Chemical Training

General Exam3/2/2010

What the heck is a pest?? A pest is anything that:

– Competes with humans, domestic animals, or crops for food, feed, or water.

– Injures human, animals, crops, structures, or possessions

– Spreads diseases to humans, domestic animals or crops

– Annoys humans or domestic animals

What are the five categories of pests?

Insects (and related animals) Plant disease agents Weeds Mollusks Vertebrates

The most important principle of pest control is use a

pesticide only when necessary and at the lowest

labeled rate which will prevent the pest from

causing more damage than is reasonable to accept.

Pest Control Objectives Prevention – keeping the pest from

becoming a problem. Suppression – reducing pest numbers

of damage to an acceptable level. Eradication – destroying an entire pest

population from a limited defined area.

Integrated Pest Management

(IPM)Approach The planned manipulation of pest

populations in an attempt to achieve a balance between costs and returns, and between farm production and the overall environment.

Insects Classified by mouthparts

– Chewing– Piercing-sucking– Sponging– Siphoning

Insects All insects in the adult stage have two

physical characteristics in common.– Three pairs of joints legs– They have three body regions – head,

thorax, and abdomen.

Insect Development Four types of insect development

knows as Metamorphosis– No Metamorphosis– Gradual Metamorphosis– Incomplete Metamorphosis– Complete Metamorphosis

No Metamorphosis Insects do not change except in size The insect grows larger as reaches

maturity, each grow change is called an instar

The food and habitat of the young (nymphs) are similar to those of the adult

Examples are silverfish and springtails

Gradual Metamorphosis Insect pass through three different

stages of development: egg, nymph, and Adult.

Nymphs and Adults eat the same food and live in the same environment.

Wings become fully developed only in the adult stage.

Examples are lice, termites, aphids

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Insects pass through three different stages of development: Egg, Naiad, and Adult.

The Naiad and Adult are similar in appearance, but the Naiad is aquatic.

Examples are mayflies or dragonflies

Complete Metamorphosis Insects pass through four stages of

development: Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Adult. Larva stages are referred to as: maggots,

caterpillars, larvae, or grubs. Larva look totally different then the adult and

usually live totally different environments. Examples are flies, fleas, bees, and ants

Controlling Insects The key to successful control of insects is

knowledge of the their life cycle in which they are vulnerable.

Best control is achieved during early larval or nymphal stages.

Environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature can alter the growth rate of insects and thus effect the life cycle.

Insect Control Strategy Host Resistance Biological Control Cultural Control Mechanical Control Sanitation Chemical Control

Plant Diseases A plant disease is any harmful

condition that makes a plant different from a normal plants in its structure or function.

Two Types of plant diseases:– Abiotic– Biotic

3 Components of Biotic Diseases

A pathogen A susceptible host A favorable environment 4th possible (Vector or Carrier)

Environmental Factors for Disease Development

Temperature Rainfall Duration and Frequency Wind Speed Humidity Soil Moisture

Plant Disease Management

Reduce or eliminate the pathogen Reduce susceptibility of the host plant Reduce the favorability of the

environment for disease development

Pesticide Formulation The mixture of active and inert

(inactive) ingredients is called a pesticide formulation.– Active: the chemicals that control the

target pest– Inert: Other substance mixed with the

active ingredient to make it safer, easier to apply, and more accurate to measure.

Types of Formulations Liquid Formulations

– Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC or E)– Solutions (S)– Low Concentrate Solutions (S)– Flowables (F or L)– Aerosols– Invert Emulsions– Fumigants

Types of Formulations Dry Formulation

– Dusts (D)– Baits (B)– Granules (G)– Pellets (P or PS)– Wettable Powders (WP or W)– Soluble Powders (SP)– Micro Encapsulation– Water-Dispersible Granules (Dry Flowable)

Adjuvants – Inert Ingredients

Wetting Agents Emulsifiers Invert Emulsifiers Spreaders Stickers Penetrants Foaming Agents

Drift Suppressants Safeners Compatibilty Buffers Antifoaming Agent

Parts of the Label Brand Name Common Name Chemical Name Type of Pesticide Net Contents Name and Address of Manufacturer Registration & Establishment Numbers

Parts of the Label Signal Words

– Danger– Warning– Caution

Worker Protection Standards Precautionary Statements Statement of Practical Treatment Environmental Statement

Parts of the Label Physical or Chemical Hazard Classification Statement Storage and Disposal Statement Direction for Use

QUESTIONS??