Chem Spring Final Review1 Chemistry Spring Semester Review

Chem Spring Final Review 1

Chemistry Spring Chemistry Spring Semester ReviewSemester Review


Test FormatTest Format• 90 multiple choice90 multiple choice• Each question holds Each question holds the equal weightthe equal weight

• Answer sheet (pencil)Answer sheet (pencil)• ~2 hours~2 hours


Final ScheduleFinal Schedule• 6/1: Per. 1 and 56/1: Per. 1 and 5• 6/2: Per. 3 and 46/2: Per. 3 and 4• 6/3: Per. 2 and 66/3: Per. 2 and 6


RecommendationsRecommendations• Study old review sheetsStudy old review sheets• Especially mult. choiceEspecially mult. choice• Know your ochem/biochemKnow your ochem/biochem• Time your stoich problemsTime your stoich problems


Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 8: Gas LawsUnit 8: Gas Laws


Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 9: Condensed Unit 9: Condensed

states of matterstates of matter


Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 10: SolutionsUnit 10: Solutions


Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 11: Unit 11:

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics


Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::Unit 12: EquilibriumUnit 12: Equilibrium


Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::

Unit 13: Acids and Unit 13: Acids and basesbases



Unit 14: Electrochem Unit 14: Electrochem and nuclear chemand nuclear chem



(Unit 15): Organic and (Unit 15): Organic and biochemistrybiochemistry


Unit 8Unit 8


Unit 8Unit 8Know the properties of Know the properties of

gases. gases. Know the difference Know the difference

between a real gas and between a real gas and an idea gasan idea gas


Unit 8Unit 8Know the K.M.T.Know the K.M.T.Behaviors of gases can Behaviors of gases can

be determined by using be determined by using gas lawsgas laws


Unit 8: Gas LawsUnit 8: Gas LawsBoyle’s (P,V)Boyle’s (P,V)Charles’ (V,T)Charles’ (V,T)Gay-Lussac’s (P, T)Gay-Lussac’s (P, T)Combined (P,V, T)Combined (P,V, T)Avogadro’s (V, n)Avogadro’s (V, n)


Unit 8Unit 8 Ideal: PV=nRTIdeal: PV=nRTDalton’s: PDalton’s: P11 + P + P22 = P = Ptt

Graham’s Law of Graham’s Law of EffusionEffusion


Unit 8Unit 8At STP, one mole of gas At STP, one mole of gas

= 22.4 liters. The T is = 22.4 liters. The T is 273 K and P is 101.3 273 K and P is 101.3 kPa.kPa.


Unit 8Unit 8Gas Collection LabGas Collection LabHow to calculate percent How to calculate percent

error?error? (act. – theo)/theo x 100%(act. – theo)/theo x 100%


Unit 9Unit 9


Unit 9Unit 9Key terms to know: Key terms to know:

critical pt., normal f.p., critical pt., normal f.p., normal b.p., triple pt., normal b.p., triple pt., critical pressurecritical pressure


Unit 9Unit 9More terms: liquid, solid, More terms: liquid, solid,

gas, vaporization, gas, vaporization, boiling, freezing, boiling, freezing, deposition, melting, deposition, melting, condensation, condensation, sublimation & sublimation & evaporationevaporation


Unit 9Unit 9 Intermolcular forces: Intermolcular forces:

(strong to weak)(strong to weak)Hydrogen (HNOF)Hydrogen (HNOF)

dipole-dipole dipole-dipole London London forcesforces


Unit 9Unit 9Mixtures: homogeneous Mixtures: homogeneous

includes solutionsincludes solutionsHeterogeneous includes Heterogeneous includes

suspensions and suspensions and colloidscolloids


Unit 9Unit 9What increase the rate What increase the rate

of dissolving?of dissolving?


Unit 9Unit 9Types of solids: Types of solids:

metallic, ionic, covalent metallic, ionic, covalent network and molecularnetwork and molecular


Unit 9Unit 9Vapor pressure: It’s Vapor pressure: It’s

higher if the boiling higher if the boiling point is lowerpoint is lower

Depends on temperature Depends on temperature and intermolecular forceand intermolecular force


Unit 9Unit 9Evaporation takes place Evaporation takes place

when there’s enough when there’s enough kinetic energy for kinetic energy for molecules to overcome molecules to overcome their intermolecular their intermolecular forcesforces


Unit 10Unit 10


Unit 10Unit 10Solutions are made of a Solutions are made of a

solute (minor) and a solute (minor) and a solvent (major)solvent (major)

Saturated, unsaturated Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturatedand supersaturated


Unit 10Unit 10““like dissolves like”like dissolves like”Polar substance will Polar substance will

dissolve other polar dissolve other polar substances (water will substances (water will dissolve salt, but not oil)dissolve salt, but not oil)


Unit 10Unit 10Concentration measure Concentration measure

how much solute is in a how much solute is in a solutionsolution

Molarity: moles/LitersMolarity: moles/LitersMolality: moles/kgMolality: moles/kg


Unit 10Unit 10% Conc: mass % Conc: mass

solute/mass of solution solute/mass of solution x 100%x 100%


Unit 10Unit 10Colligative propertiesColligative properties““binding”binding”F.P. depression, B.P. F.P. depression, B.P.

elevation, osmotic elevation, osmotic pressure and V.P. pressure and V.P. loweringlowering


Unit 10Unit 10∆∆TTff = K= Kff x x mmSolubility rulesSolubility rulesDilution: MDilution: M11VV11 = M = M22VV22

Electrolytes: ions in Electrolytes: ions in solutionsolution


Unit 11Unit 11


Unit 11Unit 11Heat vs. temperatureHeat vs. temperatureHeat (Joules / cal)Heat (Joules / cal)Temp (Temp (ooC / K)C / K)


Unit 11Unit 11Know about enthalpy, Know about enthalpy,

entropy and free energyentropy and free energyEnthalpy describes the Enthalpy describes the

amount of heat absorbed amount of heat absorbed (+∆H) or released (+∆H) (+∆H) or released (+∆H) in a reactionin a reaction


Unit 11Unit 11Enthalpy cannot be Enthalpy cannot be

directly measured. So directly measured. So we measure the change we measure the change in enthalpy.in enthalpy.


Unit 11Unit 11Energy profile graphsEnergy profile graphsActivated complex, Activated complex,

change in enthalpy, change in enthalpy, presence of a catalyst, presence of a catalyst, activation energyactivation energy


Unit 11Unit 11+∆H = endothermic+∆H = endothermic - ∆H = exothermic- ∆H = exothermic+∆S = disorder+∆S = disorder -∆S = order-∆S = order+∆G = nonspontaneous+∆G = nonspontaneous -∆G = spontaneous-∆G = spontaneous


Unit 11Unit 11Specific heat: the Specific heat: the

amount of heat needed amount of heat needed to raise one gram of a to raise one gram of a substance one degree substance one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin).Celsius (or one Kelvin).


Unit 11Unit 11Rate laws are determined Rate laws are determined

by using the by using the concentrations of concentrations of reactants that influence reactants that influence the reaction timethe reaction time

Slow step!Slow step!


Unit 12Unit 12


Unit 12Unit 12Equilibrium: opposing Equilibrium: opposing

chemical and physical chemical and physical changes occurs at equal changes occurs at equal ratesrates


Unit 12Unit 12Equilibrium can be Equilibrium can be

shifted by changing the shifted by changing the pressure, temperature or pressure, temperature or concentration of the concentration of the systemsystem

Le ChLe Châtelier’s Principleâtelier’s Principle


Unit 12Unit 12Equilibrium expressionsEquilibrium expressions

[products][products]

KKeqeq = ------------- = ------------- [reactants][reactants]


Unit 12Unit 12Equilibrium expressions Equilibrium expressions

only include only include concentrations in the gas concentrations in the gas statestate

Large K = favors Large K = favors productsproducts


Unit 13Unit 13


Unit 13Unit 13Acids are proton donors Acids are proton donors

(Br(Brønsted-Lowry)ønsted-Lowry)Acids taste sour, corrode Acids taste sour, corrode

metal, turn litmus paper metal, turn litmus paper pink and have a pH < 7pink and have a pH < 7


Unit 13Unit 13Bases are proton Bases are proton

acceptors (Bracceptors (Brønsted-ønsted-Lowry)Lowry)

Bases taste bitter, feel Bases taste bitter, feel slippery, turn litmus slippery, turn litmus paper blue and have a pH paper blue and have a pH > 7> 7


Unit 13Unit 13HA + HHA + H22O O H H33OO++ + A + A--

If HA is a strong acid, If HA is a strong acid, then Athen A-- is a weak is a weak conjugate baseconjugate base


Unit 13Unit 13pH = - log [HpH = - log [H33OO++]] [H[H33OO++] = 2] = 2ndnd log –pH log –pHpH + pOH = 14.00pH + pOH = 14.00KKww = 1.0 x 10 = 1.0 x 10-14-14 M M22


Unit 13Unit 13Blue to red = acidBlue to red = acidPhenolphthalein Phenolphthalein Bromothymol blueBromothymol blue


Unit 13Unit 13TitrationsTitrationsMMaaVVaa = M = MbbVVbb

HNOHNO33, HCl and H, HCl and H22SOSO44 are are strong acidsstrong acids

Acetic acid is weakAcetic acid is weak


Unit 14Unit 14


Unit 14Unit 14Redox involves the Redox involves the

transfer of electronstransfer of electronsMetals typically tend to Metals typically tend to

lose electronslose electronsSome metals lose Some metals lose

electrons easier than electrons easier than othersothers


Unit 14Unit 14LEO says GERLEO says GEROxidized – reducing Oxidized – reducing

agentagentReduced – oxidizing Reduced – oxidizing

agentagent


Unit 14Unit 14Oxidation numbersOxidation numbersWhat is the oxidation What is the oxidation

number of S in MgSOnumber of S in MgSO44??More electronegative More electronegative

element receives the element receives the negative charge (F, O)negative charge (F, O)


Unit 14Unit 14 In galvanic cells, In galvanic cells,

oxidation takes place at oxidation takes place at the anode. Reduction the anode. Reduction takes place at the takes place at the cathode.cathode.


Unit 14Unit 14Electric current flows Electric current flows

from the anode to the from the anode to the cathodecathode

Metals are the best Metals are the best conductors of electricityconductors of electricity


Unit 14Unit 14Be able to calculate the Be able to calculate the

potential of a cellpotential of a cell AgAg++ + e + e-- Ag E Ag Eo o = +0.80V= +0.80V FeFe+3+3 + 3e + 3e-- Fe E Fe Eo o = +0.77V= +0.77VWhich metal is the Which metal is the

cathode?cathode?


Unit 14Unit 14Know about corrosionKnow about corrosionHow to prevent?How to prevent?Which metals are used in Which metals are used in

cathodic protection?cathodic protection?


Unit 14Unit 14Nuclear chemistry is the Nuclear chemistry is the

study of the nucleusstudy of the nucleusNuclide undergo decay Nuclide undergo decay

to become more stableto become more stableN:P ratio N:P ratio 1:1 – 1.5:1 1:1 – 1.5:1


Unit 14Unit 14Most common form of Most common form of

decay: decay: αα-decay (helium) -decay (helium) and and ββ-decay (electrons)-decay (electrons)

Nuclear reactors function Nuclear reactors function on the principle of fission on the principle of fission


Unit 14Unit 14Reactors that generate Reactors that generate

additional fissionable additional fissionable fuel are known as fuel are known as breeder reactorsbreeder reactors


Unit 14Unit 14Soviet-style reactors are Soviet-style reactors are

known as RBMK reactorsknown as RBMK reactorsControl rods absorb Control rods absorb

neutronsneutrons Chernobyl’s meltdown Chernobyl’s meltdown

was caused by human was caused by human errorerror


Unit 14Unit 14Half-life: the amount of Half-life: the amount of

time needed for half of time needed for half of the original sample to the original sample to remainremain

How much will remain How much will remain after 2 half-lives?after 2 half-lives?


Unit 14Unit 14Hydrogen bombs are Hydrogen bombs are

fusion bombsfusion bombs““Fat man” and “Little Fat man” and “Little

boy” were fission bombsboy” were fission bombs


Unit 15Unit 15


Unit 15Unit 15Organic chemistry is the Organic chemistry is the

chemistry of carbonchemistry of carbonUrea was the first Urea was the first

synthesized organic synthesized organic compoundcompound


Unit 15Unit 15Nomenclature: alkanes, Nomenclature: alkanes,

alkenes, alkynesalkenes, alkynesHydrogenation reactions: Hydrogenation reactions:

adding hydrogen to adding hydrogen to alkenes/alkynes breaks alkenes/alkynes breaks bondsbonds


Unit 15Unit 15Not all hydrocarbons are Not all hydrocarbons are

saturatedsaturated


Unit 15Unit 15Nomenclature: benzenes Nomenclature: benzenes

(aromatics), alcohols, (aromatics), alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers carboxylic acids, ethers and estersand esters


Unit 15Unit 15Know properties and Know properties and

usesusesAldehydes are used to Aldehydes are used to

preserve classroom preserve classroom specimensspecimens


Unit 15Unit 15Aromatics have a smell Aromatics have a smell

(benzenes)(benzenes)


Unit 15Unit 15Biochemistry: chemistry Biochemistry: chemistry

of lifeof lifeFour main biomolecules: Four main biomolecules:

proteins (glue lab), proteins (glue lab), carbohydrates, lipids carbohydrates, lipids (fats) and nucleic acids(fats) and nucleic acids


Unit 15Unit 15Proteins are made of Proteins are made of

amino acidsamino acidsAll amino acids have an All amino acids have an

amino group, carboxylic amino group, carboxylic acid, R group and acid, R group and hydrogenhydrogen


Unit 15Unit 15Some amino acid R Some amino acid R

groups are hydrophilic groups are hydrophilic (water-loving), and (water-loving), and hydrophobic (water-hydrophobic (water-fearing)fearing)


Unit 15Unit 15The order of the amino The order of the amino

acids is known as the acids is known as the primaryprimary structure structure


Unit 15Unit 15The “space” of the The “space” of the

peptide chain is the peptide chain is the secondarysecondary structure structure

Alpha helix (collagen) vs. Alpha helix (collagen) vs. ββ--pleated sheet (silk)pleated sheet (silk)


Unit 15Unit 15TertiaryTertiary structure is the structure is the

“shape” of the protein—“shape” of the protein—this is determined by the this is determined by the hydrophilic and hydrophilic and hydrophobic R groups hydrophobic R groups found on the amino acide found on the amino acide


Unit 15Unit 15Amino acids are bonded Amino acids are bonded

by “peptide linkages” by “peptide linkages” ““C—N”C—N”Water is produced when Water is produced when

peptide linkages are peptide linkages are formedformed


Unit 15Unit 15Polypeptides are Polypeptides are

polymers (many polymers (many monomers make monomers make polymers). “Poly” means polymers). “Poly” means many.many.


Unit 15Unit 15Enzymes are biological Enzymes are biological

catalystscatalysts““Lock and Key” modelLock and Key” modelSubstrateSubstrate


Unit 15Unit 15Carbohydrates are Carbohydrates are

sugars (saccharides)sugars (saccharides)Monosaccharide = one Monosaccharide = one

sugar; disaccharides = sugar; disaccharides = two sugars; two sugars; polysaccharides = many polysaccharides = many sugarssugars


Unit 15Unit 15A bond is made when A bond is made when

disaccharides are formed disaccharides are formed (C—O—C) (C—O—C) ether ether

Sucrose is a Sucrose is a disaccharide made of disaccharide made of glucose and fructoseglucose and fructose


Unit 15Unit 15Starch is an example of a Starch is an example of a

polysaccharide (many polysaccharide (many units of glucose)units of glucose)


Unit 15Unit 15Bonds between Bonds between

monosaccharides are monosaccharides are known as “glycoside known as “glycoside linkages”linkages”


Unit 15Unit 15Some sugars cannot be Some sugars cannot be

digested by humans like digested by humans like cellulose (found in paper cellulose (found in paper and wood)and wood)


Unit 15Unit 15Lipids are also known as Lipids are also known as

fatsfatsFats make food taste Fats make food taste

goodgoodFats are dissolved by Fats are dissolved by

soapsoap


Unit 15Unit 15Soap – micellesSoap – micellesFatty acids that are Fatty acids that are

esters of glycerol are esters of glycerol are called called triglyceridestriglycerides

Phospholipid bilayersPhospholipid bilayers


Unit 15Unit 15DNA—deoxyribonucleic DNA—deoxyribonucleic

acidacidRNA—ribonucleic acid RNA—ribonucleic acid

(used in (used in transcription/protein transcription/protein synthesis)synthesis)


Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewHow many moles in 25.0 How many moles in 25.0

grams of Fe?grams of Fe?

Answer: 0.448 molAnswer: 0.448 mol


Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewEmpirical formula: Empirical formula: %%ggmolmolratiosratiosE.F.E.F.Molecular formulaMolecular formulamolar mass / emp. mass = molar mass / emp. mass =

ratio (ratio (nn))


Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewLimiting reactants:Limiting reactants:Have vs. needHave vs. need


Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewWhat is absolute zero?What is absolute zero?


Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewWhat is the solvent in What is the solvent in

hydrochloric acid? hydrochloric acid? (Ans.: water)(Ans.: water)

Larger part of the Larger part of the mixturemixture


Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to ReviewAlkenes contain at least Alkenes contain at least

one _______ bond.one _______ bond.Alkynes contain at least Alkynes contain at least

one _______ bond.one _______ bond.

Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to Review CHCH4 4 (g) + 2 O(g) + 2 O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) + (g) +

2 H2 H22O (g)O (g)If 2.0 moles of methane react with If 2.0 moles of methane react with

excess oxygen, how many moles excess oxygen, how many moles of water will be produced?of water will be produced?

Other Stuff to ReviewOther Stuff to Review

CHCH4 4 (g) + 2 O(g) + 2 O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) (g) + 2 H+ 2 H22O (g)O (g)

Ans: 4.0 molesAns: 4.0 moles


The EndThe EndDon’t forget to write your Don’t forget to write your version on your answer version on your answer sheetsheet

Bring paper and pencilsBring paper and pencilsCalculators Calculators Good Luck!Good Luck!

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Chem Spring Final Review1 Chemistry Spring Semester Review