidney Stones: A Problem of Saturationin Body
Fluids 256Colloids and Solutions in the Body 270Dialysis by the
Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney 276Stomach Acid, HCl 300Antacids
307Buffers in the Blood 310Biological Effects of Radiation 322Beta
Emitters in Medicine 328Radiation and Food 333Other Imaging Methods
340Brachytherapy 342Radiation Doses in Diagnostic and Therapeutic
Procedures 342Common Uses of Halogenated Alkanes 367Toxicity of
Carbon Monoxide 369CisTrans Isomers for Night Vision
394Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats 396Some Common Aromatic
Compounds 403Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 403Some
Important Alcohols and Phenols 413Ethers as Anesthetics 416Hand
Sanitizers and Ethanol 419Methanol Poisoning 422Oxidation of
Alcohol in the Body 423Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones
429Enantiomers in Biological Systems 440Hyperglycemia and
Hypoglycemia 458Testing for Glucose in Urine 464How Sweet Is My
Sweetener? 469Blood Types and Carbohydrates 470Alpha Hydroxy Acids
(AHAs) 485Salicylic Acid and Aspirin 490Amines in Health and
Medicine 497Synthesizing Drugs 502Amides in Health and Medicine
506Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oils 524Olestra: A Fat Substitute
530Trans Fatty Acids and Hydrogenation 531Anabolic Steroids
543Essential Amino Acids 563Polypeptides in the Body 568Protein
Structure and Mad Cow Disease 576Sickle-Cell Anemia 578Isoenzymes
as Diagnostic Tools 583DNA Fingerprinting 611Many Antibiotics
Inhibit Protein Synthesis 619Cancer 626ATP Energy and Ca2 Needed to
Contract Muscles 638Lactose Intolerance 640Toxins: Inhibitors of
Electron Transport 658ATP Synthase and Heating the Body 660Stored
Fat and Obesity 666Ketone Bodies and Diabetes 669 15. APPLICATIONS
AND ACTIVITIES xiiiCareer FocusVeterinary Technician (VT)
31Surgical Technologist 59Histologist 69Materials Scientist
95Optician 101Physical Therapist 132Nurse Anesthetist 229Orthopedic
Physician Assistant 252Geologist 360Pharmacist 423Phlebotomist
467Clinical Laboratory Technologist 504Physical Therapist
537Rehabilitation Specialist 564Occupational Therapist 604Chemistry
Link to theEnvironmentCarbon Dioxide and Global Warming
56Energy-Saving Fluorescent Bulbs 107Fuel Cells: Clean Energy for
the Future 193Greenhouse Gases 227Acid Rain 303Radon in Our Homes
326Dating Ancient Objects 338Nuclear Power Plants 345Functional
Groups in Familiar Compounds 376Fragrant Alkenes 389Pheromones in
Insect Communication 394Vanilla 427Plastics 491Cleaning Action of
Soaps 494Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel 533Chemistry Link to
IndustryMany Forms of Carbon 89Some Uses for Noble Gases 127Crude
Oil 370Chemistry Link to HistoryEarly Chemists: The Alchemists
3Guide to Problem SolvingGuide to Problem Solving Using Conversion
Factors 29Guide to Calculating Density 34Guide to Using Density
36Guide to Calculations Using Specific Heat 63Guide to Calculations
Using Heat of Fusion 68Guide to Calculations Using Heat of
Vaporization 70Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds with MetalsThat Form
a Single Ion 134Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds with VariableCharge
Metals 136Guide to Writing Formulas from the Name of an
IonicCompound 136Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic
Ions 140Guide to Drawing Electron-Dot Formulas 144Guide to Naming
Covalent Compounds 146Guide to Writing Formulas for Covalent
Compounds 147Guide to Predicting Molecular Shape (VSEPR Theory)
156Guide to Calculating the Atoms or Moleculesof a Substance
170Guide to Calculating the Moles of an Elementin a Compound
172Guide to Calculating Molar Mass 173Guide to Calculating the
Moles (or Grams) of aSubstance from Grams (or Moles) 175Guide to
Balancing a Chemical Equation 180Guide to Using MoleMole Factors
196Guide to Calculating the Masses of Reactants andProducts in a
Chemical Reaction 197Guide to Using the Gas Laws 221Guide to Using
Molar Volume 235Guide to Solving for Partial Pressure 238Guide to
Calculating Solution Concentration 261Guide to Using Concentration
to Calculate Mass or Volume 264Guide to Calculating Dilution
Quantities 267Guide to Calculating [H3O] and [OH] inAqueous
Solutions 296Guide to Calculating pH of an Aqueous Solution
299Guide to Balancing an Equation for Neutralization 305Guide to
Calculations for an AcidBase Titration 307Guide to Completing a
Nuclear Equation 326Guide to Using Half-Lives 336Guide to Naming
Alkanes 364Guide to Drawing Alkane Formulas 366Guide to Naming
Alkenes and Alkynes 388Guide to Naming Alcohols 412Guide to Naming
Aldehydes 426Guide to Naming Ketones 428Guide to Drawing Haworth
Structures 462Guide to Naming Carboxylic Acids 484Guide to Naming
Esters 491 16. Karen and Bill Timberlake at the Natural History
Museum where they aresupporters of childrens environmental
programs.KAREN TIMBERLAKEAbout the Authoris Professor Emerita of
Chemistry at LosAngeles Valley College, where she taughtchemistry
for allied health andpreparatory chemistry for 36 years. She
receivedher bachelors degree in chemistry from the Universityof
Washington and her masters degree in biochemistryfrom the
University of California at Los Angeles.Professor Timberlake has
been writingchemistry textbooks for 34 years. During thattime, her
name has become associated withthe strategic use of pedagogical
tools thatpromote student success in chemistry andthe application
of chemistry to real-lifesituations. More than one million students
havelearned chemistry using texts, laboratory manuals, andstudy
guides written by Karen Timberlake. In additionto Chemistry: An
Introduction to General, Organic, andBiological Chemistry, Eleventh
Edition, she is also theauthor of General, Organic, and Biological
Chemistry,Structures of Life, Third Edition, and Basic
Chemistry,Third Edition.Professor Timberlake belongs to
numerousscientific and educational organizations includingthe
American Chemical Society (ACS) and theNational Science Teachers
Association (NSTA).She was the Western Regional Winner of
Excellencein College Chemistry Teaching Award given bythe Chemical
ManufacturersAssociation. She received theMcGuffey Award in
PhysicalSciences from the TextbookAuthors Association for
hertextbook Chemistry: An Introductionto General, Organic, and
BiologicalChemistry, Eighth Edition. Shereceived the Texty
TextbookExcellence Award from the TextbookAuthors Association for
the firstedition of Basic Chemistry. She hasparticipated in
education grants forscience teaching including the LosAngeles
Collaborative for TeachingExcellence (LACTE) and a Title III grant
at hercollege. She speaks at conferences and educationalmeetings on
the use of student-centered teachingmethods in chemistry to promote
the learningsuccess of students.Her husband, William Timberlake,
who hascontributed to writing this text, is Professor Emeritusof
Chemistry at Los Angeles Harbor College, wherehe taught preparatory
and organic chemistry for 36years. He received his bachelors degree
in chemistryfrom Carnegie Mellon University and his mastersdegree
in organic chemistry from the University ofCalifornia at Los
Angeles. When the ProfessorsTimberlake are not writing textbooks,
they relax byhiking, traveling, trying new restaurants,
cooking,playing tennis, and taking care of their
grandchildren,Daniel and Emily.DEDICATIONI dedicate this book
tos
