Chemistry 1.2

Slide 1 of 31

Chemistry 1.2

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 2 of 31

Chemistry Far and Wide

The first tools were objects such as a stone with a sharp edge. In time, people learned to reshape these objects to produce better tools. Chemistry plays a key role in the production of new materials.

1.2


Chemistry Far and Wide >

Slide 3 of 31

Materials

Materials

What impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe?

1.2


Slide 4 of 31

Chemistry Far and Wide > Materials

Chemists design materials to fit specific needs.

1.2

Slide 5 of 31



In 1948, George de Mestral took a close look at the burrs that stuck to his clothing. He saw that each burr was covered with many tiny hooks.

In 1955, de Mestral patented the design for the hook-and-loop tapes. These are used as fasteners in shoes and gloves.

1.2

Slide 6 of 31



This story illustrates two ways of looking at the world—the macroscopic view and the microscopic view.

• Burrs belong to the macroscopic world, the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye.

• The hooks belong to the microscopic world, or the world of objects that can be seen only under magnification.

1.2


Slide 7 of 31

Chemistry Far and Wide > Energy

Energy

Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy.

1.2

Slide 8 of 31



Conservation

One of the easiest ways to conserve energy is through insulation. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow from the inside to the outside of a house or from the outside to the inside of a freezer.

1.2

Slide 9 of 31



SEAgel is a modern insulation that is light enough to float on soap bubbles.

1.2

Slide 10 of 31



Production

The burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas is a major source of energy. These materials are called fossil fuels. Oil from the soybeans is used to make biodiesel.

1.2

Slide 11 of 31



Storage

Batteries are devices that use chemicals to store energy that will be released as electric current.

For some applications, it important to have batteries that can be recharged rather than thrown away. Digital cameras, wireless phones, and laptop computers use rechargeable batteries.

1.2

Slide 12 of 31


Chemistry Far and Wide > Medicine and Biotechnology

Medicine and Biotechnology

Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.

1.2

Slide 13 of 31



Medicines

There are over 2000 prescription drugs. Many drugs are effective because they interact in a specific way with chemicals in cells. Knowledge of the structure and function of these target chemicals helps a chemist design safe and effective drugs.

1.2

Slide 14 of 31



Materials

Chemistry can supply materials to repair or replace body parts. Artificial hips and knees made from metals and plastics can replace worn-out joints and allow people to walk again without pain.

1.2

Slide 15 of 31



Biotechnology

From 1990 to 2003, scientists worldwide worked on the Human Genome Project. They identified the genes that comprise human DNA—about 30,000. The discovery of the structure of DNA led to the development of biotechnology.

1.2

Slide 16 of 31



Biotechnology applies science to the production of biological products or processes.

1.2


Slide 17 of 31

Chemistry Far and Wide > Agriculture

Agriculture

Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.

1.2

Slide 18 of 31



Productivity

One way to track productivity is to measure the amount of edible food that is grown on a given unit of land.

Chemists test soil to see if it contains the right chemicals to grow a particular crop and recommend ways to improve the soil.

1.2

Slide 19 of 31



Chemists also help determine when a crop needs water.

If the genes from a jellyfish that glows are transferred to a potato plant, the plant glows when it needs to be watered.

1.2

Slide 20 of 31



Crop Protection

Chemists sometimes use chemicals produced by insects to fight insect pests. The plastic tube wrapped around the stem of the tomato plant contains a chemical that a female pinworm moth emits to attract male moths. It interferes with the mating process so that fewer pinworms are produced.

1.2

Slide 21 of 31


Chemistry Far and Wide > The Environment

The Environment

A pollutant is a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms.

Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution.

1.2

Slide 22 of 31



Identify Pollutants

Until the mid-1900s, lead was used in many products, including paints and gasoline.

A study done in 1971 showed that the level of lead that is harmful to humans is much lower than had been thought, especially for children. Even low levels of lead in the blood can permanently damage the nervous system of a growing child.

1.2

Slide 23 of 31



Prevent Pollution

The strategies used to prevent lead poisoning include testing children’s blood for lead, regulation of home sales to families with young children, and public awareness campaigns with posters.

1.2

Slide 24 of 31



The percentage of children with elevated blood levels has decreased since the 1970s.

1.2


Slide 25 of 31

Chemistry Far and Wide > The Universe

The Universe

To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth.

1.2

Slide 26 of 31



Chemists have analyzed more than 850 pounds of moon rocks that were brought back to Earth. Some of these rocks are similar to rocks formed by volcanoes on Earth, suggesting that vast oceans of molten lava once covered the moon's surface.

1.2

Slide 27 of 31



The robotic vehicle Opportunity was designed to determine the chemical composition of rocks and soil on Mars. Data collected at the vehicle’s landing site indicated that the site was once drenched with water.

1.2


Slide 28 of 31

Section Quiz

-or-Continue to: Launch:

Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section

1.2 Section Quiz.

1.2.


Slide 29 of 31

1.2 Section Quiz.

1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. To meet the demand for energy, chemists find ways to __________ energy and __________ energy.

a. conserve, produce

b. conserve, use

c. produce, use

d. convert, store


Slide 30 of 31

1.2 Section Quiz.

2. Which of the following is an example of biotechnology?

a. using soybeans to produce biodiesel

b. replacing diseased arteries with plastic tubes

c. testing the lead content of blood

d. transferring a jellyfish gene into a potato plant


Slide 31 of 31

1.2 Section Quiz.

3. To understand how a burr could stick to clothing, George de Mestral had to take which view of a burr?

a. chemical

b. material

c. macroscopic

d. microscopic

END OF SHOW

Documents

Chemistry 1.2