Chemical Agents

8/10/2019 Chemical Agents

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A chemical weapon agent (CWA) is a chemical substance whose toxic properties areused to kill, injure or incapacitate. About 70 diferent chemicals have been used orstockpiled as chemical weapon agents during the 20th century. hese agents maybe in li!uid, gas or solid "orm.

#n general, chemical weapon agents are organi$ed into several categories accordingto the physiological manner in which they afect the human body. %ivision may alsobe by tactical purpose or chemical structure. he names and number o" categoriesvaries slightly "rom source to source, but in general, types o" chemical war"areagents are as "ollows&

Harassing agents

hese are substances that are not intended to kill or injure. hey are o"ten re"erredto as 'iot (ontrol Agents )'(As* and may be used by civilian police "orces againstcriminals and rioters, or in the military "or training purposes. hese agents also

have tactical utility to "orce combatants out o" concealed or covered positions "orconventional engagement, and preventing combatants "rom occupyingcontaminated terrain or operating weapons. #n general, harassing agents aresensory irritants that have +eeting concentration dependent efects that resolvewithin minutes a"ter removal. (asualty efects are not anticipated to exceed 2 -hours nor re!uire medical attention.

Tear agents

Main article: Lachrymatory agent

hese sensory irritants produce immediate pain to the eyes and irritate mucousmembranes )aka lachrymatory agent or lachrymator *.

a-(hlorotoluene

en$yl bromide

romoacetone ) A*

romoben$ylcyanide )(A*

romomethyl ethyl ketone

(apsaicin )/(*

(hloracetophenone ) A(1 (3*

(hloromethyl chloro"ormate

%iben$oxa$epine )('*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachrymatory_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Chlorotoluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_bromidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromoacetonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromobenzylcyanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bromomethyl_ethyl_ketone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloromethyl_chloroformatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachrymatory_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Chlorotoluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_bromidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromoacetonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromobenzylcyanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bromomethyl_ethyl_ketone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloromethyl_chloroformatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_agent


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1thyl iodoacetate

/rtho-chloroben$ylidene malononitrile )4uper tear gas (4*

richloromethyl chloro"ormate

5ylyl bromide

6omiting agents&

hese sensory irritants are also termed sternators or nose irritants. hey irritate themucous membranes to produce congestion, coughing, snee$ing, and eventuallynausea.

Adamsite )% *

%iphenylchloroarsine )%A*

%iphenylcyanoarsine )%(*

alodorants&

hese are compounds with a very strong and unpleasant smell, which producepower"ully aversive efects without the toxic efects o" tear agents or vomitingagents. 4ome military "orces such as those o" #srael and the 4A have developedmalodorant weapons in the belie" that they "all outside the accepted de8nition o"riot control agents , and there"ore represent a loophole in the (hemical 9eapons(onvention .

4kunk )weapon*

#ncapacitating agents&

hese are substances that produce debilitating efects with limited probability o"permanent injury or loss o" li"e. he casualty efects typically last over 2 hours, andthough medical evacuation and isolation is recommended, it is not re!uired "orcomplete recovery. hese, together with harassing agents, are sometimes callednonlethal agents. here may be as high as :; "atalities with the use o" theseagents.

Psychological agents:

hese are substances that produce casualty efects though mental disturbancessuch as delerium or hallucination.

*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_iodoacetatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloromethyl_chloroformatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylyl_bromidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamsitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylchloroarsinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylcyanoarsinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_control_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_(weapon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_iodoacetatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloromethyl_chloroformatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylyl_bromidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamsitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylchloroarsinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylcyanoarsinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_control_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_(weapon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate


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?hencyclidine )43*

@ysergic acid diethylamide ) *

@ethal agents&

hese substances are "or producing chemical casualties without regard to long-termconse!uences or loss o" li"e. hey cause injuries that re!uire medical treatment.

lister agents&

A blister agent is a chemical compound that irritates and causes injury to the skin. hese substances also attack the eyes, or any other tissue they contact.

6esicants&

he vesicants are substances that produce large +uid-8lled blisters on the skin.

3itrogen mustards

is)2-chloroethyl*ethylamine )B3C*

is)2-chloroethyl*methylamine )B32*

ris)2-chloroethyl*amine )B3


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hese substances are sometime re"erred to as pulmonary agent or lung irritants andcause injury to the lung-blood barrier resulting in Asphyxia .

(hlorine )(@*

(hloropicrin )?4*

%iphosgene )%?*

?hosgene )(D*E (arbonyl dichloride& Phosgene is the chemical compound with the

"ormula (/(l 2 . his colorless gas gained in"amy as a chemical weapon during 9orld

9ar # . #t is also a valued industrial reagent and building block in synthesis o"

pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds . #n low concentrations, its odor

resembles "reshly cut hay or grass

Nerve agents

3erve agents are substances that disrupt the chemical communications through thenervous system. he disruption is caused by blocking the acetylcholinesterase , anen$yme that normally destroys and stops the activity o" acetylcholine , aneurotransmitter . ?oisoning by a nerve agent leads to an accumulation o"acetylcholine at the nerve axon, producing a perpetual excited state )e.g., musclecontraction*. he eventual exhaustion o" muscles leads to respiratory "ailure anddeath.

G series

hese are low volatility nerve agents that are typically used "or a nonpersistent tosemipersistent efect.

Tabun or GA is an extremely toxic chemical substance. #t is a clear, colorless,and tasteless li!uid with a "aint "ruity odor. FCG #t is classi8ed as a nerve agent because it "atally inter"eres with normal "unctioning o" the mammaliannervous system.

Sarin , or GB , is an organophosphorus compound with the "ormulaF)(B


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9eapons (onvention o" CKK< where it is classi8ed as a 4chedule C substance .4oman was the third o" the so-called G-series nerve agents to be discoveredalong with DA )tabun*, D )sarin*, and DH )cyclosarin*.

#t is a volatile, corrosive, and colorless li!uid with a "aint odor when pure.

ore commonly, it is a yellow to brown color and has a strong odor describedas similar to camphor . he @(t :0 "or soman is 70 mgLminEm < in humans. #t isboth more lethal and more persistent than sarin or tabun , but less so thancyclosarin .

(yclosarin )DH*

@i!uid 4imulant (andidates HD Simulants %(BM - C,I-%ichlorohexane % 44 N %i-n-butyl disul8de ( 1 N is -chlorobutyl ether (1?4M - 2-(hloroethyl phenyl sul8de (1(4 - 2-(hloroethyl cyclohexyl sul8de % 4 - %ibutyl sul8de GB Simulants % ? N %imethyl methylphosphonate %1 ?M N %iethyl methanephosphonate %11? N %iethyl ethanephosphonate %# ?M - %iisopropyl methylphosphonate 1? N riethyl phosphate M prime candidates
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_1_substances_(CWC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_1_substances_(CWC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosarin

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Chemical Agents